diff --git a/shortcuts/common/binder.go b/shortcuts/common/binder.go
index 433af0791..5c5451452 100644
--- a/shortcuts/common/binder.go
+++ b/shortcuts/common/binder.go
@@ -232,11 +232,11 @@ func setLeaf(dst reflect.Value, src reflect.Value) {
 //     cobra reports the flag was explicitly provided. nil means "variant not
 //     selected" — the framework's runFrameworkRules and runValidateValue
 //     both honor this nil/non-nil split.
-//   - Non-pointer leaf in a group (e.g. argstype.MediaInput inside
-//     VideoContent): always copy the cobra flag value back. Empty string is
-//     a valid "not provided" sentinel for group completeness checks.
-//   - Pointer-to-group / pointer-to-bucket (e.g. *VideoContent inside the
-//     MessageContent bucket): allocate iff at least one inner flag was
+//   - Non-pointer leaf in a group (e.g. a typed-primitive field inside a
+//     paired group struct): always copy the cobra flag value back. Empty
+//     string is a valid "not provided" sentinel for group completeness checks.
+//   - Pointer-to-group / pointer-to-bucket (a nested group/bucket pointer
+//     inside an outer OneOf bucket): allocate iff at least one inner flag was
 //     Changed, then recurse to bind the inner fields.
 func bindBuckets(cmd *cobra.Command, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSpec) error {
 	for _, s := range specs {
@@ -426,8 +426,9 @@ func asString(fv reflect.Value) string {
 
 // runValidateValue calls ValidateValue on every Validatable field, recursing
 // into OneOf bucket / group sub-structs so typed-primitive leaves inside
-// nested Args structs (e.g. ChatID inside MessageTarget) still get their
-// format check. Returns the first error to keep error envelopes deterministic.
+// nested Args structs (e.g. a typed ID primitive inside a OneOf bucket) still
+// get their format check. Returns the first error to keep error envelopes
+// deterministic.
 func runValidateValue(rt *RuntimeContext, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSpec) error {
 	for _, s := range specs {
 		fv := argsVal.FieldByName(s.GoFieldName)
@@ -442,10 +443,10 @@ func runValidateValue(rt *RuntimeContext, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSp
 				}
 				structVal = structVal.Elem()
 			}
-			// Some buckets/groups implement Validatable themselves (e.g.
-			// RawContent does JSON validity in its ValidateValue). Call the
-			// struct-level check BEFORE recursing into inner fields so the
-			// cross-field rule fires even when none of the inner leaves are
+			// Some buckets/groups implement Validatable themselves (e.g. a
+			// raw-JSON variant that checks JSON validity in its ValidateValue).
+			// Call the struct-level check BEFORE recursing into inner fields so
+			// the cross-field rule fires even when none of the inner leaves are
 			// individually Validatable.
 			if fv.CanInterface() {
 				if val, ok := fv.Interface().(Validatable); ok {
@@ -494,10 +495,10 @@ func runValidateValue(rt *RuntimeContext, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSp
 // returns a *errs.ValidationError on the first violation. Each rule's
 // stderr-facing param is the Args field name (not the inner struct type name),
 // so OneOf bucket errors mention the user-visible field (e.g. "Target") rather
-// than the implementation-detail type name ("MessageTarget").
+// than the implementation-detail type name behind it.
 //
-// Recurses into OneOf bucket sub-structs so a nested group (e.g. VideoContent
-// inside MessageContent) still gets its checkGroup fire automatically.
+// Recurses into OneOf bucket sub-structs so a nested group inside a bucket
+// still gets its checkGroup fire automatically.
 func runFrameworkRules(cmd *cobra.Command, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSpec) error {
 	for _, s := range specs {
 		fv := argsVal.FieldByName(s.GoFieldName)
@@ -609,7 +610,7 @@ func checkGroup(cmd *cobra.Command, _ reflect.Value, s fieldSpec) error {
 			continue
 		}
 		// Flags with a default value are never "missing" — the default is a
-		// valid implicit value (e.g. RawContent.MsgType defaults to "text").
+		// valid implicit value (e.g. an enum flag that defaults to a value).
 		// Only flags without defaults need explicit user input when the
 		// group is partially populated.
 		if child.DefaultValue != "" {
@@ -618,8 +619,8 @@ func checkGroup(cmd *cobra.Command, _ reflect.Value, s fieldSpec) error {
 		missing = append(missing, "--"+child.FlagName)
 	}
 	if anySet && len(missing) > 0 {
-		// Group errors use the inner struct TYPE name (e.g. "VideoContent"),
-		// not the Args field name (e.g. "Video"). This matches the spec's
+		// Group errors use the inner struct TYPE name (the group struct's own
+		// name), not the Args field name. This matches the spec's
 		// "shortcut_group_incomplete" envelope contract — callers identify
 		// the *kind* of group that is incomplete, which is the type name.
 		// OneOf bucket errors use the field name instead (see checkOneOf).
diff --git a/shortcuts/common/protocol.go b/shortcuts/common/protocol.go
index 3eafd9aa8..ca66143d4 100644
--- a/shortcuts/common/protocol.go
+++ b/shortcuts/common/protocol.go
@@ -41,8 +41,9 @@ type OneOfMarker interface {
 	OneOf()
 }
 
-// Validatable is implemented by typed primitives (and may be by RawContent-
-// style sub-structs) that own their format check. The binder calls
+// Validatable is implemented by typed primitives (and may be by sub-structs
+// that validate a composite value, e.g. a raw JSON body) that own their
+// format check. The binder calls
 // ValidateValue per field after Normalize. Returning an error must produce
 // a *errs.ValidationError so the stderr envelope carries type/subtype/param.
 type Validatable interface {
diff --git a/shortcuts/common/typed_help.go b/shortcuts/common/typed_help.go
index a8dcb60d0..e4c1cf557 100644
--- a/shortcuts/common/typed_help.go
+++ b/shortcuts/common/typed_help.go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 // we only override per-command via cmd.SetHelpFunc.
 //
 // Section titles use the Args struct's field name (e.g. "TARGET", "CONTENT"),
-// not the inner Go type name (e.g. "MESSAGETARGET"), so the help mirrors the
+// not the inner Go type name behind the field, so the help mirrors the
 // user-visible variable name rather than an implementation detail.
 func buildTypedHelp(specs []fieldSpec, examples []HelpExample) func(*cobra.Command, []string) {
 	return func(cmd *cobra.Command, _ []string) {
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ func buildTypedHelp(specs []fieldSpec, examples []HelpExample) func(*cobra.Comma
 
