feat(skill): add relative-path-only rule to lark-shared security section

lark-cli rejects absolute paths for --file, --output, --output-dir,
and @file with 'unsafe file path'. Document this in lark-shared so
agents know to use cwd-relative paths or stdin for data input.

Change-Id: I50cf801c2c5d0e3cbb98a76e1752d410518c8636

.golangci.yml

@@ -65,10 +65,23 @@ linters:
           - forbidigo
       # errs-typed-only enforced on paths already migrated to errs.NewXxxError.
       # Add a path when its migration is complete.
-      - path-except: (internal/auth/|internal/errcompat/|internal/errclass/|internal/client/|internal/cmdutil/factory\.go|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|shortcuts/calendar/helpers\.go)
+      - path-except: (internal/auth/|internal/errcompat/|internal/errclass/|internal/client/|internal/cmdutil/factory\.go|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|shortcuts/calendar/helpers\.go|shortcuts/drive/)
         text: errs-typed-only
         linters:
           - forbidigo
+      # errs-no-bare-wrap enforced on paths fully migrated to typed final
+      # errors. Scoped separately from errs-typed-only because cmd/auth/,
+      # cmd/config/ still have residual fmt.Errorf and must not be caught.
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/calendar/helpers\.go|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go)
+        text: errs-no-bare-wrap
+        linters:
+          - forbidigo
+      # errs-no-legacy-helper is drive-only: the shared helpers it bans are
+      # still used by other domains until their later migration phase.
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/drive/)
+        text: errs-no-legacy-helper
+        linters:
+          - forbidigo
 
   settings:
     depguard:
@@ -94,6 +107,23 @@ linters:
           msg: >-
             [errs-typed-only] use errs.NewXxxError(...) builder
             (see errs/types.go).
+        # ── legacy shared error helpers banned on drive ──
+        # These helpers internally produce legacy output.Err* shapes, so they
+        # are invisible to the errs-typed-only ban above. Drive has migrated its
+        # calls to typed errs.* (drive-local driveInputStatError / driveSaveError);
+        # this prevents reintroduction. Other domains still use the shared
+        # helpers (migrated globally in a later phase), so this is drive-scoped.
+        - pattern: (common\.FlagErrorf|common\.WrapInputStatError|common\.WrapSaveErrorByCategory)\b
+          msg: >-
+            [errs-no-legacy-helper] these shared helpers emit legacy output.Err*
+            shapes. Use the typed errs.NewXxxError builders or the drive-local
+            driveInputStatError / driveSaveError helpers (shortcuts/drive/drive_errors.go).
+        # ── bare error wraps banned on fully-typed paths ──
+        - pattern: (fmt\.Errorf|errors\.New)\b
+          msg: >-
+            [errs-no-bare-wrap] final errors must be typed (errs.NewXxxError);
+            wrap a cause with .WithCause(err). Genuine intermediate wraps:
+            //nolint:forbidigo with a reason.
         # ── http: shortcuts must not construct raw HTTP requests ──
         # Bans request / client construction; constants (http.MethodPost,
         # http.StatusOK) and pure helpers (http.StatusText, http.Header) are

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,31 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
+## [v1.0.46] - 2026-06-02
+
+### Features
+
+- **im**: Add card message format support (#1218)
+- **im**: Resolve markdown blank-line formatting inconsistency in post messages (#1216)
+- **vc**: Inline transcript from artifacts API and add keywords (#1206)
+- **transport**: Add proxy plugin mode for CLI HTTP transport (#1181)
+- **agent**: Increase agent trace max length to 1024 (#1211)
+- **shortcuts**: Unconditionally inject `--format` flag for all shortcuts (#1156)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **cli**: Remove FLAGS section from root `--help` (#1226)
+- **cli**: Stop root `--help` listing per-command flags as global (#1223)
+
+### Refactor
+
+- **transport**: Own all HTTP transport in `internal/transport`, fix util layering inversion (#1213)
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **base**: Optimize base skill references (#1171)
+- **drive**: Add Lark Drive knowledge organization workflow (#1028)
+
 ## [v1.0.45] - 2026-06-01
 
 ### Features
@@ -964,6 +989,7 @@ Bundled AI agent skills for intelligent assistance:
 - Bilingual documentation (English & Chinese).
 - CI/CD pipelines: linting, testing, coverage reporting, and automated releases.
 
+[v1.0.46]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.46
 [v1.0.45]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.45
 [v1.0.44]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.44
 [v1.0.43]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.43

cmd/api/api.go

@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ func NewCmdApiWithContext(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*AP
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageLimit, "page-limit", 10, "max pages to fetch with --page-all (0 = unlimited)")
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageDelay, "page-delay", 200, "delay in ms between pages")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Format, "format", "json", "output format: json|ndjson|table|csv")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("json", false, "shorthand for --format json")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.JqExpr, "jq", "q", "", "jq expression to filter JSON output")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.DryRun, "dry-run", false, "print request without executing")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.File, "file", "", "file to upload as multipart/form-data ([field=]path, supports - for stdin)")

cmd/api/api_test.go

@@ -718,3 +718,23 @@ func TestApiCmd_PermissionError_DerivesFirstClassFields(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want %q", pe.LogID, "20260527-test-log")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestApiCmd_JsonFlag_Accepted(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	var gotOpts *APIOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdApi(f, func(opts *APIOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"GET", "/open-apis/test", "--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("--json should be accepted without error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts.Method != "GET" {
+		t.Errorf("expected method GET, got %s", gotOpts.Method)
+	}
+}

cmd/config/init.go

@@ -341,6 +341,9 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 		output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Configuration saved to %s", core.GetConfigPath()))
 		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
 		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{"appId": opts.AppID, "appSecret": "****", "brand": brand})
+		if err := runProbe(opts.Ctx, f, opts.AppID, opts.appSecret, brand); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -380,6 +383,9 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 		}
 		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
 		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{"appId": result.AppID, "appSecret": "****", "brand": result.Brand})
+		if err := runProbe(opts.Ctx, f, result.AppID, result.AppSecret, result.Brand); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -419,6 +425,11 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 			output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf(msg.ConfigSaved, result.AppID))
 		}
 		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
+		if result.AppSecret != "" {
+			if err := runProbe(opts.Ctx, f, result.AppID, result.AppSecret, result.Brand); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -507,5 +518,10 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	}
 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Configuration saved to %s", core.GetConfigPath()))
 	printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
+	if appSecretInput != "" {
+		if err := runProbe(opts.Ctx, f, resolvedAppId, appSecretInput, parseBrand(resolvedBrand)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
 	return nil
 }

cmd/config/init_probe.go

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package config
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
+)
+
+// probeTimeout is the total wall-clock budget for the credential probe step
+// (covering both TAT acquisition and the subsequent probe request).
+const probeTimeout = 3 * time.Second
+
+// runProbe runs a best-effort credential validation after config init has
+// persisted the App ID and App Secret. It returns a non-nil error only for a
+// deterministic credential-rejection signal; every other outcome returns nil
+// so that valid configurations and transient/upstream noise never block the
+// command.
+//
+// The function performs up to two HTTP calls in series, bounded by
+// probeTimeout:
+//
+//  1. A TAT request using the just-saved credentials. credential.FetchTAT
+//     returns a typed errs.* error (via the shared classifyTATResponseCode)
+//     only when the server deterministically rejected the credentials — a
+//     non-zero TAT body code, classified as CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient
+//     (10003 / 10014) or whatever codemeta maps. That typed error is propagated
+//     so the root dispatcher renders the canonical envelope and `config init`
+//     exits non-zero — identical to how every other token-resolving command
+//     reports the same bad credentials. Ambiguous failures (transport errors,
+//     HTTP non-200, JSON parse errors, timeouts) come back as raw untyped
+//     errors and are swallowed (return nil), so valid configurations are never
+//     disturbed by upstream noise. errs.IsTyped is the discriminator.
+//
+//  2. If TAT succeeded, a POST to the probe endpoint is fired. The outcome of
+//     that call (success, server error, timeout, parse failure) is always
+//     ignored — return nil regardless.
+func runProbe(parent context.Context, factory *cmdutil.Factory, appID, appSecret string, brand core.LarkBrand) error {
+	if factory == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	httpClient, err := factory.HttpClient()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(parent, probeTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	token, err := credential.FetchTAT(ctx, httpClient, brand, appID, appSecret)
+	if err != nil {
+		// A typed error from FetchTAT is a deterministic credential rejection
+		// (classifyTATResponseCode). Propagate it so config init exits with the
+		// same envelope the rest of the CLI uses for bad credentials. Untyped
+		// errors are ambiguous (transport / HTTP / parse / timeout) — stay
+		// silent and let the command succeed.
+		if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// TAT succeeded — fire the probe call. Any outcome is ignored.
+	url := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand).Open + "/open-apis/application/v6/larksuite_cli_app/probe"
+	body := []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"from":"lark-cli/%s"}`, build.Version))
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	_, _ = io.Copy(io.Discard, resp.Body)
+	return nil
+}

cmd/config/init_probe_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package config
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+// fakeRT routes requests to per-path handlers and records what it saw.
+type fakeRT struct {
+	tatHandler   func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+	probeHandler func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+	tatCalls     int
+	probeCalls   int
+	probeReq     *http.Request
+	probeBody    string
+}
+
+func (f *fakeRT) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	switch {
+	case strings.HasSuffix(req.URL.Path, "/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"):
+		f.tatCalls++
+		if f.tatHandler == nil {
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":0,"tenant_access_token":"t-ok"}`), nil
+		}
+		return f.tatHandler(req)
+	case strings.HasSuffix(req.URL.Path, "/application/v6/larksuite_cli_app/probe"):
+		f.probeCalls++
+		f.probeReq = req
+		if req.Body != nil {
+			b, _ := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
+			f.probeBody = string(b)
+		}
+		if f.probeHandler == nil {
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":0,"data":{},"msg":"success"}`), nil
+		}
+		return f.probeHandler(req)
+	}
+	return nil, errors.New("unexpected URL: " + req.URL.String())
+}
+
+func jsonResp(code int, body string) *http.Response {
+	return &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: code,
+		Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(body)),
+		Header:     make(http.Header),
+	}
+}
+
+// fakeFactory builds a test Factory whose HttpClient is overridden to use
+// the caller-supplied RoundTripper.
+//
+// Wired through cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil) so the canonical IOStreams,
+// Credential, Keychain and FileIO wiring is in place (per repo test-factory
+// guidance). The HttpClient is then swapped to our stub so we can drive
+// exact HTTP responses for the probe. Config-dir isolation is set up via
+// t.Setenv(LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR, t.TempDir()) so any incidental config
+// touch lands in a temp dir rather than the developer's real config.
+//
+// The returned buffer is the Factory's stderr. runProbe never writes to
+// stderr (it propagates a typed error or stays silent), so every test asserts
+// this buffer stays empty as an invariant.
+func fakeFactory(t *testing.T, rt http.RoundTripper) (*cmdutil.Factory, *bytes.Buffer) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	f, _, errBuf, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	f.HttpClient = func() (*http.Client, error) {
+		return &http.Client{Transport: rt}, nil
+	}
+	return f, errBuf
+}
+
+// assertConfigRejection asserts runProbe propagated a deterministic credential
+// rejection: a *errs.ConfigError (CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient) with
+// the expected upstream code. This is the same typed error every other
+// token-resolving command returns for the same bad credentials, and nothing is
+// written to stderr (the root dispatcher renders the envelope).
+func assertConfigRejection(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer, wantCode int) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfigError (code %d), got nil", wantCode)
+	}
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfigError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Category != errs.CategoryConfig {
+		t.Errorf("Category = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Category, errs.CategoryConfig)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidClient)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Code != wantCode {
+		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want %d", cfgErr.Code, wantCode)
+	}
+	if errBuf.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("runProbe must not write to stderr, got: %q", errBuf.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// assertSilent asserts runProbe stayed quiet: no propagated error and nothing
+// written to stderr. Used for every ambiguous (non-credential) outcome.
+func assertSilent(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil (silent), got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if errBuf.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected no stderr output, got: %q", errBuf.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// 10003 (bad / non-existent app_id) → ConfigError/InvalidClient, propagated.
+func TestRunProbe_TATCode10003_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":10003,"msg":"invalid param"}`), nil
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+
+	err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu)
+
+	if rt.probeCalls != 0 {
+		t.Error("probe endpoint must not be called when TAT fails")
+	}
+	assertConfigRejection(t, err, errBuf, 10003)
+}
+
+// 10014 (real app_id + wrong secret) → ConfigError/InvalidClient via codemeta —
+// the most common real-world rejection, propagated.
+func TestRunProbe_TATCode10014_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":10014,"msg":"app secret invalid"}`), nil
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	assertConfigRejection(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf, 10014)
+}
+
+// Any non-zero body code is a deterministic rejection and propagates (typed).
+// An unrecognized code falls back to *errs.APIError via BuildAPIError — still
+// typed, so the probe still surfaces it rather than swallowing.
+func TestRunProbe_TATUnknownBodyCode_Propagates(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":99999,"msg":"future-unknown"}`), nil
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu)
+	if err == nil || !errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a propagated typed error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if errBuf.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("runProbe must not write to stderr, got: %q", errBuf.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// Non-200 HTTP at the TAT endpoint is ambiguous (not a payload credential
+// rejection) → silent, exit 0.
+func TestRunProbe_TATHTTPNon200_Silent(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, code := range []int{401, 403, 500} {
+		rt := &fakeRT{
+			tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+				return jsonResp(code, `nope`), nil
+			},
+		}
+		f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+		assertSilent(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_TATTransportError_Silent(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return nil, errors.New("network down")
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	assertSilent(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf)
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_TATSuccess_ProbeFails_Silent(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		probeHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return jsonResp(500, `server error`), nil
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu)
+	if rt.probeCalls != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("probe should be called once, got %d", rt.probeCalls)
+	}
+	assertSilent(t, err, errBuf)
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_TATSuccess_ProbeOK_Silent(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu)
+	if rt.tatCalls != 1 || rt.probeCalls != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1/1 calls, got tat=%d probe=%d", rt.tatCalls, rt.probeCalls)
+	}
+	assertSilent(t, err, errBuf)
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_ProbeRequestShape(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{}
+	f, _ := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	if err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if rt.probeReq == nil {
+		t.Fatal("probe request not captured")
+	}
+	if rt.probeReq.Method != http.MethodPost {
+		t.Errorf("probe method = %s, want POST", rt.probeReq.Method)
+	}
+	if got := rt.probeReq.URL.String(); got != "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/application/v6/larksuite_cli_app/probe" {
+		t.Errorf("probe URL = %s", got)
+	}
+	if got := rt.probeReq.Header.Get("Authorization"); got != "Bearer t-ok" {
+		t.Errorf("Authorization = %q, want Bearer t-ok", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(rt.probeBody, `"from":"lark-cli/`+build.Version+`"`) {
+		t.Errorf("probe body missing from field: %s", rt.probeBody)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_LarkBrand_HostRoutedCorrectly(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{}
+	f, _ := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	if err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandLark); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if rt.probeReq == nil {
+		t.Fatal("probe request not captured")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(rt.probeReq.URL.Host, "larksuite.com") {
+		t.Errorf("probe host = %s, want larksuite.com", rt.probeReq.URL.Host)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_HTTPClientError_Silent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	f, _, errBuf, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	f.HttpClient = func() (*http.Client, error) {
+		return nil, errors.New("client init failed")
+	}
+	assertSilent(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf)
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_TimeoutHonored(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			<-req.Context().Done()
+			return nil, req.Context().Err()
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu)
+	elapsed := time.Since(start)
+
+	if elapsed > 4*time.Second {
+		t.Errorf("runProbe took %v, expected <= ~3s", elapsed)
+	}
+	// A timeout is an ambiguous failure (context deadline → untyped), so it
+	// must stay silent and not block.
+	assertSilent(t, err, errBuf)
+}

cmd/root.go

@@ -48,20 +48,6 @@ EXAMPLES:
     # Generic API call
     lark-cli api GET /open-apis/calendar/v4/calendars
 
-FLAGS:
-    --params <json>       URL/query parameters JSON
-    --data <json>         request body JSON (POST/PATCH/PUT/DELETE)
-    --as <type>           identity type: user | bot
-    --format <fmt>        output format: json (default) | ndjson | table | csv | pretty
-    --page-all            automatically paginate through all pages
-    --page-size <N>       page size (0 = use API default)
-    --page-limit <N>      max pages to fetch with --page-all (default: 10, 0 for unlimited)
-    --page-delay <MS>     delay in ms between pages (default: 200, only with --page-all)
-    -o, --output <path>   output file path for binary responses
-    --jq <expr>           jq expression to filter JSON output
-    -q <expr>             shorthand for --jq
-    --dry-run             print request without executing
-
 AI AGENT SKILLS:
     lark-cli pairs with AI agent skills (Claude Code, etc.) that
     teach the agent Lark API patterns, best practices, and workflows.
@@ -255,6 +241,13 @@ func handleRootError(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) int {
 		return typedExit
 	}
 
+	// Partial-failure (batch / multi-status): the ok:false result envelope is
+	// already on stdout; set the exit code and write nothing to stderr.
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		return pfErr.Code
+	}
+
 	if exitErr := asExitError(err); exitErr != nil {
 		if !exitErr.Raw {
 			// Raw errors (e.g. from `api` command via output.MarkRaw)

cmd/service/service.go

@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ func NewCmdServiceMethodWithContext(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, spe
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageLimit, "page-limit", 10, "max pages to fetch with --page-all (0 = unlimited)")
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageDelay, "page-delay", 200, "delay in ms between pages")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Format, "format", "json", "output format: json|ndjson|table|csv")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("json", false, "shorthand for --format json")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.JqExpr, "jq", "q", "", "jq expression to filter JSON output")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.DryRun, "dry-run", false, "print request without executing")
 	if risk == "high-risk-write" {

cmd/service/service_test.go

@@ -765,3 +765,22 @@ func TestDetectFileFields(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestServiceMethod_JsonFlag_Accepted(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+
+	var captured *ServiceMethodOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, driveSpec(),
+		map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "GET"}, "list", "files",
+		func(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
+			captured = opts
+			return nil
+		})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--json"})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("--json should be accepted without error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if captured == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected runF to be called")
+	}
+}

errs/ERROR_CONTRACT.md

@@ -155,7 +155,30 @@ caller scripts.
 
 New code should not reach for `ErrBare` unless the command is
 genuinely a predicate. Anything carrying recoverable error content
-belongs in a typed `*errs.XxxError`.
+belongs in a typed `*errs.XxxError` — or, for a batch result, in the
+partial-failure outcome below.
+
+### Partial failure (batch / multi-status)
+
+A batch command (e.g. `drive +push` / `+pull` / `+sync`) that processes
+many items can finish in a third state, neither full success nor a single
+error: some items succeeded and some failed. Its primary output is the
+per-item result, so it does **not** belong in a `stderr` error envelope.
+
+Such a command returns `runtime.OutPartialFailure(data, meta)`, which:
+
+1. writes the full result to **stdout** as an `ok:false` envelope — the
+   summary and every per-item outcome (succeeded *and* failed) stay
+   machine-readable, exactly as a successful `Out(...)` would carry them,
+   but with `ok` honestly reporting failure; and
+2. returns `*output.PartialFailureError`, a typed exit signal the
+   dispatcher maps to a non-zero exit code while writing nothing further
+   to `stderr`.
+
+This is distinct from `ErrBare` (a predicate's one-bit answer) and from a
+typed `*errs.XxxError` (a `stderr` error envelope): a partial failure is a
+*result*, reported on stdout, that also failed. Consumers branch on
+`ok == false` and then read `data.summary` / `data.items[]`.
 
 ## Consumers
 

errs/subtypes.go

@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ const (
 
 // CategoryValidation subtypes
 const (
-	SubtypeInvalidArgument Subtype = "invalid_argument" // user-supplied flag / arg failed validation (gRPC INVALID_ARGUMENT alignment)
+	SubtypeInvalidArgument    Subtype = "invalid_argument"    // user-supplied flag / arg failed validation (gRPC INVALID_ARGUMENT alignment)
+	SubtypeFailedPrecondition Subtype = "failed_precondition" // request is valid but the system/resource state is not in the state required to execute; caller must change state (not retry) — e.g. ambiguous remote mapping (gRPC FAILED_PRECONDITION alignment)
 )
 
 // CategoryAuthentication subtypes

errs/types.go

@@ -61,8 +61,22 @@ type TypedError interface {
 // it is intentionally not serialized.
 type ValidationError struct {
 	Problem
-	Param string `json:"param,omitempty"`
+	Param  string         `json:"param,omitempty"`
-	Cause error  `json:"-"`
+	Params []InvalidParam `json:"params,omitempty"`
+	Cause  error          `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// InvalidParam is one structured validation diagnostic: the parameter that
+// failed (Name) and why (Reason). It mirrors an RFC 7807 "invalid-params"
+// item (RFC 7807 §3.1 extension members).
+//
+// The wire key on ValidationError is "params" rather than "invalid_params"
+// because the enclosing envelope already carries type:"validation", so the
+// "invalid" qualifier would be redundant on the wire. The Go type keeps the
+// InvalidParam prefix because, at package level, the name must self-describe.
+type InvalidParam struct {
+	Name   string `json:"name"`
+	Reason string `json:"reason"`
 }
 
 // Unwrap exposes the wrapped cause so errors.Unwrap / errors.Is can traverse
@@ -122,6 +136,11 @@ func (e *ValidationError) WithParam(param string) *ValidationError {
 	return e
 }
 
+func (e *ValidationError) WithParams(params ...InvalidParam) *ValidationError {
+	e.Params = append(e.Params, params...)
+	return e
+}
+
 func (e *ValidationError) WithCause(cause error) *ValidationError {
 	e.Cause = cause
 	return e

errs/types_test.go

@@ -558,6 +558,71 @@ func TestTypedError_UnwrapSymmetry(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+// TestValidationError_WithParams covers the structured-validation extension:
+// WithParams appends InvalidParam items, the scalar Param setter is unaffected,
+// and the wire shape nests {name, reason} under "params" (omitted when empty).
+func TestValidationError_WithParams(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("appends and exposes fields", func(t *testing.T) {
+		e := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "duplicate rel_path").
+			WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: "a.md", Reason: "duplicate"})
+		if len(e.Params) != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("len(Params) = %d, want 1", len(e.Params))
+		}
+		if e.Params[0].Name != "a.md" {
+			t.Errorf("Params[0].Name = %q, want %q", e.Params[0].Name, "a.md")
+		}
+		if e.Params[0].Reason != "duplicate" {
+			t.Errorf("Params[0].Reason = %q, want %q", e.Params[0].Reason, "duplicate")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("appends across multiple calls and returns receiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		e := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "x")
+		returned := e.WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: "a.md", Reason: "dup"})
+		if returned != e {
+			t.Errorf("WithParams returned different pointer; want same as receiver")
+		}
+		e.WithParams(
+			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "b.md", Reason: "dup"},
+			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "c.md", Reason: "dup"},
+		)
+		if len(e.Params) != 3 {
+			t.Fatalf("len(Params) = %d after two calls, want 3", len(e.Params))
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("wire shape nests name and reason under params", func(t *testing.T) {
+		e := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "duplicate rel_path").
+			WithParam("--rel-path").
+			WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: "a.md", Reason: "duplicate"})
+		b, err := json.Marshal(e)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("marshal failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		got := string(b)
+		for _, want := range []string{
+			`"type":"validation"`,
+			`"param":"--rel-path"`,
+			`"params":[{"name":"a.md","reason":"duplicate"}]`,
+		} {
+			if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
+				t.Errorf("missing %q in %s", want, got)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("empty Params omitted from wire", func(t *testing.T) {
+		e := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "x")
+		b, err := json.Marshal(e)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("marshal failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(string(b), `"params"`) {
+			t.Errorf("empty Params should be omitted from wire; got %s", b)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 func TestBuilderSetter_DefensiveCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("WithMissingScopes clones input", func(t *testing.T) {
 		scopes := []string{"docx:document", "im:message:send"}

internal/credential/default_provider.go

@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@
 package credential
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@@ -166,42 +164,9 @@ func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) doResolveTAT(ctx context.Context) (*TokenResult,
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	ep := core.ResolveEndpoints(acct.Brand)
+	token, err := FetchTAT(ctx, httpClient, acct.Brand, acct.AppID, acct.AppSecret)
-	url := ep.Open + "/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"
-
-	body, err := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
-		"app_id":     acct.AppID,
-		"app_secret": acct.AppSecret,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal TAT request: %w", err)
-	}
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	return &TokenResult{Token: token}, nil
-
-	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("TAT API returned HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
-	}
-
-	var result struct {
-		Code              int    `json:"code"`
-		Msg               string `json:"msg"`
-		TenantAccessToken string `json:"tenant_access_token"`
-	}
-	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&result); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse TAT response: %w", err)
-	}
-	if result.Code != 0 {
-		return nil, classifyTATResponseCode(result.Code, result.Msg, string(acct.Brand), acct.AppID)
-	}
-	return &TokenResult{Token: result.TenantAccessToken}, nil
 }

internal/credential/tat_fetch.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package credential
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+// FetchTAT performs a single HTTP POST to mint a tenant access token with the
+// given credentials. It does not read configuration or keychain, so callers
+// that already hold plaintext credentials (e.g. the post-`config init` probe)
+// can validate them without a second keychain round-trip.
+//
+// A non-zero TAT response code means the server inspected the payload and
+// rejected the credentials; FetchTAT returns the canonical typed error from
+// classifyTATResponseCode — the SAME classification doResolveTAT (and thus
+// every token-resolving command) produces, so callers see one consistent
+// envelope (CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient for 10003 / 10014, etc.).
+// Transport, HTTP-status and JSON-parse failures are returned raw (untyped),
+// leaving them ambiguous; a caller can use errs.IsTyped to tell a deterministic
+// credential rejection apart from upstream/transport noise.
+//
+// The caller owns the context timeout.
+func FetchTAT(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, brand core.LarkBrand, appID, appSecret string) (string, error) {
+	ep := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand)
+	url := ep.Open + "/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"
+
+	body, err := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
+		"app_id":     appID,
+		"app_secret": appSecret,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal TAT request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("TAT API returned HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	var result struct {
+		Code              int    `json:"code"`
+		Msg               string `json:"msg"`
+		TenantAccessToken string `json:"tenant_access_token"`
+	}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&result); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse TAT response: %w", err)
+	}
+	if result.Code != 0 {
+		return "", classifyTATResponseCode(result.Code, result.Msg, string(brand), appID)
+	}
+	return result.TenantAccessToken, nil
+}

internal/credential/tat_fetch_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package credential
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+// stubRoundTripper lets us assert request shape and return canned responses.
+type stubRoundTripper struct {
+	gotReq   *http.Request
+	gotBody  string
+	respCode int
+	respBody string
+	err      error
+}
+
+func (s *stubRoundTripper) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	s.gotReq = req
+	if req.Body != nil {
+		b, _ := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
+		s.gotBody = string(b)
+	}
+	if s.err != nil {
+		return nil, s.err
+	}
+	return &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: s.respCode,
+		Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(s.respBody)),
+		Header:     make(http.Header),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func TestFetchTAT_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{
+		respCode: 200,
+		respBody: `{"code":0,"tenant_access_token":"t-abc","msg":"ok"}`,
+	}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	token, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if token != "t-abc" {
+		t.Errorf("token = %q, want t-abc", token)
+	}
+	if rt.gotReq.URL.String() != "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal" {
+		t.Errorf("url = %s", rt.gotReq.URL.String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(rt.gotBody, `"app_id":"cli_app"`) || !strings.Contains(rt.gotBody, `"app_secret":"secret_x"`) {
+		t.Errorf("request body missing credentials: %s", rt.gotBody)
+	}
+}
+
+// 10003 (bad / non-existent app_id, "invalid param") is classified locally by
+// classifyTATResponseCode as CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient — the same
+// typed error doResolveTAT (and thus every token-resolving command) returns.
+func TestFetchTAT_Code10003_ConfigInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":10003,"msg":"invalid param"}`}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	token, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for code 10003")
+	}
+	if token != "" {
+		t.Errorf("token = %q, want empty", token)
+	}
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error not *errs.ConfigError: %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Category != errs.CategoryConfig {
+		t.Errorf("Category = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Category, errs.CategoryConfig)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidClient)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Code != 10003 {
+		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want 10003", cfgErr.Code)
+	}
+}
+
+// 10014 ("app secret invalid") — the most common real-world rejection (real
+// app_id + wrong secret) — is globally mapped in codemeta to
+// CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient via BuildAPIError.
+func TestFetchTAT_Code10014_ConfigInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":10014,"msg":"app secret invalid"}`}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error not *errs.ConfigError: %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient || cfgErr.Code != 10014 {
+		t.Errorf("got Subtype=%q Code=%d, want invalid_client/10014", cfgErr.Subtype, cfgErr.Code)
+	}
+}
+
+// Any non-zero body code is a deterministic server-side rejection, so it
+// always yields a typed error (errs.IsTyped). An unrecognized code falls back
+// to CategoryAPI / SubtypeUnknown via BuildAPIError — still typed, so a probe
+// caller still surfaces it rather than silently swallowing.
+func TestFetchTAT_UnknownBodyCode_Typed(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":99999,"msg":"future-unknown"}`}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for code 99999")
+	}
+	if !errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+	var apiErr *errs.APIError
+	if !errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
+		t.Errorf("unknown code should fall back to *errs.APIError, got %T", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Non-2xx HTTP is ambiguous (not a payload-level credential rejection) — it
+// must stay UNTYPED so a probe caller treats it as upstream noise and stays
+// silent.
+func TestFetchTAT_HTTPNon200_Untyped(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, code := range []int{401, 403, 500, 503} {
+		rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: code, respBody: `whatever`}
+		hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+		_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("HTTP %d: expected error", code)
+		}
+		if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+			t.Errorf("HTTP %d: must be UNTYPED (ambiguous), got typed %T %v", code, err, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchTAT_TransportError_Untyped(t *testing.T) {
+	sentinel := errors.New("network down")
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{err: sentinel}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Errorf("transport error must be UNTYPED, got typed %T", err)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, sentinel) {
+		t.Errorf("error chain missing sentinel: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchTAT_ParseError_Untyped(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `not json`}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected parse error")
+	}
+	if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Errorf("parse error must be UNTYPED, got typed %T", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchTAT_BrandRouting(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		brand   core.LarkBrand
+		wantURL string
+	}{
+		{core.BrandFeishu, "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"},
+		{core.BrandLark, "https://open.larksuite.com/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(string(tc.brand), func(t *testing.T) {
+			rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":0,"tenant_access_token":"t"}`}
+			hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+			if _, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, tc.brand, "a", "b"); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if got := rt.gotReq.URL.String(); got != tc.wantURL {
+				t.Errorf("url = %s, want %s", got, tc.wantURL)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchTAT_ContextCanceled(t *testing.T) {
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		<-r.Context().Done()
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	rt := &urlRewriteRT{base: srv.URL}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	cancel() // pre-canceled
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(ctx, hc, core.BrandFeishu, "a", "b")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for canceled context")
+	}
+	if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Errorf("canceled context must be UNTYPED, got typed %T", err)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		t.Errorf("error chain missing context.Canceled: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// urlRewriteRT forwards requests to a fixed base URL (test server).
+type urlRewriteRT struct{ base string }
+
+func (r *urlRewriteRT) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	newURL := r.base + req.URL.Path
+	req2, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(req.Context(), req.Method, newURL, req.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req2.Header = req.Header
+	return http.DefaultTransport.RoundTrip(req2)
+}

internal/errclass/classify.go

@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ func BuildAPIError(resp map[string]any, cc ClassifyContext) error {
 			Action:  action,
 		}
 	case errs.CategoryAPI:
+		base.Hint = APIHint(base.Subtype) // "" for subtypes without a context-free default
 		return &errs.APIError{Problem: base}
 	default:
 		// Fail closed: an unrecognized Category routes to InternalError
@@ -231,6 +232,22 @@ func ConfigHint(subtype errs.Subtype) string {
 	return ""
 }
 
+// APIHint returns the canonical per-subtype recovery hint for a typed APIError
+// emitted via BuildAPIError, for API subtypes whose recovery is context-free.
+// Context-specific guidance (e.g. a command's flags, an API's own quota) is
+// layered on by the caller after BuildAPIError returns and overrides this.
+func APIHint(subtype errs.Subtype) string {
+	switch subtype {
+	case errs.SubtypeConflict:
+		return "retry later and avoid concurrent duplicate requests on the same resource"
+	case errs.SubtypeCrossTenant:
+		return "operate on source and target within the same tenant and region/unit"
+	case errs.SubtypeCrossBrand:
+		return "operate on source and target within the same brand environment"
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 func buildPermissionError(p errs.Problem, resp map[string]any, cc ClassifyContext) *errs.PermissionError {
 	missing := extractMissingScopes(resp)
 	identity := cc.Identity

internal/errclass/codemeta_drive.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errclass
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+
+// driveCodeMeta holds drive/docs-service Lark code → CodeMeta mappings.
+// Only codes whose meaning is verifiable from repo evidence are registered;
+// ambiguous codes fall back to CategoryAPI via BuildAPIError.
+// BuildAPIError consumes this map via mergeCodeMeta + LookupCodeMeta.
+var driveCodeMeta = map[int]CodeMeta{
+	1061044: {Category: errs.CategoryAPI, Subtype: errs.SubtypeNotFound},          // parent folder does not exist (upload)
+	1069302: {Category: errs.CategoryAPI, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidParameters}, // comment endpoint "Invalid or missing parameters"
+}
+
+func init() { mergeCodeMeta(driveCodeMeta, "drive") }

internal/errclass/codemeta_drive_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errclass
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+)
+
+// TestLookupCodeMeta_DriveCodes pins each drive-service code registered via the
+// codemeta_drive.go init() merge to its expected Category/Subtype/Retryable.
+// Each case traces to repo evidence (see codemeta_drive.go comments).
+func TestLookupCodeMeta_DriveCodes(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		code        int
+		wantCat     errs.Category
+		wantSubtype errs.Subtype
+		wantRetry   bool
+	}{
+		// 1061044: upload with a nonexistent parent folder token. The drive E2E
+		// (tests_e2e/drive/2026_06_01_errs_migrate_drive_test.go) drives this
+		// producer via a nonexistent parent folder → referenced resource missing.
+		{1061044, errs.CategoryAPI, errs.SubtypeNotFound, false},
+		// 1069302: comment endpoint's opaque "Invalid or missing parameters"
+		// (shortcuts/drive/drive_add_comment.go) → API-side parameter rejection.
+		{1069302, errs.CategoryAPI, errs.SubtypeInvalidParameters, false},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%d", tc.code), func(t *testing.T) {
+			meta, ok := LookupCodeMeta(tc.code)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("code %d not registered in codeMeta", tc.code)
+			}
+			if meta.Category != tc.wantCat || meta.Subtype != tc.wantSubtype || meta.Retryable != tc.wantRetry {
+				t.Errorf("code %d: got %+v, want Category=%v Subtype=%v Retryable=%v",
+					tc.code, meta, tc.wantCat, tc.wantSubtype, tc.wantRetry)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/output/errors.go

@@ -170,6 +170,28 @@ func ErrBare(code int) *ExitError {
 	return &ExitError{Code: code}
 }
 
