docs: add drive knowledge asset workflow guidance

Change-Id: I2431a436e79d5a0e62501fb51aad4bde83f393b8

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 ## Test Plan
 <!-- Describe how this change was verified. -->
 - [ ] Unit tests pass
-- [ ] Manual local verification confirms the `lark-cli <domain> <command>` flow works as expected
+- [ ] Manual local verification confirms the `lark xxx` command works as expected
 
 ## Related Issues
 <!-- Link related issues. Use Closes/Fixes to close them automatically. -->

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -82,8 +82,6 @@ jobs:
         run: python3 scripts/fetch_meta.py
       - name: Run golangci-lint
         run: go run github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/v2/cmd/golangci-lint@v2.1.6 run --new-from-rev=origin/main
-      - name: Run errs/ lint guards (lintcheck)
-        run: go run -C lint . ..
 
   coverage:
     needs: fast-gate

.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Build output
-/lark-cli*
+/lark-cli
 .cache/
 dist/
 bin/

.golangci.yml

@@ -49,26 +49,18 @@ linters:
           - gocritic
           - depguard
           - forbidigo
-      # Paths that run forbidigo. Add an entry when a path joins one of
-      # the rules below.
-      - path-except: (shortcuts/|internal/|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/)
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/|internal/)
         linters:
           - forbidigo
       - path: internal/vfs/
         linters:
           - forbidigo
-      # shortcuts-no-raw-http is shortcuts-only; internal/ wraps raw HTTP
-      # for the client / credential layer.
+      # The shortcuts-no-raw-http forbidigo rule below is shortcuts-only;
+      # internal/ legitimately wraps raw HTTP for the client / credential layer.
       - path-except: shortcuts/
         text: shortcuts-no-raw-http
         linters:
           - forbidigo
-      # errs-typed-only enforced on paths already migrated to errs.NewXxxError.
-      # Add a path when its migration is complete.
-      - path-except: (internal/auth/|internal/errcompat/|internal/errclass/|internal/client/|internal/cmdutil/factory\.go|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|shortcuts/calendar/helpers\.go)
-        text: errs-typed-only
-        linters:
-          - forbidigo
 
   settings:
     depguard:
@@ -87,13 +79,6 @@ linters:
                 Use runtime.FileIO() for file operations or runtime.ValidatePath() for path validation.
     forbidigo:
       forbid:
-        # ── legacy output.Err* helpers banned on migrated paths ──
-        # output.ErrBare is intentionally not listed — it is the predicate-
-        # command silent-exit signal, outside the typed envelope contract.
-        - pattern: output\.(ErrValidation|ErrAuth|ErrNetwork|ErrAPI|ErrWithHint|Errorf)\b
-          msg: >-
-            [errs-typed-only] use errs.NewXxxError(...) builder
-            (see errs/types.go).
         # ── http: shortcuts must not construct raw HTTP requests ──
         # Bans request / client construction; constants (http.MethodPost,
         # http.StatusOK) and pure helpers (http.StatusText, http.Header) are

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,110 +2,6 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
-## [v1.0.45] - 2026-06-01
-
-### Features
-
-- **errors**: Add typed envelope contract for auth-domain errors (#1135)
-- **platform**: Support multiple policy rules per plugin (#1182)
-
-### Bug Fixes
-
-- **vc**: Add domain boundaries and enrich `+notes` (#1172)
-- **whiteboard**: Fix whiteboard skill (#1180)
-
-### Refactor
-
-- **auth**: Update login hint and split-flow docs (#1201)
-
-## [v1.0.44] - 2026-05-29
-
-### Features
-
-- **base**: Add dashboard block data shortcut and workflow docs (#1067)
-- **im**: Support `--types` flag for listing p2p single chats in `chat-list` (#1077)
-- **agent**: Add agent header support (#1158)
-
-### Bug Fixes
-
-- **im**: Correct 64-bit MP4 box size handling to prevent panic on crafted media (#1165)
-- **install**: Detect curl version before using `--ssl-revoke-best-effort` (#1124)
-- **vc**: Correct `--minute-token` to `--minute-tokens` in recording reference (#1170)
-- **whiteboard**: Fix whiteboard skill (#1166)
-
-## [v1.0.43] - 2026-05-28
-
-### Features
-
-- **event**: Support `note` generated event (#1159)
-- **config**: Decouple `--lang` preference from TUI display language (#1132)
-- **mail**: Add HTML lint library with Larksuite-native autofix for `lark-mail` (#1019)
-
-### Bug Fixes
-
-- **config**: Propagate `Lang` across credential boundary; respect `CurrentApp` in priorLang (#1157)
-- **config**: Allow lark-channel bind source override (#1154)
-- **im**: Clarify `messages-send` dry-run chat membership (#1150)
-- **base**: Include `log_id` in attachment media errors (#1133)
-
-### Performance
-
-- **im**: Parallelize reactions, thread_replies, and merge_forward fetches (#1146)
-
-### Documentation
-
-- **im**: Update IM skill urgent APIs (#1153)
-
-## [v1.0.42] - 2026-05-27
-
-### Features
-
-- **mail**: Add `+draft-send` shortcut for batch draft sending (#1017)
-- **im**: Enrich messages with reactions and output `update_time` (#1095)
-- **schema**: Output JSON spec envelope for all API commands (#1048)
-- **event**: Support `vc` / `note` / `minute` events (#1113)
-- **drive**: Add secure label shortcuts (#985)
-- **affordance**: Use description and command in affordance example schema (#1126)
-
-### Bug Fixes
-
-- **docs**: Remove unsupported `fetch` text format (#1109)
-
-### Refactor
-
-- **auth**: Drop duplicate top-level user fields in `status` (#1128)
-
-### Documentation
-
-- **doc**: Document block anchor URLs in `lark-doc` skill (#1120)
-- **whiteboard**: Improve SVG/Mermaid instructions (#1097)
-
-## [v1.0.41] - 2026-05-26
-
-### Features
-
-- **minutes**: Add minutes edit shortcuts (#1036)
-- **minutes**: Get minutes keywords (#1079)
-- **slides**: Support importing pptx as slides (#1068)
-- **config**: Add `keychain-downgrade` subcommand (macOS) (#1085)
-- **errors**: Add structured CLI error contract (#984)
-- **apps**: Replace `+html-publish` cwd hard-reject with credential-file scan (#1072)
-
-### Bug Fixes
-
-- **drive**: Support doubao drive inspect URL variants (#1106)
-- **skills**: Sync skills incrementally during update (#1042)
-- **apps**: Read app object from `data.app` for `+create` and `+update` (#1087)
-- **common**: Escape special chars in multipart form filenames (#1037)
-- **auth**: Remove fenced code block guidance from auth URL output hints (#1088)
-
-### Documentation
-
-- **skills**: Fix agent routing for doubao.com URLs (#1082)
-- **task**: Require `--complete=false` for pending standup summaries (#1101)
-- **base**: Document UI-only field settings (#1078)
-- **contributing**: Clarify contributor guidance (#1096)
-
 ## [v1.0.40] - 2026-05-25
 
 ### Features
@@ -964,11 +860,6 @@ Bundled AI agent skills for intelligent assistance:
 - Bilingual documentation (English & Chinese).
 - CI/CD pipelines: linting, testing, coverage reporting, and automated releases.
 
-[v1.0.45]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.45
-[v1.0.44]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.44
-[v1.0.43]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.43
-[v1.0.42]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.42
-[v1.0.41]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.41
 [v1.0.40]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.40
 [v1.0.39]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.39
 [v1.0.38]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.38

README.md

@@ -279,8 +279,6 @@ Community contributions are welcome! If you find a bug or have feature suggestio
 
 For major changes, we recommend discussing with us first via an Issue.
 
-Before opening a PR, see [AGENTS.md](./AGENTS.md) for the local build, test, and PR checklist used by contributors and AI agents.
-
 ## License
 
 This project is licensed under the **MIT License**.

README.zh.md

@@ -280,8 +280,6 @@ lark-cli schema im.messages.delete
 
 对于较大的改动，建议先通过 Issue 与我们讨论。
 
-提交 PR 前，请先阅读 [AGENTS.md](./AGENTS.md)，其中列出了贡献者和 AI Agent 使用的本地构建、测试和 PR 检查清单。
-
 ## 许可证
 
 本项目基于 **MIT 许可证** 开源。

cmd/api/api.go

@@ -238,10 +238,10 @@ func apiRun(opts *APIOptions) error {
 
 	resp, err := ac.DoAPI(opts.Ctx, request)
 	if err != nil {
-		// MarkRaw tells the dispatcher to skip the legacy enrichPermissionError
-		// pass on *output.ExitError values. Typed *errs.* errors that flow
-		// through here keep their canonical message / hint from BuildAPIError;
-		// MarkRaw is a no-op on those (it only flips a flag on *ExitError).
+		// MarkRaw tells the dispatcher to skip enrichPermissionError so the
+		// raw API error detail (log_id, troubleshooter, permission_violations)
+		// stays on the wire — `lark-cli api` callers explicitly want the raw
+		// envelope.
 		return output.MarkRaw(err)
 	}
 	err = client.HandleResponse(resp, client.ResponseOptions{
@@ -253,14 +253,14 @@ func apiRun(opts *APIOptions) error {
 		FileIO:      f.ResolveFileIO(opts.Ctx),
 		CommandPath: opts.Cmd.CommandPath(),
 		Identity:    opts.As,
-		// CheckResponse routes through errclass.BuildAPIError for known Lark
-		// codes (typed PermissionError / AuthenticationError / ...). For
-		// unknown codes it falls back to *errs.APIError. The Brand+AppID on
-		// the client populate identity-aware fields (ConsoleURL etc.).
+		// Stage 1: CheckResponse emits the legacy *output.ExitError envelope.
+		// Per-domain migration in stage 2+ will route through
+		// errclass.BuildAPIError to populate identity-aware fields
+		// (PermissionError.ConsoleURL needs Brand+AppID from the client).
 		CheckError: ac.CheckResponse,
 	})
-	// MarkRaw: see comment above on the DoAPI path. Skips legacy
-	// *ExitError enrichment; typed errors flow through unchanged.
+	// MarkRaw: see comment above on the DoAPI path. Applies equally to
+	// HandleResponse failures so the raw API error survives to the wire.
 	if err != nil {
 		return output.MarkRaw(err)
 	}

cmd/api/api_test.go

@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@
 package api
 
 import (
-	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
@@ -672,49 +670,3 @@ func TestApiCmd_DryRunWithFile(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("expected dry-run header, got: %s", out)
 	}
 }
-
-// TestApiCmd_PermissionError_DerivesFirstClassFields pins that when a Lark
-// API returns a missing-scope failure, the typed *errs.PermissionError
-// surfaced by `lark-cli api` lifts the diagnostic signals BuildAPIError
-// consumed during classification into first-class wire fields
-// (MissingScopes, LogID, ConsoleURL). The wire shape is the typed envelope
-// — there is no raw-payload passthrough; new Lark diagnostic fields require
-// a CLI release.
-func TestApiCmd_PermissionError_DerivesFirstClassFields(t *testing.T) {
-	f, _, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "cli_test_perm", AppSecret: "secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/docx/v1/documents/test",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code":   99991679,
-			"msg":    "scope missing",
-			"log_id": "20260527-test-log",
-			"error": map[string]interface{}{
-				"permission_violations": []interface{}{
-					map[string]interface{}{"subject": "docx:document"},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	})
-
-	cmd := NewCmdApi(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"GET", "/open-apis/docx/v1/documents/test", "--as", "bot"})
-	err := cmd.Execute()
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for non-zero code")
-	}
-
-	var pe *errs.PermissionError
-	if !errors.As(err, &pe) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.PermissionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-
-	if len(pe.MissingScopes) != 1 || pe.MissingScopes[0] != "docx:document" {
-		t.Errorf("MissingScopes = %v, want [docx:document]", pe.MissingScopes)
-	}
-	if pe.LogID != "20260527-test-log" {
-		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want %q", pe.LogID, "20260527-test-log")
-	}
-}

cmd/auth/auth.go

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
 )
 
 // NewCmdAuth creates the auth command with subcommands.
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ func getUserInfo(ctx context.Context, sdk *lark.Client, accessToken string) (ope
 
 	var resp userInfoResponse
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &resp); err != nil {
-		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse user info: %w", err)
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse user info: %v", err)
 	}
 	if resp.Code != 0 {
 		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get user info [%d]: %s", resp.Code, resp.Msg)
@@ -111,11 +110,6 @@ type appInfoResponse struct {
 	} `json:"data"`
 }
 
-// getAppInfoFn is the package-level seam used by callers (scopes.go) so tests
-// can substitute a fake without standing up a full SDK + httpmock pipeline.
-// Mirrors the pollDeviceToken pattern in login.go.
-var getAppInfoFn = getAppInfo
-
 // getAppInfo queries app info from the Lark API.
 func getAppInfo(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, appId string) (*appInfo, error) {
 	ac, err := f.NewAPIClient()
@@ -137,10 +131,10 @@ func getAppInfo(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, appId string) (*appInfo
 
 	var resp appInfoResponse
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &resp); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse response: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse response: %v", err)
 	}
 	if resp.Code != 0 {
-		return nil, classifyAppInfoErr(apiResp.RawBody, resp.Code, resp.Msg, f, appId)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("API error [%d]: %s", resp.Code, resp.Msg)
 	}
 
 	app := resp.Data.App
@@ -159,21 +153,3 @@ func getAppInfo(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, appId string) (*appInfo
 
 	return &appInfo{OwnerOpenId: ownerOpenId, UserScopes: userScopes}, nil
 }
-
-// classifyAppInfoErr re-decodes the raw body so BuildAPIError sees the
-// upstream `error` block — the typed appInfoResponse shape drops it.
-func classifyAppInfoErr(rawBody []byte, code int, msg string, f *cmdutil.Factory, appId string) error {
-	var raw map[string]any
-	_ = json.Unmarshal(rawBody, &raw)
-	if raw == nil {
-		raw = map[string]any{}
-	}
-	raw["code"] = code
-	raw["msg"] = msg
-	cc := errclass.ClassifyContext{Identity: string(core.AsBot)}
-	if cfg, _ := f.Config(); cfg != nil {
-		cc.Brand = string(cfg.Brand)
-		cc.AppID = appId
-	}
-	return errclass.BuildAPIError(raw, cc)
-}

cmd/auth/auth_test.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	extcred "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -319,54 +318,6 @@ func TestAuthScopesRun_UsesTenantAccessTokenFromCredentialProvider(t *testing.T)
 	}
 }
 