 // renderOneOfSections walks each OneOf bucket and prints "CHOOSE ONE <FIELD>:"
 // followed by every flag inside the bucket — including flags inside nested
-// groups (e.g. VideoContent.Cover under VideoContent.File) and nested raw-
-// content variants (RawContent.JSON / RawContent.MsgType).
+// groups (a paired group's companion flag under its trigger) and nested
+// raw-content variants (a raw-JSON variant's body + msg-type flags).
 func renderOneOfSections(w io.Writer, specs []fieldSpec, rendered map[string]struct{}) {
 	for _, s := range specs {
 		if !s.IsOneOfBkt {
@@ -62,9 +62,10 @@ func renderOneOfSections(w io.Writer, specs []fieldSpec, rendered map[string]str
 // inside a nested group renders at the parent's indent (it IS the variant
 // selector, not a companion). Non-trigger leaves with a default value also
 // render at parent indent (a default makes them "optional companions" rather
-// than required follow-ons — see RawContent.MsgType). Only non-trigger leaves
-// WITHOUT a default render at parent+2 indent, signaling "you must supply
-// this together with the trigger" (see VideoContent.Cover under --video).
+// than required follow-ons — e.g. an enum flag with a default). Only
+// non-trigger leaves WITHOUT a default render at parent+2 indent, signaling
+// "you must supply this together with the trigger" (e.g. a required companion
+// flag under its trigger flag).
 func renderFlagsInBucket(w io.Writer, specs []fieldSpec, indent string, rendered map[string]struct{}) {
 	for _, child := range specs {
 		if child.IsGroup || child.IsOneOfBkt {
diff --git a/shortcuts/im/builders_test.go b/shortcuts/im/builders_test.go
index 3cde035ea..ca78fc3d1 100644
--- a/shortcuts/im/builders_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/im/builders_test.go
@@ -349,61 +349,83 @@ func TestShortcutValidateBranches(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 
-	// ImMessagesSend was migrated to common.TypedShortcut[*ImMessagesSendArgs].
-	// Validate now takes (ctx, *ImMessagesSendArgs, *RuntimeContext) and only
-	// covers the rules the shared framework binder does not handle yet
-	// (VideoContent paired-flag group + explicit --msg-type interplay). Rules
-	// previously hand-rolled here — OneOf "exactly one target/content" mutual
-	// exclusion, --content JSON validity — moved to the framework binder /
-	// RawContent.ValidateValue. Those are now asserted at the framework
-	// layer (shortcuts/common/binder_test.go) and from the CLI end in
-	// tests_e2e/shortcuts/. See im_messages_send_test.go for the new typed
-	// unit tests.
+	t.Run("ImMessagesSend conflicting target", func(t *testing.T) {
+		runtime := newTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{
+			"chat-id": "oc_123",
+			"user-id": "ou_123",
+			"text":    "hello",
+		}, nil)
+		err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--chat-id and --user-id are mutually exclusive") {
+			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend.Validate() error = %v", err)
+		}
+	})
 
-	t.Run("ImMessagesSend valid text passes Validate", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("ImMessagesSend invalid content json", func(t *testing.T) {
+		runtime := newTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{
+			"chat-id": "oc_123",
+			"content": "{invalid",
+		}, nil)
+		err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--content is not valid JSON") {
+			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend.Validate() error = %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("ImMessagesSend media with text", func(t *testing.T) {
+		runtime := newTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{
+			"chat-id": "oc_123",
+			"text":    "hello",
+			"image":   "img_123",
+		}, nil)
+		err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--image/--file/--video/--audio cannot be used with --text, --markdown, or --content") {
+			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend.Validate() error = %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("ImMessagesSend valid text", func(t *testing.T) {
 		runtime := newTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{
 			"chat-id": "oc_123",
 			"text":    "hello",
 		}, nil)
-		args := &ImMessagesSendArgs{}
-		if err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), args, runtime); err != nil {
+		if err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend.Validate() unexpected error = %v", err)
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("ImMessagesSend video with video-cover passes Validate", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("ImMessagesSend video with video-cover passes validate", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Previously broken: the deleted check used imageKey instead of videoCoverKey,
+		// so --video + --video-cover would incorrectly fail at Validate.
 		runtime := newTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{
 			"chat-id":     "oc_123",
 			"video":       "file_456",
 			"video-cover": "img_789",
 		}, nil)
-		args := &ImMessagesSendArgs{}
-		if err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), args, runtime); err != nil {
+		if err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend.Validate() unexpected error = %v", err)
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("ImMessagesSend video without video-cover → group_incomplete", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("ImMessagesSend video without video-cover fails validate", func(t *testing.T) {
 		runtime := newTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{
 			"chat-id": "oc_123",
 			"video":   "file_456",
 		}, nil)
-		args := &ImMessagesSendArgs{}
-		err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), args, runtime)
-		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "VideoContent requires --video-cover") {
-			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend.Validate() error = %v, want VideoContent requires --video-cover", err)
+		err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--video-cover is required when using --video") {
+			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend.Validate() error = %v", err)
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("ImMessagesSend video-cover without video → group_incomplete", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("ImMessagesSend video-cover without video fails validate", func(t *testing.T) {
 		runtime := newTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{
 			"chat-id":     "oc_123",
 			"video-cover": "img_789",
 		}, nil)
-		args := &ImMessagesSendArgs{}
-		err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), args, runtime)
-		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "VideoContent requires --video") {
-			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend.Validate() error = %v, want VideoContent requires --video", err)
+		err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--video-cover can only be used with --video") {
+			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend.Validate() error = %v", err)
 		}
 	})
 
@@ -413,8 +435,7 @@ func TestShortcutValidateBranches(t *testing.T) {
 			"msg-type": "file",
 			"image":    "img_123",
 		}, nil)
-		args := &ImMessagesSendArgs{}
-		err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), args, runtime)
+		err := ImMessagesSend.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
 		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "conflicts with the inferred message type") {
 			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend.Validate() error = %v", err)
 		}
@@ -702,8 +723,7 @@ func TestShortcutDryRunShapes(t *testing.T) {
 			"image":           "img_123",
 			"idempotency-key": "uuid-2",
 		}, nil)
-		args := &ImMessagesSendArgs{IdempotencyKey: "uuid-2"}
-		got := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImMessagesSend.DryRun(context.Background(), args, runtime))
+		got := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImMessagesSend.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime))
 		if !strings.Contains(got, `"receive_id_type":"open_id"`) || !strings.Contains(got, `"msg_type":"image"`) || !strings.Contains(got, `"uuid":"uuid-2"`) || !strings.Contains(got, `\"image_key\":\"img_123\"`) {
 			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend.DryRun() = %s", got)
 		}
@@ -714,8 +734,7 @@ func TestShortcutDryRunShapes(t *testing.T) {
 			"chat-id": "oc_123",
 			"image":   "https://example.com/a.png",
 		}, nil)
-		args := &ImMessagesSendArgs{}
-		got := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImMessagesSend.DryRun(context.Background(), args, runtime))
+		got := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImMessagesSend.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime))
 		if !strings.Contains(got, `"description":"dry-run uses placeholder media keys for --image URL input; execution uploads it before sending"`) ||
 			!strings.Contains(got, `"msg_type":"image"`) ||
 			!strings.Contains(got, `\"image_key\":\"img_dryrun_upload\"`) {
diff --git a/shortcuts/im/helpers.go b/shortcuts/im/helpers.go
index 2f0ebe765..a49e3b950 100644
--- a/shortcuts/im/helpers.go
+++ b/shortcuts/im/helpers.go
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
-	"os"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
@@ -74,27 +73,6 @@ func validateMessageID(input string) (string, error) {
 	return input, nil
 }
 