+// PartialFailureError is the exit signal for a batch / multi-status command that
+// has already written an ok:false result envelope to stdout. The per-item
+// outcomes are the primary, machine-readable output and live on stdout, so the
+// dispatcher sets only the exit code and writes nothing to stderr.
+//
+// It is deliberately distinct from ErrBare (the predicate silent-exit signal)
+// so the predicate contract stays narrow, and from a typed *errs.XxxError
+// (which owns the stderr error envelope): a partial failure is a result, not an
+// error envelope.
+type PartialFailureError struct {
+	Code int
+}
+
+func (e *PartialFailureError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("partial failure (exit %d)", e.Code)
+}
+
+// PartialFailure builds the partial-failure exit signal with the given code.
+func PartialFailure(code int) *PartialFailureError {
+	return &PartialFailureError{Code: code}
+}
+
 // WriteTypedErrorEnvelope writes the JSON error envelope for a typed error.
 // Each typed error owns its wire shape via its own struct tags: Problem fields
 // are promoted to the top level through embedding, and extension fields

internal/output/exitcode.go

@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@ func ExitCodeOf(err error) int {
 	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
 		return ExitCodeForCategory(errs.CategoryOf(err))
 	}
+	var pfErr *PartialFailureError
+	if errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		return pfErr.Code
+	}
 	var exitErr *ExitError
 	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
 		return exitErr.Code

internal/skillscheck/sync.go

@@ -270,6 +270,10 @@ func SyncSkills(opts SyncOptions) *SyncResult {
 		Force:          opts.Force,
 	}
 
+	if len(plan.ToUpdate) == 0 {
+		return fallbackFullInstall(opts, "toUpdate skills empty fallback", official)
+	}
+
 	if len(plan.ToUpdate) > 0 {
 		installResult := opts.Runner.InstallSkill(plan.ToUpdate)
 		if installResult == nil || installResult.Err != nil {

internal/skillscheck/sync_test.go

@@ -306,6 +306,39 @@ func TestSyncSkills_ParseEmptyGlobalListWithNonEmptyStdoutDegradesToColdStart(t
 	}
 }
 
+func TestSyncSkills_EmptyToUpdateFallsBackToFullInstall(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	if err := WriteState(SkillsState{
+		Version:        "1.0.30",
+		OfficialSkills: []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"},
+		UpdatedAt:      "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
+		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalOut:     globalSkillsOutput(),
+		installAllErr: nil,
+	}
+
+	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
+	if result.Action != "fallback_synced" {
+		t.Fatalf("SyncSkills() action = %q, want fallback_synced", result.Action)
+	}
+	if len(runner.installed) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("installed = %#v, want no incremental installs", runner.installed)
+	}
+	if runner.installedAll != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("installedAll = %d, want 1 (fallback triggered)", runner.installedAll)
+	}
+	assertStrings(t, result.Official, []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"})
+	assertStrings(t, result.Updated, []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"})
+	assertStrings(t, result.Added, []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"})
+	assertStrings(t, result.SkippedDeleted, []string{})
+}
+
 func TestSyncSkills_InstallFailureFallsBackToFullInstall(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)

lint/errscontract/rule_no_legacy_envelope_literal.go

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errscontract
+
+import (
+	"go/ast"
+	"go/parser"
+	"go/token"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// migratedEnvelopePaths lists the source-tree prefixes that have been migrated
+// to the typed errs.* taxonomy. On these paths, constructing a legacy
+// output.ExitError / output.ErrDetail envelope literal directly is forbidden —
+// call sites must return a typed errs.* error instead. Future domains opt in by
+// appending their path prefix here.
+var migratedEnvelopePaths = []string{
+	"shortcuts/drive/",
+}
+
+// legacyOutputImportPath is the import path of the package that declares the
+// legacy ExitError / ErrDetail envelope types. The rule resolves whatever local
+// name (default or alias) this path is bound to in each file, so an aliased
+// import cannot bypass the check.
+const legacyOutputImportPath = "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+// CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral flags direct construction of legacy
+// output.ExitError / output.ErrDetail composite literals on migrated paths.
+// forbidigo can ban identifiers but not composite literals, so this AST rule
+// covers the gap left after a path is migrated to typed errs.* errors.
+//
+// Path-scoped to migratedEnvelopePaths (mirrors how CheckProblemEmbed restricts
+// by path); skips _test.go fixtures. output.ErrBare(...) is a CallExpr, not a
+// CompositeLit, so the predicate exit-signal helper is naturally not flagged.
+func CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral(path, src string) []Violation {
+	if !isMigratedEnvelopePath(path) || strings.HasSuffix(path, "_test.go") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	fset := token.NewFileSet()
+	file, err := parser.ParseFile(fset, path, src, parser.ParseComments)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Resolve the local name(s) bound to the legacy output import path. A file
+	// may bind it as the default `output`, an alias (`legacy "...output"`), or a
+	// dot-import (qualifier becomes ""), in which case ExitError/ErrDetail appear
+	// as bare unqualified idents.
+	localNames, dotImported := resolveLegacyOutputNames(file)
+	var out []Violation
+	ast.Inspect(file, func(n ast.Node) bool {
+		lit, ok := n.(*ast.CompositeLit)
+		if !ok {
+			return true
+		}
+		if name, ok := legacyEnvelopeTypeName(lit.Type, localNames, dotImported); ok {
+			out = append(out, Violation{
+				Rule:    "no_legacy_envelope_literal",
+				Action:  ActionReject,
+				File:    path,
+				Line:    fset.Position(lit.Pos()).Line,
+				Message: "direct construction of legacy output." + name + " is forbidden on migrated paths; return a typed errs.* error (output.ErrBare remains allowed for predicate exit signals)",
+				Suggestion: "replace the &output." + name + "{...} literal with a typed errs.* constructor " +
+					"(e.g. errs.NewValidationError / errs.NewAPIError / errs.NewNetworkError)",
+			})
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+	return out
+}
+
+// isMigratedEnvelopePath reports whether path falls under any migrated path
+// prefix in migratedEnvelopePaths.
+func isMigratedEnvelopePath(path string) bool {
+	p := strings.ReplaceAll(path, "\\", "/")
+	for _, prefix := range migratedEnvelopePaths {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(p, prefix) || strings.Contains(p, "/"+prefix) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// resolveLegacyOutputNames walks the file's import declarations and returns the
+// set of local names bound to legacyOutputImportPath, plus whether the path was
+// dot-imported. Default imports bind the package's own name ("output"); aliased
+// imports bind the alias; dot-imports bind names into the file scope.
+func resolveLegacyOutputNames(file *ast.File) (map[string]struct{}, bool) {
+	names := make(map[string]struct{})
+	dotImported := false
+	for _, imp := range file.Imports {
+		if imp.Path == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		p := strings.Trim(imp.Path.Value, "`\"")
+		if p != legacyOutputImportPath {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch {
+		case imp.Name == nil:
+			// Default import: local name is the package name "output".
+			names["output"] = struct{}{}
+		case imp.Name.Name == ".":
+			dotImported = true
+		case imp.Name.Name == "_":
+			// Blank import cannot reference the types; ignore.
+		default:
+			names[imp.Name.Name] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	return names, dotImported
+}
+
+// legacyEnvelopeTypeName reports whether a composite-literal Type names the
+// legacy ExitError / ErrDetail envelope and returns the bare type name. It
+// matches a qualified selector (pkg.ExitError) when pkg is one of the resolved
+// local names for the legacy output import, and — when the package was
+// dot-imported — also matches a bare unqualified ExitError / ErrDetail ident.
+func legacyEnvelopeTypeName(expr ast.Expr, localNames map[string]struct{}, dotImported bool) (string, bool) {
+	if sel, ok := expr.(*ast.SelectorExpr); ok {
+		x, ok := sel.X.(*ast.Ident)
+		if !ok || sel.Sel == nil {
+			return "", false
+		}
+		if _, bound := localNames[x.Name]; !bound {
+			return "", false
+		}
+		return matchLegacyEnvelopeName(sel.Sel.Name)
+	}
+	if dotImported {
+		if ident, ok := expr.(*ast.Ident); ok {
+			return matchLegacyEnvelopeName(ident.Name)
+		}
+	}
+	return "", false
+}
+
+// matchLegacyEnvelopeName returns the name when it is one of the legacy
+// envelope type names.
+func matchLegacyEnvelopeName(name string) (string, bool) {
+	switch name {
+	case "ExitError", "ErrDetail":
+		return name, true
+	}
+	return "", false
+}

lint/errscontract/rule_no_legacy_runtime_api_call.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errscontract
+
+import (
+	"go/ast"
+	"go/parser"
+	"go/token"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall flags calls to the runtime's legacy
+// auto-classifying API helpers (CallAPI / DoAPIJSON / DoAPIJSONWithLogID) on
+// migrated paths. Those helpers route failures through common.HandleApiResult /
+// doAPIJSON, which emit a legacy output.ExitError "api_error" envelope and
+// downgrade an already-typed network / auth boundary error into an API error.
+// forbidigo's errs-typed-only ban does not see them because they are method
+// calls, not output.Err* identifiers — this AST rule covers that gap.
+//
+// Migrated code must call a typed API wrapper (e.g. drive's driveCallAPI) or use
+// runtime.DoAPI + errclass.BuildAPIError directly, so failures classify into
+// typed errs.* errors.
+//
+// Path-scoped to migratedEnvelopePaths; skips _test.go fixtures. A typed wrapper
+// like driveCallAPI is an unqualified call (*ast.Ident), not a selector, so it
+// is not matched. runtime.DoAPI / runtime.RawAPI are intentionally not listed:
+// they return the raw response for the caller to classify and do not emit a
+// legacy envelope themselves.
+func CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall(path, src string) []Violation {
+	if !isMigratedEnvelopePath(path) || strings.HasSuffix(path, "_test.go") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	fset := token.NewFileSet()
+	file, err := parser.ParseFile(fset, path, src, parser.ParseComments)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var out []Violation
+	ast.Inspect(file, func(n ast.Node) bool {
+		call, ok := n.(*ast.CallExpr)
+		if !ok {
+			return true
+		}
+		sel, ok := call.Fun.(*ast.SelectorExpr)
+		if !ok || sel.Sel == nil {
+			return true
+		}
+		if name, ok := matchLegacyRuntimeAPIMethod(sel.Sel.Name); ok {
+			out = append(out, Violation{
+				Rule:    "no_legacy_runtime_api_call",
+				Action:  ActionReject,
+				File:    path,
+				Line:    fset.Position(call.Pos()).Line,
+				Message: "runtime." + name + " emits a legacy output.ExitError api_error envelope and downgrades typed network/auth boundary errors; it is forbidden on migrated paths",
+				Suggestion: "call the domain's typed API wrapper (e.g. driveCallAPI) or runtime.DoAPI + errclass.BuildAPIError " +
+					"so failures classify into typed errs.* errors",
+			})
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+	return out
+}
+
+// matchLegacyRuntimeAPIMethod returns the name when it is one of the runtime's
+// legacy auto-classifying API helper methods.
+func matchLegacyRuntimeAPIMethod(name string) (string, bool) {
+	switch name {
+	case "CallAPI", "DoAPIJSON", "DoAPIJSONWithLogID":
+		return name, true
+	}
+	return "", false
+}

lint/errscontract/rules_test.go

@@ -593,3 +593,287 @@ func FooRegisterServiceMapBar(name string, _ interface{}) {}
 		t.Errorf("message must name the offending call: %s", v[0].Message)
 	}
 }
+
+// (F) direct legacy output.ExitError / output.ErrDetail literals on migrated
+//     paths → REJECT; output.ErrBare(...) calls and non-migrated paths pass.
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsExitErrorLiteralOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if v[0].Action != ActionReject {
+		t.Errorf("action = %q, want REJECT", v[0].Action)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "ExitError") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy type: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsErrDetailLiteralOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() *output.ErrDetail {
+	return &output.ErrDetail{Code: 7}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export_common.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "ErrDetail") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy type: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_AllowsErrBareCallOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
+	// output.ErrBare(...) is a CallExpr, not a CompositeLit — must NOT fire.
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return output.ErrBare(output.ExitAPI)
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ErrBare call should pass, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_IgnoresNonMigratedPath(t *testing.T) {
+	// Same offending literal, but outside the migrated path set → not flagged.
+	src := `package other
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/calendar/foo.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("non-migrated path should pass, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_SkipsTestFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export_test.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("_test.go file should be skipped, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsAliasedImport pins that an aliased
+// import of internal/output cannot bypass the rule: the qualifier is resolved
+// from the import declaration, not matched against the literal string "output".
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsAliasedImport(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import legacy "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &legacy.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation for aliased import, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if v[0].Action != ActionReject {
+		t.Errorf("action = %q, want REJECT", v[0].Action)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "ExitError") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy type: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_NormalImportStillRejected guards against a
+// regression where resolving by import path accidentally drops the default
+// (non-aliased) `output` case.
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_NormalImportStillRejected(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation for default import, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_ErrBareAliasedStillAllowed: output.ErrBare is
+// a CallExpr, not a composite literal — even under an alias it must not fire.
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_ErrBareAliasedStillAllowed(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import legacy "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return legacy.ErrBare(legacy.ExitAPI)
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ErrBare call should pass, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsDotImport: a dot-import surfaces
+// ExitError / ErrDetail as bare unqualified idents; the rule must still catch
+// the composite literal.
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsDotImport(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import . "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation for dot-import, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "ExitError") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy type: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_UnrelatedSelectorPasses: a same-named
+// selector on an unrelated package (not the legacy output import path) must not
+// trigger a false positive.
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_UnrelatedSelectorPasses(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "example.com/other/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("unrelated package selector must not fire, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_RejectsCallAPIOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/drive/drive_create_folder.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if v[0].Action != ActionReject {
+		t.Errorf("action = %q, want REJECT", v[0].Action)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "CallAPI") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy method: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_RejectsDoAPIJSONWithLogIDOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONWithLogID("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "DoAPIJSONWithLogID") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy method: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_AllowsTypedWrapperCall(t *testing.T) {
+	// driveCallAPI is an unqualified call (*ast.Ident), not a selector — must NOT fire.
+	src := `package drive
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, err := driveCallAPI(runtime, "POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/drive/drive_create_folder.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("typed wrapper call must not fire, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_AllowsRawAPIAndDoAPI(t *testing.T) {
+	// RawAPI / DoAPI return the raw response for the caller to classify and do
+	// not emit a legacy envelope — they are not banned.
+	src := `package drive
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, _ = runtime.RawAPI("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	_, err := runtime.DoAPI(nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/drive/drive_api.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("RawAPI / DoAPI must not fire, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_IgnoresNonMigratedPath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package im
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/im/im_send.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("non-migrated path must not fire, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_SkipsTestFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/drive/drive_create_folder_test.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("test files must be skipped, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}

lint/errscontract/scan.go

@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ func ScanRepo(root string) ([]Violation, error) {
 		all = append(all, CheckNoRegistrar(rel, string(src))...)
 		all = append(all, CheckAdHocSubtype(rel, string(src))...)
 		all = append(all, CheckTypedErrorCompleteness(rel, string(src))...)
+		all = append(all, CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral(rel, string(src))...)
+		all = append(all, CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall(rel, string(src))...)
 		// Typed-error invariants — self-scope to errs/ + classify.go.
 		all = append(all, CheckNilSafeError(rel, string(src))...)
 		all = append(all, CheckUnwrapSymmetry(rel, string(src))...)

package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@larksuite/cli",
-  "version": "1.0.45",
+  "version": "1.0.46",
   "description": "The official CLI for Lark/Feishu open platform",
   "bin": {
     "lark-cli": "scripts/run.js"

shortcuts/base/base_dryrun_ops_test.go

@@ -71,6 +71,29 @@ func TestDryRunRecordOps(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	assertDryRunContains(t, dryRunRecordList(ctx, listRT), "GET /open-apis/base/v3/bases/app_x/tables/tbl_1/records", "offset=0", "limit=200", "view_id=viw_1", "field_id=Name", "field_id=Age")
 
+	filteredListRT := newBaseTestRuntimeWithArrays(
+		map[string]string{
+			"base-token":  "app_x",
+			"table-id":    "tbl_1",
+			"filter-json": `{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Status","==","Todo"],["Score",">=",80]]}`,
+			"sort-json":   `[{"field":"Due","desc":true}]`,
+		},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		map[string]int{"limit": 20},
+	)
+	assertDryRunContains(
+		t,
+		dryRunRecordList(ctx, filteredListRT),
+		"GET /open-apis/base/v3/bases/app_x/tables/tbl_1/records",
+		"limit=20",
+		"filter=%7B",
+		"Status",
+		"Todo",
+		"sort=%5B",
+		"Due",
+	)
+
 	commaFieldRT := newBaseTestRuntimeWithArrays(
 		map[string]string{"base-token": "app_x", "table-id": "tbl_1"},
 		map[string][]string{"field-id": {"A,B", "C"}},
@@ -99,6 +122,33 @@ func TestDryRunRecordOps(t *testing.T) {
 		`"limit":500`,
 	)
 
+	searchFlagRT := newBaseTestRuntimeWithArrays(
+		map[string]string{
+			"base-token":  "app_x",
+			"table-id":    "tbl_1",
+			"keyword":     "Alice",
+			"view-id":     "viw_1",
+			"filter-json": `{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Status","!=","Done"]]}`,
+			"sort-json":   `[{"field":"Updated At","desc":true}]`,
+		},
+		map[string][]string{
+			"search-field": {"Name"},
+			"field-id":     {"Name", "Status"},
+		},
+		nil,
+		map[string]int{"limit": 20},
+	)
+	assertDryRunContains(
+		t,
+		dryRunRecordSearch(ctx, searchFlagRT),
+		"POST /open-apis/base/v3/bases/app_x/tables/tbl_1/records/search",
+		`"keyword":"Alice"`,
+		`"search_fields":["Name"]`,
+		`"select_fields":["Name","Status"]`,
+		`"filter":{"conditions":[["Status","!=","Done"]],"logic":"and"}`,
+		`"sort":[{"desc":true,"field":"Updated At"}]`,
+	)
+
 	upsertCreateRT := newBaseTestRuntime(
 		map[string]string{"base-token": "app_x", "table-id": "tbl_1", "json": `{"Name":"A"}`},
 		nil, nil,

shortcuts/base/base_execute_test.go

@@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ func TestBaseRecordExecuteReadCreateDelete(t *testing.T) {
 				"+record-search",
 				"--base-token", "app_x",
 				"--table-id", "tbl_x",
-				"--json", `{"view_id":"vew_x","keyword":"Created","search_fields":["Title","fld_owner"],"select_fields":["Title","fld_owner"],"offset":0,"limit":2}`,
+				"--json", `{"view_id":"vew_x","keyword":"Created","search_fields":["Title","fld_owner"],"select_fields":["Title","fld_owner"],"filter":{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Status","!=","Done"]]},"sort":{"sort_config":[{"field":"Updated At","desc":true},{"field":"Title","desc":false}]},"offset":0,"limit":2}`,
 				"--format", "json",
 			},
 			factory,
@@ -990,12 +990,121 @@ func TestBaseRecordExecuteReadCreateDelete(t *testing.T) {
 			!strings.Contains(body, `"keyword":"Created"`) ||
 			!strings.Contains(body, `"search_fields":["Title","fld_owner"]`) ||
 			!strings.Contains(body, `"select_fields":["Title","fld_owner"]`) ||
+			!strings.Contains(body, `"filter":{"conditions":[["Status","!=","Done"]],"logic":"and"}`) ||
+			!strings.Contains(body, `"sort":[{"desc":true,"field":"Updated At"},{"desc":false,"field":"Title"}]`) ||
 			!strings.Contains(body, `"offset":0`) ||
 			!strings.Contains(body, `"limit":2`) {
 			t.Fatalf("captured body=%s", body)
 		}
 	})
 
+	t.Run("search with flag filter sort and projection", func(t *testing.T) {
+		factory, stdout, reg := newExecuteFactory(t)
+		searchStub := &httpmock.Stub{
+			Method: "POST",
+			URL:    "/open-apis/base/v3/bases/app_x/tables/tbl_x/records/search",
+			Body: map[string]interface{}{
+				"code": 0,
+				"data": map[string]interface{}{
+					"fields":         []interface{}{"Title", "Status"},
+					"field_id_list":  []interface{}{"fld_title", "fld_status"},
+					"record_id_list": []interface{}{"rec_1"},
+					"data":           []interface{}{[]interface{}{"Created by AI", "Todo"}},
+					"has_more":       false,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		reg.Register(searchStub)
+		if err := runShortcut(
+			t,
+			BaseRecordSearch,
+			[]string{
+				"+record-search",
+				"--base-token", "app_x",
+				"--table-id", "tbl_x",
+				"--keyword", "Created",
+				"--search-field", "Title",
+				"--field-id", "Title",
+				"--field-id", "Status",
+				"--filter-json", `{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Status","==","Todo"],["Score",">=",80]]}`,
+				"--sort-json", `[{"field":"Updated At","desc":true},{"field":"Title","desc":false}]`,
+				"--limit", "20",
+				"--format", "json",
+			},
+			factory,
+			stdout,
+		); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+		}
+		var body map[string]interface{}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(searchStub.CapturedBody, &body); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("captured body json err=%v body=%s", err, string(searchStub.CapturedBody))
+		}
+		if body["keyword"] != "Created" || body["limit"].(float64) != 20 {
+			t.Fatalf("captured body=%#v", body)
+		}
+		filter := body["filter"].(map[string]interface{})
+		if filter["logic"] != "and" {
+			t.Fatalf("filter=%#v", filter)
+		}
+		conditions := filter["conditions"].([]interface{})
+		if len(conditions) != 2 {
+			t.Fatalf("conditions=%#v", conditions)
+		}
+		sortConfig := body["sort"].([]interface{})
+		if len(sortConfig) != 2 {
+			t.Fatalf("sort=%#v", sortConfig)
+		}
+		firstSort := sortConfig[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		if firstSort["field"] != "Updated At" || firstSort["desc"] != true {
+			t.Fatalf("sort=%#v", sortConfig)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("search with filter json file", func(t *testing.T) {
+		factory, stdout, reg := newExecuteFactory(t)
+		tmp := t.TempDir()
+		withBaseWorkingDir(t, tmp)
+		if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tmp, "filter.json"), []byte(`{"logic":"or","conditions":[["Status","==","Todo"]]}`), 0600); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("write filter err=%v", err)
+		}
+		searchStub := &httpmock.Stub{
+			Method: "POST",
+			URL:    "/open-apis/base/v3/bases/app_x/tables/tbl_x/records/search",
+			Body: map[string]interface{}{
+				"code": 0,
+				"data": map[string]interface{}{
+					"fields":         []interface{}{"Title"},
+					"record_id_list": []interface{}{"rec_1"},
+					"data":           []interface{}{[]interface{}{"A"}},
+					"has_more":       false,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		reg.Register(searchStub)
+		if err := runShortcut(
+			t,
+			BaseRecordSearch,
+			[]string{
+				"+record-search",
+				"--base-token", "app_x",
+				"--table-id", "tbl_x",
+				"--keyword", "A",
+				"--search-field", "Title",
+				"--filter-json", "@filter.json",
+				"--format", "json",
+			},
+			factory,
+			stdout,
+		); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+		}
+		body := string(searchStub.CapturedBody)
+		if !strings.Contains(body, `"filter":{"conditions":[["Status","==","Todo"]],"logic":"or"}`) {
+			t.Fatalf("captured body=%s", body)
+		}
+	})
+
 	t.Run("search markdown format", func(t *testing.T) {
 		factory, stdout, reg := newExecuteFactory(t)
 		reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{

shortcuts/base/base_shortcuts_test.go

@@ -254,35 +254,39 @@ func TestBaseRecordReadHelpGuidesAgents(t *testing.T) {
 			wantHelp: []string{
 				"field ID or name to include; repeat to project only needed fields",
 				"view ID or name; omit for reading all table records, or set to read a user-specified or temporary filtered/sorted view",
+				`filter JSON object or @file`,
+				`sort JSON array or @file`,
 				"pagination size, range 1-200",
 				"output format: markdown (default) | json",
 			},
 			wantTips: []string{
 				"lark-cli base +record-list --base-token <base_token> --table-id <table_id> --limit 50",
 				"lark-cli base +record-list --base-token <base_token> --table-id <table_id> --field-id Name --field-id Status --limit 50",
+				"Text equality filter",
+				"Option intersection filter",
+				"Query priority",
 				"Default output is markdown",
 				"Use --field-id repeatedly to keep output small",
-				"Use --view-id when the user asks for a specific view or after creating a temporary filtered/sorted view",
-				"lark-base record read SOP",
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "record search",
 			shortcut: BaseRecordSearch,
 			wantHelp: []string{
-				`record search JSON object, e.g. {"keyword":"Alice","search_fields":["Name"],"select_fields":["Name","Status"],"limit":50}`,
+				`record search JSON object for the full request body, e.g. {"keyword":"Alice","search_fields":["Name"],"select_fields":["Name","Status"],"filter":{"logic":"and","conditions":[]},"sort":[{"field":"Updated","desc":true}],"limit":50}; escape hatch for advanced cases`,
-				"for keyword search only",
+				"keyword for record search",
+				"field ID or name to search",
+				`filter JSON object or @file`,
+				`sort JSON array or @file`,
 				"output format: markdown (default) | json",
 			},
 			wantTips: []string{
-				"Happy path fields: keyword (string), search_fields",
+				"Example: lark-cli base +record-search",
-				"search_fields length 1-20",
+				"Example with filter/sort JSON",
-				"limit range 1-200 defaults to 10",
+				"Text equality filter",
-				"view_id scopes search to records in that view",
+				"Query priority",
+				"Use --json only when you need to pass the full search body directly",
 				"Default output is markdown",
-				"only for keyword search",
-				"lark-base record read SOP",
-				"inventing search JSON",
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -607,7 +611,7 @@ func TestBaseJSONExamplesLiveInFlagDescriptions(t *testing.T) {
 			name:     "record search json",
 			shortcut: BaseRecordSearch,
 			wantHelp: []string{
-				`record search JSON object, e.g. {"keyword":"Alice","search_fields":["Name"],"select_fields":["Name","Status"],"limit":50}`,
+				`record search JSON object for the full request body, e.g. {"keyword":"Alice","search_fields":["Name"],"select_fields":["Name","Status"],"filter":{"logic":"and","conditions":[]},"sort":[{"field":"Updated","desc":true}],"limit":50}; escape hatch for advanced cases`,
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -885,11 +889,11 @@ func TestBaseTableValidate(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestBaseRecordValidate(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	if BaseRecordList.Validate != nil {
+	if BaseRecordList.Validate == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("record list validate should be nil for repeatable --field-id")
+		t.Fatalf("record list validate should reject invalid query flags before dry-run")
 	}
 	if BaseRecordSearch.Validate == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("record search validate should reject invalid JSON before dry-run")
+		t.Fatalf("record search validate should reject invalid JSON/query flags before dry-run")
 	}
 	if BaseRecordGet.Validate == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("record get validate should reject invalid record selection before dry-run")
@@ -900,6 +904,58 @@ func TestBaseRecordValidate(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := BaseRecordUpsert.Validate(ctx, newBaseTestRuntime(map[string]string{"base-token": "b", "table-id": "tbl_1", "json": `{"Name":"Alice"}`}, nil, nil)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("record upsert map validate err=%v", err)
 	}
+	if err := BaseRecordList.Validate(ctx, newBaseTestRuntime(
+		map[string]string{"base-token": "b", "table-id": "tbl_1", "filter-json": `{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Status","==","Todo"]]}`},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("record list filter-json validate err=%v", err)
+	}
+	if err := BaseRecordList.Validate(ctx, newBaseTestRuntime(
+		map[string]string{"base-token": "b", "table-id": "tbl_1", "filter-json": `[["Status","==","Todo"]]`},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--filter-json must be a JSON object") {
+		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+	}
+	if err := BaseRecordList.Validate(ctx, newBaseTestRuntimeWithArrays(
+		map[string]string{"base-token": "b", "table-id": "tbl_1", "sort-json": `[{"field":"F1"},{"field":"F2"},{"field":"F3"},{"field":"F4"},{"field":"F5"},{"field":"F6"},{"field":"F7"},{"field":"F8"},{"field":"F9"},{"field":"F10"},{"field":"F11"}]`},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "sort supports at most 10 sort conditions") {
+		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+	}
+	if err := BaseRecordSearch.Validate(ctx, newBaseTestRuntime(map[string]string{"base-token": "b", "table-id": "tbl_1"}, nil, nil)); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--keyword is required unless --json is used") {
+		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+	}
+	if err := BaseRecordSearch.Validate(ctx, newBaseTestRuntimeWithArrays(
+		map[string]string{"base-token": "b", "table-id": "tbl_1", "keyword": "Alice"},
+		map[string][]string{"search-field": {"Name"}},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("record search flag validate err=%v", err)
+	}
+	if err := BaseRecordSearch.Validate(ctx, newBaseTestRuntime(
+		map[string]string{
+			"base-token": "b",
+			"table-id":   "tbl_1",
+			"json":       `{"keyword":"Alice","search_fields":["Name"],"sort":{"sort_config":[{"field":"Updated","desc":true}]}}`,
+			"sort-json":  `[{"field":"Title","desc":false}]`,
+		},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("record search json with sort-json validate err=%v", err)
+	}
+	if err := BaseRecordSearch.Validate(ctx, newBaseTestRuntime(
+		map[string]string{"base-token": "b", "table-id": "tbl_1", "json": `{"keyword":"Alice","search_fields":["Name"]}`, "keyword": "Bob"},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--json is mutually exclusive") {
+		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestBaseViewValidate(t *testing.T) {

shortcuts/base/record_list.go

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ var BaseRecordList = common.Shortcut{
 		tableRefFlag(true),
 		recordListFieldRefFlag(),
 		recordListViewRefFlag(),
+		recordFilterFlag(),
+		recordSortFlag(),
 		{Name: "offset", Type: "int", Default: "0", Desc: "pagination offset"},
 		{Name: "limit", Type: "int", Default: "100", Desc: "pagination size, range 1-200"},
 		recordReadFormatFlag(),
@@ -29,10 +31,21 @@ var BaseRecordList = common.Shortcut{
 	Tips: []string{
 		"Example: lark-cli base +record-list --base-token <base_token> --table-id <table_id> --limit 50",
 		"Example with projection: lark-cli base +record-list --base-token <base_token> --table-id <table_id> --field-id Name --field-id Status --limit 50",
+		`Text equality filter: --filter-json '{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Title","==","Launch plan"]]}'`,
+		`Text contains/like filter: --filter-json '{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Title","intersects","urgent"]]}'`,
+		`Number equality filter: --filter-json '{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Score","==",95]]}'`,
+		`Date equality filter: --filter-json '{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Due Date","==","ExactDate(2026-06-02)"]]}'`,
+		`Option intersection filter: --filter-json '{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Tags","intersects",["P0","Blocked"]]]}'`,
+		`Sort priority follows --sort-json array order: --sort-json '[{"field":"Updated","desc":true},{"field":"Title","desc":false}]'`,
+		formatRecordQueryPriorityTip(),
 		"Default output is markdown; pass --format json to get the raw JSON envelope.",
 		"Use --field-id repeatedly to keep output small and aligned with the task.",
-		"Use --view-id when the user asks for a specific view or after creating a temporary filtered/sorted view.",
+	},
-		"For structured filters, sorting, Top/Bottom N, and link fields, follow the lark-base record read SOP.",
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if err := validateRecordReadFormat(runtime); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return validateRecordQueryOptions(runtime)
 	},
 	DryRun: dryRunRecordList,
 	PostMount: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {

shortcuts/base/record_ops.go

@@ -217,6 +217,9 @@ func dryRunRecordList(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common
 	if viewID := runtime.Str("view-id"); viewID != "" {
 		params.Set("view_id", viewID)
 	}
+	if err := applyRecordQueryToURLValues(runtime, params); err != nil {
+		return common.NewDryRunAPI()
+	}
 	path := "/open-apis/base/v3/bases/:base_token/tables/:table_id/records?" + params.Encode()
 	return common.NewDryRunAPI().
 		GET(path).
@@ -237,8 +240,12 @@ func dryRunRecordGet(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.
 }
 
 func dryRunRecordSearch(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
-	pc := newParseCtx(runtime)
+	var body map[string]interface{}
-	body, _ := parseJSONObject(pc, runtime.Str("json"), "json")
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("json")) != "" {
+		body, _ = recordSearchJSONBody(runtime)
+	} else {
+		body, _ = recordSearchFlagBody(runtime)
+	}
 	return common.NewDryRunAPI().
 		POST("/open-apis/base/v3/bases/:base_token/tables/:table_id/records/search").
 		Body(body).
@@ -388,6 +395,9 @@ func executeRecordList(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	if viewID := runtime.Str("view-id"); viewID != "" {
 		params["view_id"] = viewID
 	}
+	if err := applyRecordQueryToParams(runtime, params); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	data, err := baseV3Call(runtime, "GET", baseV3Path("bases", runtime.Str("base-token"), "tables", baseTableID(runtime), "records"), params, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -420,8 +430,13 @@ func executeRecordGet(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 }
 
 func executeRecordSearch(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
-	pc := newParseCtx(runtime)
+	var body map[string]interface{}
-	body, err := parseJSONObject(pc, runtime.Str("json"), "json")
+	var err error
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("json")) != "" {
+		body, err = recordSearchJSONBody(runtime)
+	} else {
+		body, err = recordSearchFlagBody(runtime)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