-// TestAuthScopesRun_LarkPermissionError_TypedAsPermissionError pins that when
-// the Lark API returns a permission code (99991679 with permission_violations),
-// getAppInfo classifies it as *errs.PermissionError carrying the server-
-// supplied MissingScopes — not a bare error wrapped as InternalError.
-func TestAuthScopesRun_LarkPermissionError_TypedAsPermissionError(t *testing.T) {
-	f, _, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-	tokenResolver := &authScopesTokenResolver{}
-	f.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, tokenResolver, nil)
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		Method: http.MethodGet,
-		URL:    "/open-apis/application/v6/applications/test-app",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 99991679,
-			"msg":  "scope missing",
-			"error": map[string]interface{}{
-				"permission_violations": []interface{}{
-					map[string]interface{}{"subject": "application:application:self_manage"},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	})
-
-	err := authScopesRun(&ScopesOptions{
-		Factory: f,
-		Ctx:     context.Background(),
-		Format:  "json",
-	})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
-	}
-
-	var pe *errs.PermissionError
-	if !errors.As(err, &pe) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.PermissionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if len(pe.MissingScopes) != 1 || pe.MissingScopes[0] != "application:application:self_manage" {
-		t.Errorf("MissingScopes = %v, want server-supplied [application:application:self_manage]", pe.MissingScopes)
-	}
-
-	var intErr *errs.InternalError
-	if errors.As(err, &intErr) {
-		t.Error("Lark business error must not be wrapped as InternalError; permission semantics lost")
-	}
-}
-
 type authScopesTokenResolver struct {
 	requests []credential.TokenSpec
 }
@@ -438,8 +389,15 @@ func TestAuthBlockedByExternalProvider(t *testing.T) {
 			if matched != nil && matched != cmd && !matched.SilenceUsage {
 				t.Error("expected PersistentPreRunE to set SilenceUsage on matched subcommand")
 			}
-			if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitValidation {
-				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitValidation)
+			var exitErr *output.ExitError
+			if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+			}
+			if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+			}
+			if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "external_provider" {
+				t.Errorf("error type = %v, want %q", exitErr.Detail, "external_provider")
 			}
 		})
 	}

cmd/auth/check.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ func authCheckRun(opts *CheckOptions) error {
 
 	required := strings.Fields(opts.Scope)
 	if len(required) == 0 {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--scope cannot be empty").WithParam("--scope")
+		return output.ErrValidation("--scope cannot be empty")
 	}
 
 	config, err := f.Config()

cmd/auth/check_test.go

@@ -1,167 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package auth
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
-	"github.com/zalando/go-keyring"
-)
-
-// `lark-cli auth check` is a predicate command: its README contract is
-// `exit 0 = ok, 1 = missing`. The JSON answer goes to stdout; stderr stays
-// empty so callers can write `if lark-cli auth check ...; then ... fi`
-// without their logs getting polluted by an error envelope on the negative
-// branch. These tests pin that contract end-to-end through the dispatcher.
-
-func TestAuthCheckRun_NotLoggedIn_ExitOneWithStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-		// UserOpenId left empty: triggers the not_logged_in branch.
-	})
-
-	err := authCheckRun(&CheckOptions{Factory: f, Scope: "calendar:calendar:read"})
-
-	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want 1 (predicate 'missing' signal)", got)
-	}
-	var bare *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &bare) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError (ErrBare), got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if bare.Detail != nil {
-		t.Errorf("ErrBare must carry no Detail (no envelope), got %+v", bare.Detail)
-	}
-
-	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty for predicate negative answer, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
-	}
-
-	var payload map[string]any
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	if payload["ok"] != false {
-		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want false", payload["ok"])
-	}
-	if payload["error"] != "not_logged_in" {
-		t.Errorf("stdout.error = %v, want 'not_logged_in'", payload["error"])
-	}
-}
-
-func TestAuthCheckRun_NoStoredToken_ExitOneWithStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-		UserOpenId: "ou_user", UserName: "tester",
-	})
-
-	err := authCheckRun(&CheckOptions{Factory: f, Scope: "calendar:calendar:read"})
-
-	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want 1", got)
-	}
-	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
-	}
-
-	var payload map[string]any
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v", err)
-	}
-	if payload["ok"] != false {
-		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want false", payload["ok"])
-	}
-	if payload["error"] != "no_token" {
-		t.Errorf("stdout.error = %v, want 'no_token'", payload["error"])
-	}
-}
-
-func TestAuthCheckRun_ScopedTokenPresent_ExitZero(t *testing.T) {
-	// Predicate command happy path: stored token covers every required
-	// scope. Exit must be 0 (nil error, not ErrBare), stdout carries the
-	// `{"ok":true,...}` JSON answer, and stderr stays empty so shell
-	// callers can rely on `if lark-cli auth check ...; then` without log
-	// pollution. Pairs with the two exit-1 negatives above so both
-	// branches of the predicate contract are pinned.
-	keyring.MockInit()
-	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_DATA_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	cfg := &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID:      "test-app",
-		AppSecret:  "test-secret",
-		Brand:      core.BrandFeishu,
-		UserOpenId: "ou_user",
-		UserName:   "tester",
-	}
-	now := time.Now()
-	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(&larkauth.StoredUAToken{
-		AppId:            cfg.AppID,
-		UserOpenId:       cfg.UserOpenId,
-		AccessToken:      "user-access-token",
-		RefreshToken:     "refresh-token",
-		ExpiresAt:        now.Add(time.Hour).UnixMilli(),
-		RefreshExpiresAt: now.Add(24 * time.Hour).UnixMilli(),
-		GrantedAt:        now.Add(-time.Hour).UnixMilli(),
-		Scope:            "im:message docx:document",
-	}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("SetStoredToken() error = %v", err)
-	}
-
-	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, cfg)
-
-	err := authCheckRun(&CheckOptions{Factory: f, Scope: "im:message"})
-
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected nil error for happy path (exit 0), got %v", err)
-	}
-	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want 0", got)
-	}
-	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty for predicate exit-0 answer, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
-	}
-
-	var payload map[string]any
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	if payload["ok"] != true {
-		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want true", payload["ok"])
-	}
-	granted, ok := payload["granted"].([]any)
-	if !ok || len(granted) != 1 || granted[0] != "im:message" {
-		t.Errorf("stdout.granted = %v, want [im:message]", payload["granted"])
-	}
-	if payload["missing"] != nil {
-		t.Errorf("stdout.missing = %v, want nil/absent on happy path", payload["missing"])
-	}
-	if _, has := payload["suggestion"]; has {
-		t.Errorf("stdout.suggestion must be absent on happy path; got %v", payload["suggestion"])
-	}
-}
-
-func TestAuthCheckRun_EmptyScopeIsValidationError(t *testing.T) {
-	// Scope validation is a real input error, not a predicate negative
-	// answer — it must surface as a typed ValidationError with the normal
-	// stderr envelope, distinct from the silent ErrBare predicate path.
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	err := authCheckRun(&CheckOptions{Factory: f, Scope: "   "})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected validation error for empty --scope")
-	}
-	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want ExitValidation (%d)", got, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-}

cmd/auth/login.go

@@ -13,12 +13,9 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts"
@@ -56,9 +53,9 @@ run --device-code in a later step after the user confirms authorization. Use 'la
 to generate QR codes (supports ASCII and PNG formats).`,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			if mode := f.ResolveStrictMode(cmd.Context()); mode == core.StrictModeBot {
-				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-					"strict mode is %q, user login is disabled in this profile", mode).
-					WithHint("if the user explicitly wants to switch to user identity, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)")
+				return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "command_denied",
+					fmt.Sprintf("strict mode is %q, user login is disabled in this profile", mode),
+					"if the user explicitly wants to switch to user identity, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)")
 			}
 			opts.Ctx = cmd.Context()
 			if runF != nil {
@@ -124,7 +121,7 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	// Determine UI language from saved config
-	var lang i18n.Lang
+	lang := "zh"
 	if multi, _ := core.LoadMultiAppConfig(); multi != nil {
 		if app := multi.FindApp(config.ProfileName); app != nil {
 			lang = app.Lang
@@ -160,14 +157,14 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 		for _, d := range selectedDomains {
 			if !knownDomains[d] {
 				if suggestion := suggestDomain(d, knownDomains); suggestion != "" {
-					return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unknown domain %q, did you mean %q?", d, suggestion).WithParam("--domain")
+					return output.ErrValidation("unknown domain %q, did you mean %q?", d, suggestion)
 				}
 				available := make([]string, 0, len(knownDomains))
 				for k := range knownDomains {
 					available = append(available, k)
 				}
 				sort.Strings(available)
-				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unknown domain %q, available domains: %s", d, strings.Join(available, ", ")).WithParam("--domain")
+				return output.ErrValidation("unknown domain %q, available domains: %s", d, strings.Join(available, ", "))
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -175,17 +172,17 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 	hasAnyOption := opts.Scope != "" || opts.Recommend || len(selectedDomains) > 0
 
 	if len(opts.Exclude) > 0 && !hasAnyOption {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--exclude requires --scope, --domain, or --recommend to be specified").WithParam("--exclude")
+		return output.ErrValidation("--exclude requires --scope, --domain, or --recommend to be specified")
 	}
 
 	if !hasAnyOption {
 		if !opts.JSON && f.IOStreams.IsTerminal {
-			result, err := runInteractiveLogin(f.IOStreams, lang.Base(), msg, config.Brand)
+			result, err := runInteractiveLogin(f.IOStreams, lang, msg, config.Brand)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			if result == nil {
-				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "no login options selected")
+				return output.ErrValidation("no login options selected")
 			}
 			selectedDomains = result.Domains
 			scopeLevel = result.ScopeLevel
@@ -201,7 +198,7 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 			log(msg.HintFooter)
 			log("")
 			log("Note: this command blocks until authorization is complete. For non-streaming agent harnesses, use --no-wait --json, send the verification URL as the final message of the turn, then run --device-code in a later step after the user confirms authorization.")
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "please specify the scopes to authorize").WithParam("--scope")
+			return output.ErrValidation("please specify the scopes to authorize")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -230,7 +227,7 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 		}
 
 		if len(candidateScopes) == 0 && opts.Scope == "" {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "no matching scopes found, check domain/scope options")
+			return output.ErrValidation("no matching scopes found, check domain/scope options")
 		}
 
 		// Merge --scope additively with the resolved domain scopes.
@@ -250,13 +247,13 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 	if len(opts.Exclude) > 0 {
 		excluded, unknown := applyExcludeScopes(finalScope, opts.Exclude)
 		if len(unknown) > 0 {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			return output.ErrValidation(
 				"these --exclude scopes are not present in the requested set: %s",
-				strings.Join(unknown, ", ")).WithParam("--exclude")
+				strings.Join(unknown, ", "))
 		}
 		finalScope = excluded
 		if strings.TrimSpace(finalScope) == "" {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "no scopes left after applying --exclude; nothing to authorize").WithParam("--exclude")
+			return output.ErrValidation("no scopes left after applying --exclude; nothing to authorize")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -267,7 +264,7 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 	}
 	authResp, err := larkauth.RequestDeviceAuthorization(httpClient, config.AppID, config.AppSecret, config.Brand, finalScope, f.IOStreams.ErrOut)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "device authorization failed: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.ErrAuth("device authorization failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// --no-wait: return immediately with device code and URL
@@ -279,18 +276,12 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 			"verification_url": authResp.VerificationUriComplete,
 			"device_code":      authResp.DeviceCode,
 			"expires_in":       authResp.ExpiresIn,
-			"hint": "**MUST generate QR code AND display it:** You MUST call lark-cli auth qrcode to convert verification_url into a QR code. This is a required step, do NOT skip it. Prefer PNG QR code (--output); use ASCII (--ascii) only when the user explicitly requests it." +
-				"**CRITICAL: You MUST include the QR image in your response.** Generating the file alone is NOT enough—use image tags, inline images, or file attachments to display it." +
-				"**Display order:** Output the URL first, then place the QR code image below the URL." +
-				"**URL Output Rules:** Treat verification_url as an opaque string that cannot be modified. Do NOT URL-encode/decode or add spaces/punctuation." +
-				"For agent harnesses that only deliver final turn messages, make the QR code image (or URL) the final message of the turn and return control to the user; do not block on --device-code in the same turn. **Before ending the turn, tell the user to come back and notify you after completing authorization.**" +
-				"**After the user confirms authorization:** YOU must execute `lark-cli auth login --device-code <device_code>` yourself." +
-				"**Do NOT cache verification_url or device_code for future use.** Always run `lark-cli auth login --no-wait --json` fresh when authorization is needed.",
+			"hint":             fmt.Sprintf("**MUST generate QR code AND display it:** You MUST call lark-cli auth qrcode to convert verification_url into a QR code. This is a required step, do NOT skip it. Prefer PNG QR code (--output); use ASCII (--ascii) only when the user explicitly requests it.**CRITICAL: You MUST include the QR image in your response.** Generating the file alone is NOT enough—use image tags, inline images, or file attachments to display it.**Display order:** Output the URL first, then place the QR code image below the URL.**URL Output Rules:** Treat verification_url as an opaque string that cannot be modified. Do NOT URL-encode/decode or add spaces/punctuation. For agent harnesses that only deliver final turn messages, make the QR code image (or URL) the final message of the turn and return control to the user; do not block on --device-code in the same turn. After the user confirms authorization in a later step, run: lark-cli auth login --device-code %s", authResp.DeviceCode),
 		}
 		encoder := json.NewEncoder(f.IOStreams.Out)
 		encoder.SetEscapeHTML(false)
 		if err := encoder.Encode(data); err != nil {
-			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to write JSON output: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to write JSON output: %v", err)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -312,7 +303,7 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 		encoder := json.NewEncoder(f.IOStreams.Out)
 		encoder.SetEscapeHTML(false)
 		if err := encoder.Encode(data); err != nil {
-			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to write JSON output: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to write JSON output: %v", err)
 		}
 	} else {
 		fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, msg.OpenURL)
@@ -333,25 +324,25 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 				"event": "authorization_failed",
 				"error": result.Message,
 			}); err != nil {
-				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to write JSON output: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+				return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to write JSON output: %v", err)
 			}
 			return output.ErrBare(output.ExitAuth)
 		}
-		return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "authorization failed: %s", result.Message)
+		return output.ErrAuth("authorization failed: %s", result.Message)
 	}
 	if result.Token == nil {
-		return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing, "authorization succeeded but no token returned")
+		return output.ErrAuth("authorization succeeded but no token returned")
 	}
 
 	// Step 6: Get user info
 	log(msg.AuthSuccess)
 	sdk, err := f.LarkClient()
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to get SDK: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.ErrAuth("failed to get SDK: %v", err)
 	}
 	openId, userName, err := getUserInfo(opts.Ctx, sdk, result.Token.AccessToken)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "failed to get user info: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.ErrAuth("failed to get user info: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	scopeSummary := loadLoginScopeSummary(config.AppID, openId, finalScope, result.Token.Scope)
@@ -369,13 +360,13 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 		GrantedAt:        now,
 	}
 	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(storedToken); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save token: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save token: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Step 8: Update config — overwrite Users to single user, clean old tokens
 	if err := syncLoginUserToProfile(config.ProfileName, config.AppID, openId, userName); err != nil {
 		_ = larkauth.RemoveStoredToken(config.AppID, openId)
-		return err
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to update login profile: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	if issue := ensureRequestedScopesGranted(finalScope, result.Token.Scope, msg, scopeSummary); issue != nil {
@@ -418,22 +409,22 @@ func authLoginPollDeviceCode(opts *LoginOptions, config *core.CliConfig, msg *lo
 		if shouldRemoveLoginRequestedScope(result) {
 			cleanupRequestedScope()
 		}
-		return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "authorization failed: %s", result.Message)
+		return output.ErrAuth("authorization failed: %s", result.Message)
 	}
 	defer cleanupRequestedScope()
 	if result.Token == nil {
-		return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing, "authorization succeeded but no token returned")
+		return output.ErrAuth("authorization succeeded but no token returned")
 	}
 
 	// Get user info
 	log(msg.AuthSuccess)
 	sdk, err := f.LarkClient()
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to get SDK: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.ErrAuth("failed to get SDK: %v", err)
 	}
 	openId, userName, err := getUserInfo(opts.Ctx, sdk, result.Token.AccessToken)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "failed to get user info: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.ErrAuth("failed to get user info: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	scopeSummary := loadLoginScopeSummary(config.AppID, openId, requestedScope, result.Token.Scope)
@@ -451,13 +442,13 @@ func authLoginPollDeviceCode(opts *LoginOptions, config *core.CliConfig, msg *lo
 		GrantedAt:        now,
 	}
 	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(storedToken); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to save token: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save token: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Update config — overwrite Users to single user, clean old tokens
 	if err := syncLoginUserToProfile(config.ProfileName, config.AppID, openId, userName); err != nil {
 		_ = larkauth.RemoveStoredToken(config.AppID, openId)
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to update login profile: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to update login profile: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	if issue := ensureRequestedScopesGranted(requestedScope, result.Token.Scope, msg, scopeSummary); issue != nil {
@@ -472,18 +463,18 @@ func authLoginPollDeviceCode(opts *LoginOptions, config *core.CliConfig, msg *lo
 func syncLoginUserToProfile(profileName, appID, openID, userName string) error {
 	multi, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "load config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("load config: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	app := findProfileByName(multi, profileName)
 	if app == nil {
-		return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "profile %q not found in config", profileName)
+		return fmt.Errorf("profile %q not found in config", profileName)
 	}
 
 	oldUsers := append([]core.AppUser(nil), app.Users...)
 	app.Users = []core.AppUser{{UserOpenId: openID, UserName: userName}}
 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("save config: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	for _, oldUser := range oldUsers {

cmd/auth/login_interactive.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -163,7 +162,7 @@ func runInteractiveLogin(ios *cmdutil.IOStreams, lang string, msg *loginMsg, bra
 	}
 
 	if len(selectedDomains) == 0 {
-		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "no domains selected").WithParam("--domain")
+		return nil, output.ErrValidation("no domains selected")
 	}
 
 	// Compute scope summary

cmd/auth/login_messages.go

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 
 package auth
 
-import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
-
 type loginMsg struct {
 	// Interactive UI (login_interactive.go)
 	SelectDomains   string
@@ -117,8 +115,8 @@ var loginMsgEn = &loginMsg{
 }
 