-// isMediaKey returns true if the value looks like an existing API key rather
-// than a local file path.
-func isMediaKey(value string) bool {
-	return strings.HasPrefix(value, "img_") || strings.HasPrefix(value, "file_")
-}
-
-// validateMediaFlagPath validates a media flag value as a local file path via
-// FileIO. Empty values, URLs, and media keys are skipped (not local files).
-// The typed-primitive layer (argstype.MediaInput) handles cwd-relative path
-// safety; this loose os.Stat check stays at the shortcut layer because it
-// touches the filesystem.
-func validateMediaFlagPath(fio fileio.FileIO, flagName, value string) error {
-	if value == "" || strings.HasPrefix(value, "http://") || strings.HasPrefix(value, "https://") || isMediaKey(value) {
-		return nil
-	}
-	if _, err := fio.Stat(value); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s: %v", flagName, err)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 // buildMediaContentFromKey builds (msgType, contentJSON) for DryRun purposes from flag values.
 // Local paths and URLs are represented with placeholder keys because DryRun does not upload media.
 func buildMediaContentFromKey(text, imageKey, fileKey, videoKey, videoCoverKey, audioKey string) (msgType, content, desc string) {
diff --git a/shortcuts/im/helpers_test.go b/shortcuts/im/helpers_test.go
index 7b2414ef6..114ae524f 100644
--- a/shortcuts/im/helpers_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/im/helpers_test.go
@@ -704,9 +704,6 @@ func TestShortcuts(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, shortcut := range Shortcuts() {
 		commands = append(commands, shortcut.Command)
 	}
-	for _, m := range TypedShortcuts() {
-		commands = append(commands, m.GetCommand())
-	}
 
 	want := []string{
 		"+chat-create",
@@ -718,16 +715,13 @@ func TestShortcuts(t *testing.T) {
 		"+messages-reply",
 		"+messages-resources-download",
 		"+messages-search",
-		// +messages-send moved from legacy Shortcuts() to TypedShortcuts()
-		// as part of the shortcut-protocol pilot; the unified list still
-		// covers it.
+		"+messages-send",
 		"+threads-messages-list",
 		"+flag-create",
 		"+flag-cancel",
 		"+flag-list",
-		"+messages-send",
 	}
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(commands, want) {
-		t.Fatalf("Shortcuts()+TypedShortcuts() commands = %#v, want %#v", commands, want)
+		t.Fatalf("Shortcuts() commands = %#v, want %#v", commands, want)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/shortcuts/im/im_messages_send.go b/shortcuts/im/im_messages_send.go
index d5bdaa6f7..4b8a30984 100644
--- a/shortcuts/im/im_messages_send.go
+++ b/shortcuts/im/im_messages_send.go
@@ -5,44 +5,18 @@ package im
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
 
-	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common/argstype"
+	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 )
 
-// ImMessagesSendArgs is the typed argument struct backing `im +messages-send`.
-//
-// Target / Content are OneOf buckets (see protocol.go) — the framework enforces
-// "exactly one trigger flag set" and emits structured errors with subtype
-// shortcut_oneof_missing / shortcut_oneof_multiple if the caller violates that.
-// VideoContent is a paired group inside the Content bucket — the framework
-// emits shortcut_group_incomplete when --video is set without --video-cover.
-type ImMessagesSendArgs struct {
-	Target         MessageTarget
-	Content        MessageContent
-	IdempotencyKey string `flag:"idempotency-key" desc:"idempotency key (prevents duplicate sends)"`
-}
-
-// imSendExamples are rendered in the --help EXAMPLES section by the typed help
-// builder. The text mirrors §"Pilot 改造" of the shortcut-protocol spec
-// (lines 442-446).
-var imSendExamples = []common.HelpExample{
-	{Title: "text to chat", Cmd: `--chat-id oc_x --text "hi"`},
-	{Title: "markdown to user", Cmd: `--user-id ou_x --markdown "**hi**"`},
-	{Title: "video with cover", Cmd: `--chat-id oc_x --video v.mp4 --video-cover c.png`},
-}
-
-// ImMessagesSend is the typed pilot for the shortcut-protocol refactor.
-// Behavior matches the legacy common.Shortcut version exactly (same flags,
-// same body shape, same envelope) — only the wiring changes: OneOf / group /
-// typed-primitive format are framework-enforced instead of hand-rolled
-// inside a Validate closure.
-var ImMessagesSend = common.TypedShortcut[*ImMessagesSendArgs]{
+var ImMessagesSend = common.Shortcut{
 	Service:     "im",
 	Command:     "+messages-send",
 	Description: "Send a message to a chat or direct message; user/bot; sends to chat-id or user-id with text/markdown/post/media, supports idempotency key",
@@ -51,47 +25,35 @@ var ImMessagesSend = common.TypedShortcut[*ImMessagesSendArgs]{
 	UserScopes:  []string{"im:message.send_as_user", "im:message"},
 	BotScopes:   []string{"im:message:send_as_bot"},
 	AuthTypes:   []string{"bot", "user"},
-	Examples:    imSendExamples,
-
-	// Validate covers the one cross-field rule the framework cannot infer
-	// from enum tags alone: an explicit --msg-type that conflicts with the
-	// inferred type from the selected content flag (e.g. --text "hi"
-	// --msg-type image).
-	//
-	// Other invariants (OneOf missing/multiple, VideoContent group
-	// completeness, ChatID/UserOpenID/MediaInput format, RawContent JSON
-	// validity, msg-type enum membership) are enforced upstream by the
-	// framework's runValidateValue + runFrameworkRules. The bindMessagesSendArgs
-	// + validateVideoGroup defensive calls below let direct invocations of
-	// this closure (e.g. unit tests that bypass the framework Validate stack)
-	// still see populated args and surface the VideoContent group error —
-	// in the production runShortcut path the framework has already done both
-	// and short-circuited before this hook ever runs.
-	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, args *ImMessagesSendArgs, rt *common.RuntimeContext) error {
-		bindMessagesSendArgs(rt.Cmd, args)
-		if err := validateVideoGroup(rt.Cmd); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		return validateMsgTypeInterplay(rt.Cmd, args)
+	Flags: []common.Flag{
+		{Name: "chat-id", Desc: "(required, mutually exclusive with --user-id) chat ID (oc_xxx)"},
+		{Name: "user-id", Desc: "(required, mutually exclusive with --chat-id) user open_id (ou_xxx)"},
+		{Name: "msg-type", Default: "text", Desc: "message type for --content JSON; when using --text/--markdown/--image/--file/--video/--audio, the effective type is inferred automatically", Enum: []string{"text", "post", "image", "file", "audio", "media", "interactive", "share_chat", "share_user"}},
+		{Name: "content", Desc: "(one of --content/--text/--markdown/--image/--file/--video/--audio required) message content JSON"},
+		{Name: "text", Desc: "plain text message (auto-wrapped as JSON)"},
+		{Name: "markdown", Desc: "markdown text (auto-wrapped as post format with style optimization; image URLs auto-resolved)"},
+		{Name: "idempotency-key", Desc: "idempotency key (prevents duplicate sends)"},
+		{Name: "image", Desc: "image key (img_xxx), URL, or cwd-relative local path (absolute paths and .. are rejected)"},
+		{Name: "file", Desc: "file key (file_xxx), URL, or cwd-relative local path (absolute paths and .. are rejected)"},
+		{Name: "video", Desc: "video file key (file_xxx), URL, or cwd-relative local path (absolute paths and .. are rejected); must be used together with --video-cover"},
+		{Name: "video-cover", Desc: "video cover image key (img_xxx), URL, or cwd-relative local path (absolute paths and .. are rejected); required when using --video"},
+		{Name: "audio", Desc: "audio file key (file_xxx), URL, or cwd-relative local path (absolute paths and .. are rejected)"},
 	},
-
-	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, args *ImMessagesSendArgs, rt *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
-		// Defensive: framework's bindBuckets has already populated args when
-		// reaching this closure via the production runShortcut path. The call
-		// is retained so direct invocations (e.g. unit tests that pass an
-		// empty Args struct + populated cobra flags) still bind correctly.
-		bindMessagesSendArgs(rt.Cmd, args)
-
-		text := strOrEmpty(args.Content.Text)
-		markdown := strOrEmpty(args.Content.Markdown)
-		imageKey := mediaOrEmpty(args.Content.Image)
-		fileKey := mediaOrEmpty(args.Content.File)
-		videoKey, videoCoverKey := videoOrEmpty(args.Content.Video)
-		audioKey := mediaOrEmpty(args.Content.Audio)
-		content, msgType := rawOrDefault(args.Content.Raw)
-		idempotencyKey := args.IdempotencyKey
-
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		chatFlag := runtime.Str("chat-id")
+		userFlag := runtime.Str("user-id")
+		msgType := runtime.Str("msg-type")
+		content := runtime.Str("content")
 		desc := ""
+		text := runtime.Str("text")
+		markdown := runtime.Str("markdown")
+		idempotencyKey := runtime.Str("idempotency-key")
+		imageKey := runtime.Str("image")
+		fileKey := runtime.Str("file")
+		videoKey := runtime.Str("video")
+		videoCoverKey := runtime.Str("video-cover")
+		audioKey := runtime.Str("audio")
+
 		if markdown != "" {
 			msgType = "post"
 			content, desc = wrapMarkdownAsPostForDryRun(markdown)
@@ -100,10 +62,10 @@ var ImMessagesSend = common.TypedShortcut[*ImMessagesSendArgs]{
 		}
 