shortcuts/base/record_query.go

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package base
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+const (
+	recordFilterJSONFlag = "filter-json"
+	recordSortJSONFlag   = "sort-json"
+	recordSortMaxCount   = 10
+)
+
+func recordFilterFlag() common.Flag {
+	return common.Flag{
+		Name:  recordFilterJSONFlag,
+		Desc:  `filter JSON object or @file, same shape as view filter JSON; overrides --view-id view filters`,
+		Input: []string{common.File},
+	}
+}
+
+func recordSortFlag() common.Flag {
+	return common.Flag{
+		Name:  recordSortJSONFlag,
+		Desc:  `sort JSON array or @file, e.g. [{"field":"Updated","desc":true}]; also accepts {"sort_config":[...]}; order is priority; max 10`,
+		Input: []string{common.File},
+	}
+}
+
+func validateRecordQueryOptions(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	if _, err := parseRecordFilterFlag(runtime); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	_, err := parseRecordSortFlag(runtime)
+	return err
+}
+
+func parseRecordFilterFlag(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (interface{}, error) {
+	filterRaw := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(recordFilterJSONFlag))
+	if filterRaw == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	pc := newParseCtx(runtime)
+	return parseJSONObject(pc, filterRaw, recordFilterJSONFlag)
+}
+
+func parseRecordSortFlag(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	sortRaw := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(recordSortJSONFlag))
+	if sortRaw == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	pc := newParseCtx(runtime)
+	value, err := parseJSONValue(pc, sortRaw, recordSortJSONFlag)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return normalizeRecordSortValue(value, "--"+recordSortJSONFlag)
+}
+
+func normalizeRecordSortValue(value interface{}, label string) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	var sortConfig []interface{}
+	if parsed, ok := value.([]interface{}); ok {
+		sortConfig = parsed
+	} else if obj, ok := value.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+		rawSortConfig, ok := obj["sort_config"]
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("%s must be a JSON array or an object with sort_config array", label)
+		}
+		parsed, ok := rawSortConfig.([]interface{})
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("%s.sort_config must be a JSON array", label)
+		}
+		sortConfig = parsed
+	} else {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("%s must be a JSON array or an object with sort_config array", label)
+	}
+	if len(sortConfig) > recordSortMaxCount {
+		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("sort supports at most %d sort conditions; got %d", recordSortMaxCount, len(sortConfig))
+	}
+	return sortConfig, nil
+}
+
+func marshalRecordQueryFlag(flagName string, value interface{}) (string, error) {
+	data, err := json.Marshal(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", common.FlagErrorf("--%s cannot encode JSON: %v", flagName, err)
+	}
+	return string(data), nil
+}
+
+func applyRecordQueryToParams(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, params map[string]interface{}) error {
+	filter, err := parseRecordFilterFlag(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if filter != nil {
+		filterJSON, err := marshalRecordQueryFlag(recordFilterJSONFlag, filter)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		params["filter"] = filterJSON
+	}
+	sortConfig, err := parseRecordSortFlag(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(sortConfig) > 0 {
+		sortJSON, err := marshalRecordQueryFlag(recordSortJSONFlag, sortConfig)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		params["sort"] = sortJSON
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func applyRecordQueryToURLValues(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, params url.Values) error {
+	filter, err := parseRecordFilterFlag(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if filter != nil {
+		filterJSON, err := marshalRecordQueryFlag(recordFilterJSONFlag, filter)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		params["filter"] = []string{filterJSON}
+	}
+	sortConfig, err := parseRecordSortFlag(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(sortConfig) > 0 {
+		sortJSON, err := marshalRecordQueryFlag(recordSortJSONFlag, sortConfig)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		params["sort"] = []string{sortJSON}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func applyRecordQueryToBody(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, body map[string]interface{}) error {
+	filter, err := parseRecordFilterFlag(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if filter != nil {
+		body["filter"] = filter
+	}
+	sortConfig, err := parseRecordSortFlag(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(sortConfig) > 0 {
+		body["sort"] = sortConfig
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func recordSearchFlagBody(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	body := map[string]interface{}{}
+	if keyword := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("keyword")); keyword != "" {
+		body["keyword"] = keyword
+	}
+	searchFields := runtime.StrArray("search-field")
+	if len(searchFields) > 0 {
+		body["search_fields"] = searchFields
+	}
+	selectFields := recordListFields(runtime)
+	if len(selectFields) > 0 {
+		body["select_fields"] = selectFields
+	}
+	if viewID := runtime.Str("view-id"); viewID != "" {
+		body["view_id"] = viewID
+	}
+	offset := runtime.Int("offset")
+	if offset < 0 {
+		offset = 0
+	}
+	body["offset"] = offset
+	body["limit"] = common.ParseIntBounded(runtime, "limit", 1, 200)
+	return body, applyRecordQueryToBody(runtime, body)
+}
+
+func recordSearchJSONBody(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	pc := newParseCtx(runtime)
+	body, err := parseJSONObject(pc, runtime.Str("json"), "json")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := normalizeRecordSearchJSONBody(body); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return body, applyRecordQueryToBody(runtime, body)
+}
+
+func normalizeRecordSearchJSONBody(body map[string]interface{}) error {
+	if rawSort, ok := body["sort"]; ok {
+		if sortConfig, err := normalizeRecordSortValue(rawSort, "--json.sort"); err == nil {
+			body["sort"] = sortConfig
+		} else {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func validateRecordSearchFlags(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	if err := validateRecordReadFormat(runtime); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	jsonRaw := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("json"))
+	if jsonRaw != "" {
+		if recordSearchHasJSONExclusiveFlagInputs(runtime) {
+			return common.FlagErrorf("--json is mutually exclusive with keyword/search/projection/pagination flags; put those fields inside --json, or omit --json")
+		}
+		_, err := recordSearchJSONBody(runtime)
+		return err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("keyword")) == "" {
+		return common.FlagErrorf("--keyword is required unless --json is used")
+	}
+	if len(runtime.StrArray("search-field")) == 0 {
+		return common.FlagErrorf("--search-field is required unless --json is used")
+	}
+	return validateRecordQueryOptions(runtime)
+}
+
+func recordSearchHasJSONExclusiveFlagInputs(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) bool {
+	return strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("keyword")) != "" ||
+		len(runtime.StrArray("search-field")) > 0 ||
+		len(recordListFields(runtime)) > 0 ||
+		runtime.Str("view-id") != "" ||
+		runtime.Changed("offset") ||
+		runtime.Changed("limit")
+}
+
+func formatRecordQueryPriorityTip() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Query priority: --%s overrides --view-id's view filter JSON; --%s overrides --view-id's view sort config.", recordFilterJSONFlag, recordSortJSONFlag)
+}

shortcuts/base/record_query_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package base
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestNormalizeRecordSortValue(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("array", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sortConfig, err := normalizeRecordSortValue([]interface{}{
+			map[string]interface{}{"field": "Updated", "desc": true},
+		}, "--sort-json")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+		}
+		if len(sortConfig) != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("sortConfig=%#v", sortConfig)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("wrapped sort_config", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sortConfig, err := normalizeRecordSortValue(map[string]interface{}{
+			"sort_config": []interface{}{
+				map[string]interface{}{"field": "Updated", "desc": false},
+			},
+		}, "--json.sort")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+		}
+		first := sortConfig[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		if first["field"] != "Updated" || first["desc"] != false {
+			t.Fatalf("sortConfig=%#v", sortConfig)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("invalid wrapper", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := normalizeRecordSortValue(map[string]interface{}{"sort": []interface{}{}}, "--sort-json")
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "sort_config array") {
+			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("invalid sort_config type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := normalizeRecordSortValue(map[string]interface{}{"sort_config": "Updated"}, "--sort-json")
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--sort-json.sort_config must be a JSON array") {
+			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("invalid scalar", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := normalizeRecordSortValue("Updated", "--sort-json")
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "must be a JSON array") {
+			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestApplyRecordQueryToParams(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newBaseTestRuntime(
+		map[string]string{
+			"filter-json": `{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Status","==","Todo"]]}`,
+			"sort-json":   `{"sort_config":[{"field":"Updated","desc":true}]}`,
+		},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)
+	params := map[string]interface{}{"view_id": "viw_1"}
+	if err := applyRecordQueryToParams(runtime, params); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+	}
+	if params["view_id"] != "viw_1" {
+		t.Fatalf("params=%#v", params)
+	}
+	var filter map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(params["filter"].(string)), &filter); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("filter err=%v", err)
+	}
+	if filter["logic"] != "and" {
+		t.Fatalf("filter=%#v", filter)
+	}
+	var sortConfig []interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(params["sort"].(string)), &sortConfig); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("sort err=%v", err)
+	}
+	firstSort := sortConfig[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if firstSort["field"] != "Updated" || firstSort["desc"] != true {
+		t.Fatalf("sort=%#v", sortConfig)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApplyRecordQueryToURLValues(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newBaseTestRuntime(
+		map[string]string{
+			"filter-json": `{"logic":"or","conditions":[["Score",">",90]]}`,
+			"sort-json":   `[{"field":"Score","desc":false}]`,
+		},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)
+	params := url.Values{"view_id": {"viw_1"}}
+	if err := applyRecordQueryToURLValues(runtime, params); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+	}
+	if got := params.Get("view_id"); got != "viw_1" {
+		t.Fatalf("view_id=%q", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(params.Get("filter"), `"logic":"or"`) || !strings.Contains(params.Get("sort"), `"field":"Score"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("params=%#v", params)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRecordSearchJSONBodyAppliesQueryFlagOverrides(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newBaseTestRuntime(
+		map[string]string{
+			"json":        `{"keyword":"urgent","search_fields":["Title"],"filter":{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Status","==","Done"]]},"sort":{"sort_config":[{"field":"Updated","desc":false}]}}`,
+			"filter-json": `{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Status","==","Todo"]]}`,
+			"sort-json":   `[{"field":"Score","desc":true}]`,
+		},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)
+	body, err := recordSearchJSONBody(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+	}
+	filter := body["filter"].(map[string]interface{})
+	conditions := filter["conditions"].([]interface{})
+	statusCondition := conditions[0].([]interface{})
+	if statusCondition[2] != "Todo" {
+		t.Fatalf("filter=%#v", filter)
+	}
+	sortConfig := body["sort"].([]interface{})
+	firstSort := sortConfig[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if firstSort["field"] != "Score" || firstSort["desc"] != true {
+		t.Fatalf("sort=%#v", sortConfig)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRecordSearchJSONBodyNormalizesWrappedSort(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newBaseTestRuntime(
+		map[string]string{
+			"json": `{"keyword":"urgent","search_fields":["Title"],"sort":{"sort_config":[{"field":"Updated","desc":false}]}}`,
+		},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)
+	body, err := recordSearchJSONBody(runtime)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+	}
+	sortConfig := body["sort"].([]interface{})
+	firstSort := sortConfig[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if firstSort["field"] != "Updated" || firstSort["desc"] != false {
+		t.Fatalf("sort=%#v", sortConfig)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/base/record_search.go

@@ -20,21 +20,34 @@ var BaseRecordSearch = common.Shortcut{
 	Flags: []common.Flag{
 		baseTokenFlag(true),
 		tableRefFlag(true),
-		{Name: "json", Desc: `record search JSON object, e.g. {"keyword":"Alice","search_fields":["Name"],"select_fields":["Name","Status"],"limit":50}; for keyword search only`, Required: true},
+		{Name: "json", Desc: `record search JSON object for the full request body, e.g. {"keyword":"Alice","search_fields":["Name"],"select_fields":["Name","Status"],"filter":{"logic":"and","conditions":[]},"sort":[{"field":"Updated","desc":true}],"limit":50}; escape hatch for advanced cases`},
+		{Name: "keyword", Desc: "keyword for record search; required unless --json is used"},
+		{Name: "search-field", Type: "string_array", Desc: "field ID or name to search; repeat for multiple fields; required unless --json is used"},
+		recordListFieldRefFlag(),
+		recordListViewRefFlag(),
+		recordFilterFlag(),
+		recordSortFlag(),
+		{Name: "offset", Type: "int", Default: "0", Desc: "pagination offset"},
+		{Name: "limit", Type: "int", Default: "10", Desc: "pagination size, range 1-200"},
 		recordReadFormatFlag(),
 	},
 	Tips: []string{
 		`Happy path fields: keyword (string), search_fields (1-20 field names/ids), select_fields (optional projection, <=50), view_id (optional), offset (default 0), limit (default 10, range 1-200).`,
 		"JSON constraints: keyword length >=1; search_fields length 1-20; select_fields length <=50; offset >=0 defaults to 0; limit range 1-200 defaults to 10.",
 		"view_id scopes search to records in that view; when select_fields is omitted, returned fields follow that view's visible fields.",
+		`Example: lark-cli base +record-search --base-token <base_token> --table-id <table_id> --keyword Alice --search-field Name --field-id Name --field-id Status --limit 20`,
+		`Example with filter/sort JSON: lark-cli base +record-search --base-token <base_token> --table-id <table_id> --keyword Alice --search-field Name --filter-json @filter.json --sort-json '[{"field":"Updated","desc":true}]'`,
+		`Text equality filter: --filter-json '{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Title","==","Launch plan"]]}'`,
+		`Text contains/like filter: --filter-json '{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Title","intersects","urgent"]]}'`,
+		`Option intersection filter: --filter-json '{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Tags","intersects",["P0","Blocked"]]]}'`,
+		`Sort priority follows --sort-json array order.`,
+		formatRecordQueryPriorityTip(),
+		"Use +record-search for keyword matching; use --filter-json for structured conditions and --sort-json for result ordering.",
+		"Use --json only when you need to pass the full search body directly.",
 		"Default output is markdown; pass --format json to get the raw JSON envelope.",
-		"Use +record-search only for keyword search; for structured conditions, sorting, Top/Bottom N, or global conclusions, follow the lark-base record read SOP instead of inventing search JSON.",
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
-		if err := validateRecordReadFormat(runtime); err != nil {
+		return validateRecordSearchFlags(runtime)
-			return err
-		}
-		return validateRecordJSON(runtime)
 	},
 	DryRun: dryRunRecordSearch,
 	PostMount: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {

shortcuts/common/call_api_typed_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+)
+
+func newCallAPITypedRuntime(t *testing.T) (*RuntimeContext, *httpmock.Registry) {
+	t.Helper()
+	cfg := &core.CliConfig{Brand: core.BrandFeishu, AppID: "cli_x"}
+	f, _, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, cfg)
+	rt := TestNewRuntimeContextForAPI(context.Background(), &cobra.Command{Use: "+x"}, cfg, f, core.AsUser)
+	return rt, reg
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_HeaderOnlyLogID pins the P1 fix: when the server returns
+// log_id only in the x-tt-logid response header (not in the JSON body), the
+// typed error still carries it. The legacy runtime.CallAPI path (body-only)
+// dropped it.
+func TestCallAPITyped_HeaderOnlyLogID(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/x/y",
+		Headers: http.Header{
+			"Content-Type": []string{"application/json"},
+			"X-Tt-Logid":   []string{"hdr-log-123"},
+		},
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": float64(1061044), "msg": "boom"}, // no log_id in body
+	})
+
+	_, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.LogID != "hdr-log-123" {
+		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want %q (lifted from x-tt-logid header)", p.LogID, "hdr-log-123")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_BodyLogID confirms body-level log_id still surfaces.
+func TestCallAPITyped_BodyLogID(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/x/y",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": float64(1061044), "msg": "boom", "log_id": "body-log-9"},
+	})
+
+	_, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.LogID != "body-log-9" {
+		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want body-log-9", p.LogID)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_Success returns the data object on code 0, and does not leak
+// the header log_id into the success payload (log_id surfacing is error-path
+// only — success output stays identical to the legacy CallAPI).
+func TestCallAPITyped_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/x/y",
+		Headers: http.Header{
+			"Content-Type": []string{"application/json"},
+			"X-Tt-Logid":   []string{"hdr-log-ok"},
+		},
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": float64(0), "data": map[string]interface{}{"token": "tok1"}},
+	})
+
+	data, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if data["token"] != "tok1" {
+		t.Errorf("data[token] = %v, want tok1", data["token"])
+	}
+	if _, leaked := data["log_id"]; leaked {
+		t.Errorf("success data must not carry log_id, got: %v", data)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAPIClassifyContext verifies the classify context is built from the
+// runtime: Brand / AppID from config, Identity from the resolved caller, and
+// LarkCmd from the running command path.
+func TestAPIClassifyContext(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &core.CliConfig{Brand: core.BrandLark, AppID: "cli_x"}
+	rt := TestNewRuntimeContextWithIdentity(&cobra.Command{Use: "+upload"}, cfg, core.AsUser)
+
+	cc := rt.APIClassifyContext()
+	if cc.Brand != "lark" {
+		t.Errorf("Brand = %q, want lark", cc.Brand)
+	}
+	if cc.AppID != "cli_x" {
+		t.Errorf("AppID = %q, want cli_x", cc.AppID)
+	}
+	if cc.Identity != "user" {
+		t.Errorf("Identity = %q, want user", cc.Identity)
+	}
+	if cc.LarkCmd != "+upload" {
+		t.Errorf("LarkCmd = %q, want +upload", cc.LarkCmd)
+	}
+
+	bot := TestNewRuntimeContextWithIdentity(&cobra.Command{Use: "+push"}, &core.CliConfig{Brand: core.BrandFeishu, AppID: "y"}, core.AsBot)
+	if got := bot.APIClassifyContext().Identity; got != "bot" {
+		t.Errorf("bot Identity = %q, want bot", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_NonJSON5xx pins that a non-JSON HTTP 5xx (e.g. a gateway 502
+// text/html page) is a retryable network/server_error carrying the header
+// log_id — not a mis-parsed internal/invalid_response.
+func TestCallAPITyped_NonJSON5xx(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/x/y",
+		Status: 502,
+		Headers: http.Header{
+			"Content-Type": []string{"text/html"},
+			"X-Tt-Logid":   []string{"hdr-502"},
+		},
+		RawBody: []byte("<html><body>502 Bad Gateway</body></html>"),
+	})
+
+	_, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
+	if !errors.As(err, &netErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError for non-JSON 5xx, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if netErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkServer {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", netErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkServer)
+	}
+	if !netErr.Retryable {
+		t.Error("5xx network error must be retryable")
+	}
+	if netErr.LogID != "hdr-502" {
+		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want hdr-502 (from header)", netErr.LogID)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_5xxNoContentType pins that a 5xx with no Content-Type (which
+// the body-only parse would mis-classify as invalid_response) is still a
+// retryable network/server_error.
+func TestCallAPITyped_5xxNoContentType(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method:  "POST",
+		URL:     "/open-apis/x/y",
+		Status:  503,
+		Headers: http.Header{}, // explicitly no Content-Type header
+		RawBody: []byte("service unavailable"),
+	})
+
+	_, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
+	if !errors.As(err, &netErr) || netErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkServer {
+		t.Fatalf("expected retryable network/server_error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if !netErr.Retryable {
+		t.Error("5xx network error must be retryable")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_NonObjectJSON pins that a top-level non-object JSON body
+// (e.g. "[]") is rejected as an invalid response, never a silent success ack.
+func TestCallAPITyped_NonObjectJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method:  "POST",
+		URL:     "/open-apis/x/y",
+		RawBody: []byte("[]"),
+	})
+
+	_, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	var intErr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &intErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError for non-object JSON, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if intErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", intErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/runner.go

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -233,6 +234,133 @@ func (ctx *RuntimeContext) CallAPI(method, url string, params map[string]interfa
 	return HandleApiResult(result, err, "API call failed")
 }
 
+// CallAPITyped is the typed-only replacement for CallAPI: it performs the same
+// SDK request (buildRequest → APIClient.DoAPI → DoSDKRequest, identical
+// transport and query model to CallAPI) and returns the "data" object, but
+// classifies failures into typed errs.* errors via errclass.BuildAPIError.
+//
+// A transport / auth error from the client boundary is already typed and passes
+// through unchanged; a non-zero API response code is classified into a typed
+// error carrying subtype / code / log_id. Unlike CallAPI it never emits a legacy
+// output.ExitError envelope, and never downgrades a typed network/auth error.
+//
+// It lifts x-tt-logid from the response header (which the body-only parse drops)
+// so log_id surfaces on the typed error even when the server returns it only in
+// the header.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) CallAPITyped(method, url string, params map[string]interface{}, data interface{}) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	ac, err := ctx.getAPIClient()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, typedOrInternal(err)
+	}
+	resp, err := ac.DoAPI(ctx.ctx, ctx.buildRequest(method, url, params, data))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, typedOrInternal(err)
+	}
+	return ctx.ClassifyAPIResponse(resp)
+}
+
+// ClassifyAPIResponse turns a raw *larkcore.ApiResp into the "data" object or a
+// typed errs.* error. It is the shared response classifier for typed API paths
+// — used by CallAPITyped and by callers that drive the request themselves
+// (e.g. file upload via DoAPI). It:
+//
+//  1. parses the JSON body; an unparseable body on an HTTP error status (a
+//     gateway 5xx text/html page, an empty body, a missing Content-Type) is
+//     classified by status — 5xx → retryable network/server_error, 404 →
+//     not_found, other 4xx → api error — not a misleading invalid-response
+//     internal error;
+//  2. rejects a top-level non-object JSON ([], null, scalar) as an
+//     invalid-response internal error — never a silent success ack;
+//  3. lifts x-tt-logid from the response header onto the typed error so log_id
+//     surfaces even when the body omits it;
+//  4. classifies a non-zero API code via errclass.BuildAPIError, and treats any
+//     HTTP error status that parsed to code==0 as a status error.
+//
+// The success "data" object is returned untouched. On a non-zero API code the
+// data is returned alongside the typed error, since the response can still
+// carry fields a caller needs on failure (e.g. the file_token an overwrite
+// returned, for token-stability handling).
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) ClassifyAPIResponse(resp *larkcore.ApiResp) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	logID, _ := logIDFromHeader(resp)["log_id"].(string)
+
+	result, parseErr := client.ParseJSONResponse(resp)
+	if parseErr != nil {
+		if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+			return nil, httpStatusError(resp.StatusCode, resp.RawBody, logID)
+		}
+		return nil, client.WrapJSONResponseParseError(parseErr, resp.RawBody)
+	}
+	resultMap, ok := result.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		e := errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "API returned a non-object JSON response")
+		if logID != "" {
+			e = e.WithLogID(logID)
+		}
+		return nil, e
+	}
+	if logID != "" {
+		if _, present := resultMap["log_id"]; !present {
+			resultMap["log_id"] = logID
+		}
+	}
+	out, _ := resultMap["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if apiErr := errclass.BuildAPIError(resultMap, ctx.APIClassifyContext()); apiErr != nil {
+		return out, apiErr
+	}
+	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		return out, httpStatusError(resp.StatusCode, resp.RawBody, logID)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// httpStatusError classifies an HTTP error status whose body is not a usable
+// API envelope: 5xx → retryable network/server_error, 404 → not_found, other
+// 4xx → api error. The x-tt-logid (when present) is attached for diagnosis.
+func httpStatusError(status int, rawBody []byte, logID string) error {
+	body := TruncateStr(strings.TrimSpace(string(rawBody)), 500)
+	if status >= 500 {
+		e := errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkServer, "HTTP %d: %s", status, body).WithCode(status).WithRetryable()
+		if logID != "" {
+			e = e.WithLogID(logID)
+		}
+		return e
+	}
+	subtype := errs.SubtypeUnknown
+	if status == http.StatusNotFound {
+		subtype = errs.SubtypeNotFound
+	}
+	e := errs.NewAPIError(subtype, "HTTP %d: %s", status, body).WithCode(status)
+	if logID != "" {
+		e = e.WithLogID(logID)
+	}
+	return e
+}
+
+// typedOrInternal passes an already-typed errs.* error through unchanged and
+// lifts a still-untyped one to a typed internal error, so CallAPITyped never
+// returns a bare/legacy error.
+func typedOrInternal(err error) error {
+	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	return errs.WrapInternal(err)
+}
+
+// APIClassifyContext builds the errclass.ClassifyContext for the running command
+// from the runtime config and resolved identity.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) APIClassifyContext() errclass.ClassifyContext {
+	larkCmd := ""
+	if ctx.Cmd != nil {
+		larkCmd = strings.TrimPrefix(ctx.Cmd.CommandPath(), "lark ")
+	}
+	return errclass.ClassifyContext{
+		Brand:    string(ctx.Config.Brand),
+		AppID:    ctx.Config.AppID,
+		Identity: string(ctx.As()),
+		LarkCmd:  larkCmd,
+	}
+}
+
 // Deprecated: RawAPI uses an internal HTTP wrapper with limited control over request/response.
 // Prefer DoAPI for new code — it calls the Lark SDK directly and supports file upload/download options.
 //
@@ -552,28 +680,47 @@ func (ctx *RuntimeContext) ValidatePath(path string) error {
 
 // Out prints a success JSON envelope to stdout.
 func (ctx *RuntimeContext) Out(data interface{}, meta *output.Meta) {
-	ctx.emit(data, meta, false)
+	ctx.emit(data, meta, false, true)
 }
 
 // OutRaw prints a success JSON envelope to stdout with HTML escaping disabled.
 // Use this instead of Out when the data contains XML/HTML content (e.g. document bodies)
 // that should be preserved as-is in JSON output.
 func (ctx *RuntimeContext) OutRaw(data interface{}, meta *output.Meta) {
-	ctx.emit(data, meta, true)
+	ctx.emit(data, meta, true, true)
 }
 
-// emit is the shared success-path emitter. raw=true disables JSON HTML escaping so
+// OutPartialFailure writes an ok:false multi-status result envelope to stdout
-// XML/HTML payloads (e.g. DocxXML bodies) are preserved verbatim; otherwise behavior
+// and returns the partial-failure exit signal. Use it for batch operations
+// where some items failed but the per-item outcomes are the primary output:
+// the full result (summary + per-item statuses) stays machine-readable on
+// stdout, the process exits non-zero, and nothing is written to stderr.
+//
+// It is the typed alternative to `Out(...)` + `output.ErrBare(...)` — the
+// envelope's ok field honestly reports failure instead of a misleading
+// ok:true, and the exit signal is distinct from the predicate-only ErrBare.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) OutPartialFailure(data interface{}, meta *output.Meta) error {
+	ctx.emit(data, meta, false, false)
+	if ctx.outputErr != nil {
+		return ctx.outputErr
+	}
+	return output.PartialFailure(output.ExitAPI)
+}
+
+// emit is the shared stdout envelope emitter; ok sets the envelope's ok field
+// (true for success, false for a partial-failure result). raw=true disables JSON
+// HTML escaping so XML/HTML payloads (e.g. DocxXML bodies) are preserved
+// verbatim; otherwise behavior
 // is identical — content-safety scanning and race-safe first-error capture via
 // outputErrOnce apply in both modes.
-func (ctx *RuntimeContext) emit(data interface{}, meta *output.Meta, raw bool) {
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) emit(data interface{}, meta *output.Meta, raw, ok bool) {
 	scanResult := output.ScanForSafety(ctx.Cmd.CommandPath(), data, ctx.IO().ErrOut)
 	if scanResult.Blocked {
 		ctx.outputErrOnce.Do(func() { ctx.outputErr = scanResult.BlockErr })
 		return
 	}
 
-	env := output.Envelope{OK: true, Identity: string(ctx.As()), Data: data, Meta: meta, Notice: output.GetNotice()}
+	env := output.Envelope{OK: ok, Identity: string(ctx.As()), Data: data, Meta: meta, Notice: output.GetNotice()}
 	if scanResult.Alert != nil {
 		env.ContentSafetyAlert = scanResult.Alert
 	}
@@ -1029,6 +1176,9 @@ func registerShortcutFlagsWithContext(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command, f
 		cmdutil.RegisterFlagCompletion(cmd, "format", func(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string, _ string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
 			return []string{"json", "pretty", "table", "ndjson", "csv"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
 		})
+		if cmd.Flags().Lookup("json") == nil {
+			cmd.Flags().Bool("json", false, "shorthand for --format json")
+		}
 	}
 	if s.Risk == "high-risk-write" {
 		cmd.Flags().Bool("yes", false, "confirm high-risk operation")

shortcuts/common/runner_flag_completion_test.go

@@ -96,3 +96,76 @@ func TestShortcutMount_FlagCompletionsDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("did not expect completion func for --format when disabled")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestShortcutMount_JsonFlag_AcceptedWhenHasFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	shortcut := Shortcut{
+		Service:     "test",
+		Command:     "+read",
+		Description: "test read",
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Execute:     func(context.Context, *RuntimeContext) error { return nil },
+	}
+	shortcut.Mount(parent, f)
+
+	cmd, _, err := parent.Find([]string{"+read"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Find() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if flag := cmd.Flags().Lookup("json"); flag == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected --json flag to be registered on HasFormat shortcut")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShortcutMount_JsonFlag_SkippedWhenConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	shortcut := Shortcut{
+		Service:     "test",
+		Command:     "+update",
+		Description: "test update",
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Flags: []Flag{
+			{Name: "json", Desc: "body JSON object", Required: true},
+		},
+		Execute: func(context.Context, *RuntimeContext) error { return nil },
+	}
+	shortcut.Mount(parent, f)
+
+	cmd, _, err := parent.Find([]string{"+update"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Find() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	// --json flag exists (from custom Flags), but should be the string type, not bool.
+	flag := cmd.Flags().Lookup("json")
+	if flag == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected --json flag from custom Flags")
+	}
+	if flag.DefValue != "" {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty default (string flag), got %q", flag.DefValue)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShortcutMount_JsonFlag_RegisteredWithoutHasFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	shortcut := Shortcut{
+		Service:     "test",
+		Command:     "+write",
+		Description: "test write",
+		HasFormat:   false,
+		Execute:     func(context.Context, *RuntimeContext) error { return nil },
+	}
+	shortcut.Mount(parent, f)
+
+	cmd, _, err := parent.Find([]string{"+write"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Find() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	// --format is now registered for all shortcuts (regardless of HasFormat),
+	// so --json should also be present.
+	if flag := cmd.Flags().Lookup("json"); flag == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected --json flag to be registered even when HasFormat is false")
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/runner_partial_failure_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+)
+
+// TestOutPartialFailure pins the batch / multi-status contract: the result
+// rides on stdout as an ok:false envelope (carrying the full payload), and the
+// returned error is the typed partial-failure exit signal (ExitAPI), distinct
+// from the predicate-only ErrBare.
+func TestOutPartialFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &core.CliConfig{Brand: core.BrandFeishu, AppID: "cli_x"}
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, cfg)
+	rt := TestNewRuntimeContextForAPI(context.Background(), &cobra.Command{Use: "+push"}, cfg, f, core.AsUser)
+
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"summary": map[string]interface{}{"uploaded": 1, "failed": 1},
+		"items": []map[string]interface{}{
+			{"rel_path": "a.txt", "action": "uploaded"},
+			{"rel_path": "b.txt", "action": "failed", "error": "boom"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	err := rt.OutPartialFailure(payload, nil)
+
+	// 1) typed partial-failure exit signal
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.PartialFailureError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", pfErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
+	}
+
+	// 2) stdout envelope reports ok:false but still carries the full payload
+	// (both the succeeded and failed items) — consistent with a success Out().
+	var env struct {
+		OK   bool                   `json:"ok"`
+		Data map[string]interface{} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal stdout envelope: %v\nstdout: %s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if env.OK {
+		t.Errorf("ok must be false on partial failure, got ok:true\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	items, _ := env.Data["items"].([]interface{})
+	if len(items) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("both succeeded and failed items must ride on stdout, got %d items\nstdout: %s", len(items), stdout.String())
+	}
+}

shortcuts/drive/drive_add_comment.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -152,13 +152,13 @@ var DriveAddComment = common.Shortcut{
 		if docRef.Kind == "sheet" {
 			blockID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("block-id"))
 			if blockID == "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--block-id is required for sheet comments (format: <sheetId>!<cell>, e.g. a281f9!D6)")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--block-id is required for sheet comments (format: <sheetId>!<cell>, e.g. a281f9!D6)").WithParam("--block-id")
 			}
 			if _, err := parseSheetCellRef(blockID); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			if runtime.Bool("full-comment") || strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("selection-with-ellipsis")) != "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--full-comment and --selection-with-ellipsis are not applicable for sheet comments; use --block-id with <sheetId>!<cell> format")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--full-comment and --selection-with-ellipsis are not applicable for sheet comments; use --block-id with <sheetId>!<cell> format")
 			}
 			return nil
 		}
@@ -167,20 +167,20 @@ var DriveAddComment = common.Shortcut{
 				return err
 			}
 			if runtime.Bool("full-comment") {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--full-comment is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--full-comment is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>")
 			}
 			if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("selection-with-ellipsis")) != "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--selection-with-ellipsis is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--selection-with-ellipsis is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>")
 			}
 			return nil
 		}
 		selection := runtime.Str("selection-with-ellipsis")
 		blockID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("block-id"))
 		if strings.TrimSpace(selection) != "" && blockID != "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--selection-with-ellipsis and --block-id are mutually exclusive")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--selection-with-ellipsis and --block-id are mutually exclusive")
 		}
 		if runtime.Bool("full-comment") && (strings.TrimSpace(selection) != "" || blockID != "") {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--full-comment cannot be used with --selection-with-ellipsis or --block-id")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--full-comment cannot be used with --selection-with-ellipsis or --block-id")
 		}
 
 		mode := resolveCommentMode(runtime.Bool("full-comment"), selection, blockID)
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ var DriveAddComment = common.Shortcut{
 			return validateFileCommentMode(mode, "")
 		}
 		if mode == commentModeLocal && docRef.Kind == "doc" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; old doc format only supports full comments")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; old doc format only supports full comments")
 		}
 
 		return nil
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ var DriveAddComment = common.Shortcut{
 			}
 			blockID = match.AnchorBlockID
 			if strings.TrimSpace(blockID) == "" {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "locate-doc response missing anchor_block_id")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "locate-doc response missing anchor_block_id")
 			}
 			selectedMatch = idx
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Locate-doc matched %d block(s); using match #%d (%s)\n", len(locateResult.Matches), idx, blockID)
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ var DriveAddComment = common.Shortcut{
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Creating full comment in %s\n", common.MaskToken(target.FileToken))
 		}
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			"POST",
 			requestPath,
 			nil,
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ func resolveCommentMode(explicitFullComment bool, selection, blockID string) com
 func parseCommentDocRef(input, docType string) (commentDocRef, error) {
 	raw := strings.TrimSpace(input)
 	if raw == "" {
-		return commentDocRef{}, output.ErrValidation("--doc cannot be empty")
+		return commentDocRef{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--doc cannot be empty").WithParam("--doc")
 	}
 
 	if token, ok := extractURLToken(raw, "/wiki/"); ok {
@@ -495,16 +495,16 @@ func parseCommentDocRef(input, docType string) (commentDocRef, error) {
 		return commentDocRef{Kind: "doc", Token: token}, nil
 	}
 	if strings.Contains(raw, "://") {
-		return commentDocRef{}, output.ErrValidation("unsupported --doc input %q: use a doc/docx/file/sheet/slides URL, a token with --type, or a wiki URL that resolves to doc/docx/file/sheet/slides", raw)
+		return commentDocRef{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported --doc input %q: use a doc/docx/file/sheet/slides URL, a token with --type, or a wiki URL that resolves to doc/docx/file/sheet/slides", raw).WithParam("--doc")
 	}
 	if strings.ContainsAny(raw, "/?#") {
-		return commentDocRef{}, output.ErrValidation("unsupported --doc input %q: use a token with --type, or a wiki URL", raw)
+		return commentDocRef{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported --doc input %q: use a token with --type, or a wiki URL", raw).WithParam("--doc")
 	}
 