 // getLoginMsg returns the login message bundle for the given language.
-func getLoginMsg(lang i18n.Lang) *loginMsg {
-	if lang.IsEnglish() {
+func getLoginMsg(lang string) *loginMsg {
+	if lang == "en" {
 		return loginMsgEn
 	}
 	return loginMsgZh

cmd/auth/login_messages_test.go

@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 )
 
 func TestGetLoginMsg_Zh(t *testing.T) {
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ func TestGetLoginMsg_En(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestGetLoginMsg_DefaultsToZh(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, lang := range []i18n.Lang{"", "fr_fr", "ja_jp", "unknown"} {
+	for _, lang := range []string{"", "fr", "ja", "unknown"} {
 		msg := getLoginMsg(lang)
 		if msg != loginMsgZh {
 			t.Errorf("getLoginMsg(%q) should default to zh", lang)
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ func assertLoginMsgAllFieldsNonEmpty(t *testing.T, msg *loginMsg, label string)
 }
 
 func TestLoginMsg_FormatStrings(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, lang := range []i18n.Lang{i18n.LangZhCN, i18n.LangEnUS} {
+	for _, lang := range []string{"zh", "en"} {
 		msg := getLoginMsg(lang)
 
 		// LoginSuccess should contain two %s placeholders (userName, openId)
@@ -104,10 +102,10 @@ func TestLoginMsg_FormatStrings(t *testing.T) {
 // --device-code split-flow, and (c) non-streaming harnesses must end the turn
 // after presenting the URL instead of blocking in the same turn.
 func TestAgentTimeoutHint_CarriesKeyInfo(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, lang := range []i18n.Lang{i18n.LangZhCN, i18n.LangEnUS} {
+	for _, lang := range []string{"zh", "en"} {
 		hint := getLoginMsg(lang).AgentTimeoutHint
 		for _, want := range []string{"--no-wait", "--device-code", "turn"} {
-			if lang == i18n.LangZhCN && want == "turn" {
+			if lang == "zh" && want == "turn" {
 				want = "本轮"
 			}
 			if !strings.Contains(hint, want) {

cmd/auth/login_result.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -172,12 +171,25 @@ func handleLoginScopeIssue(opts *LoginOptions, msg *loginMsg, f *cmdutil.Factory
 			fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.Out, string(b))
 			return output.ErrBare(output.ExitAuth)
 		}
-		return errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope, "%s", issue.Message).
-			WithHint("%s", issue.Hint).
-			WithIdentity("user").
-			WithRequestedScopes(issue.Summary.Requested...).
-			WithGrantedScopes(issue.Summary.Granted...).
-			WithMissingScopes(issue.Summary.Missing...)
+		detail := map[string]interface{}{
+			"requested": issue.Summary.Requested,
+			"granted":   issue.Summary.Granted,
+			"missing":   issue.Summary.Missing,
+		}
+		// Legacy *output.ExitError producer: this literal predates the typed
+		// error contract introduced by errs/. New code MUST NOT construct
+		// *output.ExitError directly — missing-scope signals should move to
+		// *errs.PermissionError (with MissingScopes/ConsoleURL as typed
+		// extension fields) when the login flow migrates to typed errors.
+		return &output.ExitError{
+			Code: output.ExitAuth,
+			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+				Type:    "missing_scope",
+				Message: issue.Message,
+				Hint:    issue.Hint,
+				Detail:  detail,
+			},
+		}
 	}
 
 	fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut)

cmd/auth/login_result_test.go

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package auth
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"reflect"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-)
-
-// TestHandleLoginScopeIssue_FailedJSON_PreservesScopeTriple asserts that the
-// failed-login JSON branch (loginSucceeded == false, opts.JSON == true) wires
-// requested + granted + missing scopes into the typed *PermissionError
-// envelope. Consumers need the full triple to render actionable diagnostics,
-// not just the missing set.
-func TestHandleLoginScopeIssue_FailedJSON_PreservesScopeTriple(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	requested := []string{"docx:document", "im:message:send"}
-	granted := []string{"docx:document"}
-	missing := []string{"im:message:send"}
-
-	err := handleLoginScopeIssue(
-		&LoginOptions{JSON: true},
-		getLoginMsg("en"),
-		f,
-		&loginScopeIssue{
-			Message: "scope insufficient",
-			Hint:    "re-login with --scope im:message:send",
-			Summary: &loginScopeSummary{
-				Requested: requested,
-				Granted:   granted,
-				Missing:   missing,
-			},
-		},
-		"", // openId empty -> loginSucceeded = false
-		"tester",
-	)
-
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
-	}
-	var permErr *errs.PermissionError
-	if !errors.As(err, &permErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.PermissionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(permErr.RequestedScopes, requested) {
-		t.Errorf("RequestedScopes = %v, want %v", permErr.RequestedScopes, requested)
-	}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(permErr.GrantedScopes, granted) {
-		t.Errorf("GrantedScopes = %v, want %v", permErr.GrantedScopes, granted)
-	}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(permErr.MissingScopes, missing) {
-		t.Errorf("MissingScopes = %v, want %v", permErr.MissingScopes, missing)
-	}
-}

cmd/auth/login_test.go

@@ -400,11 +400,12 @@ func TestHandleLoginScopeIssue_NonJSONAlignsWithLoginSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 			Granted:   []string{"base:app:copy"},
 		},
 	}, "ou_user", "tester")
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError, got %v", err)
 	}
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitAuth)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
 	}
 	got := stderr.String()
 	for _, want := range []string{
@@ -442,11 +443,12 @@ func TestHandleLoginScopeIssue_JSONAlignsWithLoginSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 			Granted:   []string{"base:app:copy"},
 		},
 	}, "ou_user", "tester")
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError, got %v", err)
 	}
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitAuth)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
 	}
 
 	var data map[string]interface{}
@@ -651,11 +653,12 @@ func TestAuthLoginRun_MissingRequestedScopeAlignsWithLoginSuccess(t *testing.T)
 		Ctx:     context.Background(),
 		Scope:   "im:message:send",
 	})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError, got %v", err)
 	}
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitAuth)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
 	}
 	got := stderr.String()
 	for _, want := range []string{
@@ -867,90 +870,6 @@ func TestAuthLoginRun_DeviceCodeTokenNilCleansScopeCache(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestAuthLoginRun_JSONAbort_StdoutEventOnly_StderrEmpty pins the
-// contract that when --json is set and pollDeviceToken returns OK=false,
-// stdout carries the structured authorization_failed event and stderr is
-// NOT polluted with a typed envelope. The returned error is a bare
-// ExitError with ExitAuth so the dispatcher only propagates the exit code
-// without emitting a second envelope on top of the JSON event.
-func TestAuthLoginRun_JSONAbort_StdoutEventOnly_StderrEmpty(t *testing.T) {
-	keyring.MockInit()
-	setupLoginConfigDir(t)
-
-	original := pollDeviceToken
-	t.Cleanup(func() { pollDeviceToken = original })
-	pollDeviceToken = func(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, appId, appSecret string, brand core.LarkBrand, deviceCode string, interval, expiresIn int, errOut io.Writer) *larkauth.DeviceFlowResult {
-		return &larkauth.DeviceFlowResult{OK: false, Message: "user denied"}
-	}
-
-	f, stdout, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		ProfileName: "default",
-		AppID:       "cli_test",
-		AppSecret:   "secret",
-		Brand:       core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		Method: "POST",
-		URL:    larkauth.PathDeviceAuthorization,
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"device_code":               "device-code",
-			"user_code":                 "user-code",
-			"verification_uri":          "https://example.com/verify",
-			"verification_uri_complete": "https://example.com/verify?code=123",
-			"expires_in":                240,
-			"interval":                  0,
-		},
-	})
-
-	err := authLoginRun(&LoginOptions{
-		Factory: f,
-		Ctx:     context.Background(),
-		Scope:   "im:message:send",
-		JSON:    true,
-	})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for aborted authorization")
-	}
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitAuth)
-	}
-
-	// stdout: device_authorization event + authorization_failed event,
-	// the latter carrying the abort message as a structured field.
-	stdoutStr := stdout.String()
-	if !strings.Contains(stdoutStr, `"event":"authorization_failed"`) {
-		t.Errorf("stdout missing authorization_failed event, got: %s", stdoutStr)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stdoutStr, "user denied") {
-		t.Errorf("stdout missing abort message, got: %s", stdoutStr)
-	}
-
-	// stderr must NOT carry a typed envelope: ErrBare propagates the exit
-	// code only, so the dispatcher emits nothing on stderr. The waiting-auth
-	// log line goes through the JSON-mode no-op `log` helper so it is also
-	// suppressed in JSON mode.
-	stderrStr := stderr.String()
-	if strings.Contains(stderrStr, `"type":"authentication"`) {
-		t.Errorf("stderr should not contain typed envelope, got: %s", stderrStr)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(stderrStr, `"error"`) {
-		t.Errorf("stderr should not contain JSON envelope fields, got: %s", stderrStr)
-	}
-
-	// Returned error must be the bare *output.ExitError signal (no envelope).
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Fatalf("ExitError.Code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
-	}
-	if exitErr.Detail != nil {
-		t.Errorf("ExitError.Detail should be nil for bare signal, got: %+v", exitErr.Detail)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestAuthLoginRun_JSONWriteFailure_NoWaitReturnsWriterError(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
 		ProfileName: "default",
@@ -1042,11 +961,8 @@ func TestAuthLoginRun_NoWaitJSONHintIncludesRawURLGuidance(t *testing.T) {
 		"final message of the turn",
 		"return control to the user",
 		"do not block on --device-code in the same turn",
-		"come back and notify",
-		"YOU must execute",
-		"lark-cli auth login --device-code <device_code>",
-		"Do NOT cache",
-		"lark-cli auth login --no-wait --json",
+		"After the user confirms authorization in a later step",
+		"lark-cli auth login --device-code device-code",
 	} {
 		if !strings.Contains(hint, want) {
 			t.Fatalf("hint missing %q, got:\n%s", want, hint)

cmd/auth/logout.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ func authLogoutRun(opts *LogoutOptions) error {
 	}
 	app.Users = []core.AppUser{}
 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 	}
 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "Logged out")
 	return nil

cmd/auth/qrcode.go

@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/skip2/go-qrcode"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs"
 )
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ For ASCII output, the result is printed to stdout with fixed size.`,
 // runQRCode executes the auth qrcode command.
 func runQRCode(opts *QRCodeOptions) error {
 	if opts.URL == "" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "url is required").WithParam("--url")
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "missing_url", "url is required")
 	}
 
 	if opts.ASCII {
@@ -75,20 +75,20 @@ func runQRCode(opts *QRCodeOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	if opts.Output == "" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "output file path is required for PNG mode. Use --output or -o flag to specify the output file path.").WithParam("--output")
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "missing_output", "output file path is required for PNG mode. Use --output or -o flag to specify the output file path.")
 	}
 
 	if opts.Size < 32 {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "size must be at least 32, got %d", opts.Size).WithParam("--size")
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "invalid_size", fmt.Sprintf("size must be at least 32, got %d", opts.Size))
 	}
 
 	if opts.Size > 1024 {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "size must be at most 1024, got %d", opts.Size).WithParam("--size")
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "invalid_size", fmt.Sprintf("size must be at most 1024, got %d", opts.Size))
 	}
 
 	safePath, err := validate.SafeOutputPath(opts.Output)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", err).WithParam("--output").WithCause(err)
+		return output.ErrValidation("unsafe output path: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	if err := generateImageQRCode(opts.URL, opts.Size, safePath); err != nil {
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func runQRCode(opts *QRCodeOptions) error {
 	encoder := json.NewEncoder(out)
 	encoder.SetEscapeHTML(false)
 	if err := encoder.Encode(result); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to write output: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to write output: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -118,12 +118,12 @@ func runQRCode(opts *QRCodeOptions) error {
 func generateImageQRCode(url string, size int, outputPath string) error {
 	png, err := qrcode.Encode(url, qrcode.Medium, size)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to encode QR code: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "encode_error", fmt.Sprintf("failed to encode QR code: %v", err))
 	}
 
 	err = vfs.WriteFile(outputPath, png, 0644)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to write QR code to %s: %v", outputPath, err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "write_error", fmt.Sprintf("failed to write QR code to %s: %v", outputPath, err))
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ func generateImageQRCode(url string, size int, outputPath string) error {
 func generateASCIIQRCode(url string, w io.Writer) error {
 	q, err := qrcode.New(url, qrcode.Medium)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to create QR code: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "encode_error", fmt.Sprintf("failed to create QR code: %v", err))
 	}
 
 	fmt.Fprint(w, q.ToSmallString(false))

cmd/auth/qrcode_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ package auth
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -170,15 +171,29 @@ func TestNewCmdAuthQRCode_HelpText(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRunQRCode_MissingURL(t *testing.T) {
 	err := runQRCode(&QRCodeOptions{URL: ""})
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitValidation)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "missing_url" {
+		t.Errorf("error type = %q, want %q", exitErr.Detail.Type, "missing_url")
 	}
 }
 
 func TestRunQRCode_MissingOutput(t *testing.T) {
 	err := runQRCode(&QRCodeOptions{URL: "https://example.com", Size: 256})
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitValidation)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "missing_output" {
+		t.Errorf("error type = %q, want %q", exitErr.Detail.Type, "missing_output")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -188,8 +203,15 @@ func TestRunQRCode_InvalidSize(t *testing.T) {
 		Size:   16,
 		Output: "qr.png",
 	})
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitValidation)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "invalid_size" {
+		t.Errorf("error type = %q, want %q", exitErr.Detail.Type, "invalid_size")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -199,8 +221,15 @@ func TestRunQRCode_SizeTooLarge(t *testing.T) {
 		Size:   2048,
 		Output: "qr.png",
 	})
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitValidation)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "invalid_size" {
+		t.Errorf("error type = %q, want %q", exitErr.Detail.Type, "invalid_size")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -210,8 +239,12 @@ func TestRunQRCode_UnsafeOutputPath(t *testing.T) {
 		Size:   256,
 		Output: "/etc/passwd",
 	})
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitValidation)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -296,8 +329,15 @@ func TestGenerateImageQRCode_WriteError(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error writing to nonexistent directory")
 	}
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitInternal {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitInternal)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitInternal)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "write_error" {
+		t.Errorf("error type = %q, want %q", exitErr.Detail.Type, "write_error")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -318,7 +358,11 @@ func TestGenerateASCIIQRCode_EmptyString(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for empty string")
 	}
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "encode_error" {
+		t.Errorf("error type = %q, want %q", exitErr.Detail.Type, "encode_error")
 	}
 }

cmd/auth/scopes.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
@@ -51,23 +50,11 @@ func authScopesRun(opts *ScopesOptions) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "Querying app scopes...\n\n")
-	appInfo, err := getAppInfoFn(opts.Ctx, f, config.AppID)
+	appInfo, err := getAppInfo(opts.Ctx, f, config.AppID)
 	if err != nil {
-		// Discriminate by error type so transport / parse failures are not
-		// reclassified as PermissionError(MissingScope) — re-auth does not
-		// fix network / 5xx / JSON parse errors and misclassifying them
-		// here would mislead agents into re-auth loops.
-		//   - typed errors pass through unchanged
-		//   - bare errors become InternalError(SubtypeSDKError) with Cause
-		//     preserved so callers (errors.Is) can still see the underlying
-		//     transport/parse failure.
-		// Genuine permission failures are surfaced from appInfo *content*,
-		// not from this transport-level error path.
-		if errs.IsTyped(err) {
-			return err
-		}
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError,
-			"failed to get app scope info: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "permission",
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to get app scope info: %v", err),
+			"ensure the app has enabled the application:application:self_manage scope.")
 	}
 	if opts.Format == "pretty" {
 		fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "App ID: %s\n", config.AppID)