 		receiveIdType := "chat_id"
-		receiveId := chatOrEmpty(args.Target.Chat)
-		if userID := userOrEmpty(args.Target.User); userID != "" {
+		receiveId := chatFlag
+		if userFlag != "" {
 			receiveIdType = "open_id"
-			receiveId = userID
+			receiveId = userFlag
 		}
 
 		if msgType == "text" || msgType == "post" {
@@ -124,25 +86,71 @@ var ImMessagesSend = common.TypedShortcut[*ImMessagesSendArgs]{
 			Params(map[string]interface{}{"receive_id_type": receiveIdType}).
 			Body(body)
 	},
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		chatFlag := runtime.Str("chat-id")
+		userFlag := runtime.Str("user-id")
+		msgType := runtime.Str("msg-type")
+		content := runtime.Str("content")
+		text := runtime.Str("text")
+		markdown := runtime.Str("markdown")
+		imageKey := runtime.Str("image")
+		fileKey := runtime.Str("file")
+		videoKey := runtime.Str("video")
+		videoCoverKey := runtime.Str("video-cover")
+		audioKey := runtime.Str("audio")
 
-	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, args *ImMessagesSendArgs, rt *common.RuntimeContext) error {
-		// Defensive: see DryRun's note about double-binding.
-		bindMessagesSendArgs(rt.Cmd, args)
+		fio := runtime.FileIO()
+		for _, mf := range []struct{ flag, val string }{
+			{"--image", imageKey}, {"--file", fileKey}, {"--video", videoKey},
+			{"--video-cover", videoCoverKey}, {"--audio", audioKey},
+		} {
+			if err := validateMediaFlagPath(fio, mf.flag, mf.val); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
 
-		text := strOrEmpty(args.Content.Text)
-		markdown := strOrEmpty(args.Content.Markdown)
-		imageVal := mediaOrEmpty(args.Content.Image)
-		fileVal := mediaOrEmpty(args.Content.File)
-		videoVal, videoCoverVal := videoOrEmpty(args.Content.Video)
-		audioVal := mediaOrEmpty(args.Content.Audio)
-		content, msgType := rawOrDefault(args.Content.Raw)
-		idempotencyKey := args.IdempotencyKey
+		if err := common.ExactlyOne(runtime, "chat-id", "user-id"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 
-		// Pre-flight: reject unreadable local paths early. The MediaInput typed
-		// primitive only enforces cwd-relative safety (absolute path / `..`
-		// rejection) — the loose os.Stat check stays here because it touches
-		// the filesystem and is not appropriate at the format-validation layer.
-		fio := rt.FileIO()
+		// Validate ID formats
+		if chatFlag != "" {
+			if _, err := common.ValidateChatID(chatFlag); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		if userFlag != "" {
+			if _, err := common.ValidateUserID(userFlag); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		if msg := validateContentFlags(text, markdown, content, imageKey, fileKey, videoKey, videoCoverKey, audioKey); msg != "" {
+			return common.FlagErrorf(msg)
+		}
+		if content != "" && !json.Valid([]byte(content)) {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--content is not valid JSON: %s\nexample: --content '{\"text\":\"hello\"}' or --text 'hello'", content)
+		}
+		if msg := validateExplicitMsgType(runtime.Cmd, msgType, text, markdown, imageKey, fileKey, videoKey, audioKey); msg != "" {
+			return common.FlagErrorf(msg)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		chatFlag := runtime.Str("chat-id")
+		userFlag := runtime.Str("user-id")
+		msgType := runtime.Str("msg-type")
+		content := runtime.Str("content")
+		text := runtime.Str("text")
+		markdown := runtime.Str("markdown")
+		idempotencyKey := runtime.Str("idempotency-key")
+		imageVal := runtime.Str("image")
+		fileVal := runtime.Str("file")
+		videoVal := runtime.Str("video")
+		videoCoverVal := runtime.Str("video-cover")
+		audioVal := runtime.Str("audio")
+		fio := runtime.FileIO()
 		for _, mf := range []struct{ flag, val string }{
 			{"--image", imageVal}, {"--file", fileVal}, {"--video", videoVal},
 			{"--video-cover", videoCoverVal}, {"--audio", audioVal},
@@ -151,21 +159,20 @@ var ImMessagesSend = common.TypedShortcut[*ImMessagesSendArgs]{
 				return err
 			}
 		}
-
-		// Resolve content type.
+		// Resolve content type
 		if markdown != "" {
-			msgType, content = "post", resolveMarkdownAsPost(ctx, rt, markdown)
-		} else if mt, c, err := resolveMediaContent(ctx, rt, text, imageVal, fileVal, videoVal, videoCoverVal, audioVal); err != nil {
+			msgType, content = "post", resolveMarkdownAsPost(ctx, runtime, markdown)
+		} else if mt, c, err := resolveMediaContent(ctx, runtime, text, imageVal, fileVal, videoVal, videoCoverVal, audioVal); err != nil {
 			return err
 		} else if mt != "" {
 			msgType, content = mt, c
 		}
 
 		receiveIdType := "chat_id"
-		receiveId := chatOrEmpty(args.Target.Chat)
-		if userID := userOrEmpty(args.Target.User); userID != "" {
+		receiveId := chatFlag
+		if userFlag != "" {
 			receiveIdType = "open_id"
-			receiveId = userID
+			receiveId = userFlag
 		}
 
 		normalizedContent := content
@@ -182,13 +189,13 @@ var ImMessagesSend = common.TypedShortcut[*ImMessagesSendArgs]{
 			data["uuid"] = idempotencyKey
 		}
 