 	// Bare token: --type is required.
 	docType = strings.TrimSpace(docType)
 	if docType == "" {
-		return commentDocRef{}, output.ErrValidation("--type is required when --doc is a bare token (allowed values: doc, docx, file, sheet, slides)")
+		return commentDocRef{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--type is required when --doc is a bare token (allowed values: doc, docx, file, sheet, slides)").WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	return commentDocRef{Kind: docType, Token: raw}, nil
 }
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ func resolveCommentTarget(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, i
 		if mode == commentModeLocal {
 			switch docRef.Kind {
 			case "doc":
-				return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.ErrValidation("local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; old doc format only supports full comments")
+				return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; old doc format only supports full comments")
 			case "file":
 				if err := validateFileCommentMode(mode, ""); err != nil {
 					return resolvedCommentTarget{}, err
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ func resolveCommentTarget(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, i
 	}
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Resolving wiki node: %s\n", common.MaskToken(docRef.Token))
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		"/open-apis/wiki/v2/spaces/get_node",
 		map[string]interface{}{"token": docRef.Token},
@@ -549,13 +549,13 @@ func resolveCommentTarget(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, i
 	objType := common.GetString(node, "obj_type")
 	objToken := common.GetString(node, "obj_token")
 	if objType == "" || objToken == "" {
-		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "wiki get_node returned incomplete node data")
+		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "wiki get_node returned incomplete node data")
 	}
 	if objType == "slides" && mode == commentModeFull {
-		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.ErrValidation("wiki resolved to %q, but slide comments require --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>; --full-comment is not applicable", objType)
+		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "wiki resolved to %q, but slide comments require --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>; --full-comment is not applicable", objType)
 	}
 	if objType == "slides" && strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("selection-with-ellipsis")) != "" {
-		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.ErrValidation("wiki resolved to %q, but --selection-with-ellipsis is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>", objType)
+		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "wiki resolved to %q, but --selection-with-ellipsis is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>", objType)
 	}
 	if objType == "sheet" {
 		// Sheet comments are handled via the sheet fast path in Execute.
@@ -592,10 +592,10 @@ func resolveCommentTarget(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, i
 		}, nil
 	}
 	if mode == commentModeLocal && objType != "docx" {
-		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.ErrValidation("wiki resolved to %q, but local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; for sheet use --block-id <sheetId>!<cell>, for slides use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>", objType)
+		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "wiki resolved to %q, but local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; for sheet use --block-id <sheetId>!<cell>, for slides use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>", objType)
 	}
 	if mode == commentModeFull && objType != "docx" && objType != "doc" {
-		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.ErrValidation("wiki resolved to %q, but comments only support doc/docx/file/sheet/slides", objType)
+		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "wiki resolved to %q, but comments only support doc/docx/file/sheet/slides", objType)
 	}
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Resolved wiki to %s: %s\n", objType, common.MaskToken(objToken))
@@ -663,16 +663,14 @@ func parseLocateDocResult(result map[string]interface{}) locateDocResult {
 
 func selectLocateMatch(result locateDocResult) (locateDocMatch, int, error) {
 	if len(result.Matches) == 0 {
-		return locateDocMatch{}, 0, output.ErrValidation("locate-doc did not find any matching block")
+		return locateDocMatch{}, 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "locate-doc did not find any matching block").WithParam("--selection-with-ellipsis")
 	}
 
 	if len(result.Matches) > 1 {
-		return locateDocMatch{}, 0, output.ErrWithHint(
+		return locateDocMatch{}, 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			output.ExitValidation,
+			"locate-doc matched %d blocks:\n%s", len(result.Matches), formatLocateCandidates(result.Matches)).
-			"ambiguous_match",
+			WithHint("narrow --selection-with-ellipsis until only one block matches").
-			fmt.Sprintf("locate-doc matched %d blocks:\n%s", len(result.Matches), formatLocateCandidates(result.Matches)),
+			WithParam("--selection-with-ellipsis")
-			"narrow --selection-with-ellipsis until only one block matches",
-		)
 	}
 
 	return result.Matches[0], 1, nil
@@ -705,15 +703,15 @@ func summarizeLocateMatch(match locateDocMatch) string {
 
 func parseCommentReplyElements(raw string) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if strings.TrimSpace(raw) == "" {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content cannot be empty")
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content cannot be empty").WithParam("--content")
 	}
 
 	var inputs []commentReplyElementInput
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &inputs); err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content is not valid JSON: %s\nexample: --content '[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"文本信息\"}]'", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content is not valid JSON: %s\nexample: --content '[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"文本信息\"}]'", err).WithParam("--content")
 	}
 	if len(inputs) == 0 {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content must contain at least one reply element")
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content must contain at least one reply element").WithParam("--content")
 	}
 
 	replyElements := make([]map[string]interface{}, 0, len(inputs))
@@ -724,7 +722,7 @@ func parseCommentReplyElements(raw string) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 		switch elementType {
 		case "text":
 			if strings.TrimSpace(input.Text) == "" {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content element #%d type=text requires non-empty text", index)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content element #%d type=text requires non-empty text", index).WithParam("--content")
 			}
 			// Measure the raw rune count of the user input — that is what
 			// the server actually counts. byte width and post-escape form
@@ -734,13 +732,11 @@ func parseCommentReplyElements(raw string) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 			runes := utf8.RuneCountInString(input.Text)
 			totalRunes += runes
 			if totalRunes > maxCommentTotalRunes {
-				return nil, output.ErrWithHint(
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-					output.ExitValidation,
+					"--content reply_elements text totals %d characters at element #%d (this element: %d); the server caps the combined length at %d characters across ALL reply_elements",
-					"text_too_long",
+					totalRunes, index, runes, maxCommentTotalRunes).
-					fmt.Sprintf("--content reply_elements text totals %d characters at element #%d (this element: %d); the server caps the combined length at %d characters across ALL reply_elements",
+					WithHint("shorten the comment so the combined text across all reply_elements fits within %d characters. The server enforces this cap on the TOTAL — splitting one long element into multiple smaller text elements does NOT help (they all add up against the same %d-rune budget). Server returns an opaque [1069302] on overflow, so this check is pre-flight; no escape transform changes the count (server reads raw runes).", maxCommentTotalRunes, maxCommentTotalRunes).
-						totalRunes, index, runes, maxCommentTotalRunes),
+					WithParam("--content")
-					fmt.Sprintf("shorten the comment so the combined text across all reply_elements fits within %d characters. The server enforces this cap on the TOTAL — splitting one long element into multiple smaller text elements does NOT help (they all add up against the same %d-rune budget). Server returns an opaque [1069302] on overflow, so this check is pre-flight; no escape transform changes the count (server reads raw runes).", maxCommentTotalRunes, maxCommentTotalRunes),
-				)
 			}
 			// Escape '<' and '>' so the rendered comment displays them as
 			// literal characters instead of being interpreted as markup
@@ -754,7 +750,7 @@ func parseCommentReplyElements(raw string) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 		case "mention_user":
 			mentionUser := firstNonEmptyString(input.MentionUser, input.Text)
 			if mentionUser == "" {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content element #%d type=mention_user requires text or mention_user", index)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content element #%d type=mention_user requires text or mention_user", index).WithParam("--content")
 			}
 			replyElements = append(replyElements, map[string]interface{}{
 				"type":         "mention_user",
@@ -763,14 +759,14 @@ func parseCommentReplyElements(raw string) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 		case "link":
 			link := firstNonEmptyString(input.Link, input.Text)
 			if link == "" {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content element #%d type=link requires text or link", index)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content element #%d type=link requires text or link", index).WithParam("--content")
 			}
 			replyElements = append(replyElements, map[string]interface{}{
 				"type": "link",
 				"link": link,
 			})
 		default:
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content element #%d has unsupported type %q; allowed values: text, mention_user, link", index, input.Type)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content element #%d has unsupported type %q; allowed values: text, mention_user, link", index, input.Type).WithParam("--content")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -827,17 +823,17 @@ func anchorBlockIDForDryRun(blockID string) string {
 func parseSlidesBlockRef(blockID string) (string, string, error) {
 	blockID = strings.TrimSpace(blockID)
 	if blockID == "" {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("slide comments require --block-id in <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> format")
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "slide comments require --block-id in <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> format").WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 
 	parts := strings.SplitN(blockID, "!", 2)
 	if len(parts) != 2 {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("slide --block-id must be <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> (e.g. shape!bPq), got %q", blockID)
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "slide --block-id must be <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> (e.g. shape!bPq), got %q", blockID).WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	parsedType := strings.TrimSpace(parts[0])
 	parsedID := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
 	if parsedType == "" || parsedID == "" {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("slide --block-id must be <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> (e.g. shape!bPq), got %q", blockID)
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "slide --block-id must be <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> (e.g. shape!bPq), got %q", blockID).WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	return parsedID, parsedType, nil
 }
@@ -865,7 +861,7 @@ func firstPresentValue(m map[string]interface{}, keys ...string) interface{} {
 func parseSheetCellRef(input string) (*sheetAnchor, error) {
 	parts := strings.SplitN(input, "!", 2)
 	if len(parts) != 2 || parts[0] == "" || parts[1] == "" {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--block-id for sheet must be <sheetId>!<cell> (e.g. a281f9!D6), got %q", input)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--block-id for sheet must be <sheetId>!<cell> (e.g. a281f9!D6), got %q", input).WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	sheetID := parts[0]
 	cell := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
@@ -876,7 +872,7 @@ func parseSheetCellRef(input string) (*sheetAnchor, error) {
 		i++
 	}
 	if i == 0 || i >= len(cell) {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--block-id cell reference %q is invalid (expected e.g. D6)", cell)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--block-id cell reference %q is invalid (expected e.g. D6)", cell).WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	colStr := strings.ToUpper(cell[:i])
 	rowStr := cell[i:]
@@ -890,7 +886,7 @@ func parseSheetCellRef(input string) (*sheetAnchor, error) {
 
 	row, err := strconv.Atoi(rowStr)
 	if err != nil || row < 1 {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--block-id row %q is invalid (must be >= 1)", rowStr)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--block-id row %q is invalid (must be >= 1)", rowStr).WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	row-- // convert to 0-based
 
@@ -898,7 +894,7 @@ func parseSheetCellRef(input string) (*sheetAnchor, error) {
 }
 
 func fetchCommentTargetFileTitle(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fileToken string) (string, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"POST",
 		"/open-apis/drive/v1/metas/batch_query",
 		nil,
@@ -917,11 +913,11 @@ func fetchCommentTargetFileTitle(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fileToken strin
 
 	metas := common.GetSlice(data, "metas")
 	if len(metas) == 0 {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "drive metas.batch_query returned no metadata for file %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken))
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "drive metas.batch_query returned no metadata for file %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken))
 	}
 	meta, ok := metas[0].(map[string]interface{})
 	if !ok {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "drive metas.batch_query returned unexpected metadata format for file %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken))
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "drive metas.batch_query returned unexpected metadata format for file %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken))
 	}
 	return common.GetString(meta, "title"), nil
 }
@@ -936,23 +932,19 @@ func ensureSupportedFileCommentTarget(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fileToken
 		return title, extension, nil
 	}
 	if strings.TrimSpace(title) == "" {
-		return "", "", output.ErrWithHint(
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			output.ExitValidation,
+			"drive +add-comment does not support comments for this Drive file type yet; the file metadata did not return a title").
-			"unsupported_file_comment_type",
+			WithHint("file comments currently support full comments only for these extensions: " + supportedFileCommentExtensionsText()).
-			"drive +add-comment does not support comments for this Drive file type yet; the file metadata did not return a title",
+			WithParam("--doc")
-			"file comments currently support full comments only for these extensions: "+supportedFileCommentExtensionsText(),
-		)
 	}
 	extensionLabel := extension
 	if extensionLabel == "" {
 		extensionLabel = "no extension"
 	}
-	return "", "", output.ErrWithHint(
+	return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-		output.ExitValidation,
+		"drive +add-comment does not support comments for this Drive file type yet; got %q (%s)", title, extensionLabel).
-		"unsupported_file_comment_type",
+		WithHint("file comments currently support full comments only for these extensions: " + supportedFileCommentExtensionsText()).
-		fmt.Sprintf("drive +add-comment does not support comments for this Drive file type yet; got %q (%s)", title, extensionLabel),
+		WithParam("--doc")
-		"file comments currently support full comments only for these extensions: "+supportedFileCommentExtensionsText(),
-	)
 }
 
 func fileCommentExtension(title string) string {
@@ -993,9 +985,9 @@ func validateFileCommentMode(mode commentMode, resolvedObjType string) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	if resolvedObjType != "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("wiki resolved to %q, but file comments only support full comments; omit --block-id and --selection-with-ellipsis", resolvedObjType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "wiki resolved to %q, but file comments only support full comments; omit --block-id and --selection-with-ellipsis", resolvedObjType)
 	}
-	return output.ErrValidation("file comments only support full comments; omit --block-id and --selection-with-ellipsis")
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "file comments only support full comments; omit --block-id and --selection-with-ellipsis")
 }
 
 func executeSheetComment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, docRef commentDocRef) error {
@@ -1006,7 +998,7 @@ func executeSheetComment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, docRef commentDocRef) e
 
 	blockID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("block-id"))
 	if blockID == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--block-id is required for sheet comments (format: <sheetId>!<cell>, e.g. a281f9!D6)")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--block-id is required for sheet comments (format: <sheetId>!<cell>, e.g. a281f9!D6)").WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	anchor, err := parseSheetCellRef(blockID)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1019,7 +1011,7 @@ func executeSheetComment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, docRef commentDocRef) e
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Creating sheet comment in %s (sheet=%s, col=%d, row=%d)\n",
 		common.MaskToken(docRef.Token), anchor.SheetID, anchor.Col, anchor.Row)
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -1054,7 +1046,7 @@ func executeFileComment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, target resolvedCommentTa
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Creating file comment in %s (%s)\n", common.MaskToken(target.FileToken), extension)
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -1097,7 +1089,7 @@ func executeSlidesComment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, docRef commentDocRef)
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Creating slide block comment in %s (block_id=%s, slide_block_type=%s)\n",
 		common.MaskToken(docRef.Token), blockID, slideBlockType)
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

shortcuts/drive/drive_add_comment_test.go

@@ -9,11 +9,32 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
+// assertContentValidationHint asserts err is a typed *errs.ValidationError
+// carrying SubtypeInvalidArgument, Param "--content", and a Hint containing
+// the given substring. The over-cap message now flows through a typed
+// ValidationError instead of the legacy *output.ExitError.Detail shape.
+func assertContentValidationHint(t *testing.T, err error, wantHint string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	var valErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
+	}
+	if valErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", valErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+	if valErr.Param != "--content" {
+		t.Errorf("Param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--content")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Hint, wantHint) {
+		t.Errorf("expected hint substring %q, got %q", wantHint, valErr.Hint)
+	}
+}
+
 func decodeJSONMap(t *testing.T, raw string) map[string]interface{} {
 	t.Helper()
 
@@ -421,14 +442,8 @@ func TestParseCommentReplyElementsTextLength(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Fatalf("expected error containing %q, got %q", tt.wantErr, err.Error())
 				}
 				if tt.wantHint != "" {
-					// Hint lives on ExitError.Detail.Hint, not err.Error().
+					// Hint lives on the typed ValidationError, not err.Error().
-					var exitErr *output.ExitError
+					assertContentValidationHint(t, err, tt.wantHint)
-					if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-						t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with Detail, got %T (%v)", err, err)
-					}
-					if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, tt.wantHint) {
-						t.Errorf("expected hint substring %q, got %q", tt.wantHint, exitErr.Detail.Hint)
-					}
 				}
 				return
 			}
@@ -458,11 +473,11 @@ func TestParseCommentReplyElementsHintForbidsSplitAdvice(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected over-cap error, got nil")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	var valErr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with Detail, got %T (%v)", err, err)
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
 	}
-	hint := exitErr.Detail.Hint
+	hint := valErr.Hint
 
 	// The hint must explicitly call out that splitting does NOT help.
 	if !strings.Contains(hint, "does NOT help") {

shortcuts/drive/drive_apply_permission.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ var permApplyURLMarkers = []struct {
 func resolvePermApplyTarget(raw, explicitType string) (token, docType string, err error) {
 	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
 	if raw == "" {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("--token is required")
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--token is required").WithParam("--token")
 	}
 
 	if strings.Contains(raw, "://") {
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ func resolvePermApplyTarget(raw, explicitType string) (token, docType string, er
 			}
 		}
 		if token == "" {
-			return "", "", output.ErrValidation(
+			return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
 				"could not infer token from URL %q: supported paths are /docx/, /sheets/, /base/, /bitable/, /file/, /wiki/, /doc/, /mindnote/, /slides/. Pass a bare token with --type instead if the URL shape is unusual",
 				raw,
-			)
+			).WithParam("--token")
 		}
 	} else {
 		token = raw
@@ -71,10 +71,10 @@ func resolvePermApplyTarget(raw, explicitType string) (token, docType string, er
 		docType = explicitType
 	}
 	if docType == "" {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation(
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
 			"--type is required when --token is a bare token; accepted values: %s",
 			strings.Join(permApplyTypes, ", "),
-		)
+		).WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	return token, docType, nil
 }
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ var DriveApplyPermission = common.Shortcut{
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Requesting %s access on %s %s...\n",
 			runtime.Str("perm"), docType, common.MaskToken(token))
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST",
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST",
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/permissions/%s/members/apply", validate.EncodePathSegment(token)),
 			map[string]interface{}{"type": docType},
 			body,

shortcuts/drive/drive_create_folder.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ var DriveCreateFolder = common.Shortcut{
 		}
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Creating folder %q in %s...\n", spec.Name, target)
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			"POST",
 			"/open-apis/drive/v1/files/create_folder",
 			nil,
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ var DriveCreateFolder = common.Shortcut{
 
 		folderToken := common.GetString(data, "token")
 		if folderToken == "" {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "drive create_folder succeeded but returned no folder token (data.token)")
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "drive create_folder succeeded but returned no folder token (data.token)")
 		}
 		out := map[string]interface{}{
 			"created":             true,
@@ -108,14 +108,14 @@ var DriveCreateFolder = common.Shortcut{
 
 func validateDriveCreateFolderSpec(spec driveCreateFolderSpec) error {
 	if spec.Name == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--name must not be empty")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--name must not be empty").WithParam("--name")
 	}
 	if nameBytes := len([]byte(spec.Name)); nameBytes > 256 {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--name exceeds the maximum of 256 bytes (got %d)", nameBytes)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--name exceeds the maximum of 256 bytes (got %d)", nameBytes).WithParam("--name")
 	}
 	if spec.FolderToken != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FolderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 	}
 	return nil

shortcuts/drive/drive_create_shortcut.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ var DriveCreateShortcut = common.Shortcut{
 			common.MaskToken(spec.FolderToken),
 		)
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			"POST",
 			"/open-apis/drive/v1/files/create_shortcut",
 			nil,
@@ -118,19 +118,19 @@ var DriveCreateShortcut = common.Shortcut{
 // validateDriveCreateShortcutSpec validates shortcut creation inputs before API execution.
 func validateDriveCreateShortcutSpec(spec driveCreateShortcutSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FolderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 	}
 	if spec.FileType == "wiki" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: wiki. This shortcut only supports Drive file tokens; wiki documents must be resolved to their underlying file token first")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: wiki. This shortcut only supports Drive file tokens; wiki documents must be resolved to their underlying file token first").WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	if spec.FileType == "folder" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: folder. The create_shortcut API only supports Drive files, not folders")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: folder. The create_shortcut API only supports Drive files, not folders").WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	if !driveCreateShortcutAllowedTypes[spec.FileType] {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, slides", spec.FileType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, slides", spec.FileType).WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_create_shortcut_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -312,24 +313,24 @@ func TestDriveCreateShortcutClassifiesKnownAPIConstraints(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Fatal("expected API error, got nil")
 			}
 
-			var exitErr *output.ExitError
+			var apiErr *errs.APIError
-			if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+			if !errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
-				t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.APIError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
 			}
-			if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+			if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitAPI {
-				t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
+				t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitAPI)
 			}
-			if exitErr.Detail.Type != tt.wantType {
+			if string(apiErr.Subtype) != tt.wantType {
-				t.Fatalf("type = %q, want %q", exitErr.Detail.Type, tt.wantType)
+				t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", apiErr.Subtype, tt.wantType)
 			}
-			if exitErr.Detail.Code != tt.code {
+			if apiErr.Code != tt.code {
-				t.Fatalf("detail code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Detail.Code, tt.code)
+				t.Fatalf("code = %d, want %d", apiErr.Code, tt.code)
 			}
-			if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, tt.wantMsgPart) {
+			if !strings.Contains(apiErr.Message, tt.wantMsgPart) {
-				t.Fatalf("message = %q, want substring %q", exitErr.Detail.Message, tt.wantMsgPart)
+				t.Fatalf("message = %q, want substring %q", apiErr.Message, tt.wantMsgPart)
 			}
-			if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, tt.wantHint) {
+			if !strings.Contains(apiErr.Hint, tt.wantHint) {
-				t.Fatalf("hint = %q, want substring %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint, tt.wantHint)
+				t.Fatalf("hint = %q, want substring %q", apiErr.Hint, tt.wantHint)
 			}
 		})
 	}

shortcuts/drive/drive_delete.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ var DriveDelete = common.Shortcut{
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Deleting %s %s...\n", spec.FileType, common.MaskToken(spec.FileToken))
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			"DELETE",
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.FileToken)),
 			map[string]interface{}{"type": spec.FileType},
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ var DriveDelete = common.Shortcut{
 		if spec.FileType == "folder" {
 			taskID := common.GetString(data, "task_id")
 			if taskID == "" {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "delete folder returned no task_id")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "delete folder returned no task_id")
 			}
 
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Folder delete is async, polling task %s...\n", taskID)
@@ -136,13 +136,13 @@ var DriveDelete = common.Shortcut{
 
 func validateDriveDeleteSpec(spec driveDeleteSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if spec.FileType == "wiki" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: wiki. This shortcut only supports Drive files and folders; wiki documents are not supported")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: wiki. This shortcut only supports Drive files and folders; wiki documents are not supported").WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	if !driveDeleteAllowedTypes[spec.FileType] {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, folder, shortcut, slides", spec.FileType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, folder, shortcut, slides", spec.FileType).WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_download.go

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ var DriveDownload = common.Shortcut{
 		overwrite := runtime.Bool("overwrite")
 
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(fileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 		}
 
 		if outputPath == "" {
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ var DriveDownload = common.Shortcut{
 
 		// Early path validation + overwrite check
 		if _, resolveErr := runtime.ResolveSavePath(outputPath); resolveErr != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("unsafe output path: %s", resolveErr)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", resolveErr).WithParam("--output")
 		}
 		if _, statErr := runtime.FileIO().Stat(outputPath); statErr == nil && !overwrite {
-			return output.ErrValidation("output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", outputPath)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", outputPath).WithParam("--output")
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Downloading: %s\n", common.MaskToken(fileToken))
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ var DriveDownload = common.Shortcut{
 			ApiPath:    fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/download", validate.EncodePathSegment(fileToken)),
 		})
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrNetwork("download failed: %s", err)
+			return wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "download failed: %s", err)
 		}
 		defer resp.Body.Close()
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ var DriveDownload = common.Shortcut{
 			ContentLength: resp.ContentLength,
 		}, resp.Body)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapSaveErrorByCategory(err, "io")
+			return driveSaveError(err)
 		}
 
 		savedPath, _ := runtime.ResolveSavePath(outputPath)

shortcuts/drive/drive_duplicate_remote_test.go

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -823,64 +823,37 @@ func registerDownload(reg *httpmock.Registry, fileToken, body string) {
 func assertDuplicateRemotePathError(t *testing.T, err error, relPath string, tokens ...string) {
 	t.Helper()
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected duplicate_remote_path error, got nil")
+		t.Fatal("expected duplicate rel_path validation error, got nil")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+	if validationErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", validationErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "duplicate_remote_path" {
+	if validationErr.Hint == "" {
-		t.Fatalf("error detail = %#v, want duplicate_remote_path", exitErr.Detail)
+		t.Fatal("duplicate validation error should carry a recovery hint so AI consumers know the next action")
 	}
-	detailMap, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
+	if len(validationErr.Params) == 0 {
-	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("duplicate validation error should carry at least one param")
-		t.Fatalf("duplicate detail type = %T, want map[string]interface{}", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
 	}
-	duplicates, ok := detailMap["duplicates_remote"].([]driveDuplicateRemotePath)
+	var matched *errs.InvalidParam
-	if !ok {
+	for i := range validationErr.Params {
-		t.Fatalf("duplicate detail duplicates_remote type = %T, want []driveDuplicateRemotePath", detailMap["duplicates_remote"])
+		if validationErr.Params[i].Name == relPath {
-	}
+			matched = &validationErr.Params[i]
-	if len(duplicates) == 0 {
+			break
-		t.Fatal("duplicate detail should include at least one rel_path group")
-	}
-	if _, hasLegacyFilesKey := detailMap["files"]; hasLegacyFilesKey {
-		t.Fatalf("duplicate detail should not expose legacy files key: %#v", detailMap)
-	}
-	var matched bool
-	for _, duplicate := range duplicates {
-		if duplicate.RelPath != relPath {
-			continue
-		}
-		matched = true
-		if len(duplicate.Entries) != len(tokens) {
-			t.Fatalf("duplicate entry count = %d, want %d for rel_path %q", len(duplicate.Entries), len(tokens), relPath)
-		}
-		for i, token := range tokens {
-			if duplicate.Entries[i].FileToken != token {
-				t.Fatalf("duplicate entry %d file_token = %q, want %q", i, duplicate.Entries[i].FileToken, token)
-			}
-			if duplicate.Entries[i].Type == "" {
-				t.Fatalf("duplicate entry %d missing type for rel_path %q", i, relPath)
-			}
 		}
 	}
-	if !matched {
+	if matched == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("duplicate detail missing rel_path group %q: %#v", relPath, duplicates)
+		t.Fatalf("duplicate params missing rel_path group %q: %#v", relPath, validationErr.Params)
 	}
-	raw, marshalErr := json.Marshal(exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+	if matched.Reason == "" {
-	if marshalErr != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("duplicate param for rel_path %q missing reason", relPath)
-		t.Fatalf("marshal detail: %v", marshalErr)
-	}
-	text := string(raw)
-	if !strings.Contains(text, relPath) {
-		t.Fatalf("duplicate detail missing rel_path %q: %s", relPath, text)
 	}
 	for _, token := range tokens {
-		if !strings.Contains(text, token) {
+		if !strings.Contains(matched.Reason, token) {
-			t.Fatalf("duplicate detail missing token %q: %s", token, text)
+			t.Fatalf("duplicate param reason missing token %q: %s", token, matched.Reason)
 		}
 	}
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_errors.go

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package drive
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+)
+
+// wrapDriveNetworkErr returns err unchanged when it is already a typed errs.*
+// error (preserving its subtype / code / log_id from the runtime boundary),
+// and only wraps a raw, unclassified error as a transport-level network error.
+func wrapDriveNetworkErr(err error, format string, args ...any) error {
+	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	return errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, format, args...).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+// driveInputStatError maps a FileIO.Stat/Open error for input file validation
+// to a typed validation error:
+//   - Path validation failures → "unsafe file path: ..."
+//   - Other errors → "cannot read file: ..."
+func driveInputStatError(err error) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation) {
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe file path: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+	}
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot read file: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+// driveSaveError maps a FileIO.Save error to a typed error. Path validation
+// failures are validation errors (exit code 2); mkdir / write failures are
+// internal file-I/O errors (exit code 5).
+func driveSaveError(err error) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var me *fileio.MkdirError
+	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation):
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+	case errors.As(err, &me):
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "cannot create parent directory: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+	default:
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "cannot create file: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// appendDriveExportRecoveryHint attaches a recovery hint to err while preserving
+// its original classification (typed subtype/code or legacy detail), only falling
+// back to a typed internal error when err is unclassified.
+func appendDriveExportRecoveryHint(err error, hint string) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// An already-typed error keeps its own category/subtype/code/log_id
+	// (per ERROR_CONTRACT.md "propagate typed errors unchanged"); we only
+	// append the recovery hint. p points at the embedded Problem, so the
+	// mutation is reflected in the returned err.
+	if p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(p.Hint) != "" {
+			p.Hint = p.Hint + "\n" + hint
+		} else {
+			p.Hint = hint
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	// Legacy *output.ExitError fallback: preserve the original error's
+	// class/exit code by appending the hint in place rather than downgrading
+	// to api/server_error.
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(exitErr.Detail.Hint) != "" {
+			exitErr.Detail.Hint = exitErr.Detail.Hint + "\n" + hint
+		} else {
+			exitErr.Detail.Hint = hint
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%s", err.Error()).WithHint(hint).WithCause(err)
+}

shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go

@@ -5,13 +5,12 @@ package drive
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ var DriveExport = common.Shortcut{
 		if spec.FileExtension == "markdown" {
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Exporting docx as markdown: %s\n", common.MaskToken(spec.Token))
 			apiPath := fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/docs_ai/v1/documents/%s/fetch", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.Token))
-			data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONWithLogID(
+			data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 				"POST",
 				apiPath,
 				nil,
@@ -122,11 +121,11 @@ var DriveExport = common.Shortcut{
 			// Extract content from the V2 response: data.document.content
 			doc, ok := data["document"].(map[string]interface{})
 			if !ok {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "invalid markdown fetch response: missing document object")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "invalid markdown fetch response: missing document object")
 			}
 			content, ok := doc["content"].(string)
 			if !ok {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "invalid markdown fetch response: missing document.content")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "invalid markdown fetch response: missing document.content")
 			}
 
 			fileName := preferredFileName
@@ -207,11 +206,7 @@ var DriveExport = common.Shortcut{
 						status.FileToken,
 						recoveryCommand,
 					)
-					var exitErr *output.ExitError
+					return appendDriveExportRecoveryHint(err, hint)
-					if errors.As(err, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
-						return output.ErrWithHint(exitErr.Code, exitErr.Detail.Type, exitErr.Detail.Message, hint)
-					}
-					return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", err.Error(), hint)
 				}
 				out["ticket"] = ticket
 				out["doc_type"] = spec.DocType
@@ -225,7 +220,7 @@ var DriveExport = common.Shortcut{
 				if msg == "" {
 					msg = status.StatusLabel()
 				}
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "export task failed: %s (ticket=%s)", msg, ticket)
+				return errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeServerError, "export task failed: %s (ticket=%s)", msg, ticket)
 			}
 
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Export status %d/%d: %s\n", attempt, driveExportPollAttempts, status.StatusLabel())
@@ -238,14 +233,7 @@ var DriveExport = common.Shortcut{
 				ticket,
 				nextCommand,
 			)
-			var exitErr *output.ExitError
+			return appendDriveExportRecoveryHint(lastPollErr, hint)
-			if errors.As(lastPollErr, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
-				if strings.TrimSpace(exitErr.Detail.Hint) != "" {
-					hint = exitErr.Detail.Hint + "\n" + hint
-				}
-				return output.ErrWithHint(exitErr.Code, exitErr.Detail.Type, exitErr.Detail.Message, hint)
-			}
-			return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", lastPollErr.Error(), hint)
 		}
 
 		failed := false

shortcuts/drive/drive_export_common.go

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -127,48 +127,48 @@ func (s driveExportStatus) StatusLabel() string {
 // backend request is sent.
 func validateDriveExportSpec(spec driveExportSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.Token, "--token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--token")
 	}
 
 	switch spec.DocType {
 	case "doc", "docx", "sheet", "bitable", "slides":
 	default:
-		return output.ErrValidation("invalid --doc-type %q: allowed values are doc, docx, sheet, bitable, slides", spec.DocType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --doc-type %q: allowed values are doc, docx, sheet, bitable, slides", spec.DocType).WithParam("--doc-type")
 	}
 
 	switch spec.FileExtension {
 	case "docx", "pdf", "xlsx", "csv", "markdown", "base", "pptx":
 	default:
-		return output.ErrValidation("invalid --file-extension %q: allowed values are docx, pdf, xlsx, csv, markdown, base, pptx", spec.FileExtension)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --file-extension %q: allowed values are docx, pdf, xlsx, csv, markdown, base, pptx", spec.FileExtension).WithParam("--file-extension")
 	}
 
 	if spec.FileExtension == "markdown" && spec.DocType != "docx" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--file-extension markdown only supports --doc-type docx")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file-extension markdown only supports --doc-type docx")
 	}
 
 	if spec.FileExtension == "base" && spec.DocType != "bitable" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--file-extension base only supports --doc-type bitable")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file-extension base only supports --doc-type bitable")
 	}
 
 	if spec.FileExtension == "pptx" && spec.DocType != "slides" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--file-extension pptx only supports --doc-type slides")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file-extension pptx only supports --doc-type slides")
 	}
 
 	if spec.DocType == "slides" && spec.FileExtension != "pptx" && spec.FileExtension != "pdf" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--doc-type slides only supports --file-extension pptx or pdf")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--doc-type slides only supports --file-extension pptx or pdf")
 	}
 
 	if strings.TrimSpace(spec.SubID) != "" {
 		if spec.FileExtension != "csv" || (spec.DocType != "sheet" && spec.DocType != "bitable") {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--sub-id is only used when exporting sheet/bitable as csv")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--sub-id is only used when exporting sheet/bitable as csv").WithParam("--sub-id")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.SubID, "--sub-id"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--sub-id")
 		}
 	}
 
 	if spec.FileExtension == "csv" && (spec.DocType == "sheet" || spec.DocType == "bitable") && strings.TrimSpace(spec.SubID) == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--sub-id is required when exporting sheet/bitable as csv")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--sub-id is required when exporting sheet/bitable as csv").WithParam("--sub-id")
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -186,14 +186,14 @@ func createDriveExportTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveExportSpec)
 		body["sub_id"] = spec.SubID
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks", nil, body)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks", nil, body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
 	ticket := common.GetString(data, "ticket")
 	if ticket == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "export task created but ticket is missing")
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "export task created but ticket is missing")
 	}
 	return ticket, nil
 }
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func createDriveExportTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveExportSpec)
 // getDriveExportStatus fetches the current backend state for a previously
 // created export task.
 func getDriveExportStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token, ticket string) (driveExportStatus, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(ticket)),
 		map[string]interface{}{"token": token},
@@ -251,12 +251,12 @@ func saveContentToOutputDir(fio fileio.FileIO, outputDir, fileName string, paylo
 	// Overwrite check via FileIO.Stat
 	if !overwrite {
 		if _, statErr := fio.Stat(target); statErr == nil {
-			return "", output.ErrValidation("output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", target)
+			return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", target)
 		}
 	}
 
 	if _, err := fio.Save(target, fileio.SaveOptions{}, bytes.NewReader(payload)); err != nil {
-		return "", common.WrapSaveErrorByCategory(err, "io")
+		return "", driveSaveError(err)
 	}
 	resolvedPath, _ := fio.ResolvePath(target)
 	if resolvedPath == "" {
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ func saveContentToOutputDir(fio fileio.FileIO, outputDir, fileName string, paylo
 // file name, and returns metadata about the saved file.
 func downloadDriveExportFile(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fileToken, outputDir, preferredName string, overwrite bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(fileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 
 	apiResp, err := runtime.DoAPI(&larkcore.ApiReq{
@@ -277,10 +277,24 @@ func downloadDriveExportFile(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext
 		ApiPath:    fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks/file/%s/download", validate.EncodePathSegment(fileToken)),
 	}, larkcore.WithFileDownload())
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrNetwork("download failed: %s", err)
+		return nil, wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "download failed: %s", err)
 	}
 	if apiResp.StatusCode >= 400 {
-		return nil, output.ErrNetwork("download failed: HTTP %d: %s", apiResp.StatusCode, string(apiResp.RawBody))
+		subtype := errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport
+		if apiResp.StatusCode >= 500 {
+			subtype = errs.SubtypeNetworkServer
+		}
+		e := errs.NewNetworkError(subtype, "download failed: HTTP %d: %s", apiResp.StatusCode, string(apiResp.RawBody)).WithCode(apiResp.StatusCode)
+		// Mirror internal/client streamLogID: fall back to the request-id header
+		// when log-id is absent so the diagnostic ID is still populated.
+		logID := strings.TrimSpace(apiResp.Header.Get(larkcore.HttpHeaderKeyLogId))
+		if logID == "" {
+			logID = strings.TrimSpace(apiResp.Header.Get(larkcore.HttpHeaderKeyRequestId))
+		}
+		if logID != "" {
+			e = e.WithLogID(logID)
+		}
+		return nil, e
 	}
 
 	fileName := strings.TrimSpace(preferredName)

shortcuts/drive/drive_export_download.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ package drive
 import (
 	"context"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ var DriveExportDownload = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(runtime.Str("file-token"), "--file-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/drive/drive_export_test.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -360,12 +361,18 @@ func TestDriveExportMarkdownRejectsMissingDocumentObject(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for missing document object, got nil")
 	}
 
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	var intErr *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	if !errors.As(err, &intErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "missing document object") {
+	if intErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
-		t.Fatalf("error message = %q, want mention of missing document object", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+		t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", intErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(intErr.Message, "missing document object") {
+		t.Fatalf("error message = %q, want mention of missing document object", intErr.Message)
+	}
+	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", got, output.ExitInternal)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -396,12 +403,18 @@ func TestDriveExportMarkdownRejectsMissingDocumentContent(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for missing document.content, got nil")
 	}
 
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	var intErr *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	if !errors.As(err, &intErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "missing document.content") {
+	if intErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
-		t.Fatalf("error message = %q, want mention of missing document.content", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+		t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", intErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(intErr.Message, "missing document.content") {
+		t.Fatalf("error message = %q, want mention of missing document.content", intErr.Message)
+	}
+	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", got, output.ExitInternal)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -688,21 +701,25 @@ func TestDriveExportReadyDownloadFailureIncludesRecoveryHint(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected download recovery error, got nil")
 	}
 