cmd/auth/scopes_test.go

@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package auth
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-)
-
-// stubGetAppInfoErr swaps getAppInfoFn for the duration of t so authScopesRun
-// observes a fixed error from the dependency. t.Cleanup restores the prior
-// value so tests cannot leak through the package-level seam.
-func stubGetAppInfoErr(t *testing.T, errToReturn error) {
-	t.Helper()
-	prev := getAppInfoFn
-	getAppInfoFn = func(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, appId string) (*appInfo, error) {
-		return nil, errToReturn
-	}
-	t.Cleanup(func() { getAppInfoFn = prev })
-}
-
-// scopesTestFactory builds a Factory + ScopesOptions pair sufficient to drive
-// authScopesRun. Config has a non-empty AppID so we get past the config gate
-// and reach the getAppInfoFn call.
-func scopesTestFactory(t *testing.T) *ScopesOptions {
-	t.Helper()
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID:     "test-app",
-		AppSecret: "test-secret",
-		Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-	return &ScopesOptions{
-		Factory: f,
-		Ctx:     context.Background(),
-		Format:  "json",
-	}
-}
-
-// TestAuthScopesRun_NetworkErrorPassedThrough pins that a typed NetworkError
-// surfaced by the dependency is not re-classified as PermissionError —
-// re-auth does not fix DNS / transport failures and blanket-wrapping them
-// would mislead agents into infinite re-auth loops.
-func TestAuthScopesRun_NetworkErrorPassedThrough(t *testing.T) {
-	netErr := errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkDNS, "DNS lookup failed")
-	stubGetAppInfoErr(t, netErr)
-
-	err := authScopesRun(scopesTestFactory(t))
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
-	}
-
-	var permErr *errs.PermissionError
-	if errors.As(err, &permErr) {
-		t.Errorf("network failure must not be classified as PermissionError; got %v", permErr)
-	}
-	var gotNet *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(err, &gotNet) {
-		t.Fatalf("network failure not preserved through authScopesRun; got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if gotNet != netErr {
-		t.Errorf("typed network error should pass through identity-stable; got %p, want %p", gotNet, netErr)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestAuthScopesRun_PermissionErrorPassedThrough pins that typed permission
-// failures from the dependency also pass through — IsTyped() must not single
-// out one category.
-func TestAuthScopesRun_PermissionErrorPassedThrough(t *testing.T) {
-	permErr := errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope, "scope X missing").
-		WithMissingScopes("im:message")
-	stubGetAppInfoErr(t, permErr)
-
-	err := authScopesRun(scopesTestFactory(t))
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
-	}
-	var got *errs.PermissionError
-	if !errors.As(err, &got) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *PermissionError pass-through, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if got != permErr {
-		t.Errorf("typed permission error should pass through identity-stable; got %p, want %p", got, permErr)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestAuthScopesRun_BareErrorWrappedAsInternal pins the unclassified branch:
-// a bare error (e.g. json.Unmarshal failure inside getAppInfo) surfaces as
-// *InternalError{SubtypeSDKError} with the original error preserved on
-// Cause so errors.Is still walks to it.
-func TestAuthScopesRun_BareErrorWrappedAsInternal(t *testing.T) {
-	bareErr := fmt.Errorf("failed to parse response: unexpected EOF")
-	stubGetAppInfoErr(t, bareErr)
-
-	err := authScopesRun(scopesTestFactory(t))
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
-	}
-
-	var permErr *errs.PermissionError
-	if errors.As(err, &permErr) {
-		t.Errorf("bare getAppInfo error must not be classified as PermissionError; got %v", permErr)
-	}
-
-	var intErr *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(err, &intErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *InternalError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if intErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeSDKError {
-		t.Errorf("InternalError.Subtype = %q, want %q", intErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeSDKError)
-	}
-	if !errors.Is(err, bareErr) {
-		t.Error("InternalError must carry bareErr via WithCause so errors.Is walks to it")
-	}
-}

cmd/auth/status.go

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ func authStatusRun(opts *StatusOptions) error {
 	diagnostics := identitydiag.Diagnose(context.Background(), f, config, opts.Verify)
 	result["identities"] = diagnostics
 	result["identity"] = effectiveIdentity(diagnostics)
+	addLegacyUserFields(result, diagnostics.User)
 	addEffectiveVerification(result, diagnostics)
 	addStatusNote(result, diagnostics)
 
@@ -85,6 +86,29 @@ func effectiveIdentity(d identitydiag.Result) string {
 	}
 }
 
+func addLegacyUserFields(result map[string]interface{}, user identitydiag.Identity) {
+	if user.OpenID == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	result["userName"] = user.UserName
+	result["userOpenId"] = user.OpenID
+	if user.TokenStatus != "" {
+		result["tokenStatus"] = user.TokenStatus
+	}
+	if user.Scope != "" {
+		result["scope"] = user.Scope
+	}
+	if user.ExpiresAt != "" {
+		result["expiresAt"] = user.ExpiresAt
+	}
+	if user.RefreshExpiresAt != "" {
+		result["refreshExpiresAt"] = user.RefreshExpiresAt
+	}
+	if user.GrantedAt != "" {
+		result["grantedAt"] = user.GrantedAt
+	}
+}
+
 func addEffectiveVerification(result map[string]interface{}, d identitydiag.Result) {
 	switch result["identity"] {
 	case identityUser:

cmd/config/bind.go

@@ -12,10 +12,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/keychain"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
@@ -39,10 +37,8 @@ type BindOptions struct {
 	// this flag because its own prompts already require human confirmation.
 	Force bool
 
-	Lang         string // raw --lang (string for cobra); normalized to canonical/"" in validateBindFlags
-	langExplicit bool   // true when --lang was explicitly passed
-
-	UILang i18n.Lang // TUI display language (picker-only); intentionally separate from --lang
+	Lang         string
+	langExplicit bool // true when --lang was explicitly passed
 
 	// Brand holds the resolved Lark product brand ("feishu" | "lark") for
 	// the account being bound. Populated after resolveAccount; TUI stages
@@ -59,7 +55,7 @@ type BindOptions struct {
 
 // NewCmdConfigBind creates the config bind subcommand.
 func NewCmdConfigBind(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*BindOptions) error) *cobra.Command {
-	opts := &BindOptions{Factory: f, UILang: i18n.LangZhCN}
+	opts := &BindOptions{Factory: f}
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "bind",
@@ -106,7 +102,7 @@ Interactive terminal use: run with no flags to enter the TUI form.`,
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.AppID, "app-id", "", "App ID to bind (required for OpenClaw multi-account)")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Identity, "identity", "", "identity preset (bot-only|user-default); defaults to bot-only in flag mode (safer: no impersonation)")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.Force, "force", false, "confirm a risky transition (currently: bot-only → user-default identity change in flag mode)")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Lang, "lang", "", "language preference (e.g. zh or zh_cn)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Lang, "lang", "zh", "language for interactive prompts (zh|en)")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "write")
 
 	return cmd
@@ -151,7 +147,7 @@ func configBindRun(opts *BindOptions) error {
 	if err := warnIdentityEscalation(opts, existing.ConfigBytes); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	applyPreferences(appConfig, opts, priorLang(existing.ConfigBytes))
+	applyPreferences(appConfig, opts)
 	noticeUserDefaultRisk(opts)
 
 	return commitBinding(opts, appConfig, existing.ConfigBytes, source, targetConfigPath)
@@ -182,7 +178,7 @@ type existingBinding struct {
 func finalizeSource(opts *BindOptions) (string, error) {
 	explicit := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(opts.Source))
 	if explicit != "" && explicit != "openclaw" && explicit != "hermes" && explicit != "lark-channel" {
-		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --source %q; valid values: openclaw, hermes, lark-channel", explicit).WithParam("--source")
+		return "", output.ErrValidation("invalid --source %q; valid values: openclaw, hermes, lark-channel", explicit)
 	}
 
 	var detected string
@@ -199,26 +195,23 @@ func finalizeSource(opts *BindOptions) (string, error) {
 	// before any interactive prompts — running inside Hermes with
 	// --source openclaw (or vice versa) is almost always a mistake.
 	if explicit != "" && detected != "" && explicit != detected {
-		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			"--source %q does not match detected Agent environment (%s)", explicit, detected).
-			WithHint("remove --source to auto-detect, or run this command in the correct Agent context").
-			WithParam("--source")
+		return "", output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "bind",
+			fmt.Sprintf("--source %q does not match detected Agent environment (%s)", explicit, detected),
+			"remove --source to auto-detect, or run this command in the correct Agent context")
 	}
 
 	// TUI: prompt for language before any downstream prompts. The source
 	// selection itself may still be skipped entirely if --source or the
-	// env already pinned it. Picker offers 2 options (中文 / English) and
-	// drives BOTH opts.Lang (preference) and opts.UILang (TUI rendering).
+	// env already pinned it.
 	if opts.IsTUI && !opts.langExplicit {
-		lang, err := promptLangSelection()
+		lang, err := promptLangSelection("")
 		if err != nil {
 			if err == huh.ErrUserAborted {
 				return "", output.ErrBare(1)
 			}
-			return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "language selection failed: %v", err)
+			return "", err
 		}
-		opts.Lang = string(lang)
-		opts.UILang = lang
+		opts.Lang = lang
 	}
 
 	if explicit != "" {
@@ -230,10 +223,9 @@ func finalizeSource(opts *BindOptions) (string, error) {
 	if opts.IsTUI {
 		return tuiSelectSource(opts)
 	}
-	return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-		"cannot determine Agent source: no --source flag and no Agent environment detected").
-		WithHint("pass --source openclaw|hermes|lark-channel, or run this command inside the corresponding Agent context").
-		WithParam("--source")
+	return "", output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "bind",
+		"cannot determine Agent source: no --source flag and no Agent environment detected",
+		"pass --source openclaw|hermes|lark-channel, or run this command inside the corresponding Agent context")
 }
 
 // reconcileExistingBinding reads any existing config at configPath and decides
@@ -253,7 +245,7 @@ func reconcileExistingBinding(opts *BindOptions, source, configPath string) (exi
 			return existingBinding{}, err
 		}
 		if action == "cancel" {
-			msg := getBindMsg(opts.UILang)
+			msg := getBindMsg(opts.Lang)
 			fmt.Fprintln(opts.Factory.IOStreams.ErrOut, msg.ConflictCancelled)
 			return existingBinding{Cancelled: true}, nil
 		}
@@ -337,10 +329,9 @@ func warnIdentityEscalation(opts *BindOptions, previousConfigBytes []byte) error
 	if !hasStrictBotLock(previousConfigBytes) {
 		return nil
 	}
-	msg := getBindMsg(opts.UILang)
-	return errs.NewConfirmationRequiredError(errs.RiskHighRiskWrite,
-		"config bind --force", "%s", msg.IdentityEscalationMessage).
-		WithHint("%s", msg.IdentityEscalationHint)
+	msg := getBindMsg(opts.Lang)
+	return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "bind",
+		msg.IdentityEscalationMessage, msg.IdentityEscalationHint)
 }
 
 // noticeUserDefaultRisk surfaces the user-identity impersonation risk on every
@@ -356,23 +347,14 @@ func noticeUserDefaultRisk(opts *BindOptions) {
 	if opts.IsTUI || opts.Identity != "user-default" {
 		return
 	}
-	msg := getBindMsg(opts.UILang)
+	msg := getBindMsg(opts.Lang)
 	fmt.Fprintln(opts.Factory.IOStreams.ErrOut, "⚠️ "+msg.IdentityEscalationMessage)
 }
 
 // applyPreferences expands the chosen identity preset into the underlying
 // StrictMode + DefaultAs on the AppConfig. Always writes both fields so the
 // profile's intent survives later changes to global strict-mode settings.
-// preferredLang resolves the language to persist: the requested value when set,
-// otherwise the prior one — so an unset --lang never clears a stored preference.
-func preferredLang(requested, prior i18n.Lang) i18n.Lang {
-	if requested != "" {
-		return requested
-	}
-	return prior
-}
-
-func applyPreferences(appConfig *core.AppConfig, opts *BindOptions, prior i18n.Lang) {
+func applyPreferences(appConfig *core.AppConfig, opts *BindOptions) {
 	switch opts.Identity {
 	case "bot-only":
 		sm := core.StrictModeBot
@@ -383,23 +365,9 @@ func applyPreferences(appConfig *core.AppConfig, opts *BindOptions, prior i18n.L
 		appConfig.StrictMode = &sm
 		appConfig.DefaultAs = core.AsUser
 	}
-	appConfig.Lang = preferredLang(i18n.Lang(opts.Lang), prior)
-}
-
-// priorLang returns the language preference recorded in a previous config, or
-// "" if there is none / the bytes don't parse. Reads from CurrentApp (or Apps[0]
-// fallback) — scanning all apps for the first non-empty Lang would leak the
-// wrong profile's preference into a re-bind when the workspace holds multiple
-// named profiles and the active one disagrees with Apps[0].
-func priorLang(previousConfigBytes []byte) i18n.Lang {
-	var multi core.MultiAppConfig
-	if json.Unmarshal(previousConfigBytes, &multi) != nil {
-		return ""
+	if opts.Lang != "" {
+		appConfig.Lang = opts.Lang
 	}
-	if app := multi.CurrentAppConfig(""); app != nil {
-		return app.Lang
-	}
-	return ""
 }
 
 // commitBinding finalizes the bind: atomic write of the new workspace config,
@@ -411,21 +379,21 @@ func commitBinding(opts *BindOptions, appConfig *core.AppConfig, previousConfigB
 	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{Apps: []core.AppConfig{*appConfig}}
 
 	if err := vfs.MkdirAll(core.GetConfigDir(), 0700); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "failed to create workspace directory: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "bind",
+			"failed to create workspace directory: %v", err)
 	}
 	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(multi, "", "  ")
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to marshal config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "bind",
+			"failed to marshal config: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := validate.AtomicWrite(configPath, append(data, '\n'), 0600); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to write config %s: %v", configPath, err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "bind",
+			"failed to write config %s: %v", configPath, err)
 	}
 
 	replaced := previousConfigBytes != nil
-	// uiMsg renders human-facing TUI text (stderr success banner). Follows
-	// opts.UILang — zh by default; picker can flip it to en. --lang does
-	// not influence the TUI language.
-	uiMsg := getBindMsg(opts.UILang)
+	msg := getBindMsg(opts.Lang)
 	display := sourceDisplayName(source)
 
 	if replaced {
@@ -433,11 +401,7 @@ func commitBinding(opts *BindOptions, appConfig *core.AppConfig, previousConfigB
 	}
 
 	fmt.Fprintln(opts.Factory.IOStreams.ErrOut,
-		fmt.Sprintf(uiMsg.BindSuccessHeader, display)+"\n"+uiMsg.BindSuccessNotice)
-
-	if opts.langExplicit && opts.Lang != "" {
-		fmt.Fprintln(opts.Factory.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf(uiMsg.LangPreferenceSet, opts.Lang))
-	}
+		fmt.Sprintf(msg.BindSuccessHeader, display)+"\n"+msg.BindSuccessNotice)
 
 	// TUI mode is a human sitting at a terminal; the BindSuccess notice on
 	// stderr is enough and a machine-readable JSON dump on stdout is just
@@ -455,17 +419,12 @@ func commitBinding(opts *BindOptions, appConfig *core.AppConfig, previousConfigB
 		"replaced":    replaced,
 		"identity":    opts.Identity,
 	}
-	// JSON "message" follows the effective preference on disk (appConfig.Lang),
-	// not the raw --lang value: when --lang is omitted on re-bind, preferredLang
-	// has already inherited the prior preference into appConfig.Lang, and the
-	// message should respect that inherited choice. stderr above follows UILang.
-	prefMsg := getBindMsg(appConfig.Lang)
-	brand := brandDisplay(string(appConfig.Brand), appConfig.Lang)
+	brand := brandDisplay(string(appConfig.Brand), opts.Lang)
 	switch opts.Identity {
 	case "bot-only":
-		envelope["message"] = fmt.Sprintf(prefMsg.MessageBotOnly, appConfig.AppId, display, brand)
+		envelope["message"] = fmt.Sprintf(msg.MessageBotOnly, appConfig.AppId, display, brand)
 	case "user-default":
-		envelope["message"] = fmt.Sprintf(prefMsg.MessageUserDefault, appConfig.AppId, display, display)
+		envelope["message"] = fmt.Sprintf(msg.MessageUserDefault, appConfig.AppId, display, display)
 	}
 
 	resultJSON, _ := json.Marshal(envelope)
@@ -502,7 +461,7 @@ func cleanupKeychainFromData(kc keychain.KeychainAccess, data []byte, keep *core
 
 // tuiSelectSource prompts user to choose bind source.
 func tuiSelectSource(opts *BindOptions) (string, error) {
-	msg := getBindMsg(opts.UILang)
+	msg := getBindMsg(opts.Lang)
 	var source string
 