-		resData, err := rt.DoAPIJSON(http.MethodPost, "/open-apis/im/v1/messages",
+		resData, err := runtime.DoAPIJSON(http.MethodPost, "/open-apis/im/v1/messages",
 			larkcore.QueryParams{"receive_id_type": []string{receiveIdType}}, data)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		rt.Out(map[string]interface{}{
+		runtime.Out(map[string]interface{}{
 			"message_id":  resData["message_id"],
 			"chat_id":     resData["chat_id"],
 			"create_time": common.FormatTimeWithSeconds(resData["create_time"]),
@@ -197,195 +204,19 @@ var ImMessagesSend = common.TypedShortcut[*ImMessagesSendArgs]{
 	},
 }
 
-// bindMessagesSendArgs populates the OneOf sub-struct pointer fields from
-// cobra flag state. The shared framework binder (binder.go) currently only
-// binds top-level fields; sub-struct binding lives here so the typed closures
-// can read `args.Target.Chat` / `args.Content.Text` etc. instead of falling
-// back to `rt.Cmd.Flags().GetString`. Pointer is set iff cobra reports the
-// flag was explicitly provided (matches the "nil = not set" OneOf contract).
-func bindMessagesSendArgs(cmd *cobra.Command, args *ImMessagesSendArgs) {
-	if cmd == nil || args == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	flags := cmd.Flags()
-
-	// Target bucket — exactly one of --chat-id / --user-id.
-	if flags.Changed("chat-id") {
-		v, _ := flags.GetString("chat-id")
-		id := argstype.ChatID(v)
-		args.Target.Chat = &id
-	}
-	if flags.Changed("user-id") {
-		v, _ := flags.GetString("user-id")
-		id := argstype.UserOpenID(v)
-		args.Target.User = &id
-	}
-
-	// Content bucket — exactly one of --text / --markdown / --image / --file /
-	// --video (+ --video-cover) / --audio / --content.
-	if flags.Changed("text") {
-		v, _ := flags.GetString("text")
-		args.Content.Text = &v
-	}
-	if flags.Changed("markdown") {
-		v, _ := flags.GetString("markdown")
-		args.Content.Markdown = &v
-	}
-	if flags.Changed("image") {
-		v, _ := flags.GetString("image")
-		m := argstype.MediaInput(v)
-		args.Content.Image = &m
-	}
-	if flags.Changed("file") {
-		v, _ := flags.GetString("file")
-		m := argstype.MediaInput(v)
-		args.Content.File = &m
-	}
-	if flags.Changed("audio") {
-		v, _ := flags.GetString("audio")
-		m := argstype.MediaInput(v)
-		args.Content.Audio = &m
-	}
-	if flags.Changed("video") {
-		v, _ := flags.GetString("video")
-		cover, _ := flags.GetString("video-cover")
-		args.Content.Video = &VideoContent{
-			File:  argstype.MediaInput(v),
-			Cover: argstype.MediaInput(cover),
-		}
-	}
-	if flags.Changed("content") {
-		raw, _ := flags.GetString("content")
-		msgType, _ := flags.GetString("msg-type")
-		args.Content.Raw = &RawContent{JSON: raw, MsgType: msgType}
-	}
-
-	// IdempotencyKey is a top-level string field already bound by the framework
-	// binder; this read keeps the path uniform for callers using a synthetic
-	// command (e.g. tests bypassing the framework Validate stage).
-	if flags.Changed("idempotency-key") && args.IdempotencyKey == "" {
-		args.IdempotencyKey, _ = flags.GetString("idempotency-key")
-	}
+// isMediaKey returns true if the value looks like an existing API key rather than a local file path.
+func isMediaKey(value string) bool {
+	return strings.HasPrefix(value, "img_") || strings.HasPrefix(value, "file_")
 }
 