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	// The download itself succeeds; the local "file already exists" failure is a
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	// validation error. The recovery-hint wrapper must preserve that typed class
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+	// (exit 2) instead of downgrading it to api/server_error (exit 1), per
+	// ERROR_CONTRACT.md "propagate typed errors unchanged".
+	var valErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError (preserved class), got %T", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "already exists") {
+	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Message, "already exists") {
-		t.Fatalf("message missing overwrite guidance: %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+		t.Fatalf("message missing overwrite guidance: %q", valErr.Message)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "ticket=tk_ready") {
+	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Hint, "ticket=tk_ready") {
-		t.Fatalf("hint missing ticket: %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+		t.Fatalf("hint missing ticket: %q", valErr.Hint)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "file_token=box_ready") {
+	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Hint, "file_token=box_ready") {
-		t.Fatalf("hint missing file token: %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+		t.Fatalf("hint missing file token: %q", valErr.Hint)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, `lark-cli drive +export-download --file-token "box_ready" --file-name "report.pdf"`) {
+	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Hint, `lark-cli drive +export-download --file-token "box_ready" --file-name "report.pdf"`) {
-		t.Fatalf("hint missing recovery command: %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+		t.Fatalf("hint missing recovery command: %q", valErr.Hint)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -856,18 +873,26 @@ func TestDriveExportPollErrorsReturnLastErrorWithRecoveryHint(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("stdout should stay empty on persistent poll error: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
 
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	// The poll error is now a typed *errs.APIError (runtime.CallAPITyped).
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	// The recovery-hint wrapper must preserve that error's class and exit code
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+	// (NOT downgrade it) and only append the recovery hint to the Problem in place.
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T (%v)", err, err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "temporary backend failure") {
+	// Lark code 999 is unknown to the classifier, so it maps to CategoryAPI →
-		t.Fatalf("message missing last poll error: %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	// ExitAPI — the wrapper must keep that, not force a different exit code.
+	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want preserved %d (ExitAPI)", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitAPI)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "ticket=tk_poll_fail") {
+	if !strings.Contains(p.Message, "temporary backend failure") {
-		t.Fatalf("hint missing ticket: %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+		t.Fatalf("message missing last poll error: %q", p.Message)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "lark-cli drive +task_result --scenario export --ticket tk_poll_fail --file-token docx123") {
+	if !strings.Contains(p.Hint, "ticket=tk_poll_fail") {
-		t.Fatalf("hint missing recovery command: %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+		t.Fatalf("hint missing ticket: %q", p.Hint)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(p.Hint, "lark-cli drive +task_result --scenario export --ticket tk_poll_fail --file-token docx123") {
+		t.Fatalf("hint missing recovery command: %q", p.Hint)
 	}
 }
 

shortcuts/drive/drive_import.go

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -161,10 +161,10 @@ func preflightDriveImportFile(fio fileio.FileIO, spec *driveImportSpec) (int64,
 	// and format-specific size limits before planning the upload path.
 	info, err := fio.Stat(spec.FilePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return 0, driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 	if !info.Mode().IsRegular() {
-		return 0, output.ErrValidation("file must be a regular file: %s", spec.FilePath)
+		return 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "file must be a regular file: %s", spec.FilePath).WithParam("--file")
 	}
 	if err = validateDriveImportFileSize(spec.FilePath, spec.DocType, info.Size()); err != nil {
 		return 0, err

shortcuts/drive/drive_import_common.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (s driveImportSpec) CreateTaskBody(fileToken string) map[string]interface{}
 func uploadMediaForImport(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePath, fileName, docType string) (string, error) {
 	importInfo, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(filePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return "", driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 
 	fileSize := importInfo.Size()
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func buildImportMediaExtra(filePath, docType string) (string, error) {
 		"file_extension": strings.TrimPrefix(strings.ToLower(filepath.Ext(filePath)), "."),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "json_error", "build upload extra failed: %v", err)
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "build upload extra failed: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return string(extraBytes), nil
 }
@@ -178,20 +178,20 @@ func validateDriveImportFileSize(filePath, docType string, fileSize int64) error
 	ext := strings.TrimPrefix(strings.ToLower(filepath.Ext(filePath)), ".")
 	if ext == "csv" {
 		// CSV is the only source format whose limit depends on the target type.
-		return output.ErrValidation(
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
 			"file %s exceeds %s import limit for .csv when importing as %s",
 			common.FormatSize(fileSize),
 			common.FormatSize(limit),
 			docType,
-		)
+		).WithParam("--file")
 	}
 
-	return output.ErrValidation(
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
 		"file %s exceeds %s import limit for .%s",
 		common.FormatSize(fileSize),
 		common.FormatSize(limit),
 		ext,
-	)
+	).WithParam("--file")
 }
 
 // validateDriveImportSpec enforces the CLI-level compatibility rules before any
@@ -199,18 +199,18 @@ func validateDriveImportFileSize(filePath, docType string, fileSize int64) error
 func validateDriveImportSpec(spec driveImportSpec) error {
 	ext := spec.FileExtension()
 	if ext == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("file must have an extension (e.g. .md, .docx, .xlsx, .pptx)")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "file must have an extension (e.g. .md, .docx, .xlsx, .pptx)").WithParam("--file")
 	}
 
 	switch spec.DocType {
 	case "docx", "sheet", "bitable", "slides":
 	default:
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported target document type: %s. Supported types are: docx, sheet, bitable, slides", spec.DocType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported target document type: %s. Supported types are: docx, sheet, bitable, slides", spec.DocType).WithParam("--type")
 	}
 
 	supportedTypes, ok := driveImportExtToDocTypes[ext]
 	if !ok {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file extension: %s. Supported extensions are: docx, doc, txt, md, mark, markdown, html, xlsx, xls, csv, base, pptx", ext)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file extension: %s. Supported extensions are: docx, doc, txt, md, mark, markdown, html, xlsx, xls, csv, base, pptx", ext).WithParam("--file")
 	}
 
 	typeAllowed := false
@@ -236,21 +236,21 @@ func validateDriveImportSpec(spec driveImportSpec) error {
 		default:
 			hint = fmt.Sprintf(".%s files can only be imported as 'docx', not '%s'", ext, spec.DocType)
 		}
-		return output.ErrValidation("file type mismatch: %s", hint)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "file type mismatch: %s", hint)
 	}
 
 	if strings.TrimSpace(spec.FolderToken) != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FolderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 	}
 
 	if strings.TrimSpace(spec.TargetToken) != "" {
 		if spec.DocType != "bitable" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--target-token is only supported when --type is bitable")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--target-token is only supported when --type is bitable").WithParam("--target-token")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.TargetToken, "--target-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--target-token")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -308,14 +308,14 @@ func driveImportTaskResultCommand(ticket string) string {
 // createDriveImportTask creates the server-side import task after the media
 // upload has produced a reusable file token.
 func createDriveImportTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveImportSpec, fileToken string) (string, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/import_tasks", nil, spec.CreateTaskBody(fileToken))
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/import_tasks", nil, spec.CreateTaskBody(fileToken))
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
 	ticket := common.GetString(data, "ticket")
 	if ticket == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "no ticket returned from import_tasks")
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "no ticket returned from import_tasks")
 	}
 	return ticket, nil
 }
@@ -323,10 +323,10 @@ func createDriveImportTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveImportSpec,
 // getDriveImportStatus fetches the current state of an import task by ticket.
 func getDriveImportStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, ticket string) (driveImportStatus, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(ticket, "--ticket"); err != nil {
-		return driveImportStatus{}, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return driveImportStatus{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--ticket")
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/import_tasks/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(ticket)),
 		nil,
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ func pollDriveImportTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, ticket string) (driveIm
 			if msg == "" {
 				msg = status.StatusLabel()
 			}
-			return status, false, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "import failed with status %d: %s", status.JobStatus, msg)
+			return status, false, errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeServerError, "import failed with status %d: %s", status.JobStatus, msg)
 		}
 	}
 	if !hadSuccessfulPoll && lastErr != nil {

shortcuts/drive/drive_inspect.go

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -37,18 +37,18 @@ var DriveInspect = common.Shortcut{
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		raw := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("url"))
 		if raw == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--url cannot be empty")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--url cannot be empty").WithParam("--url")
 		}
 
 		_, ok := common.ParseResourceURL(raw)
 		if !ok {
 			// Not a recognized URL pattern.
 			if strings.Contains(raw, "://") {
-				return output.ErrValidation("unsupported --url %q: use a recognized Lark document URL or a bare token with --type", raw)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported --url %q: use a recognized Lark document URL or a bare token with --type", raw).WithParam("--url")
 			}
 			// Bare token: --type is required.
 			if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("type")) == "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--type is required when --url is a bare token (allowed: doc, docx, sheet, bitable, wiki, file, folder, mindnote, slides)")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--type is required when --url is a bare token (allowed: doc, docx, sheet, bitable, wiki, file, folder, mindnote, slides)").WithParam("--type")
 			}
 		}
 		return nil
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ var DriveInspect = common.Shortcut{
 		// Step 2: If type is "wiki", unwrap via get_node API.
 		if docType == "wiki" {
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Inspecting wiki node: %s\n", common.MaskToken(docToken))
-			data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+			data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 				"GET",
 				"/open-apis/wiki/v2/spaces/get_node",
 				map[string]interface{}{"token": docToken},
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ var DriveInspect = common.Shortcut{
 			nodeToken := common.GetString(node, "node_token")
 
 			if objType == "" || objToken == "" {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "wiki get_node returned incomplete node data (obj_type=%q, obj_token=%q)", objType, objToken)
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "wiki get_node returned incomplete node data (obj_type=%q, obj_token=%q)", objType, objToken)
 			}
 
 			wikiNode = map[string]interface{}{

shortcuts/drive/drive_io_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"mime"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net/http"
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
@@ -1338,9 +1340,20 @@ func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsConflictingTargets(t *testing.T) {
 
 	runtime := common.TestNewRuntimeContextWithCtx(context.Background(), cmd, nil)
 	err := DriveUpload.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
-	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "mutually exclusive") {
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() error = %T %v, want *errs.ValidationError", err, err)
+	}
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", verr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Error(), "mutually exclusive") {
 		t.Fatalf("Validate() error = %v, want mutually exclusive error", err)
 	}
+	// Multi-flag conflict carries no single Param.
+	if verr.Param != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("Param = %q, want empty for multi-flag conflict", verr.Param)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyWikiToken(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1361,9 +1374,7 @@ func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyWikiToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 	runtime := common.TestNewRuntimeContextWithCtx(context.Background(), cmd, nil)
 	err := DriveUpload.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
-	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--wiki-token cannot be empty") {
+	assertDriveValidationParam(t, err, "--wiki-token", "--wiki-token cannot be empty")
-		t.Fatalf("Validate() error = %v, want empty wiki-token error", err)
-	}
 }
 
 func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyFileToken(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1384,9 +1395,7 @@ func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyFileToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 	runtime := common.TestNewRuntimeContextWithCtx(context.Background(), cmd, nil)
 	err := DriveUpload.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
-	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--file-token cannot be empty") {
+	assertDriveValidationParam(t, err, "--file-token", "--file-token cannot be empty")
-		t.Fatalf("Validate() error = %v, want empty file-token error", err)
-	}
 }
 
 func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyFolderToken(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1407,8 +1416,25 @@ func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyFolderToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 	runtime := common.TestNewRuntimeContextWithCtx(context.Background(), cmd, nil)
 	err := DriveUpload.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
-	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--folder-token cannot be empty") {
+	assertDriveValidationParam(t, err, "--folder-token", "--folder-token cannot be empty")
-		t.Fatalf("Validate() error = %v, want empty folder-token error", err)
+}
+
+// assertDriveValidationParam asserts err is a typed *errs.ValidationError with
+// SubtypeInvalidArgument, the given Param, and a message containing wantMsg.
+func assertDriveValidationParam(t *testing.T, err error, wantParam, wantMsg string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want *errs.ValidationError", err, err)
+	}
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", verr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+	if verr.Param != wantParam {
+		t.Fatalf("Param = %q, want %q", verr.Param, wantParam)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Error(), wantMsg) {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %q, want substring %q", verr.Error(), wantMsg)
 	}
 }
 

shortcuts/drive/drive_move.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ var DriveMove = common.Shortcut{
 				return err
 			}
 			if rootToken == "" {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "get root folder token failed, root folder is empty")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "get root folder token failed, root folder is empty")
 			}
 			spec.FolderToken = rootToken
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Moving %s %s to folder %s...\n", spec.FileType, common.MaskToken(spec.FileToken), common.MaskToken(spec.FolderToken))
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			"POST",
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/move", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.FileToken)),
 			nil,
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ var DriveMove = common.Shortcut{
 		if spec.FileType == "folder" {
 			taskID := common.GetString(data, "task_id")
 			if taskID == "" {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "move folder returned no task_id")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "move folder returned no task_id")
 			}
 
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Folder move is async, polling task %s...\n", taskID)
@@ -139,14 +139,14 @@ var DriveMove = common.Shortcut{
 // getRootFolderToken resolves the caller's Drive root folder token so other
 // commands can safely use it as a default destination.
 func getRootFolderToken(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (string, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("GET", "/open-apis/drive/explorer/v2/root_folder/meta", nil, nil)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("GET", "/open-apis/drive/explorer/v2/root_folder/meta", nil, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
 	token := common.GetString(data, "token")
 	if token == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "root_folder/meta returned no token")
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "root_folder/meta returned no token")
 	}
 
 	return token, nil

shortcuts/drive/drive_move_common.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ func (s driveMoveSpec) RequestBody() map[string]interface{} {
 
 func validateDriveMoveSpec(spec driveMoveSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if strings.TrimSpace(spec.FolderToken) != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FolderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 	}
 	if !driveMoveAllowedTypes[spec.FileType] {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, folder, slides", spec.FileType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, folder, slides", spec.FileType).WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -109,10 +109,10 @@ func driveTaskCheckParams(taskID string) map[string]interface{} {
 // folder move or delete task.
 func getDriveTaskCheckStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (driveTaskCheckStatus, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(taskID, "--task-id"); err != nil {
-		return driveTaskCheckStatus{}, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return driveTaskCheckStatus{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--task-id")
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("GET", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/task_check", driveTaskCheckParams(taskID), nil)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("GET", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/task_check", driveTaskCheckParams(taskID), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return driveTaskCheckStatus{}, err
 	}
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ func pollDriveTaskCheck(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (driveTas
 			return status, true, nil
 		}
 		if status.Failed() {
-			return status, false, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "folder task failed")
+			return status, false, errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeServerError, "folder task failed")
 		}
 	}
 

shortcuts/drive/drive_pull.go

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -88,26 +88,26 @@ var DrivePull = common.Shortcut{
 		localDir := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("local-dir"))
 		folderToken := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("folder-token"))
 		if localDir == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--local-dir is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is required").WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if folderToken == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token is required").WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(folderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if _, err := validate.SafeLocalFlagPath("--local-dir", localDir); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 		if !info.IsDir() {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if runtime.Bool("delete-local") && !runtime.Bool("yes") {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--delete-local requires --yes (high-risk: deletes local files absent from Drive)")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--delete-local requires --yes (high-risk: deletes local files absent from Drive)").WithParam("--yes")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -143,18 +143,18 @@ var DrivePull = common.Shortcut{
 		// remove the wrong files outside cwd.
 		safeRoot, err := validate.SafeInputPath(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		cwdCanonical, err := validate.SafeInputPath(".")
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
 		}
 		// rootRelToCwd is the localDir form FileIO.Save accepts (it
 		// rejects absolute paths). For cwd itself it becomes ".", which
 		// joins cleanly with the rel_paths returned by the lister.
 		rootRelToCwd, err := filepath.Rel(cwdCanonical, safeRoot)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir resolves outside cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir resolves outside cwd: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Listing Drive folder: %s\n", common.MaskToken(folderToken))
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ var DrivePull = common.Shortcut{
 		//     treated as orphaned.
 		remoteFiles, remotePaths, err := drivePullRemoteViews(entries, duplicateRemote)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%s", err)
+			return errs.WrapInternal(err)
 		}
 
 		var downloaded, skipped, failed, deletedLocal int
@@ -293,26 +293,25 @@ var DrivePull = common.Shortcut{
 		// Item-level failures (download error, dir/file conflict, delete
 		// error) must surface as a non-zero exit so AI / script callers
 		// don't have to reach into summary.failed to detect a partial
-		// sync. The same structured payload rides along in error.detail
+		// sync. On any failure the structured payload (summary + items +
-		// so forensics aren't lost. When --delete-local was skipped
+		// a "note" carrying the human guidance) is written to stdout as an
-		// because of an earlier download failure, callers see
+		// ok:false result via OutPartialFailure, which also sets the exit
-		// deleted_local=0 plus the download failure that aborted it,
+		// code, so the per-item context is never lost. When --delete-local
-		// which is what makes the partial state self-explanatory.
+		// was skipped because
+		// of an earlier download failure, callers see deleted_local=0
+		// plus the download failure that aborted it, which is what makes
+		// the partial state self-explanatory.
 		if failed > 0 {
-			msg := fmt.Sprintf("%d item(s) failed during +pull; partial sync — re-run after resolving the failures", failed)
+			note := fmt.Sprintf("%d item(s) failed during +pull; partial sync — re-run after resolving the failures", failed)
 			if deleteLocal && downloadFailed > 0 {
-				msg += " (--delete-local was skipped because the download pass had failures)"
+				note += " (--delete-local was skipped because the download pass had failures)"
-			}
-			return &output.ExitError{
-				Code: output.ExitAPI,
-				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-					Type:    "partial_failure",
-					Message: msg,
-					Detail:  payload,
-				},
 			}
+			payload["note"] = note
 		}
 
+		if failed > 0 {
+			return runtime.OutPartialFailure(payload, nil)
+		}
 		runtime.Out(payload, nil)
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -326,14 +325,14 @@ func drivePullDownload(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 		ApiPath:    fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/download", validate.EncodePathSegment(fileToken)),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.ErrNetwork("download %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
+		return wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "download %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 	if _, err := runtime.FileIO().Save(target, fileio.SaveOptions{
 		ContentType:   resp.Header.Get("Content-Type"),
 		ContentLength: resp.ContentLength,
 	}, resp.Body); err != nil {
-		return common.WrapSaveErrorByCategory(err, "io")
+		return driveSaveError(err)
 	}
 	if err := drivePullApplyRemoteModifiedTime(target, remoteModifiedTime, runtime); err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Downloaded %s but could not preserve remote modified_time: %s\n", target, err)
@@ -350,10 +349,10 @@ func drivePullApplyRemoteModifiedTime(target, remoteModifiedTime string, runtime
 	}
 	resolved, err := runtime.FileIO().ResolvePath(target)
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsafe output path: %s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", err)
 	}
 	if err := drivePullChtimes(resolved, remoteTime, remoteTime); err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "io", "cannot preserve remote modified_time on local file: %s", err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "cannot preserve remote modified_time on local file: %s", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -437,7 +436,7 @@ func drivePullRemoteViews(entries []driveRemoteEntry, duplicateRemote string) (m
 			remoteFiles[rel] = drivePullTarget{DownloadToken: chosen.FileToken, ItemFileToken: chosen.FileToken, ModifiedTime: chosen.ModifiedTime}
 			remotePaths[rel] = struct{}{}
 		default:
-			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported duplicate remote strategy %q", duplicateRemote)
+			return nil, nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "unsupported duplicate remote strategy %q", duplicateRemote)
 		}
 	}
 	return remoteFiles, remotePaths, nil
@@ -467,7 +466,7 @@ func drivePullWalkLocal(root string) ([]string, error) {
 		return nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "io", "walk %s: %s", root, err)
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "walk %s: %s", root, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return paths, nil
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_pull_test.go

@@ -478,9 +478,9 @@ func TestDrivePullSkipsWhenSmartIgnoresRemoteSize(t *testing.T) {
 // already a directory locally. SafeOutputPath would refuse to overwrite
 // the directory at write time, but if --if-exists=skip silently swallows
 // the collision the caller sees "skipped" and assumes the mirror is
-// in sync. The fix surfaces it as a structured `partial_failure`
+// in sync. The fix surfaces it as a partial-failure (ok:false items[] payload
-// ExitError (non-zero exit + items[] in error.detail) under both skip
+// on stdout + non-zero exit) under both skip and overwrite policies so callers
-// and overwrite policies so callers can react via exit code.
+// can react via exit code.
 func TestDrivePullSurfacesDirectoryFileMirrorConflict(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, policy := range []string{"overwrite", "skip"} {
 		t.Run(policy, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -515,8 +515,8 @@ func TestDrivePullSurfacesDirectoryFileMirrorConflict(t *testing.T) {
 				"--if-exists", policy,
 				"--as", "bot",
 			}, f, stdout)
-			detail := assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
+			assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
-			summary, items := splitDrivePullDetail(t, detail)
+			summary, items := splitDrivePullStdout(t, stdout.Bytes())
 			if got := summary["failed"]; got != float64(1) {
 				t.Errorf("[%s] summary.failed = %v, want 1", policy, got)
 			}
@@ -529,9 +529,6 @@ func TestDrivePullSurfacesDirectoryFileMirrorConflict(t *testing.T) {
 			if msg, _ := items[0]["error"].(string); !strings.Contains(msg, "is a directory") {
 				t.Errorf("[%s] error message should mention the directory conflict, got: %q", policy, msg)
 			}
-			if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-				t.Errorf("[%s] stdout should be empty on partial_failure, got: %s", policy, stdout.String())
-			}
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -900,8 +897,8 @@ func TestDrivePullDeleteLocalPreservesLocalFileShadowedByRemoteFolder(t *testing
 
 // TestDrivePullDeleteLocalCountsFailureInSummary pins the contract that
 // a failed delete shows up in summary.failed (not just in items[]) AND
-// surfaces as a partial_failure ExitError so callers can detect the
+// surfaces as a non-zero exit (partial-failure signal) so callers can detect
-// half-synced state via exit code. Before the fix, the delete_failed
+// the half-synced state via exit code. Before the fix, the delete_failed
 // branches appended an item but left `failed` at zero AND returned nil,
 // so the JSON envelope reported `ok=true`+`exit=0` even when the mirror
 // was incomplete. Setup forces os.Remove to fail by making the file's
@@ -947,8 +944,8 @@ func TestDrivePullDeleteLocalCountsFailureInSummary(t *testing.T) {
 		"--yes",
 		"--as", "bot",
 	}, f, stdout)
-	detail := assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
+	assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
-	summary, items := splitDrivePullDetail(t, detail)
+	summary, items := splitDrivePullStdout(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if got := summary["failed"]; got != float64(1) {
 		t.Errorf("summary.failed = %v, want 1 (delete_failed must increment failed)", got)
 	}
@@ -958,15 +955,12 @@ func TestDrivePullDeleteLocalCountsFailureInSummary(t *testing.T) {
 	if len(items) != 1 || items[0]["action"] != "delete_failed" {
 		t.Errorf("expected one items[] entry with action=delete_failed, got: %#v", items)
 	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("stdout should be empty on partial_failure, got: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
 }
 
 // TestDrivePullDownloadFailureSkipsDeleteLocalAndExitsNonZero pins the
 // gating contract for --delete-local: when the download pass produced
 // any failure, the delete walk MUST be skipped entirely and the command
-// MUST exit non-zero with type=partial_failure. The half-synced state
+// MUST exit non-zero via the partial-failure signal. The half-synced state
 // where some Drive files are missing locally AND some local-only files
 // have been removed is never observable.
 func TestDrivePullDownloadFailureSkipsDeleteLocalAndExitsNonZero(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1014,12 +1008,12 @@ func TestDrivePullDownloadFailureSkipsDeleteLocalAndExitsNonZero(t *testing.T) {
 		"--yes",
 		"--as", "bot",
 	}, f, stdout)
-	exitErr := assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
+	assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "--delete-local was skipped") {
+	if note := drivePullStdoutNote(t, stdout.Bytes()); !strings.Contains(note, "--delete-local was skipped") {
-		t.Errorf("expected message to mention --delete-local skip, got: %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+		t.Errorf("expected note to mention --delete-local skip, got: %q", note)
 	}
 
-	summary, items := splitDrivePullDetail(t, exitErr)
+	summary, items := splitDrivePullStdout(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if got := summary["failed"]; got != float64(1) {
 		t.Errorf("summary.failed = %v, want 1", got)
 	}
@@ -1036,9 +1030,6 @@ func TestDrivePullDownloadFailureSkipsDeleteLocalAndExitsNonZero(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, statErr := os.Stat(stale); statErr != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("stale.txt must survive when --delete-local is skipped after a download failure; stat err=%v", statErr)
 	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("stdout should be empty on partial_failure, got: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
 }
 
 // TestDrivePullDeleteLocalDoesNotEscapeViaSymlinkParentRef is the
@@ -1343,49 +1334,60 @@ func mustReadFile(t *testing.T, path, want string) {
 	}
 }
 
-// assertDrivePullPartialFailure asserts that err is the structured
+// assertDrivePullPartialFailure asserts that err is the typed partial-failure
-// partial_failure ExitError +pull returns when any item-level failure
+// exit signal +pull returns on any item-level failure. The structured
-// happens, and returns the unwrapped *ExitError so the caller can drill
+// {summary, items, note} payload rides on stdout as an ok:false envelope via
-// into Detail.Detail without re-doing the type assertion.
+// runtime.OutPartialFailure (in alignment with +push/+sync), so this helper
-func assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t *testing.T, err error) *output.ExitError {
+// only checks the exit-code signal; callers read the payload from stdout via
+// splitDrivePullStdout.
+func assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	t.Helper()
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected partial_failure ExitError, got nil")
+		t.Fatal("expected partial-failure exit signal, got nil")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.PartialFailureError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+	if pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", pfErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("ExitError.Detail must be set on partial_failure")
-	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "partial_failure" {
-		t.Errorf("error.type = %q, want partial_failure", exitErr.Detail.Type)
-	}
-	return exitErr
 }
 
-// splitDrivePullDetail extracts the {summary, items[]} payload from the
+// splitDrivePullStdout extracts the {summary, items[]} payload from the
-// ExitError detail. We round-trip through JSON so test assertions don't
+// stdout envelope written by runtime.Out. We round-trip through JSON so test
-// depend on the concrete map types the production code happens to use.
+// assertions don't depend on the concrete map types the production code
-func splitDrivePullDetail(t *testing.T, exitErr *output.ExitError) (map[string]interface{}, []map[string]interface{}) {
+// happens to use.
+func splitDrivePullStdout(t *testing.T, stdout []byte) (map[string]interface{}, []map[string]interface{}) {
 	t.Helper()
-	raw, err := json.Marshal(exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+	var envelope struct {
-	if err != nil {
+		Data struct {
-		t.Fatalf("marshal detail: %v", err)
+			Summary map[string]interface{}   `json:"summary"`
+			Items   []map[string]interface{} `json:"items"`
+		} `json:"data"`
 	}
-	var got struct {
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout, &envelope); err != nil {
-		Summary map[string]interface{}   `json:"summary"`
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal stdout: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(stdout))
-		Items   []map[string]interface{} `json:"items"`
 	}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &got); err != nil {
+	if envelope.Data.Summary == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unmarshal detail: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(raw))
+		t.Fatalf("stdout missing data.summary; raw=%s", string(stdout))
 	}
-	if got.Summary == nil {
+	return envelope.Data.Summary, envelope.Data.Items
-		t.Fatalf("error.detail missing summary; raw=%s", string(raw))
+}
-	}
+
-	return got.Summary, got.Items
+// drivePullStdoutNote extracts the partial-failure "note" guidance from the
+// stdout envelope. The human-readable note that used to live in the
+// partial_failure ExitError message now rides on stdout alongside the
+// summary + items payload.
+func drivePullStdoutNote(t *testing.T, stdout []byte) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	var envelope struct {
+		Data struct {
+			Note string `json:"note"`
+		} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout, &envelope); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal stdout: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(stdout))
+	}
+	return envelope.Data.Note
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_push.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package drive
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -112,26 +112,26 @@ var DrivePush = common.Shortcut{
 		localDir := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("local-dir"))
 		folderToken := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("folder-token"))
 		if localDir == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--local-dir is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is required").WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if folderToken == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token is required").WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(folderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if _, err := validate.SafeLocalFlagPath("--local-dir", localDir); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 		if !info.IsDir() {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if runtime.Bool("delete-remote") && !runtime.Bool("yes") {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--delete-remote requires --yes (high-risk: deletes Drive files absent locally)")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--delete-remote requires --yes (high-risk: deletes Drive files absent locally)").WithParam("--yes")
 		}
 		// Conditional scope pre-check: when --delete-remote --yes is set, the
 		// run will issue DELETE /open-apis/drive/v1/files/<token> after the
@@ -185,11 +185,11 @@ var DrivePush = common.Shortcut{
 		// FileIO.Open's SafeInputPath check still accepts.
 		safeRoot, err := validate.SafeInputPath(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		cwdCanonical, err := validate.SafeInputPath(".")
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Walking local: %s\n", localDir)
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ var DrivePush = common.Shortcut{
 		//     reruns.
 		remoteFiles, remoteFolders, remoteFileGroups, err := drivePushRemoteViews(entries, duplicateRemote)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%s", err)
+			return errs.WrapInternal(err)
 		}
 
 		var uploaded, skipped, failed, deletedRemote int
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ var DrivePush = common.Shortcut{
 			}
 		}
 
-		runtime.Out(map[string]interface{}{
+		payload := map[string]interface{}{
 			"summary": map[string]interface{}{
 				"uploaded":       uploaded,
 				"skipped":        skipped,
@@ -382,15 +382,15 @@ var DrivePush = common.Shortcut{
 				"deleted_remote": deletedRemote,
 			},
 			"items": items,
-		}, nil)
-		// Bump the exit code on any item-level failure (upload, overwrite,
-		// folder, or delete) so callers / scripts / agents can react. The
-		// summary + items[] envelope was just written to stdout via Out(),
-		// so ErrBare here only affects the exit code — the structured
-		// per-item context is still in the stdout JSON.
-		if failed > 0 {
-			return output.ErrBare(output.ExitAPI)
 		}
+		// On any item-level failure (upload, overwrite, folder, or delete) the
+		// command reports a partial failure: the summary + per-item items[] stay
+		// machine-readable on stdout (ok:false) and the process exits non-zero,
+		// so callers / scripts / agents can react.
+		if failed > 0 {
+			return runtime.OutPartialFailure(payload, nil)
+		}
+		runtime.Out(payload, nil)
 		return nil
 	},
 }
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ func drivePushWalkLocal(root, cwdCanonical string) (map[string]drivePushLocalFil
 		return nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "io", "walk %s: %s", root, err)
+		return nil, nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "walk %s: %s", root, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	dirs := make([]string, 0, len(dirsSet))
 	for d := range dirsSet {
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ func drivePushRemoteViews(entries []driveRemoteEntry, duplicateRemote string) (m
 			}
 			remoteFiles[rel] = chosen
 		default:
-			return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported duplicate remote strategy %q", duplicateRemote)
+			return nil, nil, nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "unsupported duplicate remote strategy %q", duplicateRemote)
 		}
 	}
 	return remoteFiles, remoteFolders, fileGroups, nil
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ func drivePushEnsureFolder(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 		return "", err
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"POST",
 		"/open-apis/drive/v1/files/create_folder",
 		nil,
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ func drivePushEnsureFolder(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 	}
 	token := common.GetString(data, "token")
 	if token == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "create_folder for %q returned no folder token", relDir)
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "create_folder for %q returned no folder token", relDir)
 	}
 	folderCache[relDir] = token
 	return token, nil
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ func drivePushUploadFile(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fi
 func drivePushUploadAll(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file drivePushLocalFile, existingToken, parentToken string) (string, string, error) {
 	f, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(file.OpenPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return "", "", driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 
@@ -644,27 +644,22 @@ func drivePushUploadAll(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 		if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
 			return "", "", err
 		}
-		return "", "", output.ErrNetwork("upload failed: %v", err)
+		return "", "", wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "upload failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	var result map[string]interface{}
+	// ClassifyAPIResponse returns the data even on a non-zero code, so the
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &result); err != nil {
+	// token is available on a partial-success response (code != 0 alongside a
-		return "", "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload failed: invalid response JSON: %v", err)
+	// non-empty data.file_token) where bytes have already landed under that
-	}
+	// token. Returning "" would force the caller to fall back to
-	// Extract the token before the larkCode check: the backend can produce
-	// a partial-success response (code != 0 alongside a non-empty
-	// data.file_token) where bytes have already landed under that token.
-	// Returning "" here would force the caller to fall back to
 	// entry.FileToken and silently lose the token Drive actually used,
 	// defeating the overwrite-error token-stability handling in Execute.
-	data, _ := result["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	data, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp)
 	token := common.GetString(data, "file_token")
-	if larkCode := int(common.GetFloat(result, "code")); larkCode != 0 {
+	if err != nil {
-		msg, _ := result["msg"].(string)
+		return token, "", err
-		return token, "", output.ErrAPI(larkCode, fmt.Sprintf("upload failed: [%d] %s", larkCode, msg), result["error"])
 	}
 	if token == "" {
-		return "", "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload failed: no file_token returned")
+		return "", "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "upload failed: no file_token returned")
 	}
 	version := common.GetString(data, "version")
 	if version == "" {
@@ -677,7 +672,7 @@ func drivePushUploadAll(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 		// deployed backend hasn't shipped the field yet we surface the gap
 		// rather than report a phantom success — callers can downgrade to
 		// --if-exists=skip in the meantime.
-		return token, "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "overwrite for %q succeeded but no version was returned by upload_all", file.RelPath)
+		return token, "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "overwrite for %q succeeded but no version was returned by upload_all", file.RelPath)
 	}
 	return token, version, nil
 }
@@ -692,7 +687,7 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 	if existingToken != "" {
 		prepareBody["file_token"] = existingToken
 	}
-	prepareResult, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_prepare", nil, prepareBody)
+	prepareResult, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_prepare", nil, prepareBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
@@ -701,7 +696,7 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 	blockSize := int64(common.GetFloat(prepareResult, "block_size"))
 	blockNum := int(common.GetFloat(prepareResult, "block_num"))
 	if uploadID == "" || blockSize <= 0 || blockNum <= 0 {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error",
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse,
 			"upload_prepare returned invalid data: upload_id=%q, block_size=%d, block_num=%d",
 			uploadID, blockSize, blockNum)
 	}
@@ -717,7 +712,7 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 	// one Open + Close + path-validation per block).
 	partFile, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(file.OpenPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return "", driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 	defer partFile.Close()
 
@@ -744,21 +739,16 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 			if errors.As(doErr, &exitErr) {
 				return "", doErr
 			}
-			return "", output.ErrNetwork("upload part %d/%d failed: %v", seq+1, blockNum, doErr)
+			return "", wrapDriveNetworkErr(doErr, "upload part %d/%d failed: %v", seq+1, blockNum, doErr)
 		}
 
-		var partResult map[string]interface{}
+		if _, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp); err != nil {
-		if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &partResult); err != nil {
+			return "", err
-			return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload part %d/%d: invalid response JSON: %v", seq+1, blockNum, err)
-		}
-		if larkCode := int(common.GetFloat(partResult, "code")); larkCode != 0 {
-			msg, _ := partResult["msg"].(string)
-			return "", output.ErrAPI(larkCode, fmt.Sprintf("upload part %d/%d failed: [%d] %s", seq+1, blockNum, larkCode, msg), partResult["error"])
 		}
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "  Block %d/%d uploaded (%s)\n", seq+1, blockNum, common.FormatSize(partSize))
 	}
 