 	// Pre-select based on detected env signals
@@ -527,7 +486,7 @@ func tuiSelectSource(opts *BindOptions) (string, error) {
 		huh.NewGroup(
 			huh.NewSelect[string]().
 				Title(msg.SelectSource).
-				Description(fmt.Sprintf(msg.SelectSourceDesc, brandDisplay(opts.Brand, opts.UILang))).
+				Description(fmt.Sprintf(msg.SelectSourceDesc, brandDisplay(opts.Brand, opts.Lang))).
 				Options(
 					huh.NewOption(fmt.Sprintf(msg.SourceOpenClaw, openclawPath), "openclaw"),
 					huh.NewOption(fmt.Sprintf(msg.SourceHermes, hermesEnvPath), "hermes"),
@@ -549,7 +508,7 @@ func tuiSelectSource(opts *BindOptions) (string, error) {
 // tuiSelectApp prompts the user to choose from multiple account candidates.
 // Invoked only via selectCandidate's tuiPrompt callback, and only in TUI mode.
 func tuiSelectApp(opts *BindOptions, source string, candidates []Candidate) (*Candidate, error) {
-	msg := getBindMsg(opts.UILang)
+	msg := getBindMsg(opts.Lang)
 	options := make([]huh.Option[int], 0, len(candidates))
 	for i, c := range candidates {
 		label := c.AppID
@@ -563,7 +522,7 @@ func tuiSelectApp(opts *BindOptions, source string, candidates []Candidate) (*Ca
 	form := huh.NewForm(
 		huh.NewGroup(
 			huh.NewSelect[int]().
-				Title(fmt.Sprintf(msg.SelectAccount, sourceDisplayName(source), brandDisplay(opts.Brand, opts.UILang))).
+				Title(fmt.Sprintf(msg.SelectAccount, sourceDisplayName(source), brandDisplay(opts.Brand, opts.Lang))).
 				Options(options...).
 				Value(&selected),
 		),
@@ -580,7 +539,7 @@ func tuiSelectApp(opts *BindOptions, source string, candidates []Candidate) (*Ca
 
 // tuiConflictPrompt shows existing binding and asks user to Force or Cancel.
 func tuiConflictPrompt(opts *BindOptions, source, configPath string) (string, error) {
-	msg := getBindMsg(opts.UILang)
+	msg := getBindMsg(opts.Lang)
 
 	// Build existing binding summary
 	existingSummary := fmt.Sprintf(msg.ConflictDesc, source, "?", "?", configPath)
@@ -629,14 +588,9 @@ func validateBindFlags(opts *BindOptions) error {
 		switch opts.Identity {
 		case "bot-only", "user-default":
 		default:
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --identity %q; valid values: bot-only, user-default", opts.Identity).WithParam("--identity")
+			return output.ErrValidation("invalid --identity %q; valid values: bot-only, user-default", opts.Identity)
 		}
 	}
-	lang, err := cmdutil.ParseLangFlag(opts.Lang)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	opts.Lang = string(lang)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -652,8 +606,8 @@ func validateBindFlags(opts *BindOptions) error {
 // DescriptionFunc approach breaks here because a longer description on
 // hover pushes options out of the field's initial viewport.
 func tuiSelectIdentity(opts *BindOptions) (string, error) {
-	msg := getBindMsg(opts.UILang)
-	brand := brandDisplay(opts.Brand, opts.UILang)
+	msg := getBindMsg(opts.Lang)
+	brand := brandDisplay(opts.Brand, opts.Lang)
 	botLabel := msg.IdentityBotOnly + "\n" + indent(fmt.Sprintf(msg.IdentityBotOnlyDesc, brand))
 	userLabel := msg.IdentityUserDefault + "\n" + indent(fmt.Sprintf(msg.IdentityUserDefaultDesc, brand, brand))
 	var value string

cmd/config/bind_messages.go

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 
 package config
 
-import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
-
 // bindMsg holds all TUI text for config bind, supporting zh/en via --lang.
 //
 // Brand-aware strings use a %s slot where the UI-friendly product name
@@ -86,11 +84,6 @@ type bindMsg struct {
 	// require in-flow human confirmation.
 	IdentityEscalationMessage string
 	IdentityEscalationHint    string
-
-	// LangPreferenceSet is printed to stderr after a successful bind when the
-	// user explicitly passed --lang. Format: language code. Not printed when
-	// --lang was not explicit (i.e., the cobra default zh stayed in effect).
-	LangPreferenceSet string
 }
 
 var bindMsgZh = &bindMsg{
@@ -123,8 +116,6 @@ var bindMsgZh = &bindMsg{
 
 	IdentityEscalationMessage: "你正在从应用身份切换到用户身份 —— 切换后 AI 将以你的名义在飞书中执行所有操作（读写文档、搜索消息、修改日程等）。⚠️ 请勿将此机器人分享给他人或拉入群聊中使用，以免泄露你的飞书数据。",
 	IdentityEscalationHint:    "若用户确认切换，附加 --force 重新运行：`lark-cli config bind --identity user-default --force`",
-
-	LangPreferenceSet: "语言偏好已设置：%s",
 }
 
 var bindMsgEn = &bindMsg{
@@ -159,13 +150,10 @@ var bindMsgEn = &bindMsg{
 
 	IdentityEscalationMessage: "you are switching from bot-only to user-default — the AI will then act under your Feishu identity for all operations (docs, messages, calendar, etc.). ⚠️ Don't share this bot with others or add it to group chats. It has access to your personal Feishu data.",
 	IdentityEscalationHint:    "if the user confirms the switch, re-run with --force: `lark-cli config bind --identity user-default --force`",
-
-	LangPreferenceSet: "Language preference set to: %s",
 }
 
-// getBindMsg picks the zh/en TUI bundle; non-English falls back to zh.
-func getBindMsg(lang i18n.Lang) *bindMsg {
-	if lang.IsEnglish() {
+func getBindMsg(lang string) *bindMsg {
+	if lang == "en" {
 		return bindMsgEn
 	}
 	return bindMsgZh
@@ -176,11 +164,11 @@ func getBindMsg(lang i18n.Lang) *bindMsg {
 // "feishu" (or empty / unknown) maps to "飞书" in zh and "Feishu" in en —
 // this is the safe default when the brand hasn't been resolved yet (for
 // example, on the pre-binding source-selection screen).
-func brandDisplay(brand string, lang i18n.Lang) string {
+func brandDisplay(brand, lang string) string {
 	if brand == "lark" || brand == "Lark" || brand == "LARK" {
 		return "Lark"
 	}
-	if lang.IsEnglish() {
+	if lang == "en" {
 		return "Feishu"
 	}
 	return "飞书"

cmd/config/bind_test.go

@@ -16,15 +16,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
 // assertExitError checks the full structured error in one assertion. It
 // accepts both *output.ExitError (used by output.ErrWithHint) and the
-// typed errors (ValidationError, ConfigError) — they normalize to the same
-// wantDetail fields. The wantDetail.Type is matched against the typed error's
-// Category string ("validation", "config", etc.).
+// typed validation error — they normalize to the same wantDetail fields.
 func assertExitError(t *testing.T, err error, wantCode int, wantDetail output.ErrDetail) {
 	t.Helper()
 	if err == nil {
@@ -54,18 +51,7 @@ func assertExitError(t *testing.T, err error, wantCode int, wantDetail output.Er
 		}
 		return
 	}
-	var ce *errs.ConfigError
-	if errors.As(err, &ce) {
-		if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != wantCode {
-			t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", got, wantCode)
-		}
-		gotDetail := output.ErrDetail{Type: string(ce.Category), Message: ce.Message, Hint: ce.Hint}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotDetail, wantDetail) {
-			t.Errorf("config error mismatch:\n  got:  %+v\n  want: %+v", gotDetail, wantDetail)
-		}
-		return
-	}
-	t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *output.ExitError or *errs.ValidationError / *errs.ConfigError; error = %v", err, err)
+	t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *output.ExitError or *errs.ValidationError; error = %v", err, err)
 }
 
 // assertEnvelope decodes stdout and checks it matches want exactly — every key
@@ -134,229 +120,14 @@ func TestConfigBindCmd_LangDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
-	if gotOpts.Lang != "" {
-		t.Errorf("Lang = %q, want default %q (unset)", gotOpts.Lang, "")
+	if gotOpts.Lang != "zh" {
+		t.Errorf("Lang = %q, want default %q", gotOpts.Lang, "zh")
 	}
 	if gotOpts.langExplicit {
 		t.Error("expected langExplicit=false when --lang not passed")
 	}
 }
 
-// TestConfigBindRun_InvalidLang verifies a non-empty --lang is strictly
-// validated: wrong case, typos, and removed codes all exit with
-// ExitValidation (code 2) and a message identifying the offending value.
-// (Empty is not invalid — see TestConfigBindRun_EmptyLangIsNoOp.)
-func TestConfigBindRun_InvalidLang(t *testing.T) {
-	saveWorkspace(t)
-	configDir := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", configDir)
-	hermesHome := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("HERMES_HOME", hermesHome)
-	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env"), []byte("FEISHU_APP_ID=cli_abc\nFEISHU_APP_SECRET=secret\n"), 0600); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("write .env: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name string
-		lang string
-	}{
-		{"wrong case ZH", "ZH"},
-		{"typo frr", "frr"},
-		{"removed code ar", "ar"},
-		{"unknown xx", "xx"},
-		{"hyphen form zh-CN", "zh-CN"},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-			err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{
-				Factory:      f,
-				Source:       "hermes",
-				Lang:         tc.lang,
-				langExplicit: true,
-			})
-			if err == nil {
-				t.Fatalf("expected validation error for --lang %q, got nil", tc.lang)
-			}
-			exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
-			if !ok {
-				t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-			}
-			if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
-				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
-			}
-			if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Error(), "invalid --lang") {
-				t.Errorf("error message %q does not contain 'invalid --lang'", exitErr.Error())
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// TestConfigBindRun_EmptyLangIsNoOp verifies that an empty --lang (omitted or
-// explicit "") is unset: it neither errors nor persists a language, while a
-// non-empty short code or Feishu locale both canonicalize to the same locale.
-func TestConfigBindRun_EmptyLangIsNoOp(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		name     string
-		lang     string
-		explicit bool
-		wantLang i18n.Lang
-	}{
-		{"omitted", "", false, ""},
-		{"explicit empty", "", true, ""},
-		{"short code", "ja", true, i18n.LangJaJP},
-		{"feishu locale", "ja_jp", true, i18n.LangJaJP},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			saveWorkspace(t)
-			t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-			hermesHome := t.TempDir()
-			t.Setenv("HERMES_HOME", hermesHome)
-			if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env"), []byte("FEISHU_APP_ID=cli_abc\nFEISHU_APP_SECRET=secret\n"), 0600); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("write .env: %v", err)
-			}
-
-			f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-			if err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{
-				Factory:      f,
-				Source:       "hermes",
-				Lang:         tc.lang,
-				langExplicit: tc.explicit,
-			}); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("configBindRun(--lang %q) = %v, want nil", tc.lang, err)
-			}
-
-			multi, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("LoadMultiAppConfig: %v", err)
-			}
-			app := multi.CurrentAppConfig("")
-			if app == nil {
-				t.Fatal("no app persisted")
-			}
-			if app.Lang != tc.wantLang {
-				t.Errorf("persisted Lang = %q, want %q", app.Lang, tc.wantLang)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// TestConfigBindRun_OmitLangPreservesPrior guards against a re-bind without
-// --lang silently dropping a previously stored preference (appConfig is rebuilt
-// fresh, so commitBinding must inherit the prior Lang).
-func TestConfigBindRun_OmitLangPreservesPrior(t *testing.T) {
-	saveWorkspace(t)
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	hermesHome := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("HERMES_HOME", hermesHome)
-	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env"), []byte("FEISHU_APP_ID=cli_abc\nFEISHU_APP_SECRET=secret\n"), 0600); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("write .env: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	f1, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	if err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f1, Source: "hermes", Lang: "ja", langExplicit: true}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("first bind (--lang ja): %v", err)
-	}
-	f2, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	if err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f2, Source: "hermes", Lang: "", langExplicit: false}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("re-bind (no --lang): %v", err)
-	}
-
-	multi, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("LoadMultiAppConfig: %v", err)
-	}
-	if app := multi.CurrentAppConfig(""); app == nil || app.Lang != i18n.LangJaJP {
-		t.Errorf("Lang after re-bind = %v, want %q (preserved)", app, i18n.LangJaJP)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestPriorLang_RespectsCurrentApp guards against priorLang scanning all apps
-// and silently returning a non-current profile's Lang. In a multi-profile
-// workspace (set up via `profile add` before a re-bind), the active profile's
-// Lang must win over a sibling profile that happens to sit earlier in the slice.
-func TestPriorLang_RespectsCurrentApp(t *testing.T) {
-	multi := core.MultiAppConfig{
-		CurrentApp: "active",
-		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
-			{Name: "stale", AppId: "cli_stale", Lang: i18n.LangJaJP},
-			{Name: "active", AppId: "cli_active", Lang: i18n.LangEnUS},
-		},
-	}
-	bytes, err := json.Marshal(multi)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("marshal: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got := priorLang(bytes); got != i18n.LangEnUS {
-		t.Errorf("priorLang = %q, want %q (must follow CurrentApp, not Apps[0])", got, i18n.LangEnUS)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestPriorLang_FallsBackToFirstAppWhenCurrentUnset covers the legacy
-// single-app shape (no CurrentApp): CurrentAppConfig falls back to Apps[0],
-// so a bind-written config (which always has exactly one app and no
-// CurrentApp field) still inherits its Lang.
-func TestPriorLang_FallsBackToFirstAppWhenCurrentUnset(t *testing.T) {
-	multi := core.MultiAppConfig{
-		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
-			{AppId: "cli_only", Lang: i18n.LangJaJP},
-		},
-	}
-	bytes, err := json.Marshal(multi)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("marshal: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got := priorLang(bytes); got != i18n.LangJaJP {
-		t.Errorf("priorLang = %q, want %q", got, i18n.LangJaJP)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestPriorLang_MalformedReturnsEmpty exercises the unparseable-bytes branch.
-func TestPriorLang_MalformedReturnsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
-	if got := priorLang([]byte("not json")); got != "" {
-		t.Errorf("priorLang(malformed) = %q, want \"\"", got)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestConfigBindRun_EnvelopeMessageFollowsInheritedLang guards the JSON envelope
-// "message" field against regressing to opts.Lang: when --lang is omitted on
-// re-bind, the inherited preference (appConfig.Lang) must drive the message
-// language and the embedded brand display — otherwise an AI agent that set
-// English on first bind sees Chinese in every subsequent re-bind envelope.
-func TestConfigBindRun_EnvelopeMessageFollowsInheritedLang(t *testing.T) {
-	saveWorkspace(t)
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	hermesHome := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("HERMES_HOME", hermesHome)
-	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env"), []byte("FEISHU_APP_ID=cli_abc\nFEISHU_APP_SECRET=secret\n"), 0600); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("write .env: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	f1, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	if err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f1, Source: "hermes", Lang: "en", langExplicit: true}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("first bind (--lang en): %v", err)
-	}
-
-	f2, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	if err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f2, Source: "hermes", Lang: "", langExplicit: false}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("re-bind (no --lang): %v", err)
-	}
-
-	envelope := map[string]any{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &envelope); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v", err)
-	}
-	msg, _ := envelope["message"].(string)
-	enMsg := getBindMsg(i18n.LangEnUS)
-	wantMsg := fmt.Sprintf(enMsg.MessageBotOnly, "cli_abc", "Hermes", brandDisplay("feishu", i18n.LangEnUS))
-	if msg != wantMsg {
-		t.Errorf("envelope.message = %q,\nwant %q (must follow inherited appConfig.Lang=en_us, not raw opts.Lang)", msg, wantMsg)
-	}
-}
-
 // ── Run function tests (aligned with TestConfigShowRun pattern) ──
 