-// strOrEmpty deref-protects a *string field — nil → "".
-func strOrEmpty(p *string) string {
-	if p == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return *p
-}
-
-// chatOrEmpty deref-protects an *argstype.ChatID — nil → "".
-func chatOrEmpty(p *argstype.ChatID) string {
-	if p == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return string(*p)
-}
-
-// userOrEmpty deref-protects an *argstype.UserOpenID — nil → "".
-func userOrEmpty(p *argstype.UserOpenID) string {
-	if p == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return string(*p)
-}
-
-// mediaOrEmpty deref-protects an *argstype.MediaInput — nil → "".
-func mediaOrEmpty(p *argstype.MediaInput) string {
-	if p == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return string(*p)
-}
-
-// videoOrEmpty returns (file, cover) from an optional VideoContent. nil → ("", "").
-func videoOrEmpty(v *VideoContent) (string, string) {
-	if v == nil {
-		return "", ""
-	}
-	return string(v.File), string(v.Cover)
-}
-
-// rawOrDefault returns (content, msgType) from an optional RawContent. nil →
-// ("", "text"). The "text" default matches the RawContent.MsgType tag default
-// and ensures the DryRun body still has a sensible msg_type when no raw
-// content is supplied (it will be replaced when a media flag is selected).
-func rawOrDefault(r *RawContent) (string, string) {
-	if r == nil {
-		return "", "text"
-	}
-	msgType := r.MsgType
-	if msgType == "" {
-		msgType = "text"
-	}
-	return r.JSON, msgType
-}
-
-// validateVideoGroup enforces the VideoContent paired-flag rule: --video and
-// --video-cover must be supplied together. Produces a structured envelope
-// with subtype shortcut_group_incomplete and param "VideoContent". The shared
-// binder only runs group-completeness against top-level Args fields, so we
-// run the check manually here.
-func validateVideoGroup(cmd *cobra.Command) error {
-	if cmd == nil {
+// validateMediaFlagPath validates a media flag value as a local file path via FileIO.
+// Empty values, URLs, and media keys are skipped (not local files).
+func validateMediaFlagPath(fio fileio.FileIO, flagName, value string) error {
+	if value == "" || strings.HasPrefix(value, "http://") || strings.HasPrefix(value, "https://") || isMediaKey(value) {
 		return nil
 	}
-	videoSet := cmd.Flags().Changed("video")
-	coverSet := cmd.Flags().Changed("video-cover")
-	if videoSet == coverSet {
-		return nil
-	}
-	missing := "--video-cover"
-	if !videoSet {
-		missing = "--video"
-	}
-	return &errs.ValidationError{
-		Problem: errs.Problem{
-			Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
-			Subtype:  errs.SubtypeShortcutGroupIncomplete,
-			Message:  "VideoContent requires " + missing,
-			Hint:     "--video and --video-cover must be supplied together",
-		},
-		Param: "VideoContent",
-	}
-}
-
-// validateMsgTypeInterplay rejects an explicit --msg-type that conflicts with
-// the message type inferred from --text / --markdown / --image / --file /
-// --video / --audio. Preserved verbatim from the legacy Validate closure
-// because RawContent's enum check accepts any of the listed types — the
-// framework can't infer the writer's intent from the other content flags.
-func validateMsgTypeInterplay(cmd *cobra.Command, args *ImMessagesSendArgs) error {
-	if cmd == nil || !cmd.Flags().Changed("msg-type") {
-		return nil
-	}
-	msgType, _ := cmd.Flags().GetString("msg-type")
-	var inferred string
-	switch {
-	case args.Content.Text != nil:
-		inferred = "text"
-	case args.Content.Markdown != nil:
-		inferred = "post"
-	case args.Content.Image != nil:
-		inferred = "image"
-	case args.Content.File != nil:
-		inferred = "file"
-	case args.Content.Video != nil:
-		inferred = "media"
-	case args.Content.Audio != nil:
-		inferred = "audio"
-	}
-	if inferred == "" || msgType == inferred {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return &errs.ValidationError{
-		Problem: errs.Problem{
-			Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
-			Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			Message:  "--msg-type \"" + msgType + "\" conflicts with the inferred message type \"" + inferred + "\" from the selected content flag",
-		},
-		Param: "msg-type",
+	if _, err := fio.Stat(value); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return output.ErrValidation("%s: %v", flagName, err)
 	}
+	return nil
 }
diff --git a/shortcuts/im/im_messages_send_test.go b/shortcuts/im/im_messages_send_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index f9dce4683..000000000
--- a/shortcuts/im/im_messages_send_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,382 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package im
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
-)
-
-// TestImMessagesSend_IsMountable is the compile-time gate that locks the pilot
-// shortcut onto the TypedShortcut → Mountable contract. A breaking change to
-// the framework interface set must be reflected here.
-func TestImMessagesSend_IsMountable(t *testing.T) {
-	var _ common.Mountable = ImMessagesSend
-	var _ common.ShortcutDescriptor = ImMessagesSend
-}
-
-// TestImMessagesSend_Metadata pins the descriptor surface that auth-login /
-// scope-hint / shortcuts.json generators read. Drift here is silent in the
-// migration diff because the legacy struct disappears.
-func TestImMessagesSend_Metadata(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Helper()
-	if got := ImMessagesSend.GetService(); got != "im" {
-		t.Errorf("GetService = %q, want \"im\"", got)
-	}
-	if got := ImMessagesSend.GetCommand(); got != "+messages-send" {
-		t.Errorf("GetCommand = %q, want \"+messages-send\"", got)
-	}
-	if got := ImMessagesSend.GetRisk(); got != "write" {
-		t.Errorf("GetRisk = %q, want \"write\"", got)
-	}
-	wantAuth := map[string]bool{"bot": true, "user": true}
-	gotAuth := ImMessagesSend.GetAuthTypes()
-	if len(gotAuth) != len(wantAuth) {
-		t.Errorf("GetAuthTypes = %v, want set %v", gotAuth, wantAuth)
-	}
-	gotSet := make(map[string]bool, len(gotAuth))
-	for _, a := range gotAuth {
-		if gotSet[a] {
-			t.Errorf("duplicate auth type %q in %v", a, gotAuth)
-			continue
-		}
-		gotSet[a] = true
-		if !wantAuth[a] {
-			t.Errorf("unexpected auth type %q in %v", a, gotAuth)
-		}
-	}
-	for a := range wantAuth {
-		if !gotSet[a] {
-			t.Errorf("missing auth type %q in %v", a, gotAuth)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TestImMessagesSend_ScopesForIdentity verifies user / bot variants resolve
-// to the right scope sets. Login flows depend on this routing.
-func TestImMessagesSend_ScopesForIdentity(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		identity string
-		want     []string
-	}{
-		{"user", []string{"im:message.send_as_user", "im:message"}},
-		{"bot", []string{"im:message:send_as_bot"}},
-		{"", []string{"im:message:send_as_bot"}}, // fallback to Scopes
-	}
-	for _, tc := range tests {
-		got := ImMessagesSend.ScopesForIdentity(tc.identity)
-		if len(got) != len(tc.want) {
-			t.Errorf("ScopesForIdentity(%q) = %v, want %v", tc.identity, got, tc.want)
-			continue
-		}
-		for i, s := range got {
-			if s != tc.want[i] {
-				t.Errorf("ScopesForIdentity(%q)[%d] = %q, want %q", tc.identity, i, s, tc.want[i])
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TestImMessagesSend_MountRegistersFlags exercises the full Mount path to
-// confirm every flag the legacy shortcut accepted is still registered on the
-// generated cobra subcommand. Full Execute / Validate integration is in
-// tests_e2e/shortcuts/ (runShortcut needs a real Factory).
-func TestImMessagesSend_MountRegistersFlags(t *testing.T) {
-	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
-	imParent := &cobra.Command{Use: "im"}
-	root.AddCommand(imParent)
-	ImMessagesSend.MountWithContext(context.Background(), imParent, &cmdutil.Factory{})
-
-	sub, _, err := imParent.Find([]string{"+messages-send"})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("find +messages-send: %v", err)
-	}
-	if sub == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected +messages-send subcommand registered")
-	}
-
-	wantFlags := []string{
-		"chat-id", "user-id",
-		"text", "markdown", "image", "file", "video", "video-cover", "audio",
-		"content", "msg-type",
-		"idempotency-key",
-	}
-	for _, name := range wantFlags {
-		if sub.Flag(name) == nil {
-			t.Errorf("expected --%s registered on +messages-send", name)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TestImMessagesSend_HelpFuncInstalled verifies the typed help renderer was
-// wired by the Mount adapter (covers Examples section + Risk/Tips passthrough
-// indirectly — full render content is asserted in typed_help_test.go).
-func TestImMessagesSend_HelpFuncInstalled(t *testing.T) {
-	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
-	imParent := &cobra.Command{Use: "im"}
-	root.AddCommand(imParent)
-	ImMessagesSend.MountWithContext(context.Background(), imParent, &cmdutil.Factory{})
-
-	sub, _, _ := imParent.Find([]string{"+messages-send"})
-	if sub == nil || sub.HelpFunc() == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected typed help func installed on +messages-send")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestValidateVideoGroup covers the manual paired-flag check that compensates
-// for the framework binder not recursing groups inside OneOf buckets.
-// --video without --video-cover (and vice versa) must produce a structured
-// envelope with subtype shortcut_group_incomplete.
-func TestValidateVideoGroup(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name     string
-		args     []string
-		wantErr  bool
-		wantSub  errs.Subtype
-		wantPara string
-	}{
-		{"both unset → ok", nil, false, "", ""},
-		{"both set → ok", []string{"--video=v.mp4", "--video-cover=c.png"}, false, "", ""},
-		{"video without cover", []string{"--video=v.mp4"}, true, errs.SubtypeShortcutGroupIncomplete, "VideoContent"},
-		{"cover without video", []string{"--video-cover=c.png"}, true, errs.SubtypeShortcutGroupIncomplete, "VideoContent"},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range tests {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "send"}
-			cmd.Flags().String("video", "", "")
-			cmd.Flags().String("video-cover", "", "")
-			if err := cmd.ParseFlags(tc.args); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("ParseFlags: %v", err)
-			}
-			err := validateVideoGroup(cmd)
-			if (err != nil) != tc.wantErr {
-				t.Fatalf("err = %v, wantErr = %v", err, tc.wantErr)
-			}
-			if !tc.wantErr {
-				return
-			}
-			var ve *errs.ValidationError
-			if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
-				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
-			}
-			if ve.Subtype != tc.wantSub {
-				t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", ve.Subtype, tc.wantSub)
-			}
-			if ve.Param != tc.wantPara {
-				t.Errorf("Param = %q, want %q", ve.Param, tc.wantPara)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// TestValidateMsgTypeInterplay covers the legacy guard that rejects an
-// explicit --msg-type that contradicts the inferred type. The Content bucket
-// pointer fields drive the inference (matching the typed-args read path).
-func TestValidateMsgTypeInterplay(t *testing.T) {
-	mkArgs := func() *ImMessagesSendArgs { return &ImMessagesSendArgs{} }
-	tests := []struct {
-		name      string
-		setup     func(*ImMessagesSendArgs)
-		msgType   string
-		changed   bool
-		wantErr   bool
-		wantParam string
-	}{
-		{"msg-type unchanged → ok", func(a *ImMessagesSendArgs) { s := "hi"; a.Content.Text = &s }, "text", false, false, ""},
-		{"text + text → ok", func(a *ImMessagesSendArgs) { s := "hi"; a.Content.Text = &s }, "text", true, false, ""},