-	finishResult, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_finish", nil, map[string]interface{}{
+	finishResult, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_finish", nil, map[string]interface{}{
 		"upload_id": uploadID,
 		"block_num": blockNum,
 	})
@@ -767,7 +757,7 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 	}
 	token := common.GetString(finishResult, "file_token")
 	if token == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload_finish succeeded but no file_token returned")
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "upload_finish succeeded but no file_token returned")
 	}
 	return token, nil
 }
@@ -776,7 +766,7 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 // never reached here because --delete-remote only iterates the type=file
 // subset of the remote listing.
 func drivePushDeleteFile(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fileToken string) error {
-	_, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	_, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"DELETE",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(fileToken)),
 		map[string]interface{}{"type": driveTypeFile},

shortcuts/drive/drive_push_test.go

@@ -871,21 +871,19 @@ func TestDrivePushOverwriteWithoutVersionFails(t *testing.T) {
 		"--if-exists", "overwrite",
 		"--as", "bot",
 	}, f, stdout)
-	// Item-level failures bump the exit code via output.ErrBare(ExitAPI),
+	// Item-level failures report a partial failure: an ok:false items[]
-	// preserving the structured items[] envelope on stdout. Older behavior
+	// envelope on stdout + a non-zero exit via the partial-failure signal.
-	// was to silently return nil; the assertion below pins the new contract.
+	// Older behavior was to silently return nil; the assertion below pins
+	// the new contract.
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected non-zero exit on item-level failure, got nil\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.PartialFailureError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+	if pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Errorf("expected ExitAPI (%d), got code=%d", output.ExitAPI, exitErr.Code)
+		t.Errorf("expected ExitAPI (%d), got code=%d", output.ExitAPI, pfErr.Code)
-	}
-	if exitErr.Detail != nil {
-		t.Errorf("ErrBare should carry no Detail (the items[] envelope already covered the per-item error), got: %#v", exitErr.Detail)
 	}
 
 	out := stdout.String()
@@ -959,12 +957,19 @@ func TestDrivePushOverwritePartialSuccessSurfacesReturnedToken(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected non-zero exit on item-level failure, got nil\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) || pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI from output.ExitError, got %T %v", err, err)
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI from *output.PartialFailureError, got %T %v", err, err)
 	}
 
 	out := stdout.String()
+	// Partial failure reports an ok:false result envelope on stdout (not a
+	// misleading ok:true) while still carrying BOTH the succeeded and failed
+	// items — consistent with the pre-change payload. The failed side is
+	// asserted via "failed": 1 and the succeeded side via tok_keep_partial.
+	if !strings.Contains(out, `"ok": false`) {
+		t.Errorf("partial failure must emit an ok:false result envelope, got: %s", out)
+	}
 	if !strings.Contains(out, `"failed": 1`) {
 		t.Errorf("expected failed=1, got: %s", out)
 	}
@@ -1042,9 +1047,9 @@ func TestDrivePushSkipsDeleteAfterUploadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected non-zero exit on overwrite failure, got nil\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) || pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI ExitError, got %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI *output.PartialFailureError, got %v", err)
 	}
 
 	out := stdout.String()
@@ -1065,7 +1070,7 @@ func TestDrivePushSkipsDeleteAfterUploadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestDrivePushExitsZeroOnCleanRun pins the inverse: a successful run
 // with no failures must NOT bump the exit code. Without this the
-// ErrBare-on-failure path could regress to "always non-zero" silently.
+// partial-failure path could regress to "always non-zero" silently.
 func TestDrivePushExitsZeroOnCleanRun(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, driveTestConfig())
 

shortcuts/drive/drive_search.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ package drive
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math"
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -219,13 +219,13 @@ func readDriveSearchSpec(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) driveSearchSpec {
 // that depends on the combination of flag values.
 func buildDriveSearchRequest(spec driveSearchSpec, userOpenID string, now time.Time) (map[string]interface{}, []string, error) {
 	if spec.Mine && len(spec.CreatorIDs) > 0 {
-		return nil, nil, output.ErrValidation("cannot combine --mine and --creator-ids")
+		return nil, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot combine --mine and --creator-ids")
 	}
 	if len(spec.FolderTokens) > 0 && len(spec.SpaceIDs) > 0 {
-		return nil, nil, output.ErrValidation("cannot combine --folder-tokens and --space-ids; doc and wiki scoped search cannot be combined")
+		return nil, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot combine --folder-tokens and --space-ids; doc and wiki scoped search cannot be combined")
 	}
 	if spec.Mine && userOpenID == "" {
-		return nil, nil, output.ErrValidation("--mine requires a logged-in user open_id, but none is configured; run `lark-cli auth login` or set user open_id in config")
+		return nil, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--mine requires a logged-in user open_id, but none is configured; run `lark-cli auth login` or set user open_id in config").WithParam("--mine")
 	}
 
 	if err := validateDocTypes(spec.DocTypes); err != nil {
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ func parseDriveSearchPageSize(raw string) (int, error) {
 	}
 	n, err := strconv.Atoi(raw)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, output.ErrValidation("--page-size must be a number, got %q", raw)
+		return 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--page-size must be a number, got %q", raw).WithParam("--page-size")
 	}
 	if n <= 0 {
 		return 15, nil
@@ -355,23 +355,23 @@ func parseDriveSearchPageSize(raw string) (int, error) {
 func validateDriveSearchIDs(spec driveSearchSpec) error {
 	for _, id := range spec.CreatorIDs {
 		if _, err := common.ValidateUserID(id); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--creator-ids %q: %s", id, err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--creator-ids %q: %s", id, err).WithParam("--creator-ids")
 		}
 	}
 	if n := len(spec.ChatIDs); n > driveSearchMaxChatIDs {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--chat-ids: max %d values per request, got %d", driveSearchMaxChatIDs, n)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--chat-ids: max %d values per request, got %d", driveSearchMaxChatIDs, n).WithParam("--chat-ids")
 	}
 	for _, id := range spec.ChatIDs {
 		if _, err := common.ValidateChatID(id); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--chat-ids %q: %s", id, err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--chat-ids %q: %s", id, err).WithParam("--chat-ids")
 		}
 	}
 	if n := len(spec.SharerIDs); n > driveSearchMaxSharerIDs {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--sharer-ids: max %d values per request, got %d", driveSearchMaxSharerIDs, n)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--sharer-ids: max %d values per request, got %d", driveSearchMaxSharerIDs, n).WithParam("--sharer-ids")
 	}
 	for _, id := range spec.SharerIDs {
 		if _, err := common.ValidateUserID(id); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--sharer-ids %q: %s", id, err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--sharer-ids %q: %s", id, err).WithParam("--sharer-ids")
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ func validateDocTypes(values []string) error {
 		// values are already upper-cased by readDriveSearchSpec; compare as-is
 		// so the filter we emit to the server matches what we validated.
 		if _, ok := driveSearchDocTypeSet[v]; !ok {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--doc-types contains unknown value %q (allowed: doc,sheet,bitable,mindnote,file,wiki,docx,folder,catalog,slides,shortcut)", v)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--doc-types contains unknown value %q (allowed: doc,sheet,bitable,mindnote,file,wiki,docx,folder,catalog,slides,shortcut)", v).WithParam("--doc-types")
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -417,13 +417,13 @@ func clampOpenedTimeWindow(spec *driveSearchSpec, now time.Time) (string, error)
 	}
 	sinceUnix, err := parseTimeValue(spec.OpenedSince, now)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("invalid --opened-since %q: %s", spec.OpenedSince, err)
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --opened-since %q: %s", spec.OpenedSince, err).WithParam("--opened-since")
 	}
 	var untilUnix int64
 	if spec.OpenedUntil != "" {
 		untilUnix, err = parseTimeValue(spec.OpenedUntil, now)
 		if err != nil {
-			return "", output.ErrValidation("invalid --opened-until %q: %s", spec.OpenedUntil, err)
+			return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --opened-until %q: %s", spec.OpenedUntil, err).WithParam("--opened-until")
 		}
 	} else {
 		untilUnix = now.Unix()
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ func clampOpenedTimeWindow(spec *driveSearchSpec, now time.Time) (string, error)
 	}
 	maxSecs := int64(driveSearchMaxOpenedSpanDays) * 24 * 3600
 	if spanSecs > maxSecs {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation(
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
 			"--opened-* window spans %d days, exceeds the %d-day (1-year) maximum; narrow the range or run multiple queries",
 			spanSecs/86400, driveSearchMaxOpenedSpanDays,
 		)
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ func buildTimeRangeFilter(key, since, until string, now time.Time) (map[string]i
 	if since != "" {
 		unix, err := parseTimeValue(since, now)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid --%s-since %q: %s", timeDimCLIName(key), since, err)
+			return nil, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --%s-since %q: %s", timeDimCLIName(key), since, err).WithParam(fmt.Sprintf("--%s-since", timeDimCLIName(key)))
 		}
 		if hourAggregated && unix%3600 != 0 {
 			snapped := floorHour(unix)
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ func buildTimeRangeFilter(key, since, until string, now time.Time) (map[string]i
 	if until != "" {
 		unix, err := parseTimeValue(until, now)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid --%s-until %q: %s", timeDimCLIName(key), until, err)
+			return nil, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --%s-until %q: %s", timeDimCLIName(key), until, err).WithParam(fmt.Sprintf("--%s-until", timeDimCLIName(key)))
 		}
 		if hourAggregated && unix%3600 != 0 {
 			snapped := ceilHour(unix)
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ var driveSearchRelativeRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^(\d+)([dmy])$`)
 func parseTimeValue(input string, now time.Time) (int64, error) {
 	s := strings.TrimSpace(input)
 	if s == "" {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("empty value")
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("empty value") //nolint:forbidigo // intermediate parse helper; caller wraps into typed ValidationError
 	}
 
 	if m := driveSearchRelativeRe.FindStringSubmatch(s); m != nil {
@@ -616,34 +616,27 @@ func parseTimeValue(input string, now time.Time) (int64, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return 0, fmt.Errorf("expected relative (7d/1m/1y), date (YYYY-MM-DD[ HH:MM:SS]), RFC3339, or unix seconds")
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("expected relative (7d/1m/1y), date (YYYY-MM-DD[ HH:MM:SS]), RFC3339, or unix seconds") //nolint:forbidigo // intermediate parse helper; caller wraps into typed ValidationError
 }
 
 func callDriveSearchAPI(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, reqBody map[string]interface{}) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/search/v2/doc_wiki/search", nil, reqBody)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/search/v2/doc_wiki/search", nil, reqBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, enrichDriveSearchError(err)
 	}
 	return data, nil
 }
 
-// enrichDriveSearchError adds a +search-specific hint for known opaque Lark
+// enrichDriveSearchError adds a +search-specific hint for a known opaque Lark
-// codes; other errors pass through unchanged.
+// code; other errors pass through unchanged. The hint is appended in place on
+// the typed Problem, preserving its category / subtype / code / log_id.
 func enrichDriveSearchError(err error) error {
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	if !ok || p.Code != driveSearchErrUserNotVisible {
 		return err
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Code != driveSearchErrUserNotVisible {
+	p.Hint = "one or more open_ids in --creator-ids / --sharer-ids are outside this app's user-visibility scope (this is the app's contact visibility, not the search:docs:read API scope); ask an admin to grant the app visibility to those users in the developer console, or drop the unreachable open_ids"
-		return err
+	return err
-	}
-	detail := *exitErr.Detail
-	detail.Hint = "one or more open_ids in --creator-ids / --sharer-ids are outside this app's user-visibility scope (this is the app's contact visibility, not the search:docs:read API scope); ask an admin to grant the app visibility to those users in the developer console, or drop the unreachable open_ids"
-	return &output.ExitError{
-		Code:   exitErr.Code,
-		Detail: &detail,
-		Err:    exitErr.Err,
-	}
 }
 
 func cloneDriveSearchFilter(src map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {

shortcuts/drive/drive_search_test.go

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
@@ -258,6 +260,19 @@ func TestValidateDriveSearchIDs(t *testing.T) {
 		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--creator-ids") {
 			t.Fatalf("expected --creator-ids error, got: %v", err)
 		}
+		var vErr *errs.ValidationError
+		if !errors.As(err, &vErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+		}
+		if vErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+			t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", vErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+		}
+		if vErr.Param != "--creator-ids" {
+			t.Fatalf("Param = %q, want --creator-ids", vErr.Param)
+		}
+		if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
+			t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want ExitValidation (%d)", got, output.ExitValidation)
+		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("bad chat id format", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -625,51 +640,39 @@ func TestEnrichDriveSearchError(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("ExitError without Detail passes through", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("typed error with non-matching code passes through", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		orig := &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+		orig := errclass.BuildAPIError(
-		if got := enrichDriveSearchError(orig); got != orig {
+			map[string]any{"code": float64(12345), "msg": "other"},
-			t.Fatalf("ExitError without Detail should pass through unchanged")
+			errclass.ClassifyContext{},
-		}
+		)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("ExitError with non-matching code passes through", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		orig := &output.ExitError{
-			Code:   1,
-			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{Code: 12345, Message: "other"},
-		}
 		if got := enrichDriveSearchError(orig); got != orig {
 			t.Fatalf("non-matching code should pass through unchanged")
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("matching code rewrites Hint without mutating original", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("matching code decorates the typed error's hint in place", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		orig := &output.ExitError{
+		orig := errclass.BuildAPIError(
-			Code: 1,
+			map[string]any{"code": float64(driveSearchErrUserNotVisible), "msg": "[99992351] user not visible"},
-			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+			errclass.ClassifyContext{},
-				Code:    driveSearchErrUserNotVisible,
+		)
-				Message: "[99992351] user not visible",
+		// Terminal decoration of an upstream error: the hint is set in place on
-				Hint:    "",
+		// the existing typed Problem and that same error is returned (no new
-			},
+		// error is constructed).
-		}
 		enriched := enrichDriveSearchError(orig)
-		eErr, ok := enriched.(*output.ExitError)
+		if enriched != orig {
+			t.Fatal("should decorate and return the upstream error, not construct a new one")
+		}
+		p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(enriched)
 		if !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", enriched)
+			t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T", enriched)
 		}
-		if eErr == orig {
+		if !strings.Contains(p.Hint, "--creator-ids") {
-			t.Fatal("should return a new ExitError, not mutate the original")
+			t.Fatalf("hint should mention --creator-ids, got %q", p.Hint)
 		}
-		if orig.Detail.Hint != "" {
+		if p.Message != "[99992351] user not visible" {
-			t.Fatal("original Detail.Hint must remain unchanged")
+			t.Fatalf("Message should be preserved, got %q", p.Message)
-		}
-		if !strings.Contains(eErr.Detail.Hint, "--creator-ids") {
-			t.Fatalf("hint should mention --creator-ids, got %q", eErr.Detail.Hint)
-		}
-		if eErr.Detail.Message != orig.Detail.Message {
-			t.Fatalf("Message should be preserved, got %q", eErr.Detail.Message)
 		}
 	})
 }
@@ -739,6 +742,18 @@ func TestBuildDriveSearchRequest(t *testing.T) {
 		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--mine") {
 			t.Fatalf("expected exclusion error, got: %v", err)
 		}
+		// Mutual-exclusion error: typed validation, but no single attributable
+		// flag, so Param stays empty.
+		var vErr *errs.ValidationError
+		if !errors.As(err, &vErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+		}
+		if vErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+			t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", vErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+		}
+		if vErr.Param != "" {
+			t.Fatalf("Param = %q, want empty for mutual-exclusion error", vErr.Param)
+		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("--folder-tokens + --space-ids mutually exclusive", func(t *testing.T) {

shortcuts/drive/drive_secure_label.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ var DriveSecureLabelList = common.Shortcut{
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		pageSize := runtime.Int("page-size")
 		if pageSize < 1 || pageSize > 10 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--page-size must be between 1 and 10")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--page-size must be between 1 and 10").WithParam("--page-size")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ var DriveSecureLabelList = common.Shortcut{
 			Params(buildSecureLabelListParams(runtime))
 	},
 	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("GET",
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("GET",
 			"/open-apis/drive/v2/my_secure_labels",
 			buildSecureLabelListParams(runtime),
 			nil,
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ var DriveSecureLabelUpdate = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 		body := map[string]interface{}{"id": runtime.Str("label-id")}
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("PATCH",
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("PATCH",
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v2/files/%s/secure_label", validate.EncodePathSegment(token)),
 			map[string]interface{}{"type": docType},
 			body,

shortcuts/drive/drive_status.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -75,27 +75,27 @@ var DriveStatus = common.Shortcut{
 		localDir := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("local-dir"))
 		folderToken := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("folder-token"))
 		if localDir == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--local-dir is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is required").WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if folderToken == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token is required").WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(folderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		// Path safety (absolute paths, traversal, symlink escape) is enforced
 		// upfront by the framework helper so the error message references the
 		// correct flag name; FileIO().Stat below would do the same check, but
 		// surface --file in its hint.
 		if _, err := validate.SafeLocalFlagPath("--local-dir", localDir); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 		if !info.IsDir() {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		// Conditional scope pre-check: quick mode only compares local mtime with
 		// Drive modified_time, so it must not be blocked on the download grant.
@@ -144,11 +144,11 @@ var DriveStatus = common.Shortcut{
 		// only possible under a Validate↔Execute race.
 		safeRoot, err := validate.SafeInputPath(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		cwdCanonical, err := validate.SafeInputPath(".")
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Walking local: %s\n", localDir)
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ func walkLocalForStatus(root, cwdCanonical string) (map[string]driveStatusLocalF
 		return nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "io", "walk %s: %s", root, err)
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "walk %s: %s", root, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return files, nil
 }
@@ -276,12 +276,12 @@ func driveStatusShouldTreatAsUnchangedQuick(remoteModified string, local time.Ti
 func hashLocalForStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, path string) (string, error) {
 	f, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(path)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return "", driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 	h := sha256.New()
 	if _, err := io.Copy(h, f); err != nil {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "io", "hash %s: %s", path, err)
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "hash %s: %s", path, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil)), nil
 }
@@ -292,12 +292,12 @@ func hashRemoteForStatus(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fi
 		ApiPath:    fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/download", validate.EncodePathSegment(fileToken)),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrNetwork("download %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
+		return "", wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "download %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 	h := sha256.New()
 	if _, err := io.Copy(h, resp.Body); err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrNetwork("hash remote %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
+		return "", wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "hash remote %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
 	}
 	return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil)), nil
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_status_test.go

@@ -822,12 +822,15 @@ func TestWalkLocalForStatusMissingRootReturnsInternalError(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected walkLocalForStatus() to fail for missing root")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	var internalErr *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+	if !errors.As(err, &internalErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got %T", err)
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "io" {
+	if internalErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFileIO {
-		t.Fatalf("expected io error detail, got %#v", exitErr.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", internalErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeFileIO)
+	}
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitInternal)", code, output.ExitInternal)
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "walk") {
 		t.Fatalf("expected walk-related error, got: %v", err)

shortcuts/drive/drive_sync.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -72,23 +72,23 @@ var DriveSync = common.Shortcut{
 		localDir := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("local-dir"))
 		folderToken := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("folder-token"))
 		if localDir == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--local-dir is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is required").WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if folderToken == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token is required").WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(folderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if _, err := validate.SafeLocalFlagPath("--local-dir", localDir); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 		if !info.IsDir() {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -118,15 +118,15 @@ var DriveSync = common.Shortcut{
 
 		safeRoot, err := validate.SafeInputPath(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		cwdCanonical, err := validate.SafeInputPath(".")
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
 		}
 		rootRelToCwd, err := filepath.Rel(cwdCanonical, safeRoot)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir resolves outside cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir resolves outside cwd: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 
 		// --- Phase 1: Compute diff (same logic as +status) ---
@@ -176,18 +176,18 @@ var DriveSync = common.Shortcut{
 			}
 		}
 		if len(typeConflicts) > 0 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("+sync cannot proceed: path type conflict — %s; remove the local entry or the remote entry and retry", strings.Join(typeConflicts, "; "))
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "+sync cannot proceed: path type conflict — %s; remove the local entry or the remote entry and retry", strings.Join(typeConflicts, "; "))
 		}
 
 		// Build the exact remote-file views that later execution will use so the
 		// diff phase classifies files against the same duplicate-resolution choice.
 		pullRemoteFiles, _, err := drivePullRemoteViews(entries, duplicateRemote)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%s", err)
+			return errs.WrapInternal(err)
 		}
 		remoteEntriesForPush, remoteFolders, _, err := drivePushRemoteViews(entries, duplicateRemote)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%s", err)
+			return errs.WrapInternal(err)
 		}
 
 		remoteFiles := driveSyncStatusRemoteFiles(pullRemoteFiles)
@@ -240,43 +240,19 @@ var DriveSync = common.Shortcut{
 
 		conflictResolutions := make(map[string]string, len(modified))
 		if onConflict == driveSyncOnConflictAsk && len(modified) > 0 && runtime.IO().In == nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--on-conflict=ask requires interactive stdin when modified files exist")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--on-conflict=ask requires interactive stdin when modified files exist").WithParam("--on-conflict")
 		}
 		for _, entry := range modified {
 			resolved := onConflict
 			if resolved == driveSyncOnConflictAsk {
 				resolved, err = driveSyncAskConflict(entry.RelPath, runtime)
 				if err != nil {
-					payload := map[string]interface{}{
+					// Phase-1 setup abort: no sync operation ran yet, so this
-						"detection": detection,
+					// is not a batch partial-failure. driveSyncAskConflict
-						"diff": map[string]interface{}{
+					// already returns a typed *errs.ValidationError; propagate
-							"new_local":  emptyIfNil(newLocal),
+					// it unchanged rather than re-wrapping it as a synthetic
-							"new_remote": emptyIfNil(newRemote),
+					// partial_failure payload.
-							"modified":   emptyIfNil(modified),
+					return err
-							"unchanged":  emptyIfNil(unchanged),
-						},
-						"summary": map[string]interface{}{
-							"pulled":  0,
-							"pushed":  0,
-							"skipped": 0,
-							"failed":  1,
-						},
-						"items": []driveSyncItem{{
-							RelPath:   entry.RelPath,
-							FileToken: entry.FileToken,
-							Action:    "failed",
-							Direction: "conflict",
-							Error:     err.Error(),
-						}},
-					}
-					return &output.ExitError{
-						Code: output.ExitAPI,
-						Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-							Type:    "partial_failure",
-							Message: fmt.Sprintf("cannot collect conflict decisions for +sync: %v", err),
-							Detail:  payload,
-						},
-					}
 				}
 			}
 			conflictResolutions[entry.RelPath] = resolved
@@ -521,17 +497,12 @@ var DriveSync = common.Shortcut{
 		}
 
 		if failed > 0 {
-			msg := fmt.Sprintf("%d item(s) failed during +sync", failed)
+			payload["note"] = fmt.Sprintf("%d item(s) failed during +sync", failed)
-			return &output.ExitError{
-				Code: output.ExitAPI,
-				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-					Type:    "partial_failure",
-					Message: msg,
-					Detail:  payload,
-				},
-			}
 		}
 
+		if failed > 0 {
+			return runtime.OutPartialFailure(payload, nil)
+		}
 		runtime.Out(payload, nil)
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -555,7 +526,7 @@ func driveSyncStatusRemoteFiles(pullRemoteFiles map[string]drivePullTarget) map[
 func driveSyncAskConflict(relPath string, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (string, error) {
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "CONFLICT: both sides modified %q. Choose: [R]emote-wins / [L]ocal-wins / [K]eep-both / [S]kip (default: R): ", relPath)
 	if runtime.IO().In == nil {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("cannot resolve conflict for %q with --on-conflict=ask: stdin is not available", relPath)
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot resolve conflict for %q with --on-conflict=ask: stdin is not available", relPath).WithParam("--on-conflict")
 	}
 	reader, ok := runtime.IO().In.(*bufio.Reader)
 	if !ok {
@@ -564,12 +535,12 @@ func driveSyncAskConflict(relPath string, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (strin
 	}
 	line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("cannot read conflict choice for %q: %s", relPath, err)
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot read conflict choice for %q: %s", relPath, err).WithParam("--on-conflict")
 	}
 	answer := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(line))
 	if answer == "" {
 		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
-			return "", output.ErrValidation("cannot resolve conflict for %q with --on-conflict=ask: stdin reached EOF before any choice was provided", relPath)
+			return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot resolve conflict for %q with --on-conflict=ask: stdin reached EOF before any choice was provided", relPath).WithParam("--on-conflict")
 		}
 		return driveSyncOnConflictRemoteWins, nil
 	}
@@ -583,7 +554,7 @@ func driveSyncAskConflict(relPath string, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (strin
 	case "r", "remote", "remote-wins":
 		return driveSyncOnConflictRemoteWins, nil
 	default:
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("invalid conflict choice for %q: %q (expected one of remote/local/keep/skip)", relPath, strings.TrimSpace(line))
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid conflict choice for %q: %q (expected one of remote/local/keep/skip)", relPath, strings.TrimSpace(line)).WithParam("--on-conflict")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -635,16 +606,16 @@ func driveSyncNeedsCreateScope(uploadPaths []string, localDirs []string, folderC
 func driveSyncRollbackRenamedLocal(oldAbsPath, newAbsPath string) error {
 	if info, err := os.Stat(oldAbsPath); err == nil { //nolint:forbidigo // shortcuts cannot import internal/vfs (depguard rule shortcuts-no-vfs); safeRoot is validated.
 		if info.IsDir() {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "rollback", "original path became a directory during rollback: %s", oldAbsPath)
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "original path became a directory during rollback: %s", oldAbsPath)
 		}
 		if err := os.Remove(oldAbsPath); err != nil { //nolint:forbidigo // shortcuts cannot import internal/vfs (depguard rule shortcuts-no-vfs); safeRoot is validated.
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "rollback", "remove partial restored path %q: %s", oldAbsPath, err)
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "remove partial restored path %q: %s", oldAbsPath, err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 	} else if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "rollback", "stat original path %q during rollback: %s", oldAbsPath, err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "stat original path %q during rollback: %s", oldAbsPath, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if err := os.Rename(newAbsPath, oldAbsPath); err != nil { //nolint:forbidigo // shortcuts cannot import internal/vfs (depguard rule shortcuts-no-vfs); safeRoot is validated.
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "rollback", "restore renamed local file %q: %s", oldAbsPath, err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "restore renamed local file %q: %s", oldAbsPath, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_sync_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -1434,14 +1435,15 @@ func TestDriveSyncAskConflictEOFDuringExecuteReportsFailedItem(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected EOF failure during ask execution\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	// Collecting conflict decisions runs in the Phase-1 setup pass, before
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	// any sync operation executes, so the EOF abort propagates the typed
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
+	// *errs.ValidationError unchanged rather than a synthetic partial_failure.
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !strings.Contains(validationErr.Error(), "stdin reached EOF") {
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
+		t.Fatalf("expected EOF failure, got: %v", validationErr)
-	if len(items) == 0 || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "stdin reached EOF") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed ask item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
 	}
 	data, readErr := os.ReadFile("local/a.txt")
 	if readErr != nil {
@@ -1503,12 +1505,15 @@ func TestDriveSyncAskConflictEOFDuringPlanningPreventsAnyWrites(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected EOF failure during ask planning\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "partial_failure" || !strings.Contains(exitErr.Error(), "stdin reached EOF") {
+	if validationErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-		t.Fatalf("expected planning failure detail mentioning EOF, got: %#v", exitErr.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", validationErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(validationErr.Error(), "stdin reached EOF") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected planning failure mentioning EOF, got: %v", validationErr)
 	}
 	if data, readErr := os.ReadFile("local/a.txt"); readErr != nil || string(data) != "local-a" {
 		t.Fatalf("a.txt should remain untouched, readErr=%v content=%q", readErr, string(data))
@@ -1706,14 +1711,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncReportsNewRemoteDownloadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected download failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
 	if len(items) == 0 || items[0].Direction != "pull" || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "save failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed pull item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed pull item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1758,14 +1759,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncReportsNewLocalEnsureFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected ensure failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
 	if len(items) == 0 || items[0].Direction != "push" || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "create parent failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed push item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed push item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1810,14 +1807,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncReportsNewLocalUploadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected upload failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
 	if len(items) == 0 || items[0].Direction != "push" || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "upload failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed upload item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed upload item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1875,14 +1868,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncLocalWinsReportsUploadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected local-wins upload failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
 	if len(items) == 0 || items[0].Direction != "push" || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "overwrite failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed overwrite item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed overwrite item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1965,30 +1954,13 @@ func TestDriveSyncKeepBothReportsRenameFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected keep-both suffix exhaustion error\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	// The error may be a plain ExitError (no Detail.Detail) or a
+	// The suffix-exhaustion failure is an item-level conflict failure, so
-	// partial_failure with items. Either way it must mention the
+	// it surfaces as the partial-failure signal: a typed PartialFailureError
-	// suffix exhaustion.
+	// on the error channel and the ok:false items[] payload (carrying the
-	errMsg := err.Error()
+	// suffix message) on stdout via OutPartialFailure.
-	// The suffix exhaustion message may be in the top-level error or
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
-	// inside a partial_failure detail item. Check both.
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "could not generate a unique rel_path") {
-	foundSuffixError := strings.Contains(errMsg, "could not generate a unique rel_path")
+		t.Fatalf("expected suffix exhaustion error in stdout items, got: %s", stdout.String())
-	if !foundSuffixError {
-		var exitErr *output.ExitError
-		if errors.As(err, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
-			detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-			items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
-			for _, item := range items {
-				if strings.Contains(item.Error, "could not generate a unique rel_path") {
-					foundSuffixError = true
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			if !foundSuffixError {
-				t.Fatalf("expected suffix exhaustion error, got: %s; detail: %#v", errMsg, exitErr.Detail.Detail)
-			}
-		} else {
-			t.Fatalf("expected suffix exhaustion error, got: %s", errMsg)
-		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2341,14 +2313,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncRemoteWinsReportsModifiedPullFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected modified pull failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
 	if len(items) == 0 || items[0].Direction != "pull" || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "save failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed modified pull item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed modified pull item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2411,14 +2379,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncKeepBothReportsRollbackFailureAfterPullError(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected keep-both rollback failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
 	if len(items) == 0 || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "rollback failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected rollback failure in item error, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected rollback failure in item error, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2500,14 +2464,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncLocalWinsNestedFileReportsParentEnsureFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected parent ensure failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
 	if len(items) == 0 || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "create parent failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed item with create_folder error, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed item with create_folder error, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2704,7 +2664,7 @@ func TestDriveSyncKeepBothReportsSuffixError(t *testing.T) {
 // TestDriveSyncKeepBothRollbackSucceedsOnPullFailure verifies the full
 // keep-both rollback path: when the pull download fails after the local
 // file has been renamed, the rollback restores the original file and
-// the error is reported as a partial_failure.
+// the failure is reported via the partial-failure signal.
 func TestDriveSyncKeepBothRollbackSucceedsOnPullFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	syncTestConfig := &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID: "drive-sync-keep-both-rollback-pull-fail", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
@@ -2762,14 +2722,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncKeepBothRollbackSucceedsOnPullFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected keep-both pull failure with rollback\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
 	if len(items) == 0 || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "save failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected save failure in item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected save failure in item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 
 	// Rollback should have restored the original file.
@@ -2978,14 +2934,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncLocalWinsUsesReturnedTokenOnUploadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected local-wins upload failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
 	if len(items) == 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 	// The reported token should be the new one from the partial-success
 	// response, not the stale existingToken ("tok_a").
@@ -3095,3 +3047,39 @@ func TestDriveSyncRejectsLocalDirVsRemoteFileTypeConflict(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("error should mention local directory, got: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+// assertDriveSyncPartialFailure asserts that err is the typed partial-failure
+// exit signal +sync returns on any item-level failure. The structured
+// {detection, diff, summary, items, note} payload rides on stdout as an
+// ok:false envelope via runtime.OutPartialFailure (in alignment with
+// +push/+pull), so this helper only checks the exit-code signal; callers read
+// the payload from stdout.
+func assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t *testing.T, err error) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected partial-failure exit signal, got nil")
+	}
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.PartialFailureError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", pfErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
+	}
+}
+
+// driveSyncStdoutItems extracts the items[] payload from the stdout envelope
+// written by runtime.Out. The per-item failure context that used to live in
+// the partial_failure ExitError detail now rides on stdout.
+func driveSyncStdoutItems(t *testing.T, stdout []byte) []driveSyncItem {
+	t.Helper()
+	var envelope struct {
+		Data struct {
+			Items []driveSyncItem `json:"items"`
+		} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout, &envelope); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal stdout: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(stdout))
+	}
+	return envelope.Data.Items
+}

shortcuts/drive/drive_task_result.go

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -43,34 +43,34 @@ var DriveTaskResult = common.Shortcut{
 			"wiki_delete_node":  true,
 		}
 		if !validScenarios[scenario] {
-			return output.ErrValidation("unsupported scenario: %s. Supported scenarios: import, export, task_check, wiki_move, wiki_delete_space, wiki_delete_node", scenario)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported scenario: %s. Supported scenarios: import, export, task_check, wiki_move, wiki_delete_space, wiki_delete_node", scenario).WithParam("--scenario")
 		}
 
 		// Validate required params based on scenario
 		switch scenario {
 		case "import", "export":
 			if runtime.Str("ticket") == "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--ticket is required for %s scenario", scenario)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--ticket is required for %s scenario", scenario).WithParam("--ticket")
 			}
 			if err := validate.ResourceName(runtime.Str("ticket"), "--ticket"); err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--ticket")
 			}
 		case "task_check", "wiki_move", "wiki_delete_space", "wiki_delete_node":
 			if runtime.Str("task-id") == "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--task-id is required for %s scenario", scenario)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--task-id is required for %s scenario", scenario).WithParam("--task-id")
 			}
 			if err := validate.ResourceName(runtime.Str("task-id"), "--task-id"); err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--task-id")
 			}
 		}
 