 func TestConfigBindRun_InvalidSource(t *testing.T) {
@@ -383,7 +154,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_MissingSourceNonTTY(t *testing.T) {
 	// TestFactory has IsTerminal=false by default
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: ""})
 	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "validation",
+		Type:    "bind",
 		Message: "cannot determine Agent source: no --source flag and no Agent environment detected",
 		Hint:    "pass --source openclaw|hermes|lark-channel, or run this command inside the corresponding Agent context",
 	})
@@ -422,7 +193,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_SourceEnvMismatch_OpenClawFlagInHermesEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
 	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "validation",
+		Type:    "bind",
 		Message: `--source "openclaw" does not match detected Agent environment (hermes)`,
 		Hint:    "remove --source to auto-detect, or run this command in the correct Agent context",
 	})
@@ -438,7 +209,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_SourceEnvMismatch_HermesFlagInOpenClawEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
 	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "validation",
+		Type:    "bind",
 		Message: `--source "hermes" does not match detected Agent environment (openclaw)`,
 		Hint:    "remove --source to auto-detect, or run this command in the correct Agent context",
 	})
@@ -566,8 +337,8 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_HermesMissingEnvFile(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
 	envPath := filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "hermes",
 		Message: "failed to read Hermes config: open " + envPath + ": no such file or directory",
 		Hint:    "verify Hermes is installed and configured at " + envPath,
 	})
@@ -584,8 +355,8 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMissingFile(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
 	configPath := filepath.Join(openclawHome, ".openclaw", "openclaw.json")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "openclaw",
 		Message: "cannot read " + configPath + ": open " + configPath + ": no such file or directory",
 		Hint:    "verify OpenClaw is installed and configured",
 	})
@@ -732,7 +503,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_SourceEnvMismatch_LarkChannelFlagInOpenClawEnv(t *testing
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
 	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "validation",
+		Type:    "bind",
 		Message: `--source "lark-channel" does not match detected Agent environment (openclaw)`,
 		Hint:    "remove --source to auto-detect, or run this command in the correct Agent context",
 	})
@@ -750,8 +521,8 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_LarkChannelMissingFile(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
 	configPath := filepath.Join(fakeHome, ".lark-channel", "config.json")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "lark-channel",
 		Message: "cannot read " + configPath + ": open " + configPath + ": no such file or directory",
 		Hint:    "verify lark-channel-bridge is installed and configured",
 	})
@@ -770,8 +541,8 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_LarkChannelEmptyAppID(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "lark-channel",
 		Message: "accounts.app.id missing in " + configPath,
 		Hint:    "run lark-channel-bridge's setup to populate the app credential",
 	})
@@ -789,8 +560,8 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_LarkChannelEmptySecret(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "lark-channel",
 		Message: "accounts.app.secret is empty in " + configPath,
 		Hint:    "run lark-channel-bridge's setup to populate the app credential",
 	})
@@ -1141,8 +912,12 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMultiAccount_MissingAppID(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for multi-account without --app-id, got nil")
 	}
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitValidation)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *output.ExitError", err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1188,7 +963,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMultiAccount_TTYFlagMode(t *testing.T) {
 	// each accepted variant so every ErrDetail field (Type, Code, Message,
 	// Hint, ConsoleURL, Detail, and any future addition) is still compared.
 	base := output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "validation",
+		Type:    "openclaw",
 		Message: "multiple accounts in openclaw.json; pass --app-id <id>",
 	}
 	wantWorkFirst := base
@@ -1196,17 +971,20 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMultiAccount_TTYFlagMode(t *testing.T) {
 	wantPersonalFirst := base
 	wantPersonalFirst.Hint = "available app IDs:\n  cli_personal_222 (personal)\n  cli_work_111 (work)"
 
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitValidation)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *output.ExitError; err = %v", err, err)
 	}
-	var ve *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ValidationError; err = %v", err, err)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
-	got := output.ErrDetail{Type: string(ve.Category), Message: ve.Message, Hint: ve.Hint}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, wantWorkFirst) && !reflect.DeepEqual(got, wantPersonalFirst) {
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil error detail")
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(*exitErr.Detail, wantWorkFirst) &&
+		!reflect.DeepEqual(*exitErr.Detail, wantPersonalFirst) {
 		t.Errorf("error detail did not match any accepted variant:\n  got:  %+v\n  want: %+v OR %+v",
-			got, wantWorkFirst, wantPersonalFirst)
+			*exitErr.Detail, wantWorkFirst, wantPersonalFirst)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1231,7 +1009,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMultiAccount_WrongAppID(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw", AppID: "nonexistent"})
 	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "validation",
+		Type:    "openclaw",
 		Message: `--app-id "nonexistent" not found in openclaw.json`,
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_only_one",
 	})
@@ -1363,19 +1141,11 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_WarnsOnIdentityEscalationWithoutForce(t *testing.T) {
 		Identity: "user-default",
 	})
 	msg := getBindMsg("zh") // flag mode leaves Lang empty → zh default
-	var ce *errs.ConfirmationRequiredError
-	if !errors.As(err, &ce) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfirmationRequiredError; error = %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if ce.Risk != errs.RiskHighRiskWrite {
-		t.Errorf("Risk = %q, want %q", ce.Risk, errs.RiskHighRiskWrite)
-	}
-	if ce.Message != msg.IdentityEscalationMessage {
-		t.Errorf("Message mismatch:\ngot:  %q\nwant: %q", ce.Message, msg.IdentityEscalationMessage)
-	}
-	if ce.Hint != msg.IdentityEscalationHint {
-		t.Errorf("Hint mismatch:\ngot:  %q\nwant: %q", ce.Hint, msg.IdentityEscalationHint)
-	}
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "bind",
+		Message: msg.IdentityEscalationMessage,
+		Hint:    msg.IdentityEscalationHint,
+	})
 
 	// Config on disk must remain untouched — the gate runs before
 	// commitBinding writes anything.
@@ -1536,8 +1306,8 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_HermesMissingAppID(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
 	envPath := filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "hermes",
 		Message: "FEISHU_APP_ID not found in " + envPath,
 		Hint:    "run 'hermes setup' to configure Feishu credentials",
 	})
@@ -1556,8 +1326,8 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_HermesMissingAppSecret(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
 	envPath := filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "hermes",
 		Message: "FEISHU_APP_SECRET not found in " + envPath,
 		Hint:    "run 'hermes setup' to configure Feishu credentials",
 	})
@@ -1582,8 +1352,8 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMissingFeishu(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "openclaw",
 		Message: "openclaw.json missing channels.feishu section",
 		Hint:    "configure Feishu in OpenClaw first",
 	})
@@ -1610,8 +1380,8 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawEmptyAppSecret(t *testing.T) {
 	openclawPath := filepath.Join(openclawDir, "openclaw.json")
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "openclaw",
 		Message: "appSecret is empty for app cli_no_secret in " + openclawPath,
 		Hint:    "configure channels.feishu.appSecret in openclaw.json",
 	})
@@ -1672,8 +1442,8 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawDisabledAccount(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "openclaw",
 		Message: "no Feishu app configured in openclaw.json",
 		Hint:    "configure channels.feishu.appId in openclaw.json",
 	})
@@ -1704,14 +1474,10 @@ func TestGetBindMsg_En(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestGetBindMsg_NonEnLang_FallsBackToZh(t *testing.T) {
-	// Only zh and en TUI bundles exist; any non-English language (canonical
-	// locale, short code, or unrecognized value) falls back to zh.
-	for _, lang := range []i18n.Lang{"fr_fr", "ja_jp", "ko", "unknown", ""} {
-		msg := getBindMsg(lang)
-		if want := "你想在哪个 Agent 中使用 lark-cli?"; msg.SelectSource != want {
-			t.Errorf("getBindMsg(%q) SelectSource = %q, want %q (zh fallback)", lang, msg.SelectSource, want)
-		}
+func TestGetBindMsg_UnknownLang_DefaultsToZh(t *testing.T) {
+	msg := getBindMsg("fr")
+	if want := "你想在哪个 Agent 中使用 lark-cli?"; msg.SelectSource != want {
+		t.Errorf("fr (default) SelectSource = %q, want %q", msg.SelectSource, want)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1874,36 +1640,3 @@ func TestHasStrictBotLock(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-// TestConfigBindRun_LangExplicit_PrintsConfirmation covers the flag-mode
-// confirmation line: when --lang is explicit, bind prints "language preference
-// set" to stderr (rendered in the TUI language, embedding the preference value).
-func TestConfigBindRun_LangExplicit_PrintsConfirmation(t *testing.T) {
-	saveWorkspace(t)
-	configDir := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", configDir)
-
-	hermesHome := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("HERMES_HOME", hermesHome)
-	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env"), []byte("FEISHU_APP_ID=cli_abc\nFEISHU_APP_SECRET=secret\n"), 0600); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("write .env: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	f, _, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{
-		Factory:      f,
-		Source:       "hermes",
-		Identity:     "bot-only",
-		Lang:         "en",
-		langExplicit: true,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected success, got error: %v", err)
-	}
-	// The short --lang en is canonicalized to en_us before the confirmation
-	// echoes it back; the TUI language stays zh (flag mode, no picker).
-	want := fmt.Sprintf(getBindMsg(i18n.LangZhCN).LangPreferenceSet, "en_us")
-	if got := stderr.String(); !strings.Contains(got, want) {
-		t.Errorf("stderr = %q, want it to contain confirmation %q", got, want)
-	}
-}

cmd/config/binder.go

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/binding"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs"
 )
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func newBinder(source string, opts *BindOptions) (SourceBinder, error) {
 	case "lark-channel":
 		return &larkChannelBinder{opts: opts, path: resolveLarkChannelConfigPath()}, nil
 	default:
-		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported source: %s", source).WithParam("--source")
+		return nil, output.ErrValidation("unsupported source: %s", source)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -85,10 +85,11 @@ func selectCandidate(
 		// from ListCandidates itself and never reach here.
 		switch src {
 		case "openclaw":
-			return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "no Feishu app configured in openclaw.json").
-				WithHint("configure channels.feishu.appId in openclaw.json")
+			return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, src,
+				"no Feishu app configured in openclaw.json",
+				"configure channels.feishu.appId in openclaw.json")
 		default:
-			return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "%s: no app configured", src)
+			return nil, output.ErrValidation("%s: no app configured", src)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -98,9 +99,9 @@ func selectCandidate(
 				return &candidates[i], nil
 			}
 		}
-		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--app-id %q not found in %s", appIDFlag, cfgBase).
-			WithHint("available app IDs:\n  %s", formatCandidates(candidates)).
-			WithParam("--app-id")
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, src,
+			fmt.Sprintf("--app-id %q not found in %s", appIDFlag, cfgBase),
+			fmt.Sprintf("available app IDs:\n  %s", formatCandidates(candidates)))
 	}
 
 	if len(candidates) == 1 {
@@ -111,9 +112,9 @@ func selectCandidate(
 		return tuiPrompt(candidates)
 	}
 
-	return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "multiple accounts in %s; pass --app-id <id>", cfgBase).
-		WithHint("available app IDs:\n  %s", formatCandidates(candidates)).
-		WithParam("--app-id")
+	return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, src,
+		fmt.Sprintf("multiple accounts in %s; pass --app-id <id>", cfgBase),
+		fmt.Sprintf("available app IDs:\n  %s", formatCandidates(candidates)))
 }
 
 // formatCandidates renders candidates as "AppID (Label)" lines for error hints.
@@ -148,13 +149,14 @@ func (b *openclawBinder) ConfigPath() string { return b.path }
 func (b *openclawBinder) ListCandidates() ([]Candidate, error) {
 	cfg, err := binding.ReadOpenClawConfig(b.path)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig, "cannot read %s: %v", b.path, err).
-			WithHint("verify OpenClaw is installed and configured").
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "openclaw",
+			fmt.Sprintf("cannot read %s: %v", b.path, err),
+			"verify OpenClaw is installed and configured")
 	}
 	if cfg.Channels.Feishu == nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "openclaw.json missing channels.feishu section").
-			WithHint("configure Feishu in OpenClaw first")
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "openclaw",
+			"openclaw.json missing channels.feishu section",
+			"configure Feishu in OpenClaw first")
 	}
 
 	raw := binding.ListCandidateApps(cfg.Channels.Feishu)
@@ -170,7 +172,8 @@ func (b *openclawBinder) ListCandidates() ([]Candidate, error) {
 
 func (b *openclawBinder) Build(appID string) (*core.AppConfig, error) {
 	if b.cfg == nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "internal: Build called before ListCandidates")
+		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "openclaw",
+			"internal: Build called before ListCandidates")
 	}
 
 	var selected *binding.CandidateApp
@@ -181,25 +184,26 @@ func (b *openclawBinder) Build(appID string) (*core.AppConfig, error) {
 		}
 	}
 	if selected == nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "internal: appID %q not in candidates", appID)
+		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "openclaw",
+			"internal: appID %q not in candidates", appID)
 	}
 
 	if selected.AppSecret.IsZero() {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "appSecret is empty for app %s in %s", selected.AppID, b.path).
-			WithHint("configure channels.feishu.appSecret in openclaw.json")
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "openclaw",
+			fmt.Sprintf("appSecret is empty for app %s in %s", selected.AppID, b.path),
+			"configure channels.feishu.appSecret in openclaw.json")
 	}
 	secret, err := binding.ResolveSecretInput(selected.AppSecret, b.cfg.Secrets, os.Getenv)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "failed to resolve appSecret for %s: %v", selected.AppID, err).
-			WithHint("check appSecret configuration in %s", b.path).
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "openclaw",
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to resolve appSecret for %s: %v", selected.AppID, err),
+			fmt.Sprintf("check appSecret configuration in %s", b.path))
 	}
 
 	stored, err := core.ForStorage(selected.AppID, core.PlainSecret(secret), b.opts.Factory.Keychain)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "keychain unavailable: %v", err).
-			WithHint("use file: reference in config to bypass keychain").
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "openclaw",
+			"keychain unavailable: %v\nhint: use file: reference in config to bypass keychain", err)
 	}
 
 	return &core.AppConfig{
@@ -225,14 +229,15 @@ func (b *hermesBinder) ConfigPath() string { return b.path }
 func (b *hermesBinder) ListCandidates() ([]Candidate, error) {
 	envMap, err := readDotenv(b.path)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig, "failed to read Hermes config: %v", err).
-			WithHint("verify Hermes is installed and configured at %s", b.path).
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "hermes",
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to read Hermes config: %v", err),
+			fmt.Sprintf("verify Hermes is installed and configured at %s", b.path))
 	}
 	appID := envMap["FEISHU_APP_ID"]
 	if appID == "" {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "FEISHU_APP_ID not found in %s", b.path).
-			WithHint("run 'hermes setup' to configure Feishu credentials")
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "hermes",
+			fmt.Sprintf("FEISHU_APP_ID not found in %s", b.path),
+			"run 'hermes setup' to configure Feishu credentials")
 	}
 	b.envMap = envMap
 	return []Candidate{{AppID: appID, Label: "default"}}, nil
@@ -240,22 +245,24 @@ func (b *hermesBinder) ListCandidates() ([]Candidate, error) {
 
 func (b *hermesBinder) Build(appID string) (*core.AppConfig, error) {
 	if b.envMap == nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "internal: Build called before ListCandidates")
+		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "hermes",
+			"internal: Build called before ListCandidates")
 	}
 	if b.envMap["FEISHU_APP_ID"] != appID {
-		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "internal: appID %q does not match env", appID)
+		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "hermes",
+			"internal: appID %q does not match env", appID)
 	}
 	appSecret := b.envMap["FEISHU_APP_SECRET"]
 	if appSecret == "" {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "FEISHU_APP_SECRET not found in %s", b.path).
-			WithHint("run 'hermes setup' to configure Feishu credentials")
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "hermes",
+			fmt.Sprintf("FEISHU_APP_SECRET not found in %s", b.path),
+			"run 'hermes setup' to configure Feishu credentials")
 	}
 
 	stored, err := core.ForStorage(appID, core.PlainSecret(appSecret), b.opts.Factory.Keychain)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "keychain unavailable: %v", err).
-			WithHint("use file: reference in config to bypass keychain").
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "hermes",
+			"keychain unavailable: %v\nhint: use file: reference in config to bypass keychain", err)
 	}
 
 	return &core.AppConfig{
@@ -283,13 +290,14 @@ func (b *larkChannelBinder) ConfigPath() string { return b.path }
 func (b *larkChannelBinder) ListCandidates() ([]Candidate, error) {
 	cfg, err := binding.ReadLarkChannelConfig(b.path)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig, "cannot read %s: %v", b.path, err).
-			WithHint("verify lark-channel-bridge is installed and configured").
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "lark-channel",
+			fmt.Sprintf("cannot read %s: %v", b.path, err),
+			"verify lark-channel-bridge is installed and configured")
 	}
 	if cfg.Accounts.App.ID == "" {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "accounts.app.id missing in %s", b.path).
-			WithHint("run lark-channel-bridge's setup to populate the app credential")
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "lark-channel",
+			fmt.Sprintf("accounts.app.id missing in %s", b.path),
+			"run lark-channel-bridge's setup to populate the app credential")
 	}
 	b.cfg = cfg
 	return []Candidate{{AppID: cfg.Accounts.App.ID, Label: "default"}}, nil
@@ -297,30 +305,32 @@ func (b *larkChannelBinder) ListCandidates() ([]Candidate, error) {
 
 func (b *larkChannelBinder) Build(appID string) (*core.AppConfig, error) {
 	if b.cfg == nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "internal: Build called before ListCandidates")
+		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "lark-channel",
+			"internal: Build called before ListCandidates")
 	}
 	if b.cfg.Accounts.App.ID != appID {
-		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "internal: appID %q does not match config", appID)
+		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "lark-channel",
+			"internal: appID %q does not match config", appID)
 	}
 	if b.cfg.Accounts.App.Secret.IsZero() {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "accounts.app.secret is empty in %s", b.path).
-			WithHint("run lark-channel-bridge's setup to populate the app credential")
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "lark-channel",
+			fmt.Sprintf("accounts.app.secret is empty in %s", b.path),
+			"run lark-channel-bridge's setup to populate the app credential")
 	}
 