-		{"text + image → conflict", func(a *ImMessagesSendArgs) { s := "hi"; a.Content.Text = &s }, "image", true, true, "msg-type"},
-		{"markdown + image → conflict", func(a *ImMessagesSendArgs) { s := "**hi**"; a.Content.Markdown = &s }, "image", true, true, "msg-type"},
-		{"no content selected → ok", func(a *ImMessagesSendArgs) {}, "image", true, false, ""},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range tests {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "send"}
-			cmd.Flags().String("msg-type", "text", "")
-			args := []string{}
-			if tc.changed {
-				args = append(args, "--msg-type="+tc.msgType)
-			}
-			if err := cmd.ParseFlags(args); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("ParseFlags: %v", err)
-			}
-			a := mkArgs()
-			tc.setup(a)
-			err := validateMsgTypeInterplay(cmd, a)
-			if (err != nil) != tc.wantErr {
-				t.Fatalf("err = %v, wantErr = %v", err, tc.wantErr)
-			}
-			if !tc.wantErr {
-				return
-			}
-			var ve *errs.ValidationError
-			if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
-				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
-			}
-			if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-				t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want invalid_argument", ve.Subtype)
-			}
-			if ve.Param != tc.wantParam {
-				t.Errorf("Param = %q, want %q", ve.Param, tc.wantParam)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// TestBindMessagesSendArgs covers the local sub-struct binder that fills the
-// Content / Target OneOf buckets from cobra flag state. Pointer is non-nil iff
-// the flag was explicitly Changed — matches the "nil = unset" OneOf contract.
-func TestBindMessagesSendArgs(t *testing.T) {
-	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "send"}
-	cmd.Flags().String("chat-id", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("user-id", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("text", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("markdown", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("image", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("file", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("video", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("video-cover", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("audio", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("content", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("msg-type", "text", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("idempotency-key", "", "")
-
-	if err := cmd.ParseFlags([]string{
-		"--chat-id=oc_abc",
-		"--text=hi",
-	}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("ParseFlags: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	args := &ImMessagesSendArgs{}
-	bindMessagesSendArgs(cmd, args)
-
-	if args.Target.Chat == nil || string(*args.Target.Chat) != "oc_abc" {
-		t.Errorf("Target.Chat = %v, want non-nil oc_abc", args.Target.Chat)
-	}
-	if args.Target.User != nil {
-		t.Errorf("Target.User = %v, want nil (flag unset)", args.Target.User)
-	}
-	if args.Content.Text == nil || *args.Content.Text != "hi" {
-		t.Errorf("Content.Text = %v, want non-nil \"hi\"", args.Content.Text)
-	}
-	if args.Content.Markdown != nil {
-		t.Errorf("Content.Markdown = %v, want nil", args.Content.Markdown)
-	}
-	if args.Content.Video != nil {
-		t.Errorf("Content.Video = %v, want nil", args.Content.Video)
-	}
-	if args.Content.Raw != nil {
-		t.Errorf("Content.Raw = %v, want nil", args.Content.Raw)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestBindMessagesSendArgs_VideoPair confirms the paired --video / --video-cover
-// flags collapse into one VideoContent struct (the framework would otherwise
-// see two unrelated triggers).
-func TestBindMessagesSendArgs_VideoPair(t *testing.T) {
-	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "send"}
-	cmd.Flags().String("chat-id", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("user-id", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("text", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("markdown", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("image", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("file", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("video", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("video-cover", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("audio", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("content", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("msg-type", "text", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("idempotency-key", "", "")
-
-	if err := cmd.ParseFlags([]string{
-		"--chat-id=oc_x",
-		"--video=v.mp4",
-		"--video-cover=c.png",
-	}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("ParseFlags: %v", err)
-	}
-	args := &ImMessagesSendArgs{}
-	bindMessagesSendArgs(cmd, args)
-	if args.Content.Video == nil {
-		t.Fatal("Content.Video = nil, want non-nil")
-	}
-	if string(args.Content.Video.File) != "v.mp4" {
-		t.Errorf("Video.File = %q, want \"v.mp4\"", args.Content.Video.File)
-	}
-	if string(args.Content.Video.Cover) != "c.png" {
-		t.Errorf("Video.Cover = %q, want \"c.png\"", args.Content.Video.Cover)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestBindMessagesSendArgs_Raw covers the --content + --msg-type pair that
-// rolls into a RawContent variant.
-func TestBindMessagesSendArgs_Raw(t *testing.T) {
-	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "send"}
-	cmd.Flags().String("chat-id", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("user-id", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("text", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("markdown", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("image", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("file", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("video", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("video-cover", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("audio", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("content", "", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("msg-type", "text", "")
-	cmd.Flags().String("idempotency-key", "", "")
-
-	if err := cmd.ParseFlags([]string{
-		"--chat-id=oc_x",
-		"--content={\"text\":\"hello\"}",
-		"--msg-type=text",
-	}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("ParseFlags: %v", err)
-	}
-	args := &ImMessagesSendArgs{}
-	bindMessagesSendArgs(cmd, args)
-	if args.Content.Raw == nil {
-		t.Fatal("Content.Raw = nil, want non-nil")
-	}
-	if args.Content.Raw.JSON != `{"text":"hello"}` {
-		t.Errorf("Raw.JSON = %q, want \"{...}\"", args.Content.Raw.JSON)
-	}
-	if args.Content.Raw.MsgType != "text" {
-		t.Errorf("Raw.MsgType = %q, want \"text\"", args.Content.Raw.MsgType)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestImMessagesSend_TypedShortcutsRegistered confirms the package-level
-// TypedShortcuts() slice exposes the pilot so register.go can mount it. A
-// regression here would silently strip --messages-send from the CLI.
-func TestImMessagesSend_TypedShortcutsRegistered(t *testing.T) {
-	list := TypedShortcuts()
-	found := false
-	for _, m := range list {
-		if m.GetService() == "im" && m.GetCommand() == "+messages-send" {
-			found = true
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if !found {
-		t.Error("im.TypedShortcuts() must contain ImMessagesSend (service=im, command=+messages-send)")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestImMessagesSend_NotInLegacyShortcuts is the dual of the above: a shortcut
-// MUST live in exactly one of Shortcuts() / TypedShortcuts(), otherwise
-// register.go will mount the same cobra subcommand twice.
-func TestImMessagesSend_NotInLegacyShortcuts(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, sc := range Shortcuts() {
-		if sc.Service == "im" && sc.Command == "+messages-send" {
-			t.Fatalf("ImMessagesSend appears in legacy Shortcuts() — must only be in TypedShortcuts() after migration")
-		}
-	}
-}
diff --git a/shortcuts/im/protocol.go b/shortcuts/im/protocol.go
deleted file mode 100644
index b317625dc..000000000
--- a/shortcuts/im/protocol.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package im
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common/argstype"
-)
-
-// MessageTarget — exactly one of Chat or User identifies the recipient.
-type MessageTarget struct {
-	Chat *argstype.ChatID     `flag:"chat-id"  desc:"chat ID (oc_xxx)"`
-	User *argstype.UserOpenID `flag:"user-id"  desc:"user open_id (ou_xxx)"`
-}
-
-func (MessageTarget) OneOf() {}
-
-// MessageContent — exactly one of the seven content variants is sent.
-type MessageContent struct {
-	Text     *string              `flag:"text"     desc:"plain text message"`
-	Markdown *string              `flag:"markdown" desc:"markdown text"`
-	Image    *argstype.MediaInput `flag:"image"    desc:"image local file path / URL / img_xxx key"`
-	File     *argstype.MediaInput `flag:"file"     desc:"file local file path / URL / file_xxx key"`
-	Video    *VideoContent
-	Audio    *argstype.MediaInput `flag:"audio"    desc:"audio file"`
-	Raw      *RawContent
-}
-
-func (MessageContent) OneOf() {}
-
-// VideoContent — video file requires an accompanying cover image.
-type VideoContent struct {
-	File  argstype.MediaInput `flag:"video"       oneof_trigger:"true" desc:"video file path / URL / file_xxx key"`
-	Cover argstype.MediaInput `flag:"video-cover" desc:"video cover image; required with --video"`
-}
-
-// RawContent — raw JSON body with explicit msg-type, selected by --content.
-type RawContent struct {
-	JSON    string `flag:"content"  oneof_trigger:"true" desc:"raw message content JSON"`
-	MsgType string `flag:"msg-type" default:"text" enum:"text,post,image,file,audio,media,interactive,share_chat,share_user" desc:"message type for --content JSON (default: text)"`
-}
-
-func (r *RawContent) ValidateValue(_ *common.RuntimeContext, _ string) error {
-	if r == nil || r.JSON == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-	if !json.Valid([]byte(r.JSON)) {
-		return &errs.ValidationError{
-			Problem: errs.Problem{
-				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
-				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-				Message:  "--content is not valid JSON",
-				Hint:     `pass a JSON string such as {"text":"hello"}`,
-			},
-			Param: "--content",
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
diff --git a/shortcuts/im/protocol_test.go b/shortcuts/im/protocol_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c175d41e..000000000
--- a/shortcuts/im/protocol_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package im
-
-import "testing"
-
-func TestMessageTarget_SatisfiesOneOfMarker(t *testing.T) {
-	var v interface{} = MessageTarget{}
-	if _, ok := v.(interface{ OneOf() }); !ok {
-		t.Fatal("MessageTarget must satisfy OneOfMarker")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMessageContent_SatisfiesOneOfMarker(t *testing.T) {
-	var v interface{} = MessageContent{}
-	if _, ok := v.(interface{ OneOf() }); !ok {
-		t.Fatal("MessageContent must satisfy OneOfMarker")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestVideoContent_FieldsExist(t *testing.T) {
-	v := VideoContent{}
-	_ = v.File
-	_ = v.Cover
-}
-
-func TestRawContent_InvalidJSONFails(t *testing.T) {
-	r := &RawContent{JSON: "{ broken"}
-	if err := r.ValidateValue(nil, "content"); err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected validation error for malformed JSON")
-	}
-}
diff --git a/shortcuts/im/shortcuts.go b/shortcuts/im/shortcuts.go
index 625f94340..3c8aadfbe 100644
--- a/shortcuts/im/shortcuts.go
+++ b/shortcuts/im/shortcuts.go
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ package im
 