 		// For export scenario, file-token is required
 		if scenario == "export" && runtime.Str("file-token") == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--file-token is required for export scenario")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file-token is required for export scenario").WithParam("--file-token")
 		}
 		if scenario == "export" {
 			if err := validate.ResourceName(runtime.Str("file-token"), "--file-token"); err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -261,9 +261,10 @@ func requireDriveScopes(storedScopes string, required []string) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAuth, "missing_scope",
+	return errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope,
-		fmt.Sprintf("missing required scope(s): %s", strings.Join(missing, ", ")),
+		"missing required scope(s): %s", strings.Join(missing, ", ")).
-		fmt.Sprintf("run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"%s\"` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.", strings.Join(missing, " ")))
+		WithMissingScopes(missing...).
+		WithHint("run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"%s\"` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.", strings.Join(missing, " "))
 }
 
 func missingDriveScopes(storedScopes string, required []string) []string {
@@ -408,10 +409,10 @@ func queryWikiMoveTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (map[strin
 
 func getWikiMoveTaskStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(taskID, "--task-id"); err != nil {
-		return wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus{}, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--task-id")
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/wiki/v2/tasks/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(taskID)),
 		map[string]interface{}{"task_type": "move"},
@@ -426,7 +427,7 @@ func getWikiMoveTaskStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (wikiM
 
 func parseWikiMoveTaskQueryStatus(taskID string, task map[string]interface{}) (wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus, error) {
 	if task == nil {
-		return wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "wiki task response missing task")
+		return wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "wiki task response missing task")
 	}
 
 	status := wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus{
@@ -490,10 +491,10 @@ func appendWikiMoveNodeFields(out, node map[string]interface{}) {
 // rather than the per-node array used by wiki move.
 func queryWikiDeleteSpaceTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(taskID, "--task-id"); err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--task-id")
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/wiki/v2/tasks/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(taskID)),
 		map[string]interface{}{"task_type": "delete_space"},
@@ -505,7 +506,7 @@ func queryWikiDeleteSpaceTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (ma
 
 	task := common.GetMap(data, "task")
 	if task == nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "wiki task response missing task")
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "wiki task response missing task")
 	}
 
 	resolvedTaskID := common.GetString(task, "task_id")
@@ -558,10 +559,10 @@ func queryWikiDeleteSpaceTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (ma
 // keep drive from depending on shortcuts/wiki.
 func queryWikiDeleteNodeTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(taskID, "--task-id"); err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--task-id")
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/wiki/v2/tasks/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(taskID)),
 		map[string]interface{}{"task_type": "delete_node"},
@@ -573,7 +574,7 @@ func queryWikiDeleteNodeTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (map
 
 	task := common.GetMap(data, "task")
 	if task == nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "wiki task response missing task")
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "wiki task response missing task")
 	}
 
 	resolvedTaskID := common.GetString(task, "task_id")

shortcuts/drive/drive_task_result_test.go

@@ -13,10 +13,12 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -86,6 +88,16 @@ func TestDriveTaskResultValidateErrorsByScenario(t *testing.T) {
 			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tt.wantErr) {
 				t.Fatalf("expected error containing %q, got %v", tt.wantErr, err)
 			}
+			var vErr *errs.ValidationError
+			if !errors.As(err, &vErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+			}
+			if vErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+				t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", vErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+			}
+			if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
+				t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want ExitValidation (%d)", got, output.ExitValidation)
+			}
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -428,6 +440,16 @@ func TestValidateDriveTaskResultScopesWikiScenariosRequireWikiScope(t *testing.T
 			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "missing required scope(s): wiki:space:read") {
 				t.Fatalf("expected missing wiki scope error, got %v", err)
 			}
+			var permErr *errs.PermissionError
+			if !errors.As(err, &permErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.PermissionError, got %T", err)
+			}
+			if permErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeMissingScope {
+				t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", permErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeMissingScope)
+			}
+			if len(permErr.MissingScopes) != 1 || permErr.MissingScopes[0] != "wiki:space:read" {
+				t.Fatalf("MissingScopes = %v, want [wiki:space:read]", permErr.MissingScopes)
+			}
 		})
 		t.Run(scenario+"/accepts wiki scope", func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
@@ -663,6 +685,19 @@ func TestParseWikiMoveTaskQueryStatusRejectsMissingTask(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "missing task") {
 		t.Fatalf("expected missing task error, got %v", err)
 	}
+	// A successful API call (code==0) that omits the `task` field is a
+	// malformed RESPONSE, not a user error: classify as internal /
+	// invalid_response (exit 5), not an API business error (exit 1).
+	var iErr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &iErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if iErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+		t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", iErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+	}
+	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want ExitInternal (%d)", got, output.ExitInternal)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestWikiMoveTaskQueryStatusPrimarySurfacesFailureOverEarlierSuccess(t *testing.T) {

shortcuts/drive/drive_upload.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package drive
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ var DriveUpload = common.Shortcut{
 
 		info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(spec.FilePath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 		fileSize := info.Size()
 
@@ -194,13 +194,13 @@ var DriveUpload = common.Shortcut{
 
 func validateDriveUploadSpec(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveUploadSpec) error {
 	if driveUploadFlagExplicitlyEmpty(runtime, "file-token") {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--file-token cannot be empty; omit --file-token for a new upload or pass an existing file token to overwrite")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file-token cannot be empty; omit --file-token for a new upload or pass an existing file token to overwrite").WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if driveUploadFlagExplicitlyEmpty(runtime, "folder-token") {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token cannot be empty; omit --folder-token to upload into Drive root folder or pass a folder token")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token cannot be empty; omit --folder-token to upload into Drive root folder or pass a folder token").WithParam("--folder-token")
 	}
 	if driveUploadFlagExplicitlyEmpty(runtime, "wiki-token") {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--wiki-token cannot be empty; omit --wiki-token to upload into Drive root folder or pass a wiki node token")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--wiki-token cannot be empty; omit --wiki-token to upload into Drive root folder or pass a wiki node token").WithParam("--wiki-token")
 	}
 
 	targets := 0
@@ -211,21 +211,21 @@ func validateDriveUploadSpec(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveUploadSpe
 		targets++
 	}
 	if targets > 1 {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token and --wiki-token are mutually exclusive")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token and --wiki-token are mutually exclusive")
 	}
 	if spec.FolderToken != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FolderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 	}
 	if spec.WikiToken != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.WikiToken, "--wiki-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--wiki-token")
 		}
 	}
 	if spec.FileToken != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ func driveUploadFlagExplicitlyEmpty(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, flagName str
 func uploadFileToDrive(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePath, fileName string, target driveUploadTarget, fileSize int64, existingFileToken string) (driveUploadResult, error) {
 	f, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(filePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return driveUploadResult{}, common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return driveUploadResult{}, driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 
@@ -265,23 +265,16 @@ func uploadFileToDrive(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 		if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
 			return driveUploadResult{}, err
 		}
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.ErrNetwork("upload failed: %v", err)
+		return driveUploadResult{}, wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "upload failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	var result map[string]interface{}
+	data, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp)
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &result); err != nil {
+	if err != nil {
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload failed: invalid response JSON: %v", err)
+		return driveUploadResult{}, err
 	}
-
-	if larkCode := int(common.GetFloat(result, "code")); larkCode != 0 {
-		msg, _ := result["msg"].(string)
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.ErrAPI(larkCode, fmt.Sprintf("upload failed: [%d] %s", larkCode, msg), result["error"])
-	}
-
-	data, _ := result["data"].(map[string]interface{})
 	fileToken := common.GetString(data, "file_token")
 	if fileToken == "" {
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload failed: no file_token returned")
+		return driveUploadResult{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "upload failed: no file_token returned")
 	}
 	return driveUploadResult{
 		FileToken: fileToken,
@@ -304,7 +297,7 @@ func uploadFileMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 	if existingFileToken != "" {
 		prepareBody["file_token"] = existingFileToken
 	}
-	prepareResult, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_prepare", nil, prepareBody)
+	prepareResult, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_prepare", nil, prepareBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return driveUploadResult{}, err
 	}
@@ -316,7 +309,7 @@ func uploadFileMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 	blockNum := int(blockNumF)
 
 	if uploadID == "" || blockSize <= 0 || blockNum <= 0 {
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error",
+		return driveUploadResult{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse,
 			"upload_prepare returned invalid data: upload_id=%q, block_size=%d, block_num=%d",
 			uploadID, blockSize, blockNum)
 	}
@@ -334,7 +327,7 @@ func uploadFileMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 
 		partFile, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(filePath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return driveUploadResult{}, common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveUploadResult{}, driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 
 		fd := larkcore.NewFormdata()
@@ -354,16 +347,11 @@ func uploadFileMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 			if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
 				return driveUploadResult{}, err
 			}
-			return driveUploadResult{}, output.ErrNetwork("upload part %d/%d failed: %v", seq+1, blockNum, err)
+			return driveUploadResult{}, wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "upload part %d/%d failed: %v", seq+1, blockNum, err)
 		}
 
-		var partResult map[string]interface{}
+		if _, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp); err != nil {
-		if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &partResult); err != nil {
+			return driveUploadResult{}, err
-			return driveUploadResult{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload part %d/%d: invalid response JSON: %v", seq+1, blockNum, err)
-		}
-		if larkCode := int(common.GetFloat(partResult, "code")); larkCode != 0 {
-			msg, _ := partResult["msg"].(string)
-			return driveUploadResult{}, output.ErrAPI(larkCode, fmt.Sprintf("upload part %d/%d failed: [%d] %s", seq+1, blockNum, larkCode, msg), partResult["error"])
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "  Block %d/%d uploaded (%s)\n", seq+1, blockNum, common.FormatSize(partSize))
@@ -374,14 +362,14 @@ func uploadFileMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 		"upload_id": uploadID,
 		"block_num": blockNum,
 	}
-	finishResult, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_finish", nil, finishBody)
+	finishResult, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_finish", nil, finishBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return driveUploadResult{}, err
 	}
 
 	fileToken := common.GetString(finishResult, "file_token")
 	if fileToken == "" {
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload_finish succeeded but no file_token returned")
+		return driveUploadResult{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "upload_finish succeeded but no file_token returned")
 	}
 
 	return driveUploadResult{

shortcuts/drive/drive_version.go

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ type driveVersionHistorySpec struct {
 func validateDriveNumericValue(value, flagName, valueLabel string) error {
 	value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
 	if value == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s cannot be empty", flagName)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s cannot be empty", flagName).WithParam(flagName)
 	}
 	if !driveVersionNumberRe.MatchString(value) {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s must be a numeric %s", flagName, valueLabel)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s must be a numeric %s", flagName, valueLabel).WithParam(flagName)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ func validateDriveCursorValue(value, flagName string) error {
 
 func validateDriveVersionHistorySpec(spec driveVersionHistorySpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if spec.Limit < 1 || spec.Limit > 200 {
-		return output.ErrValidation("invalid --limit %d: must be between 1 and 200", spec.Limit)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --limit %d: must be between 1 and 200", spec.Limit).WithParam("--limit")
 	}
 	if spec.Cursor != "" {
 		if err := validateDriveCursorValue(spec.Cursor, "--cursor"); err != nil {
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ var DriveVersionHistory = common.Shortcut{
 			Cursor:    strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("cursor")),
 		}
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			http.MethodGet,
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/history", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.FileToken)),
 			driveVersionHistoryParams(spec),
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ type driveVersionGetSpec struct {
 
 func validateDriveVersionGetSpec(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveVersionGetSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if err := validateDriveVersionValue(spec.Version, "--version"); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ func validateDriveVersionGetSpec(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveVersi
 		return nil
 	}
 	if _, err := validate.SafeOutputPath(spec.Output); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsafe output path: %s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", err).WithParam("--output")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ var DriveVersionGet = common.Shortcut{
 			},
 		})
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrNetwork("download failed: %s", err)
+			return wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "download failed: %s", err)
 		}
 		defer resp.Body.Close()
 
@@ -315,10 +315,10 @@ var DriveVersionGet = common.Shortcut{
 			outputPath, _ = common.AutoAppendDownloadExtension(outputPath, resp.Header, "")
 		}
 		if _, resolveErr := runtime.ResolveSavePath(outputPath); resolveErr != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("unsafe output path: %s", resolveErr)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", resolveErr).WithParam("--output")
 		}
 		if _, statErr := runtime.FileIO().Stat(outputPath); statErr == nil && !spec.Overwrite {
-			return output.ErrValidation("output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", outputPath)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", outputPath).WithParam("--output")
 		}
 
 		result, err := runtime.FileIO().Save(outputPath, fileio.SaveOptions{
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ var DriveVersionGet = common.Shortcut{
 			ContentLength: resp.ContentLength,
 		}, resp.Body)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapSaveErrorByCategory(err, "io")
+			return driveSaveError(err)
 		}
 
 		savedPath, _ := runtime.ResolveSavePath(outputPath)
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ type driveVersionMutationSpec struct {
 
 func validateDriveVersionMutationSpec(spec driveVersionMutationSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	return validateDriveVersionValue(spec.Version, "--version")
 }
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ var DriveVersionRevert = common.Shortcut{
 			FileToken: strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("file-token")),
 			Version:   strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("version")),
 		}
-		if _, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		if _, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			http.MethodPost,
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/revert", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.FileToken)),
 			nil,
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ var DriveVersionDelete = common.Shortcut{
 			FileToken: strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("file-token")),
 			Version:   strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("version")),
 		}
-		if _, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		if _, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			http.MethodPost,
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/version_del", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.FileToken)),
 			nil,

shortcuts/drive/drive_version_test.go

@@ -5,14 +5,17 @@ package drive
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -53,6 +56,16 @@ func TestValidateDriveVersionHistorySpec(t *testing.T) {
 			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tt.wantErr) {
 				t.Fatalf("expected error containing %q, got %v", tt.wantErr, err)
 			}
+			var vErr *errs.ValidationError
+			if !errors.As(err, &vErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+			}
+			if vErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+				t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", vErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+			}
+			if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
+				t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want ExitValidation (%d)", got, output.ExitValidation)
+			}
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -255,6 +268,13 @@ func TestDriveVersionGetRejectsExistingFileWithoutOverwrite(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "output file already exists") {
 		t.Fatalf("expected output exists error, got %v", err)
 	}
+	var vErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &vErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if vErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument || vErr.Param != "--output" {
+		t.Fatalf("typed shape = subtype %q param %q, want invalid_argument/--output", vErr.Subtype, vErr.Param)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestDriveVersionGetOverwritesExistingFileWhenRequested(t *testing.T) {

shortcuts/drive/list_remote.go

@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ func listRemoteFolderEntries(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext
 		if pageToken != "" {
 			params["page_token"] = pageToken
 		}
-		result, err := runtime.CallAPI("GET", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files", params, nil)
+		result, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("GET", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files", params, nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -176,24 +177,27 @@ func duplicateRemoteFilePaths(entries []driveRemoteEntry) []driveDuplicateRemote
 	return duplicates
 }
 
-// Deprecated: duplicateRemotePathError produces a legacy *output.ExitError
+// duplicateRemotePathError reports that multiple Drive entries resolve to the
-// that predates the typed error contract introduced by errs/. New code MUST
+// same rel_path. Each colliding rel_path becomes one InvalidParam whose Name is
-// NOT use it — duplicate-path signals should move to a typed
+// the rel_path and whose Reason enumerates the colliding entries (type +
-// *errs.ValidationError (with duplicates metadata as a typed extension
+// file_token), so an AI agent reading the typed envelope can identify exactly
-// field) when the drive shortcut migrates to typed errors. This helper is
+// which Drive objects collide without re-listing the folder.
-// retained only while existing call sites are migrated; it will be removed
+func duplicateRemotePathError(duplicates []driveDuplicateRemotePath) error {
-// once they have moved to the typed surface.
+	params := make([]errs.InvalidParam, 0, len(duplicates))
-func duplicateRemotePathError(duplicates []driveDuplicateRemotePath) *output.ExitError {
+	for _, d := range duplicates {
-	return &output.ExitError{
+		descriptions := make([]string, 0, len(d.Entries))
-		Code: output.ExitAPI,
+		for _, entry := range d.Entries {
-		Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+			descriptions = append(descriptions, fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", entry.Type, entry.FileToken))
-			Type:    "duplicate_remote_path",
+		}
-			Message: "multiple Drive entries map to the same rel_path",
+		params = append(params, errs.InvalidParam{
-			Detail: map[string]interface{}{
+			Name:   d.RelPath,
-				"duplicates_remote": duplicates,
+			Reason: fmt.Sprintf("%d Drive entries collide here: %s", len(d.Entries), strings.Join(descriptions, ", ")),
-			},
+		})
-		},
 	}
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition,
+		"%d rel_path(s) map to multiple Drive entries", len(duplicates)).
+		WithHint("resolve the duplicate remote files first: re-run +pull with --on-duplicate-remote=rename (downloads each with a hashed suffix), or use --on-duplicate-remote=newest|oldest (supported by +pull/+sync/+push) to pick one, or delete the extra remote files; a plain retry will not help").
+		WithParams(params...)
 }
 
 const (
@@ -300,7 +304,7 @@ func compareDriveRemoteModifiedToLocal(remoteModified string, local time.Time) (
 
 func chooseRemoteFile(files []driveRemoteEntry, strategy string) (driveRemoteEntry, error) {
 	if len(files) == 0 {
-		return driveRemoteEntry{}, fmt.Errorf("no Drive entries available for strategy %q", strategy)
+		return driveRemoteEntry{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "no Drive entries available for strategy %q", strategy)
 	}
 	candidates := append([]driveRemoteEntry(nil), files...)
 	sortRemoteFiles(candidates, strategy)
@@ -385,7 +389,7 @@ func relPathWithUniqueFileTokenSuffix(relPath, fileToken string, occupied map[st
 			return candidate, nil
 		}
 	}
-	return "", fmt.Errorf("could not generate a unique rel_path for %q after %d attempts", relPath, driveUniqueSuffixMaxSeq)
+	return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "could not generate a unique rel_path for %q after %d attempts", relPath, driveUniqueSuffixMaxSeq)
 }
 
 // joinRelDrive joins a rel_path base with an entry name using "/".

shortcuts/im/convert_lib/card.go

@@ -50,11 +50,12 @@ var cardChartTypeNames = map[string]string{
 type interactiveConverter struct{}
 
 func (interactiveConverter) Convert(ctx *ConvertContext) string {
-	return convertCard(ctx.RawContent)
+	return convertCard(ctx.RawContent, ctx.Mentions)
 }
 
 // convertCard converts a raw interactive/card message content JSON to human-readable string.
-func convertCard(raw string) string {
+// mentions is the raw mentions array from the API response; pass nil when not available.
+func convertCard(raw string, mentions []interface{}) string {
 	var parsed cardObj
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &parsed); err != nil {
 		return "[interactive card]"
@@ -63,11 +64,19 @@ func convertCard(raw string) string {
 	// raw_card_content format: outer JSON has "json_card" string field
 	if jsonCard, ok := parsed["json_card"].(string); ok {
 		c := &cardConverter{mode: cardModeConcise}
-		if att, ok := parsed["json_attachment"].(string); ok && att != "" {
+		switch att := parsed["json_attachment"].(type) {
-			var attObj cardObj
+		case string:
-			if json.Unmarshal([]byte(att), &attObj) == nil {
+			if att != "" {
-				c.attachment = attObj
+				var attObj cardObj
+				if json.Unmarshal([]byte(att), &attObj) == nil {
+					c.attachment = attObj
+				}
 			}
+		case cardObj:
+			c.attachment = att
+		}
+		if len(mentions) > 0 {
+			c.mentionsByKey = buildMentionsByKey(mentions)
 		}
 		schema := 0
 		if s, ok := parsed["card_schema"].(float64); ok {
@@ -84,6 +93,22 @@ func convertCard(raw string) string {
 	return convertLegacyCard(parsed)
 }
 
+// buildMentionsByKey indexes the mentions array by key for O(1) lookup in convertAt.
+func buildMentionsByKey(mentions []interface{}) map[string]map[string]interface{} {
+	m := make(map[string]map[string]interface{}, len(mentions))
+	for _, raw := range mentions {
+		item, ok := raw.(map[string]interface{})
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		key, _ := item["key"].(string)
+		if key != "" {
+			m[key] = item
+		}
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
 // ── Legacy converter ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 func convertLegacyCard(parsed cardObj) string {
@@ -158,8 +183,9 @@ func legacyExtractTexts(elements []interface{}, out *[]string) {
 // ── CardConverter ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 type cardConverter struct {
-	mode       cardMode
+	mode          cardMode
-	attachment cardObj
+	attachment    cardObj
+	mentionsByKey map[string]map[string]interface{}
 }
 
 func (c *cardConverter) convert(jsonCard string, hintSchema int) string {
@@ -1403,26 +1429,52 @@ func (c *cardConverter) convertAt(prop cardObj) string {
 	}
 	userName := ""
 	actualUserID := ""
+	fromMentions := false
 	if c.attachment != nil {
 		if atUsers, ok := c.attachment["at_users"].(cardObj); ok {
 			if userInfo, ok := atUsers[userID].(cardObj); ok {
 				userName, _ = userInfo["content"].(string)
 				actualUserID, _ = userInfo["user_id"].(string)
+				// When the backend populates mention_key (raw_card_content path), use
+				// mentions[] for the canonical name and the reading-app open_id, which is
+				// more accurate than the origKey-stored user_id in at_users.
+				if mentionKey, _ := userInfo["mention_key"].(string); mentionKey != "" {
+					if mention, ok := c.mentionsByKey[mentionKey]; ok {
+						if name, _ := mention["name"].(string); name != "" {
+							userName = name
+						}
+						if id := extractMentionOpenId(mention["id"]); id != "" {
+							actualUserID = id
+							fromMentions = true
+						}
+					}
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	if userName != "" {
 		if c.mode == cardModeDetailed {
 			if actualUserID != "" {
-				return fmt.Sprintf("@%s(user_id:%s)", userName, actualUserID)
+				label := "user_id"
+				if fromMentions {
+					label = "open_id"
+				}
+				return fmt.Sprintf("@%s(%s:%s)", userName, label, actualUserID)
 			}
 			return fmt.Sprintf("@%s(open_id:%s)", userName, userID)
 		}
-		return "@" + userName
+		if fromMentions && actualUserID != "" {
+			return fmt.Sprintf("@%s(%s)", userName, actualUserID)
+		}
+		return fmt.Sprintf("@%s(%s)", userName, userID)
 	}
 	if c.mode == cardModeDetailed {
 		if actualUserID != "" {
-			return fmt.Sprintf("@user(user_id:%s)", actualUserID)
+			label := "user_id"
+			if fromMentions {
+				label = "open_id"
+			}
+			return fmt.Sprintf("@user(%s:%s)", label, actualUserID)
 		}
 		return fmt.Sprintf("@user(open_id:%s)", userID)
 	}

shortcuts/im/convert_lib/card_test.go

@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ func newTestCardConverter(mode cardMode) *cardConverter {
 
 func TestConvertCard(t *testing.T) {
 	rawCard := `{"json_card":"{\"schema\":1,\"header\":{\"title\":{\"content\":\"Card Title\"}},\"body\":{\"elements\":[{\"tag\":\"text\",\"property\":{\"content\":\"hello\"}},{\"tag\":\"button\",\"property\":{\"text\":{\"content\":\"Open\"},\"actions\":[{\"type\":\"open_url\",\"action\":{\"url\":\"https://example.com\"}}]}}]}}","json_attachment":"{\"persons\":{\"ou_1\":{\"content\":\"Alice\"}}}"}`
-	got := convertCard(rawCard)
+	got := convertCard(rawCard, nil)
 	want := "<card title=\"Card Title\">\nhello\n[Open](https://example.com)\n</card>"
 	if got != want {
 		t.Fatalf("convertCard(json_card) = %q, want %q", got, want)
 	}
 
 	legacy := `{"header":{"title":{"content":"Legacy Card"}},"elements":[{"tag":"div","text":{"content":"legacy body"}}]}`
-	gotLegacy := convertCard(legacy)
+	gotLegacy := convertCard(legacy, nil)
 	wantLegacy := "**Legacy Card**\nlegacy body"
 	if gotLegacy != wantLegacy {
 		t.Fatalf("convertCard(legacy) = %q, want %q", gotLegacy, wantLegacy)
@@ -243,6 +243,75 @@ func TestCardConverterMethods(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestConvertAtWithMentions(t *testing.T) {
+	mentions := []interface{}{
+		map[string]interface{}{
+			"key":  "@_user_1",
+			"id":   "ou_6b64bef911a5a3ea763df8ffd9258f59",
+			"name": "燕忠毅",
+		},
+	}
+	attachment := cardObj{
+		"at_users": cardObj{
+			"cde8a6c8": cardObj{
+				"user_id":     "754700000001",
+				"content":     "燕忠毅",
+				"mention_key": "@_user_1",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Concise mode: should show @Name(open_id) when mention resolves.
+	concise := &cardConverter{
+		mode:          cardModeConcise,
+		attachment:    attachment,
+		mentionsByKey: buildMentionsByKey(mentions),
+	}
+	if got := concise.convertAt(cardObj{"userID": "cde8a6c8"}); got != "@燕忠毅(ou_6b64bef911a5a3ea763df8ffd9258f59)" {
+		t.Fatalf("convertAt(concise with mentions) = %q", got)
+	}
+
+	// Detailed mode: label should be open_id when resolved from mentions.
+	detailed := &cardConverter{
+		mode:          cardModeDetailed,
+		attachment:    attachment,
+		mentionsByKey: buildMentionsByKey(mentions),
+	}
+	if got := detailed.convertAt(cardObj{"userID": "cde8a6c8"}); got != "@燕忠毅(open_id:ou_6b64bef911a5a3ea763df8ffd9258f59)" {
+		t.Fatalf("convertAt(detailed with mentions) = %q", got)
+	}
+
+	// No mention_key: falls back to at_users.user_id with user_id label (existing behavior).
+	noMentionKey := &cardConverter{
+		mode: cardModeDetailed,
+		attachment: cardObj{
+			"at_users": cardObj{
+				"ou_at": cardObj{"content": "Bob", "user_id": "u_bob"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	if got := noMentionKey.convertAt(cardObj{"userID": "ou_at"}); got != "@Bob(user_id:u_bob)" {
+		t.Fatalf("convertAt(fallback no mention_key) = %q", got)
+	}
+
+	// mention_key present but mentionsByKey nil: still falls back gracefully.
+	nilMentions := &cardConverter{
+		mode: cardModeDetailed,
+		attachment: cardObj{
+			"at_users": cardObj{
+				"cde8a6c8": cardObj{
+					"user_id":     "754700000001",
+					"content":     "燕忠毅",
+					"mention_key": "@_user_1",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	if got := nilMentions.convertAt(cardObj{"userID": "cde8a6c8"}); got != "@燕忠毅(user_id:754700000001)" {
+		t.Fatalf("convertAt(fallback nil mentionsByKey) = %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCardConverterExtractTextHelpers(t *testing.T) {
 	c := newTestCardConverter(cardModeDetailed)
 

shortcuts/im/convert_lib/content_convert.go

@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ type ContentConverter interface {
 type ConvertContext struct {
 	RawContent string
 	MentionMap map[string]string
+	// Mentions is the raw mentions array from the API response.
+	// Used by interactive card converter to resolve @user references via mention_key.
+	Mentions []interface{}
 	// MessageID and Runtime are used by merge_forward to fetch and expand sub-messages via API.
 	// For other message types these can be zero values.
 	MessageID string
@@ -93,6 +96,7 @@ func FormatEventMessage(msgType, rawContent, messageID string, mentions []interf
 	content := ConvertBodyContent(msgType, &ConvertContext{
 		RawContent: rawContent,
 		MentionMap: BuildMentionKeyMap(mentions),
+		Mentions:   mentions,
 		MessageID:  messageID,
 	})
 
@@ -153,6 +157,7 @@ func formatMessageItem(m map[string]interface{}, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 		content = ConvertBodyContent(msgType, &ConvertContext{
 			RawContent:           rawContent,
 			MentionMap:           BuildMentionKeyMap(mentions),
+			Mentions:             mentions,
 			MessageID:            messageId,
 			Runtime:              runtime,
 			SenderNames:          nameCache,

shortcuts/im/convert_lib/merge.go

@@ -320,6 +320,7 @@ func FormatMergeForwardSubTree(parentID string, childrenMap map[string][]map[str
 			content = ConvertBodyContent(msgType, &ConvertContext{
 				RawContent: rawContent,
 				MentionMap: BuildMentionKeyMap(mentions),
+				Mentions:   mentions,
 			})
 		}
 

shortcuts/im/convert_lib/merge_test.go

@@ -325,3 +325,29 @@ func TestMergeForwardConverterWithRuntime(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("mergeForwardConverter.Convert(runtime) = %s", got)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestFormatMergeForwardSubTreeInteractiveCardUsesMentions(t *testing.T) {
+	cardContent := `{"json_card":"{\"body\":{\"elements\":[{\"tag\":\"at\",\"property\":{\"userID\":\"cde8a6c8\"}}]}}","json_attachment":"{\"at_users\":{\"cde8a6c8\":{\"user_id\":\"754700000001\",\"content\":\"Alice\",\"mention_key\":\"@_user_1\"}}}"}`
+	items := []map[string]interface{}{
+		{
+			"message_id":  "om_card",
+			"msg_type":    "interactive",
+			"create_time": "1710500000000",
+			"sender":      map[string]interface{}{"name": "Sender"},
+			"body":        map[string]interface{}{"content": cardContent},
+			"mentions": []interface{}{
+				map[string]interface{}{
+					"key":  "@_user_1",
+					"id":   "ou_real_open_id",
+					"name": "Alice",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	children := BuildMergeForwardChildrenMap(items, "om_root")
+	got := FormatMergeForwardSubTree("om_root", children)
+	if !strings.Contains(got, "@Alice(ou_real_open_id)") {
+		t.Fatalf("FormatMergeForwardSubTree(interactive card) = %s", got)
+	}
+}

skill-template/skill-template.md

@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ metadata:
 
 Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli {{service}} +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
 
-| Shortcut | 说明 |
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何 Shortcut 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
-|----------|------|
+
+| Shortcut | 说明 | Reference |
+|----------|------|-----------|
 {{shortcut_rows}}
 {{/shortcuts}}
 {{#actions}}

skills/lark-apps/SKILL.md

@@ -96,6 +96,8 @@ lark-cli auth login --domain apps
 
 Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli apps +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
 
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何 Shortcut 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
+
 | Shortcut | 说明 |
 |----------|------|
 | [`+create`](references/lark-apps-create.md) | 创建妙搭应用（name / description / icon-url） |

skills/lark-base/SKILL.md

@@ -43,28 +43,28 @@ metadata:
 | 创建/复制 Base | `+base-create` / `+base-copy` | 写入后报告新 Base 标识；注意返回中的 `permission_grant` |
 | 管理表 | `+table-list/get/create/update/delete` | `+table-create --fields` 复杂时读 `lark-base-field-json.md` |
 | 列/查/删字段 | `+field-list/get/delete/search-options` | 写入前用 list/get 确认字段类型、选项、ID；删除前确认目标字段 |
-| 创建/更新字段 | `+field-create` / `+field-update` | 必读 `lark-base-field-json.md`；公式读 `formula-field-guide.md`；lookup 读 `lookup-field-guide.md`；命令细节读 `lark-base-field-create.md` / `lark-base-field-update.md` |
+| 创建/更新字段 | `+field-create` / `+field-update` | 必读 [lark-base-field-json.md](references/lark-base-field-json.md)；公式读 [formula-field-guide.md](references/formula-field-guide.md)；lookup 读 [lookup-field-guide.md](references/lookup-field-guide.md)；命令细节读 [lark-base-field-create.md](references/lark-base-field-create.md) / [lark-base-field-update.md](references/lark-base-field-update.md) |
-| 读记录明细 | `+record-get` / `+record-list` / `+record-search` | 涉及筛选、排序、Top/Bottom N、聚合、多表关联、全局结论时读 `lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md` |
+| 读记录明细 | `+record-get` / `+record-list` / `+record-search` | 涉及筛选、排序、Top/Bottom N、聚合、多表关联、全局结论时读 [lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md](references/lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md) |
-| 写记录 | `+record-upsert` / `+record-batch-create` / `+record-batch-update` | 必读对应 record reference 和 `lark-base-cell-value.md` |
+| 写记录 | `+record-upsert` / `+record-batch-create` / `+record-batch-update` | 必读 [lark-base-record-upsert.md](references/lark-base-record-upsert.md) / [lark-base-record-batch-create.md](references/lark-base-record-batch-create.md) / [lark-base-record-batch-update.md](references/lark-base-record-batch-update.md) 和 [lark-base-cell-value.md](references/lark-base-cell-value.md) |
 | 附件字段 | `+record-upload-attachment` / `+record-download-attachment` / `+record-remove-attachment` | 附件不要伪造成普通 CellValue；上传走本地文件，下载/删除按 file token 或字段定位 |
-| 删除记录 / 分享记录链接 / 历史 | `+record-delete` / `+record-share-link-create` / `+record-history-list` | 删除前确认 record；分享链接最多 100 条；历史读 `lark-base-record-history-list.md`，只查单条记录，不做整表审计 |
+| 删除记录 / 分享记录链接 / 历史 | `+record-delete` / `+record-share-link-create` / `+record-history-list` | 删除前确认 record；分享链接最多 100 条；历史读 [lark-base-record-history-list.md](references/lark-base-record-history-list.md)，只查单条记录，不做整表审计 |
-| 管理视图 | `+view-*` | `+view-set-filter` 读 `lark-base-view-set-filter.md`；其余配置先 get 现状，再按返回结构更新 |
+| 管理视图 | `+view-*` | `+view-set-filter` 读 [lark-base-view-set-filter.md](references/lark-base-view-set-filter.md)；其余配置先 get 现状，再按返回结构更新 |
-| 一次性聚合统计 | `+data-query` | 必读 `lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md` 和入口 `lark-base-data-query-guide.md`；完整 DSL 再读 `lark-base-data-query.md` |
+| 一次性聚合统计 | `+data-query` | 必读 [lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md](references/lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md) 和入口 [lark-base-data-query-guide.md](references/lark-base-data-query-guide.md)；完整 DSL 再读 [lark-base-data-query.md](references/lark-base-data-query.md) |
-| 公式字段 | `+field-create/update --json '{"type":"formula",...}'` | 必读 `formula-field-guide.md`，读后再加隐藏确认 flag `--i-have-read-guide` |
+| 公式字段 | `+field-create/update --json '{"type":"formula",...}'` | 必读 [formula-field-guide.md](references/formula-field-guide.md)，读后再加隐藏确认 flag `--i-have-read-guide` |
-| Lookup 字段 | `+field-create/update --json '{"type":"lookup",...}'` | 必读 `lookup-field-guide.md`，读后再加隐藏确认 flag `--i-have-read-guide` |
+| Lookup 字段 | `+field-create/update --json '{"type":"lookup",...}'` | 必读 [lookup-field-guide.md](references/lookup-field-guide.md)，读后再加隐藏确认 flag `--i-have-read-guide` |
-| 表单提交 | `+form-submit` | 先读 `lark-base-form-detail.md` 获取题目、filter 和附件所需 `base_token`；提交 JSON 读 `lark-base-form-submit.md` |
+| 表单提交 | `+form-submit` | 先读 [lark-base-form-detail.md](references/lark-base-form-detail.md) 获取题目、filter 和附件所需 `base_token`；提交 JSON 读 [lark-base-form-submit.md](references/lark-base-form-submit.md) |
-| 表单题目创建/更新 | `+form-questions-create` / `+form-questions-update` | 读对应 form-questions reference |
+| 表单题目创建/更新 | `+form-questions-create` / `+form-questions-update` | 读 [lark-base-form-questions-create.md](references/lark-base-form-questions-create.md) / [lark-base-form-questions-update.md](references/lark-base-form-questions-update.md) |
-| 其他表单管理 | `+form-list/get/detail/create/update/delete` / `+form-questions-list/delete` | `+form-detail` 读 `lark-base-form-detail.md`；删除前确认目标表单 |
+| 其他表单管理 | `+form-list/get/detail/create/update/delete` / `+form-questions-list/delete` | `+form-detail` 读 [lark-base-form-detail.md](references/lark-base-form-detail.md)；删除前确认目标表单 |
-| 仪表盘与组件 | `+dashboard-*` / `+dashboard-block-*` | 提到图表/看板/block 时先读 `lark-base-dashboard.md`；组件 `data_config` 读 `dashboard-block-data-config.md`；读取图表计算结果用 `+dashboard-block-get-data` |
+| 仪表盘与组件 | `+dashboard-*` / `+dashboard-block-*` | 提到图表/看板/block 时先读 [lark-base-dashboard.md](references/lark-base-dashboard.md)；组件 `data_config` 读 [dashboard-block-data-config.md](references/dashboard-block-data-config.md)；读取图表计算结果用 `+dashboard-block-get-data` |
-| Workflow | `+workflow-*` | 创建/更新或理解 steps 时读入口 `lark-base-workflow-guide.md` 和 steps JSON SSOT `lark-base-workflow-schema.md`；list/get/enable/disable 只处理 workflow ID 与启停状态 |
+| Workflow | `+workflow-*` | 创建/更新或理解 steps 时读入口 [lark-base-workflow-guide.md](references/lark-base-workflow-guide.md) 和 steps JSON SSOT [lark-base-workflow-schema.md](references/lark-base-workflow-schema.md)；list/get/enable/disable 只处理 workflow ID 与启停状态 |
-| 高级权限与角色 | `+advperm-*` / `+role-*` | 角色操作先读入口 `lark-base-role-guide.md`；角色 create/update 或解读完整配置再读权限 JSON SSOT `role-config.md`；系统角色不可删除；关闭高级权限会影响自定义角色 |
+| 高级权限与角色 | `+advperm-*` / `+role-*` | 角色操作先读入口 [lark-base-role-guide.md](references/lark-base-role-guide.md)；角色 create/update 或解读完整配置再读权限 JSON SSOT [role-config.md](references/role-config.md)；系统角色不可删除；关闭高级权限会影响自定义角色 |
 