 	// Resolve through the same SecretInput pipeline openclaw uses, so
 	// bridge configs can use ${VAR} / env / file / exec just like openclaw.
 	secret, err := binding.ResolveSecretInput(b.cfg.Accounts.App.Secret, b.cfg.Secrets, os.Getenv)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "failed to resolve appSecret for %s: %v", appID, err).
-			WithHint("check appSecret configuration in %s", b.path).
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "lark-channel",
+			fmt.Sprintf("failed to resolve appSecret for %s: %v", appID, err),
+			fmt.Sprintf("check appSecret configuration in %s", b.path))
 	}
 
 	stored, err := core.ForStorage(appID, core.PlainSecret(secret), b.opts.Factory.Keychain)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "keychain unavailable: %v", err).
-			WithHint("use file: reference in config to bypass keychain").
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "lark-channel",
+			"keychain unavailable: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	return &core.AppConfig{
@@ -379,12 +389,10 @@ func resolveHermesEnvPath() string {
 }
 
 // resolveLarkChannelConfigPath returns the path to lark-channel-bridge's
-// source config. LARK_CHANNEL_CONFIG lets a host point bind at a projected
-// single-account config without changing lark-cli's target config directory.
+// config.json. Mirrors the bridge's src/config/paths.ts which hardcodes
+// ~/.lark-channel/config.json with no env override — multi-instance is not
+// a supported scenario today.
 func resolveLarkChannelConfigPath() string {
-	if p := os.Getenv("LARK_CHANNEL_CONFIG"); strings.TrimSpace(p) != "" {
-		return expandHome(p)
-	}
 	home, err := vfs.UserHomeDir()
 	if err != nil || home == "" {
 		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "warning: unable to determine home directory: %v\n", err)

cmd/config/binder_test.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 package config
 
 import (
-	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -51,8 +50,8 @@ func assertCandidate(t *testing.T, got *Candidate, want Candidate) {
 func TestSelectCandidate_ZeroCandidates_OpenClaw(t *testing.T) {
 	b := &fakeBinder{name: "openclaw", path: "/tmp/openclaw.json"}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, nil, "", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "openclaw",
 		Message: "no Feishu app configured in openclaw.json",
 		Hint:    "configure channels.feishu.appId in openclaw.json",
 	})
@@ -64,8 +63,8 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_ZeroCandidates_GenericSource(t *testing.T) {
 	// even before it has a bespoke error message.
 	b := &fakeBinder{name: "hermes", path: "/tmp/.env"}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, nil, "", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "config",
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: "hermes: no app configured",
 	})
 }
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_AppIDFlag_NoMatch(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, candidates, "nonexistent", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
 	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "validation",
+		Type:    "openclaw",
 		Message: `--app-id "nonexistent" not found in openclaw.json`,
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_work (work)\n  cli_home (home)",
 	})
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_MultiCandidate_NoFlag_NonTUI(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, candidates, "", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
 	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "validation",
+		Type:    "openclaw",
 		Message: "multiple accounts in openclaw.json; pass --app-id <id>",
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_work (work)\n  cli_home (home)",
 	})
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_SingleCandidate_WrongFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	candidates := []Candidate{{AppID: "cli_only"}}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, candidates, "nonexistent", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
 	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
-		Type:    "validation",
+		Type:    "openclaw",
 		Message: `--app-id "nonexistent" not found in openclaw.json`,
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_only",
 	})
@@ -174,27 +173,3 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_AppIDFlag_WinsOverTUI(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	assertCandidate(t, got, Candidate{AppID: "cli_b"})
 }
-
-func TestResolveLarkChannelConfigPath_Default(t *testing.T) {
-	home := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("HOME", home)
-	t.Setenv("LARK_CHANNEL_CONFIG", "")
-
-	got := resolveLarkChannelConfigPath()
-	want := filepath.Join(home, ".lark-channel", "config.json")
-	if got != want {
-		t.Fatalf("resolveLarkChannelConfigPath() = %q, want %q", got, want)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestResolveLarkChannelConfigPath_EnvOverride(t *testing.T) {
-	home := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("HOME", home)
-	t.Setenv("LARK_CHANNEL_CONFIG", "~/bridge/projection.json")
-
-	got := resolveLarkChannelConfigPath()
-	want := filepath.Join(home, "bridge", "projection.json")
-	if got != want {
-		t.Fatalf("resolveLarkChannelConfigPath() = %q, want %q", got, want)
-	}
-}

cmd/config/config.go

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ func NewCmdConfig(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 	cmd.AddCommand(NewCmdConfigStrictMode(f))
 	cmd.AddCommand(NewCmdConfigPolicy(f))
 	cmd.AddCommand(NewCmdConfigPlugins(f))
-	cmd.AddCommand(NewCmdConfigKeychainDowngrade(f))
 	return cmd
 }
 

cmd/config/config_test.go

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/keychain"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
@@ -126,11 +125,15 @@ func TestConfigShowRun_NoActiveProfileReturnsStructuredError(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error")
 	}
 
-	if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitAuth)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *output.ExitError", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "no active profile") {
-		t.Fatalf("error = %v, want to contain 'no active profile'", err)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "config" || exitErr.Detail.Message != "no active profile" {
+		t.Fatalf("detail = %#v, want config/no active profile", exitErr.Detail)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -148,9 +151,8 @@ func TestConfigInitCmd_LangFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
-	// --lang en is canonicalized to en_us in RunE before runF captures opts.
-	if gotOpts.Lang != string(i18n.LangEnUS) {
-		t.Errorf("expected Lang en_us, got %s", gotOpts.Lang)
+	if gotOpts.Lang != "en" {
+		t.Errorf("expected Lang en, got %s", gotOpts.Lang)
 	}
 	if !gotOpts.langExplicit {
 		t.Error("expected langExplicit=true when --lang is passed")
@@ -171,82 +173,14 @@ func TestConfigInitCmd_LangDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
-	if gotOpts.Lang != "" {
-		t.Errorf("expected default Lang to be unset (\"\"), got %q", gotOpts.Lang)
+	if gotOpts.Lang != "zh" {
+		t.Errorf("expected default Lang zh, got %s", gotOpts.Lang)
 	}
 	if gotOpts.langExplicit {
 		t.Error("expected langExplicit=false when --lang is not passed")
 	}
 }
 
-// TestSaveInitConfig_OmitLangPreservesPrior guards the single-app replace path:
-// re-running init without --lang must inherit the prior preference, not clear it.
-func TestSaveInitConfig_OmitLangPreservesPrior(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	existing := &core.MultiAppConfig{Apps: []core.AppConfig{
-		{AppId: "cli_x", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("s"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu, Lang: i18n.LangJaJP},
-	}}
-	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(existing); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("seed config: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if err := saveInitConfig("", existing, f, "cli_x", core.PlainSecret("s2"), core.BrandFeishu, ""); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("saveInitConfig (no --lang): %v", err)
-	}
-
-	got, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("LoadMultiAppConfig: %v", err)
-	}
-	if app := got.CurrentAppConfig(""); app == nil || app.Lang != i18n.LangJaJP {
-		t.Errorf("Lang after re-init = %v, want %q (preserved)", app, i18n.LangJaJP)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestConfigInitCmd_InvalidLang verifies a non-empty --lang on config init is
-// strictly validated the same way bind validates: wrong-case / typo / removed
-// codes / hyphen form all exit with ExitValidation. (Empty is a no-op.)
-func TestConfigInitCmd_InvalidLang(t *testing.T) {
-	clearAgentEnv(t)
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name string
-		lang string
-	}{
-		{"wrong case ZH", "ZH"},
-		{"typo frr", "frr"},
-		{"removed code ar", "ar"},
-		{"unknown xx", "xx"},
-		{"hyphen form zh-CN", "zh-CN"},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-			cmd := NewCmdConfigInit(f, nil)
-			f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("sec\n")
-			cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--lang", tc.lang, "--app-id", "x", "--app-secret-stdin"})
-			err := cmd.Execute()
-			if err == nil {
-				t.Fatalf("expected validation error for --lang %q, got nil", tc.lang)
-			}
-			exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
-			if !ok {
-				t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-			}
-			if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
-				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
-			}
-			if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Error(), "invalid --lang") {
-				t.Errorf("error message %q does not contain 'invalid --lang'", exitErr.Error())
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func TestHasAnyNonInteractiveFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name string
@@ -465,65 +399,16 @@ func TestConfigBlockedByExternalProvider(t *testing.T) {
 			if matched != nil && matched != cmd && !matched.SilenceUsage {
 				t.Error("expected PersistentPreRunE to set SilenceUsage on matched subcommand")
 			}
-			if gotCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err); gotCode != output.ExitValidation {
-				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotCode, output.ExitValidation)
+			var exitErr *output.ExitError
+			if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+			}
+			if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+			}
+			if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "external_provider" {
+				t.Errorf("error type = %v, want %q", exitErr.Detail, "external_provider")
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-// TestValidateInitLang covers the --lang contract: empty (omitted or explicit)
-// is a no-op leaving Lang unset; a short code or Feishu locale canonicalizes to
-// the same locale; an unrecognized value errors.
-func TestValidateInitLang(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("empty is a no-op", func(t *testing.T) {
-		for _, explicit := range []bool{false, true} {
-			opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Lang: "", langExplicit: explicit}
-			if err := validateInitLang(opts); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("explicit=%v: expected nil error, got %v", explicit, err)
-			}
-			if opts.Lang != "" {
-				t.Errorf("explicit=%v: Lang = %q, want \"\" (unset)", explicit, opts.Lang)
-			}
-		}
-	})
-	t.Run("short and locale canonicalize alike", func(t *testing.T) {
-		for _, in := range []string{"ja", "ja_jp"} {
-			opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Lang: in, langExplicit: true}
-			if err := validateInitLang(opts); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("--lang %q: unexpected error %v", in, err)
-			}
-			if opts.Lang != string(i18n.LangJaJP) {
-				t.Errorf("--lang %q normalized to %q, want %q", in, opts.Lang, i18n.LangJaJP)
-			}
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-// TestPrintLangPreferenceConfirmation covers the confirmation helper: it prints
-// to stderr only when --lang explicitly set a non-empty preference.
-func TestPrintLangPreferenceConfirmation(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	t.Run("explicit non-empty prints confirmation", func(t *testing.T) {
-		f, _, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(&ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Lang: "en_us", UILang: i18n.LangZhCN, langExplicit: true})
-		got := stderr.String()
-		if !strings.Contains(got, "语言偏好") || !strings.Contains(got, "en_us") {
-			t.Errorf("stderr = %q, want confirmation mentioning the preference and en_us", got)
-		}
-	})
-	t.Run("implicit prints nothing", func(t *testing.T) {
-		f, _, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(&ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Lang: "en_us", UILang: i18n.LangZhCN, langExplicit: false})
-		if got := stderr.String(); got != "" {
-			t.Errorf("stderr = %q, want empty when --lang is implicit", got)
-		}
-	})
-	t.Run("explicit empty prints nothing", func(t *testing.T) {
-		f, _, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(&ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Lang: "", UILang: i18n.LangZhCN, langExplicit: true})
-		if got := stderr.String(); got != "" {
-			t.Errorf("stderr = %q, want empty when --lang is empty", got)
-		}
-	})
-}

cmd/config/default_as.go

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ package config
 import (
 	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ func NewCmdConfigDefaultAs(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 
 			value := args[0]
 			if value != "user" && value != "bot" && value != "auto" {
-				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid identity type %q, valid values: user | bot | auto", value)
+				return output.ErrValidation("invalid identity type %q, valid values: user | bot | auto", value)
 			}
 
 			app.DefaultAs = core.Identity(value)
 			if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+				return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 			}
 			fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "Default identity set to: %s\n", value)
 			return nil

cmd/config/init.go

@@ -15,11 +15,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/keychain"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
@@ -33,13 +31,9 @@ type ConfigInitOptions struct {
 	AppSecretStdin bool   // read app-secret from stdin (avoids process list exposure)
 	Brand          string
 	New            bool
-
-	Lang         string // raw --lang (string for cobra); normalized to canonical/"" in validateInitLang
-	langExplicit bool   // true when --lang was explicitly passed
-
-	UILang i18n.Lang // TUI display language (picker-only); intentionally separate from --lang
-
-	ProfileName string // when set, create/update a named profile instead of replacing Apps[0]
+	Lang           string
+	langExplicit   bool   // true when --lang was explicitly passed
+	ProfileName    string // when set, create/update a named profile instead of replacing Apps[0]
 
 	// ForceInit overrides the agent-workspace guard. Without it, running
 	// init under OPENCLAW_HOME / HERMES_HOME refuses and points the caller
@@ -51,7 +45,7 @@ type ConfigInitOptions struct {
 
 // NewCmdConfigInit creates the config init subcommand.
 func NewCmdConfigInit(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*ConfigInitOptions) error) *cobra.Command {
-	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, UILang: i18n.LangZhCN}
+	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f}
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "init",
@@ -69,9 +63,6 @@ if the user explicitly wants a separate app inside the Agent workspace.`,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			opts.Ctx = cmd.Context()
 			opts.langExplicit = cmd.Flags().Changed("lang")
-			if err := validateInitLang(opts); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
 			if err := guardAgentWorkspace(opts); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -86,7 +77,7 @@ if the user explicitly wants a separate app inside the Agent workspace.`,
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.AppID, "app-id", "", "App ID (non-interactive)")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.AppSecretStdin, "app-secret-stdin", false, "Read App Secret from stdin to avoid process list exposure")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Brand, "brand", "feishu", "feishu or lark (non-interactive, default feishu)")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Lang, "lang", "", "language preference (e.g. zh or zh_cn)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Lang, "lang", "zh", "language for interactive prompts (zh or en)")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.ProfileName, "name", "", "create or update a named profile (append instead of replace)")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.ForceInit, "force-init", false, "allow init inside an Agent workspace (OPENCLAW_HOME / HERMES_HOME); use config bind instead unless you really want a separate app")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "write")
@@ -94,25 +85,6 @@ if the user explicitly wants a separate app inside the Agent workspace.`,
 	return cmd
 }
 
-// printLangPreferenceConfirmation echoes the set preference to stderr, only
-// when --lang explicitly set a non-empty value.
-func printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts *ConfigInitOptions) {
-	if !opts.langExplicit || opts.Lang == "" {
-		return
-	}
-	msg := getInitMsg(opts.UILang)
-	fmt.Fprintln(opts.Factory.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf(msg.LangPreferenceSet, opts.Lang))
-}
-
-func validateInitLang(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
-	lang, err := cmdutil.ParseLangFlag(opts.Lang)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	opts.Lang = string(lang)
-	return nil
-}
-
 // guardAgentWorkspace refuses 'config init' when run inside an OpenClaw or
 // Hermes Agent context, because the Agent has already provisioned an app
 // and 'config bind' is the right tool for hooking lark-cli into it.
@@ -160,7 +132,7 @@ func cleanupOldConfig(existing *core.MultiAppConfig, f *cmdutil.Factory, skipApp
 func saveAsOnlyApp(appId string, secret core.SecretInput, brand core.LarkBrand, lang string) error {
 	config := &core.MultiAppConfig{
 		Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
-			AppId: appId, AppSecret: secret, Brand: brand, Lang: i18n.Lang(lang), Users: []core.AppUser{},
+			AppId: appId, AppSecret: secret, Brand: brand, Lang: lang, Users: []core.AppUser{},
 		}},
 	}
 	return core.SaveMultiAppConfig(config)
@@ -174,13 +146,7 @@ func saveInitConfig(profileName string, existing *core.MultiAppConfig, f *cmduti
 		return saveAsProfile(existing, f.Keychain, profileName, appId, secret, brand, lang)
 	}
 	cleanupOldConfig(existing, f, appId)
-	var prior i18n.Lang
-	if existing != nil {
-		if app := existing.CurrentAppConfig(""); app != nil {
-			prior = app.Lang
-		}
-	}
-	return saveAsOnlyApp(appId, secret, brand, string(preferredLang(i18n.Lang(lang), prior)))
+	return saveAsOnlyApp(appId, secret, brand, lang)
 }
 