 import "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 
-// Shortcuts returns all legacy im shortcuts. ImMessagesSend has been migrated
-// to the typed framework — see TypedShortcuts below.
+// Shortcuts returns all im shortcuts.
 func Shortcuts() []common.Shortcut {
 	return []common.Shortcut{
 		ImChatCreate,
@@ -18,23 +17,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []common.Shortcut {
 		ImMessagesReply,
 		ImMessagesResourcesDownload,
 		ImMessagesSearch,
+		ImMessagesSend,
 		ImThreadsMessagesList,
 		ImFlagCreate,
 		ImFlagCancel,
 		ImFlagList,
 	}
 }
-
-// TypedShortcuts returns the im shortcuts that have migrated to the new
-// common.TypedShortcut[T] framework. Returned as []common.Mountable so the
-// top-level shortcuts/register.go can mount them through the same pipeline
-// it uses for legacy shortcuts.
-//
-// IMPORTANT: a shortcut MUST appear in exactly one of Shortcuts() /
-// TypedShortcuts() — duplicating it across both slices would double-mount
-// the cobra subcommand.
-func TypedShortcuts() []common.Mountable {
-	return []common.Mountable{
-		ImMessagesSend,
-	}
-}
diff --git a/shortcuts/im/validate_media_test.go b/shortcuts/im/validate_media_test.go
index 7e06efbbf..94ec17f9b 100644
--- a/shortcuts/im/validate_media_test.go
+++ b/shortcuts/im/validate_media_test.go
@@ -52,18 +52,12 @@ func TestValidateMediaFlagPath(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestIMMediaFlagDescriptionsDocumentPathRestrictions asserts the legacy
-// shortcuts (still on common.Shortcut) keep the path-restriction language in
-// their --image/--file/--video/--video-cover/--audio descriptions. The
-// migrated ImMessagesSend now sources its flag help from argstype.MediaInput
-// tags in shortcuts/im/protocol.go, and the absolute-path / `..` rejection is
-// enforced by argstype.MediaInput.ValidateValue (covered by
-// shortcuts/common/argstype/media_input_test.go and safe_path_test.go).
 func TestIMMediaFlagDescriptionsDocumentPathRestrictions(t *testing.T) {
 	shortcuts := []struct {
 		name  string
 		flags []common.Flag
 	}{
+		{name: "messages-send", flags: ImMessagesSend.Flags},
 		{name: "messages-reply", flags: ImMessagesReply.Flags},
 	}
 	mediaFlags := []string{"image", "file", "video", "video-cover", "audio"}
diff --git a/shortcuts/register.go b/shortcuts/register.go
index 9ac64bd55..47fe0fd5a 100644
--- a/shortcuts/register.go
+++ b/shortcuts/register.go
@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ func IsShortcutServiceAvailable(service string, brand core.LarkBrand) bool {
 // it. The slice element type is ShortcutDescriptor so read-only consumers
 // (auth login, scope hint, shortcuts.json generator) can read metadata without
 // caring about which concrete implementation backs each entry.
+//
+// Only legacy shortcuts are registered today; the typed track stays wired
+// (ShortcutDescriptor / Mountable dispatch + buildTypedHelp) but currently has
+// no domain caller.
 var allShortcuts []common.ShortcutDescriptor
 
 // addLegacy boxes a legacy []common.Shortcut into the descriptor slice. We use
@@ -71,21 +75,12 @@ func addLegacy(list []common.Shortcut) {
 	}
 }
 
-// addTyped boxes a []common.Mountable produced by domain TypedShortcuts() into
-// the descriptor slice. TypedShortcut[T] satisfies Mountable directly.
-func addTyped(list []common.Mountable) {
-	for _, m := range list {
-		allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, m)
-	}
-}
-
 func init() {
 	addLegacy(apps.Shortcuts())
 	addLegacy(calendar.Shortcuts())
 	addLegacy(doc.Shortcuts())
 	addLegacy(drive.Shortcuts())
 	addLegacy(im.Shortcuts())
-	addTyped(im.TypedShortcuts())
 	addLegacy(contact_shortcuts.Shortcuts())
 	addLegacy(sheets.Shortcuts())
 	addLegacy(base.Shortcuts())