 ## Base 心智模型
 
 - Base 曾用名 Bitable；返回字段、错误或旧文档里的 `bitable` 多为历史兼容，不代表应改走裸 API 或另一套命令。
 - 表、字段、视图、workflow、dashboard block 的名称和 ID 必须来自真实返回，不要凭用户口述猜。
 - 存储字段可写；系统字段、`formula`、`lookup` 只读；附件字段走专用 attachment 命令。
-- 一次性统计、筛选、TopN 优先用 `+data-query` 或临时视图；需要长期显示在表中时，才新增 `formula` / `lookup` 字段。
+- 一次性原始记录查询优先用 `+record-list` / `+record-search` 的 filter/sort；聚合分析优先用 `+data-query`；需要长期显示在表中时，才新增 `formula` / `lookup` 字段。
 - `formula` 适合常规计算、条件判断、文本/日期处理和长期派生指标；`lookup` 适合明确的跨表查找、筛选后取值或聚合引用。
 - 写入、分析、公式、lookup、workflow、dashboard 前，先读取真实结构：表、字段、视图、关联表和 dashboard block 名称都以命令返回为准。
 - 跨表场景必须读取目标表结构；link 单元格中的关联 `record_id` 只是连接键，最终回答要回查并展示用户可读字段。
@@ -79,21 +79,21 @@ metadata:
 
 ## 查询与统计规则
 
-涉及查询、统计或判断结论时，先阅读 `references/lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md`，并遵守：
+涉及查询、统计或判断结论时，先阅读 [lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md](references/lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md)，并遵守：
 
 1. `+record-list` 的默认页、固定 `--limit` 和本地 `jq` 只能证明已读取范围内的事实，不能直接支撑全局最值、全量计数、Top/Bottom N、异常识别或分组结论。
-2. 能由 Base 表达的筛选、排序、投影、聚合、分组和限制，应在 Base 云端查询能力中执行；不要先拉明细到本地上下文再手工筛选排序。
+2. 能由 Base 表达的筛选、排序、投影、聚合、分组和限制，应在 Base 云端查询能力中执行；不要先拉原始记录到本地上下文再手工筛选排序。
 3. `has_more=true` 或等价分页信号表示当前结果不是全量；除非用户只要样例/前 N 条，不能基于该页回答全局问题。
 4. 多表查询必须先确认关系字段和连接键；link 单元格里的 `record_id` 是关系键，不是用户可读答案。
 5. 最终答案必须能追溯到真实表、真实字段、查询范围、筛选/排序/聚合条件和必要的连接键。
-6. 一次性分析优先用 `+data-query` 或临时视图；要把结果长期显示在表里，才考虑新增 `formula` / `lookup` 字段。
+6. 一次性原始记录查询优先用 `+record-list` / `+record-search` 的 filter/sort；聚合分析优先用 `+data-query`；要把结果长期显示在表里，才考虑新增 `formula` / `lookup` 字段。
-7. `+data-query` 返回聚合结果，不返回原始记录明细；需要输出实体字段时，用聚合结果中的业务 key 或 record_id 再走 record 路径回查。
+7. `+data-query` 可返回聚合结果或维度字段行，但维度行按字段组合去重且不返回 `record_id`；需要逐条记录、记录定位或完整行级字段时，再用 `+record-list` / `+record-search` / `+record-get` 回查。
 
 ## 写入前置规则
 
 - 写记录前先读字段结构；只写存储字段。系统字段、附件字段、`formula`、`lookup` 不作为普通记录写入目标。
 - 附件上传、下载、删除走专用 `+record-*-attachment` 命令。
-- 写字段前先读 `lark-base-field-json.md`；涉及 `formula` / `lookup` 时必须读对应 guide。
+- 写字段前先读 [lark-base-field-json.md](references/lark-base-field-json.md)；涉及 `formula` / `lookup` 时必须读 [formula-field-guide.md](references/formula-field-guide.md) / [lookup-field-guide.md](references/lookup-field-guide.md)。
 - 表名、字段名、视图名、workflow 配置中的名称必须来自真实返回；跨表场景还要读取目标表结构。
 - 删除、角色更新、字段更新等高风险操作遵循 CLI 的 confirmation gate；目标不明确时先用 get/list 消歧。
 - 批量写入单批最多 200 条；连续写同一表时串行执行，遇到 `1254291` 按短暂等待后重试处理。
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ metadata:
 - `+form-submit` 前必须先跑 `+form-detail`，读取 `questions[].type`、`required`、`filter` 和附件场景需要的 `base_token`；不要填写被 filter 隐藏的问题。
 - 表单附件不要写进 `fields`，放在 `--json.attachments`；提交附件时必须同时传表单所属 Base 的 `--base-token`。
 - `+view-set-filter` 是唯一保留的 view reference；sort/group/card/timebar/visible-fields 这类配置先用对应 get 命令读现状，保留未修改字段，只替换用户要求变更的配置。
-- 临时视图适合一次性筛选/排序后读取；如果筛选结果对用户后续查看有价值，应保留为持久视图并说明名称和用途。
+- 视图适合持久化、共享和 UI 复用；一次性筛选/排序可先用 `+record-list` / `+record-search` 的 filter/sort 验证结果，再按需要沉淀为持久视图。
 
 ## Token 与链接
 
@@ -125,9 +125,9 @@ metadata:
 
 ## Dashboard / Workflow / Role
 
-- Dashboard 的复杂点是 block 的 `data_config`，不是 list/get/create/delete 命令参数。创建或更新 block 前先读 `dashboard-block-data-config.md`，组件必须串行创建；`+dashboard-arrange` 是服务端智能布局，只在用户明确要求重排/美化时执行。`+dashboard-block-get-data` 读取图表最终计算结果，不返回 block 名称、类型、布局或 `data_config`；需要元数据先用 `+dashboard-block-get`。
+- Dashboard 的复杂点是 block 的 `data_config`，不是 list/get/create/delete 命令参数。创建或更新 block 前先读 [dashboard-block-data-config.md](references/dashboard-block-data-config.md)，组件必须串行创建；`+dashboard-arrange` 是服务端智能布局，只在用户明确要求重排/美化时执行。`+dashboard-block-get-data` 读取图表最终计算结果，不返回 block 名称、类型、布局或 `data_config`；需要元数据先用 `+dashboard-block-get`。
-- Workflow 的复杂点是 `steps` 结构。创建、更新或解释完整 workflow 时读入口 `lark-base-workflow-guide.md` 和 steps JSON SSOT `lark-base-workflow-schema.md`；enable/disable/list 只需确认 workflow ID、当前启停状态和用户意图。
+- Workflow 的复杂点是 `steps` 结构。创建、更新或解释完整 workflow 时读入口 [lark-base-workflow-guide.md](references/lark-base-workflow-guide.md) 和 steps JSON SSOT [lark-base-workflow-schema.md](references/lark-base-workflow-schema.md)；enable/disable/list 只需确认 workflow ID、当前启停状态和用户意图。
-- Role 的复杂点是权限 JSON。角色操作先读入口 `lark-base-role-guide.md`；`+role-create` 只支持自定义角色；`+role-update` 是 delta merge；角色 create/update 或解读完整配置时读权限 JSON SSOT `role-config.md`。`+role-delete` 只适用于自定义角色，系统角色不可删除；删除角色和关闭高级权限前必须确认目标和影响。
+- Role 的复杂点是权限 JSON。角色操作先读入口 [lark-base-role-guide.md](references/lark-base-role-guide.md)；`+role-create` 只支持自定义角色；`+role-update` 是 delta merge；角色 create/update 或解读完整配置时读权限 JSON SSOT [role-config.md](references/role-config.md)。`+role-delete` 只适用于自定义角色，系统角色不可删除；删除角色和关闭高级权限前必须确认目标和影响。
 
 ## 常见恢复
 
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ metadata:
 | `param baseToken is invalid` / `base_token invalid` | 检查是否把 wiki token、workspace token 或完整 URL 当成了 `--base-token`；按 `Token 与链接` 重新定位真实 Base token |
 | `not found` 且输入来自 Wiki 链接 | 优先检查是否把 wiki token 当成 base token，不要立刻改走裸 API |
 | `1254045` 字段名不存在 | 重新 `+field-list`，使用真实字段名或字段 ID；注意空格、大小写和跨表字段 |
-| `1254015` 字段值类型不匹配 | 先 `+field-list`，再按 `lark-base-cell-value.md` 构造 CellValue |
+| `1254015` 字段值类型不匹配 | 先 `+field-list`，再按 [lark-base-cell-value.md](references/lark-base-cell-value.md) 构造 CellValue |
 | 日期 / 人员 / 超链接字段报格式错误 | 日期用 `YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss`；人员用 `[{ "id": "ou_xxx" }]`；超链接用 URL 或 markdown link 字符串 |
-| formula / lookup 创建失败 | 先读 `formula-field-guide.md` / `lookup-field-guide.md`，再按 guide 重建请求 |
+| formula / lookup 创建失败 | 先读 [formula-field-guide.md](references/formula-field-guide.md) / [lookup-field-guide.md](references/lookup-field-guide.md)，再按 guide 重建请求 |
 | `ignored_fields` / `READONLY` | 移除只读字段，只写存储字段 |
 | `1254104` | 批量超过 200，分批调用 |
 | `1254291` | 并发写冲突，串行写入并在批次间短暂等待 |
@@ -146,15 +146,15 @@ metadata:
 
 ## 保留 Reference
 
-- `lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md`：查询/统计/全局结论的选路 SOP
+- [lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md](references/lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md)：查询/统计/全局结论的选路 SOP
-- `lark-base-data-query-guide.md` / `lark-base-data-query.md`：聚合查询入口 fewshot 与 DSL SSOT
+- [lark-base-data-query-guide.md](references/lark-base-data-query-guide.md) / [lark-base-data-query.md](references/lark-base-data-query.md)：聚合查询入口 fewshot 与 DSL SSOT
-- `lark-base-cell-value.md`：记录 CellValue 构造
+- [lark-base-cell-value.md](references/lark-base-cell-value.md)：记录 CellValue 构造
-- `lark-base-field-json.md`：字段 JSON 构造
+- [lark-base-field-json.md](references/lark-base-field-json.md)：字段 JSON 构造
-- `formula-field-guide.md` / `lookup-field-guide.md`：公式与 lookup 字段
+- [formula-field-guide.md](references/formula-field-guide.md) / [lookup-field-guide.md](references/lookup-field-guide.md)：公式与 lookup 字段
-- `lark-base-field-create.md` / `lark-base-field-update.md`：字段创建/更新命令级补充
+- [lark-base-field-create.md](references/lark-base-field-create.md) / [lark-base-field-update.md](references/lark-base-field-update.md)：字段创建/更新命令级补充
-- `lark-base-record-upsert.md` / `lark-base-record-batch-create.md` / `lark-base-record-batch-update.md` / `lark-base-record-history-list.md`：记录写入 JSON 与历史返回解释
+- [lark-base-record-upsert.md](references/lark-base-record-upsert.md) / [lark-base-record-batch-create.md](references/lark-base-record-batch-create.md) / [lark-base-record-batch-update.md](references/lark-base-record-batch-update.md) / [lark-base-record-history-list.md](references/lark-base-record-history-list.md)：记录写入 JSON 与历史返回解释
-- `lark-base-view-set-filter.md`：视图筛选 JSON
+- [lark-base-view-set-filter.md](references/lark-base-view-set-filter.md)：视图筛选 JSON
-- `lark-base-form-detail.md` / `lark-base-form-submit.md` / `lark-base-form-questions-create.md` / `lark-base-form-questions-update.md`：表单详情、提交和复杂 JSON
+- [lark-base-form-detail.md](references/lark-base-form-detail.md) / [lark-base-form-submit.md](references/lark-base-form-submit.md) / [lark-base-form-questions-create.md](references/lark-base-form-questions-create.md) / [lark-base-form-questions-update.md](references/lark-base-form-questions-update.md)：表单详情、提交和复杂 JSON
-- `lark-base-dashboard.md` / `dashboard-block-data-config.md` / `lark-base-dashboard-block-get-data.md`：仪表盘、组件配置与图表结果协议
+- [lark-base-dashboard.md](references/lark-base-dashboard.md) / [dashboard-block-data-config.md](references/dashboard-block-data-config.md) / [lark-base-dashboard-block-get-data.md](references/lark-base-dashboard-block-get-data.md)：仪表盘、组件配置与图表结果协议
-- `lark-base-workflow-guide.md` / `lark-base-workflow-schema.md`：workflow 入口与 steps JSON SSOT
+- [lark-base-workflow-guide.md](references/lark-base-workflow-guide.md) / [lark-base-workflow-schema.md](references/lark-base-workflow-schema.md)：workflow 入口与 steps JSON SSOT
-- `lark-base-role-guide.md` / `role-config.md`：角色入口与权限 JSON SSOT
+- [lark-base-role-guide.md](references/lark-base-role-guide.md) / [role-config.md](references/role-config.md)：角色入口与权限 JSON SSOT

skills/lark-base/references/lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md

@@ -6,14 +6,15 @@ Base 数据查询与分析任务的执行契约。覆盖记录读取、筛选、
 
 - `+data-query`: entry guide [lark-base-data-query-guide.md](lark-base-data-query-guide.md), full DSL SSOT [lark-base-data-query.md](lark-base-data-query.md)
 - 视图筛选: [lark-base-view-set-filter.md](lark-base-view-set-filter.md)
-- 视图排序/投影、记录读取: 先 get/list 现状，确认字段 ID、字段名、分页和投影范围
+- 记录读取: `+record-list` / `+record-search` / `+record-get`，先确认字段 ID、字段名、分页和投影范围
 
 ## 0. Hard Rules
 
 - 全局问题不能用默认 `+record-list --limit N` 片面地回答。
 - `jq` / shell / 本地代码是在个人电脑或当前运行环境中处理已返回数据，只适合小范围结果；超过 200 行默认不推荐本地统计、排序或求极值，应改用 Base 云端查询服务的 filter/sort/aggregate。
 - “最高、最低、最新、最早、Top、Bottom、总数、全部、异常、最大、最小、最多、最少、优先级最高”等全局语义，必须在 Base 云端查询服务中完成筛选、排序或聚合。
-- `+record-search` 用于关键词检索字段的展示文本；可搜多类字段，但匹配的是文本表示（如人员命中 name），不要用它替代金额、状态、日期、空值等结构化条件。
+- 一次性原始记录查询优先用 `+record-list` / `+record-search` 的 filter/sort；聚合分析优先用 `+data-query`。
+- `+record-search` 用于关键词检索字段的展示文本；金额、状态、日期、空值、关联等结构化条件继续用 `--filter-json` 表达。
 - 不要依赖已有视图，除非用户明确指定该视图，或你已读取并验证其 filter/sort/projection 符合当前问题。
 - 交付输出必须使用用户可读的真实字段值；内部 ID、`record_id`、关联记录 ID、open_id、编码字段只可作为连接键或定位键，不能替代最终输出，除非用户明确要求输出这些键值。
 - 每次读取必须做最小投影，并包含后续解释、回查或写入需要的业务 key。
@@ -22,39 +23,160 @@ Base 数据查询与分析任务的执行契约。覆盖记录读取、筛选、
 
 | 用户意图 | 首选路径 | 关键规则 |
 | --- | --- | --- |
-| 看几条、预览、示例 | `+record-list --limit N` | 保持局部语义；不要推广为全局结论 |
+| 看几条、预览、示例 | `+record-list --limit N --field-id ...` | 保持局部语义；不要推广为全局结论 |
 | 已知 `record_id` | `+record-get` | 直接读取；不要 search/list 反查 |
-| 明确关键词 | `+record-search` | 按字段展示文本命中；使用 `search_fields` 限定匹配范围、`select_fields` 投影降低返回内容 token 量；不要把文本检索当作结构化关联解析 |
+| 明确关键词 | `+record-search --keyword ... --search-field ... --field-id ...` | 必须显式指定 `--search-field`；可叠加 `--filter-json` |
-| 按条件找明细记录 | 先创建临时视图设置筛选和可见字段，再用 `+record-list --view-id` 读取 | 条件字段来自 `+field-list`；不要先读全表再本地过滤 |
+| 按条件找原始记录 | `+record-list --filter-json ...` | `filter-json` 与视图筛选结构一致，支持文本、数字、日期、选项、人员、群组、关联等值 |
-| 排序 / TopN 原始记录 | 临时视图 filter/sort/projection -> `+record-list --view-id --limit N` | 最高/最新降序，最低/最早升序 |
+| 排序 / TopN 原始记录 | `+record-list --filter-json ... --sort-json ... --limit N` | 最高/最新用 `desc:true`，最低/最早用 `desc:false`；数组顺序表达优先级；最多 10 个排序条件 |
 | 聚合 / 分组 / 分组排序 | `+data-query` | 使用 filters/dimensions/measures/sort/limit |
-| 聚合后输出实体字段 | `+data-query` 得到业务 key -> record 路径回查明细 | `+data-query` 不返回原始记录或 link 明细；聚合结果中的 key 需要再解析成用户要求字段 |
+| 聚合后输出逐条记录 | `+data-query` 得到业务 key 或候选字段组合 -> `+record-list --filter-json` / `+record-get` 回查 | `+data-query` 维度行按字段组合去重且不返回 `record_id` |
-| 多表 / 多跳关联 | 以候选数最小的事实表为驱动表，沿业务 key 或 link `record_id` 逐跳回查 | 读出 link 单元格里的关联 `record_id` 后，到被关联表批量 `+record-get` 展示字段，并在回答用结果中合并展示 |
+| 多表 / 多跳关联 | 以候选数最小的事实表为驱动表，沿业务 key 或 link `record_id` 逐跳回查 | 读出 link 单元格里的关联 `record_id` 后，到被关联表批量 `+record-get` 展示字段 |
-| 查询后写入 / 视图化 | 先用本 SOP 得到可复核的目标记录 id 集合 | 再进入记录写入或视图配置；高价值可复用查询优先沉淀为持久视图 |
+| 查询后写入 / 视图化 | 先用本 SOP 得到可复核的目标记录 id 集合 | 再进入记录写入或视图配置；高价值可复用查询可沉淀为持久视图 |
 
 ## 2. Execution Patterns
 
-### 2.1 结构化明细与 TopN
+### 2.1 结构化原始记录与 TopN
 
-使用视图路径：
+使用 `+record-list` 的 filter/sort 路径：
 
 1. `+field-list` 确认筛选字段、排序字段、展示字段、业务 key。
-2. `+view-create` 创建 grid 视图。
+2. 筛选只用 `--filter-json` 或 `--filter-json @file`。
-3. 设置 filter/sort/visible fields。
+3. 排序用 `--sort-json`。
-4. `+record-list --view-id <view_id> --limit <N>` 读取结果。
+4. `--field-id` 做最小投影，`--limit` 控制返回数量。
 
-不要从未筛选、未排序的全表输出中手动挑选。一次性查询可用临时视图；如果这个筛选/排序结果对用户后续查看有价值，应保留为持久视图，不要删除，并告知用户视图名称和用途。筛选 JSON 见 view-set-filter reference；排序和可见字段配置先读取现状，再按目标字段、顺序和排序方向改写。
+Example: string/number 条件 + TopN：
 
-### 2.2 聚合分析与 TopN
+```bash
+lark-cli base +record-list \
+  --base-token <base_token> \
+  --table-id <table_id> \
+  --filter-json '{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Title","==","Launch plan"],["Score",">=",80]]}' \
+  --sort-json '[{"field":"Updated","desc":true}]' \
+  --field-id Name \
+  --field-id Title \
+  --field-id Score \
+  --limit 20
+```
+
+Example: 复杂筛选从文件读取：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli base +record-list \
+  --base-token <base_token> \
+  --table-id <table_id> \
+  --filter-json @filter.json \
+  --sort-json '[{"field":"Priority","desc":true}]' \
+  --field-id Name \
+  --field-id Tags \
+  --limit 50
+```
+
+`filter-json` 与视图筛选结构一致。下面只列常用 fewshot；字段类型、operator、value 形状拿不准，或需要人员、群组、关联、空值、地理位置、formula / lookup 等完整筛选时，先读 [lark-base-view-set-filter.md](lark-base-view-set-filter.md)，再把同样的 filter JSON 传给 `--filter-json`。
+
+文本 `==`：字段值等于目标文本。
+```json
+{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Title","==","Launch plan"]]}
+```
+
+文本包含 / like：文本字段包含目标片段；operator 写 `intersects`。
+```json
+{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Title","intersects","urgent"]]}
+```
+
+数字 `==`：字段值等于目标数字。
+```json
+{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Score","==",95]]}
+```
+
+日期 `==`：字段值等于目标日期；datetime / created_at / updated_at 用 `ExactDate(...)`。
+```json
+{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Due Date","==","ExactDate(2026-06-02)"]]}
+```
+
+选项 `==`：字段值匹配单个选项；选项值使用选项名数组，单个选项也写数组。
+```json
+{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Priority","==",["P0"]]]}
+```
+
+选项 `intersects`：字段值与给定选项集合有交集，常用于多选或“命中任一选项”。
+```json
+{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Tags","intersects",["P0","Blocked"]]]}
+```
+
+`--sort-json` 传排序数组，数组顺序就是优先级，`desc:true` 为降序，`desc:false` 为升序，最多 10 个排序条件。
+
+### 2.2 关键词检索后叠加结构化条件
+
+使用 `+record-search` 做关键词命中，结构化条件仍用 `--filter-json` 下推：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli base +record-search \
+  --base-token <base_token> \
+  --table-id <table_id> \
+  --keyword Alice \
+  --search-field Name \
+  --filter-json '{"logic":"and","conditions":[["Status","!=","Done"]]}' \
+  --sort-json '[{"field":"Updated","desc":true}]' \
+  --field-id Name \
+  --field-id Status \
+  --limit 20
+```
+
+不要把 `+record-search` 当成金额、状态、日期、空值、关联字段的结构化筛选入口；这些条件继续写成 `--filter-json`。
+
+### 2.3 聚合分析与 TopN
 
 使用 `+data-query`：
 
 - 让 Base 云端查询服务完成 filters、dimensions、measures、sort、pagination.limit。
-- `pagination.limit` 是 Base 云端查询服务中的聚合结果限制，不是本地分页扫描。
+- `pagination.limit` 是 Base 云端查询服务中的结果限制，不是本地分页扫描。
-- 需要输出明细或用户可读字段时，先拿业务 key，再用 record 路径精确回查。
 - 常用聚合 fewshot 先读 [lark-base-data-query-guide.md](lark-base-data-query-guide.md)；字段类型、日期 value、DSL shape 以 [lark-base-data-query.md](lark-base-data-query.md) 为准。
+- `+data-query` 可返回聚合结果或维度字段行；维度字段行按字段组合去重且不返回 `record_id`，不能当逐条原始记录结果使用。
+- 需要输出逐条记录、记录定位或完整行级字段时，先用 `+data-query` 得到业务 key、分组值或候选字段组合，再用 `+record-list --filter-json` / `+record-get` 回查。
 
-### 2.3 关系查询与回查
+Example: 分组计数：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli base +data-query \
+  --base-token <base_token> \
+  --dsl '{"datasource":{"type":"table","table":{"tableId":"<table_id>"}},"dimensions":[{"field_name":"Status","alias":"status"}],"measures":[{"field_name":"Status","aggregation":"count","alias":"count"}],"shaper":{"format":"flat"}}'
+```
+
+Example: 过滤后汇总并取 TopN：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli base +data-query \
+  --base-token <base_token> \
+  --dsl '{"datasource":{"type":"table","table":{"tableId":"<table_id>"}},"dimensions":[{"field_name":"Owner","alias":"owner"}],"measures":[{"field_name":"Amount","aggregation":"sum","alias":"total_amount"}],"filters":{"type":1,"conjunction":"and","conditions":[{"field_name":"Status","operator":"is","value":["Done"]}]},"sort":[{"field_name":"total_amount","order":"desc"}],"pagination":{"limit":10},"shaper":{"format":"flat"}}'
+```
+
+### 2.4 视图化与复用
+
+一次性查询先用 `+record-list` / `+record-search` 的 filter/sort 验证。需要用户长期打开、共享或复用时，再把同一套 filter/sort 沉淀为视图。
+
+Example: 将已验证的筛选排序写入视图：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli base +view-set-filter \
+  --base-token <base_token> \
+  --table-id <table_id> \
+  --view-id <view_id> \
+  --json @filter.json
+
+lark-cli base +view-set-sort \
+  --base-token <base_token> \
+  --table-id <table_id> \
+  --view-id <view_id> \
+  --json '{"sort_config":[{"field":"Priority","desc":true}]}'
+```
+
+手动配置和视图配置的优先级：
+
+1. `--filter-json` 覆盖 `--view-id` 保存的 view filter JSON。
+2. `--sort-json` 覆盖 `--view-id` 保存的 view sort config。
+3. 没有手动 filter/sort 时，`--view-id` 使用视图自身保存的 filter/sort。
+
+### 2.5 关系查询与回查
 
 - link 单元格通常是关联表 `record_id` 数组，不是用户可读内容，只是连接键。
 - 先用 `+field-list` 确认 link 字段的 `link_table`、业务唯一键和展示字段。
@@ -71,17 +193,17 @@ Base 数据查询与分析任务的执行契约。覆盖记录读取、筛选、
 
 - `+record-list` 默认页、固定 `--limit`、本地 `jq`、shell 管道、手工浏览输出，都只覆盖已读取范围；超过 200 行不要把本地处理当作推荐路径。
 - `has_more=true`、存在下一页 offset/page token、或返回行数等于 page size，都表示可能还有未读取数据。
-- 对全局问题，只有 Base 云端查询服务已经通过 filter/sort/aggregate 收敛目标范围，或 `data-query` 已在云端完成聚合、排序和限制时，才可以用有限返回形成结论。
+- 对全局问题，只有 Base 云端查询服务已经通过 filter/sort/aggregate 收敛目标范围，或 `+data-query` 已在云端完成聚合、排序和限制时，才可以用有限返回形成结论。
-- 必须全量导出时，按 CLI 分页语义串行翻页；不要并发调用 `+record-list`。
+- 必须全量导出时，按 `+record-list` 分页语义串行翻页；不要并发调用 `+record-list`。
 
 ## 4. Final Answer Check
 
 形成交付输出前必须能确认：
 
-- 问题范围是局部样例、单点定位、全局明细、聚合分析、多表关联，还是查询后写入。
+- 问题范围是局部样例、单点定位、全局原始记录、聚合分析、多表关联，还是查询后写入。
 - 筛选、排序、聚合是否发生在 Base 云端查询服务中，而不是本地 `jq` / shell 中。
 - 如果使用 `jq` / shell，本地输入是否是 200 行以内的小范围结果；超过 200 行是否已改用 Base 云端查询服务查询。
-- 如果使用 `+record-list`，是否处理了 `has_more`，且投影包含业务 key 和解释字段。
+- 如果使用 `+record-list` / `+record-search`，是否处理了 `has_more`，且投影包含业务 key 和解释字段。
 - 如果涉及关系查询，是否按 `record_id` 或业务 key 精确回查，交付输出是否来自关联表真实字段。
 - 交付输出能追溯到表、字段、筛选条件、排序/聚合条件和连接键。
 

skills/lark-base/references/lark-base-data-query-guide.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Use `+data-query` when the user asks for server-side:
 - sorted Top N or Bottom N
 - global statistical conclusions
 
-Do not use `+data-query` for raw record details. Use record commands for row-level output.
+`+data-query` can return dimension field rows, but those rows are grouped by dimension values and do not include `record_id`. Use `+record-list`, `+record-search`, or `+record-get` for row-level output, record identity, or full raw record details.
 
 ## Common Fewshots
 

skills/lark-base/references/lark-base-data-query.md

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ lark-cli base +data-query \
     "shaper": {"format": "flat"}
   }'
 
-# 聚合后如需读取明细，先让 data-query 返回可回查的业务 key
+# 聚合或维度查询后如需读取逐条记录，先让 data-query 返回可回查的业务 key
 lark-cli base +data-query \
   --base-token MAGObxxxxx \
   --dsl '{
@@ -419,16 +419,16 @@ value 使用预定义关键字机制，第一个元素为字符串常量名称
 
 ## 与记录读取组合
 
-`+data-query` 不返回原始记录或 link 字段明细。需要输出聚合结果对应的原始记录字段、展示值或关联表字段时，按以下方式组合：
+`+data-query` 可返回聚合结果，也可在只传 `dimensions` 时返回维度字段行；这些维度行按字段组合去重，不包含 `record_id`，不能等同于逐条原始记录。需要输出聚合结果对应的原始记录字段、展示值、记录定位信息或关联表字段时，按以下方式组合：
 
-1. 用 `+data-query` 在 Base 云端查询服务中完成全局筛选、分组、聚合、排序和 TopN，得到业务 key、分组值或候选范围。
+1. 用 `+data-query` 在 Base 云端查询服务中完成全局筛选、分组、聚合、排序和 TopN，得到业务 key、分组值或候选字段组合。
-2. 如果已经拿到候选记录的 `record_id`，用 `+record-get` 读取明细字段。
+2. 如果已经拿到候选记录的 `record_id`，用 `+record-get` 读取逐条记录字段。
-3. 如果拿到的是结构化业务 key（例如编号、状态、日期、金额等），优先创建临时视图做精确过滤后再 `+record-list --view-id` 读取；不要用 `+record-search` 代替结构化条件。
+3. 如果拿到的是结构化业务 key（例如编号、状态、日期、金额等），用 `+record-list --filter-json` 做精确过滤后读取；不要用 `+record-search` 代替结构化条件。
 4. 只有候选条件本身是文本展示值关键词时，才使用 `+record-search`，并用 `search_fields` 限定范围、`select_fields` 做投影。
 5. 若候选记录包含 link 字段，提取关联 `record_id` 后到关联表用 `+record-get` 批量读取展示字段。
 6. 最终回答业务字段，不要把内部 `record_id` 当作用户可读答案。
 
-不要把 `data-query pagination.limit` 理解为分页扫描；它只限制 Base 云端查询服务返回的聚合结果行数，不支持 offset。需要全量明细导出时回到 data analysis SOP 的 record 分页规则。
+不要把 `data-query pagination.limit` 理解为分页扫描；它只限制 Base 云端查询服务返回的聚合结果行数，不支持 offset。需要全量原始记录导出时回到 data analysis SOP 的 `+record-list` 分页规则。
 
 ## 坑点
 
@@ -447,6 +447,6 @@ value 使用预定义关键字机制，第一个元素为字符串常量名称
 
 - [lark-base](../SKILL.md) — 多维表格全部命令
 - [lark-shared](../../lark-shared/SKILL.md) — 认证和全局参数
-- [lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md](lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md) — 查询范围、选路、下推、分页、record 明细回查和关系查询 SOP
+- [lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md](lark-base-data-analysis-sop.md) — 查询范围、选路、下推、分页、`+record-list` / `+record-search` 回查和关系查询 SOP
 - [lark-base-cell-value.md](lark-base-cell-value.md) — CellValue 格式规范
 - [lark-base-field-json.md](lark-base-field-json.md) — 字段类型与 JSON 结构

skills/lark-calendar/SKILL.md

@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ Calendar (日历)
 
 Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli calendar +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
 
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何 Shortcut 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
+
 | Shortcut | 说明 |
 |----------|------|
 | [`+agenda`](references/lark-calendar-agenda.md) | 查看日程安排（默认今天） |

skills/lark-contact/SKILL.md

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ metadata:
 
 **user 身份和 bot 身份是两条完全独立的路径**。先确定当前身份,再按下表选命令:
 
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何命令之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
+
 | 想做什么 | user 身份 | bot 身份 |
 |---|---|---|
 | 按姓名 / 邮箱搜员工拿 open_id | [`+search-user`](references/lark-contact-search-user.md) | 不支持 |

skills/lark-doc/SKILL.md

@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@ lark-cli docs +update --api-version v2 --doc "文档URL或token" --command appen
 
 Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli docs +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
 
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何 Shortcut 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
+
 | Shortcut | 说明 |
 |----------|------|
 | [`+create`](references/lark-doc-create.md) | Create a Lark document (XML / Markdown) |

skills/lark-drive/SKILL.md

@@ -260,6 +260,8 @@ lark-cli drive permission.members create \
 
 Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli drive +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
 
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何 Shortcut 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
+
 | Shortcut | 说明                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
 |----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 | [`+search`](references/lark-drive-search.md) | Search Lark docs, Wiki, and spreadsheet files with flat filter flags. Natural-language-friendly: `--edited-since`, `--mine`, `--doc-types`, etc.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |

skills/lark-im/SKILL.md

@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ Item types for feed-layer flags:
 
 Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli im +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
 
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何 Shortcut 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
+
 | Shortcut | 说明 |
 |----------|------|
 | [`+chat-create`](references/lark-im-chat-create.md) | Create a group chat or topic chat; user/bot; --chat-mode group|topic; private/public; invites users/bots; optionally sets bot manager |

skills/lark-mail/SKILL.md

@@ -464,6 +464,8 @@ lark-cli mail user_mailbox.folders create \
 
 Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli mail +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
 
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何 Shortcut 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
+
 | Shortcut | 说明 |
 |----------|------|
 | [`+message`](references/lark-mail-message.md) | Use when reading full content for a single email by message ID. Returns normalized body content plus attachments metadata, including inline images. |

skills/lark-markdown/SKILL.md

@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ metadata:
 
 Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli markdown +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
 
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何 Shortcut 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
+
 | Shortcut | 说明 |
 |----------|------|
 | [`+create`](references/lark-markdown-create.md) | Create a Markdown file in Drive |

skills/lark-minutes/SKILL.md

@@ -111,6 +111,8 @@ Minutes (妙记) ← minute_token 标识
 
 Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli minutes +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
 
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何 Shortcut 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
+
 | Shortcut                                           | 说明                                                              |
 | -------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- |
 | [`+search`](references/lark-minutes-search.md)     | Search minutes by keyword, owners, participants, and time range |

skills/lark-okr/SKILL.md

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ metadata:
 
 Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli okr +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
 
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何 Shortcut 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
+
 | Shortcut                                                     | 说明                       |
 |--------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------|
 | [`+cycle-list`](references/lark-okr-cycle-list.md)           | 获取特定用户的 OKR 周期列表，可以按时间筛选 |

skills/lark-shared/SKILL.md

@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ lark-cli 命令执行后，如果检测到新版本，JSON 输出中会包含 `_
 
 ## 安全规则
 
+- **文件路径只接受相对路径**：`--file`、`--output`、`--output-dir`、`@file` 等路径参数只接受 cwd 下的相对路径，传绝对路径会报 `unsafe file path`。数据输入（`@file`、大 JSON）优先用 stdin 传入，避免路径和转义问题。
 - **禁止输出密钥**（appSecret、accessToken）到终端明文。
 - **写入/删除操作前必须确认用户意图**。
 - 用 `--dry-run` 预览危险请求。

skills/lark-sheets/SKILL.md

@@ -179,6 +179,8 @@ lark-cli sheets +write --url "URL" --sheet-id "sheetId" --range "C6" \
 
 Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli sheets +<verb> [flags]`）。有 Shortcut 的操作优先使用。
 
+**CRITICAL — 执行任何 Shortcut 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取下表中对应的说明文档；没有文档链接的命令须执行 -h 了解用法。禁止盲调。**
+
 ### Spreadsheet Management
 
 对应参考文档：[spreadsheet-management](references/lark-sheets-spreadsheet-management.md)