 // saveAsProfile appends or updates a named profile in the config.
@@ -201,10 +167,11 @@ func saveAsProfile(existing *core.MultiAppConfig, kc keychain.KeychainAccess, pr
 			}
 			multi.Apps[idx].Users = []core.AppUser{}
 		}
+		// Update existing profile
 		multi.Apps[idx].AppId = appId
 		multi.Apps[idx].AppSecret = secret
 		multi.Apps[idx].Brand = brand
-		multi.Apps[idx].Lang = preferredLang(i18n.Lang(lang), multi.Apps[idx].Lang)
+		multi.Apps[idx].Lang = lang
 	} else {
 		if findAppIndexByAppID(multi, profileName) >= 0 {
 			return fmt.Errorf("profile name %q conflicts with existing appId", profileName)
@@ -215,7 +182,7 @@ func saveAsProfile(existing *core.MultiAppConfig, kc keychain.KeychainAccess, pr
 			AppId:     appId,
 			AppSecret: secret,
 			Brand:     brand,
-			Lang:      i18n.Lang(lang),
+			Lang:      lang,
 			Users:     []core.AppUser{},
 		})
 	}
@@ -246,29 +213,9 @@ func findAppIndexByAppID(multi *core.MultiAppConfig, appID string) int {
 	return -1
 }
 
-// wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr classifies the error returned by
-// updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret. Typed errors (e.g. *errs.ValidationError
-// for blank-input) pass through unchanged so their exit code semantics
-// survive; legacy *output.ExitError also passes through; everything else
-// (filesystem, keychain, etc.) is wrapped as InternalError.
-func wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(err error) error {
-	if err == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	if errs.IsTyped(err) {
-		return err
-	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		return err
-	}
-	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
-}
-
 func updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret(existing *core.MultiAppConfig, profileName, appID string, brand core.LarkBrand, lang string) error {
 	if existing == nil {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "App Secret cannot be empty for new configuration").
-			WithParam("--app-secret")
+		return output.ErrValidation("App Secret cannot be empty for new configuration")
 	}
 
 	var app *core.AppConfig
@@ -276,25 +223,22 @@ func updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret(existing *core.MultiAppConfig, profileNa
 		if idx := findProfileIndexByName(existing, profileName); idx >= 0 {
 			app = &existing.Apps[idx]
 		} else {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "App Secret cannot be empty for new profile").
-				WithParam("--app-secret")
+			return output.ErrValidation("App Secret cannot be empty for new profile")
 		}
 	} else {
 		app = existing.CurrentAppConfig("")
 		if app == nil {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "App Secret cannot be empty for new configuration").
-				WithParam("--app-secret")
+			return output.ErrValidation("App Secret cannot be empty for new configuration")
 		}
 	}
 
 	if app.AppId != appID {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "App Secret cannot be empty when changing App ID").
-			WithParam("--app-secret")
+		return output.ErrValidation("App Secret cannot be empty when changing App ID")
 	}
 
 	app.AppId = appID
 	app.Brand = brand
-	app.Lang = preferredLang(i18n.Lang(lang), app.Lang)
+	app.Lang = lang
 	return core.SaveMultiAppConfig(existing)
 }
 
@@ -306,13 +250,13 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f.IOStreams.In)
 		if !scanner.Scan() {
 			if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
-				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "failed to read secret from stdin: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+				return output.ErrValidation("failed to read secret from stdin: %v", err)
 			}
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "stdin is empty, expected app secret")
+			return output.ErrValidation("stdin is empty, expected app secret")
 		}
 		opts.appSecret = strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
 		if opts.appSecret == "" {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "app secret read from stdin is empty")
+			return output.ErrValidation("app secret read from stdin is empty")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -324,7 +268,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	// Validate --profile name if set
 	if opts.ProfileName != "" {
 		if err := core.ValidateProfileName(opts.ProfileName); err != nil {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
+			return output.ErrValidation("%v", err)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -333,33 +277,35 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 		brand := parseBrand(opts.Brand)
 		secret, err := core.ForStorage(opts.AppID, core.PlainSecret(opts.appSecret), f.Keychain)
 		if err != nil {
-			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
+			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%v", err)
 		}
 		if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, opts.AppID, secret, brand, opts.Lang); err != nil {
-			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 		}
 		output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Configuration saved to %s", core.GetConfigPath()))
-		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
 		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{"appId": opts.AppID, "appSecret": "****", "brand": brand})
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// For interactive modes, prompt language selection if --lang was not explicitly set.
-	// Picker offers 2 options (中文 / English) and drives BOTH opts.Lang
-	// (preference) and opts.UILang (TUI rendering).
+	// For interactive modes, prompt language selection if --lang was not explicitly set
 	if f.IOStreams.IsTerminal && !opts.langExplicit && !opts.hasAnyNonInteractiveFlag() {
-		lang, err := promptLangSelection()
+		savedLang := ""
+		if existing != nil {
+			if app := existing.CurrentAppConfig(""); app != nil {
+				savedLang = app.Lang
+			}
+		}
+		lang, err := promptLangSelection(savedLang)
 		if err != nil {
 			if err == huh.ErrUserAborted {
 				return output.ErrBare(1)
 			}
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "language selection failed: %v", err)
+			return err
 		}
-		opts.Lang = string(lang)
-		opts.UILang = lang
+		opts.Lang = lang
 	}
 
-	msg := getInitMsg(opts.UILang)
+	msg := getInitMsg(opts.Lang)
 
 	// Mode 3: Create new app directly (--new)
 	if opts.New {
@@ -368,17 +314,16 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 			return err
 		}
 		if result == nil {
-			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "app creation returned no result")
+			return output.ErrValidation("app creation returned no result")
 		}
 		existing, _ := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
 		secret, err := core.ForStorage(result.AppID, core.PlainSecret(result.AppSecret), f.Keychain)
 		if err != nil {
-			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
+			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%v", err)
 		}
 		if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, result.AppID, secret, result.Brand, opts.Lang); err != nil {
-			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 		}
-		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
 		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{"appId": result.AppID, "appSecret": "****", "brand": result.Brand})
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -390,8 +335,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 			return err
 		}
 		if result == nil {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "App ID and App Secret cannot be empty").
-				WithParam("--app-id")
+			return output.ErrValidation("App ID and App Secret cannot be empty")
 		}
 
 		existing, _ := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
@@ -400,31 +344,34 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 			// New secret provided (either from "create" or "existing" with input)
 			secret, err := core.ForStorage(result.AppID, core.PlainSecret(result.AppSecret), f.Keychain)
 			if err != nil {
-				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
+				return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%v", err)
 			}
 			if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, result.AppID, secret, result.Brand, opts.Lang); err != nil {
-				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+				return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 			}
 		} else if result.Mode == "existing" && result.AppID != "" {
 			// Existing app with unchanged secret — update app ID and brand only
-			if err := wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret(existing, opts.ProfileName, result.AppID, result.Brand, opts.Lang)); err != nil {
-				return err
+			if err := updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret(existing, opts.ProfileName, result.AppID, result.Brand, opts.Lang); err != nil {
+				// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError passthrough; removed after typed migration.
+				var exitErr *output.ExitError
+				if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+					return err
+				}
+				return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 			}
 		} else {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "App ID and App Secret cannot be empty").
-				WithParam("--app-id")
+			return output.ErrValidation("App ID and App Secret cannot be empty")
 		}
 
 		if result.Mode == "existing" {
 			output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf(msg.ConfigSaved, result.AppID))
 		}
-		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	// Non-terminal: cannot run interactive mode, guide user to --new
 	if !f.IOStreams.IsTerminal {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "config init requires a terminal for interactive mode. Run with --new to create a new app:\n  lark-cli config init --new\nThis command blocks until setup is complete and outputs a verification URL. Run it in the background, then retrieve the URL from its output.")
+		return output.ErrValidation("config init requires a terminal for interactive mode. Run with --new to create a new app:\n  lark-cli config init --new\nThis command blocks until setup is complete and outputs a verification URL. Run it in the background, then retrieve the URL from its output.")
 	}
 
 	// Mode 5: Legacy interactive (readline fallback)
@@ -452,7 +399,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	}
 	appIdInput, err := readLine(prompt)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
 	}
 
 	prompt = "App Secret"
@@ -461,7 +408,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	}
 	appSecretInput, err := readLine(prompt)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
 	}
 
 	prompt = "Brand (lark/feishu)"
@@ -472,7 +419,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	}
 	brandInput, err := readLine(prompt)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
 	}
 
 	resolvedAppId := appIdInput
@@ -494,18 +441,16 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	if resolvedAppId == "" || resolvedSecret.IsZero() {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "App ID and App Secret cannot be empty").
-			WithParam("--app-id")
+		return output.ErrValidation("App ID and App Secret cannot be empty")
 	}
 
 	storedSecret, err := core.ForStorage(resolvedAppId, resolvedSecret, f.Keychain)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%v", err)
 	}
 	if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, resolvedAppId, storedSecret, parseBrand(resolvedBrand), opts.Lang); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 	}
 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Configuration saved to %s", core.GetConfigPath()))
-	printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
 	return nil
 }

cmd/config/init_interactive.go

@@ -6,17 +6,16 @@ package config
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
 
 	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
 	qrcode "github.com/skip2/go-qrcode"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/transport"
 )
 
 // configInitResult holds the result of the interactive config init flow.
@@ -126,16 +125,8 @@ func runExistingAppForm(f *cmdutil.Factory, msg *initMsg) (*configInitResult, er
 		}, nil
 	}
 
-	switch {
-	case appID == "" && appSecret == "":
-		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "App ID and App Secret cannot be empty").
-			WithParam("--app-id")
-	case appID == "":
-		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "App ID cannot be empty").
-			WithParam("--app-id")
-	case appSecret == "":
-		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "App Secret cannot be empty").
-			WithParam("--app-secret")
+	if appID == "" || appSecret == "" {
+		return nil, output.ErrValidation("App ID and App Secret cannot be empty")
 	}
 
 	return &configInitResult{
@@ -177,12 +168,10 @@ func runCreateAppFlow(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, brandOverride cor
 	}
 
 	// Step 1: Request app registration (begin)
-	// Use the shared proxy-plugin-aware transport so registration traffic is not
-	// a bypass of proxy plugin mode.
-	httpClient := transport.NewHTTPClient(0)
+	httpClient := &http.Client{}
 	authResp, err := larkauth.RequestAppRegistration(httpClient, larkBrand, f.IOStreams.ErrOut)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "app registration failed: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrAuth("app registration failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Step 2: Build and display verification URL + QR code
@@ -210,7 +199,7 @@ func runCreateAppFlow(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, brandOverride cor
 	}
 	result, err := larkauth.PollAppRegistration(ctx, httpClient, core.BrandFeishu, authResp.DeviceCode, authResp.Interval, authResp.ExpiresIn, f.IOStreams.ErrOut)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrAuth("%v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Step 4: Handle Lark brand special case
@@ -219,12 +208,12 @@ func runCreateAppFlow(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, brandOverride cor
 		// fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "%s\n", msg.DetectedLarkTenant)
 		result, err = larkauth.PollAppRegistration(ctx, httpClient, core.BrandLark, authResp.DeviceCode, authResp.Interval, authResp.ExpiresIn, f.IOStreams.ErrOut)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "lark endpoint retry failed: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+			return nil, output.ErrAuth("lark endpoint retry failed: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	if result.ClientID == "" || result.ClientSecret == "" {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "app registration succeeded but missing client_id or client_secret")
+		return nil, output.ErrAuth("app registration succeeded but missing client_id or client_secret")
 	}
 
 	// Determine final brand from response

cmd/config/init_messages.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 )
 
 type initMsg struct {
@@ -27,10 +26,6 @@ type initMsg struct {
 	DetectedLarkTenant   string
 	AppCreated           string
 	ConfigSaved          string
-
-	// LangPreferenceSet is printed to stderr after a successful init when the
-	// user explicitly passed --lang. Format: language code.
-	LangPreferenceSet string
 }
 
 var initMsgZh = &initMsg{
@@ -48,7 +43,6 @@ var initMsgZh = &initMsg{
 	DetectedLarkTenant:   "[lark-cli] 检测到 Lark 租户，切换端点重试...",
 	AppCreated:           "应用配置成功! App ID: %s",
 	ConfigSaved:          "应用配置成功! App ID: %s",
-	LangPreferenceSet:    "语言偏好已设置：%s",
 }
 
 var initMsgEn = &initMsg{
@@ -66,27 +60,29 @@ var initMsgEn = &initMsg{
 	DetectedLarkTenant:   "[lark-cli] Detected Lark tenant, switching endpoint...",
 	AppCreated:           "App configured! App ID: %s",
 	ConfigSaved:          "App configured! App ID: %s",
-	LangPreferenceSet:    "Language preference set to: %s",
 }
 
-// getInitMsg picks the zh/en TUI bundle; non-English falls back to zh.
-func getInitMsg(lang i18n.Lang) *initMsg {
-	if lang.IsEnglish() {
+func getInitMsg(lang string) *initMsg {
+	if lang == "en" {
 		return initMsgEn
 	}
 	return initMsgZh
 }
 
-// promptLangSelection shows the 中文/English picker and returns the chosen locale.
-func promptLangSelection() (i18n.Lang, error) {
-	lang := i18n.LangZhCN
+// promptLangSelection shows an interactive language picker and returns the chosen lang code.
+// savedLang is used as the pre-selected default (from existing config).
+func promptLangSelection(savedLang string) (string, error) {
+	lang := savedLang
+	if lang != "en" {
+		lang = "zh"
+	}
 	form := huh.NewForm(
 		huh.NewGroup(
-			huh.NewSelect[i18n.Lang]().
+			huh.NewSelect[string]().
 				Title("Language / 语言").
 				Options(
-					huh.NewOption("中文", i18n.LangZhCN),
-					huh.NewOption("English", i18n.LangEnUS),
+					huh.NewOption("中文", "zh"),
+					huh.NewOption("English", "en"),
 				).
 				Value(&lang),
 		),

cmd/config/init_messages_test.go

@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ package config
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 )
 
 func TestGetInitMsg_Zh(t *testing.T) {
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ func TestGetInitMsg_En(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestGetInitMsg_DefaultsToZh(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, lang := range []i18n.Lang{"", "unknown", "xyz", "invalid"} {
+	for _, lang := range []string{"", "fr", "ja", "unknown"} {
 		msg := getInitMsg(lang)
 		if msg != initMsgZh {
 			t.Errorf("getInitMsg(%q) should default to zh", lang)
@@ -64,7 +62,6 @@ func assertAllFieldsNonEmpty(t *testing.T, msg *initMsg, label string) {
 		"DetectedLarkTenant":   msg.DetectedLarkTenant,
 		"AppCreated":           msg.AppCreated,
 		"ConfigSaved":          msg.ConfigSaved,
-		"LangPreferenceSet":    msg.LangPreferenceSet,
 	}
 	for name, val := range fields {
 		if val == "" {
@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ func assertAllFieldsNonEmpty(t *testing.T, msg *initMsg, label string) {
 }
 
 func TestInitMsg_FormatStrings(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, lang := range []i18n.Lang{i18n.LangZhCN, i18n.LangEnUS} {
+	for _, lang := range []string{"zh", "en"} {
 		msg := getInitMsg(lang)
 		// AppCreated and ConfigSaved should contain %s for App ID
 		got := fmt.Sprintf(msg.AppCreated, "cli_test123")
@@ -87,37 +84,3 @@ func TestInitMsg_FormatStrings(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-func TestGetInitMsg_BilingualCollapse(t *testing.T) {
-	// The TUI is bilingual (zh + en). Only English-bucket languages return the
-	// English struct — by canonical locale ("en_us") or legacy short ("en").
-	// Everything else (zh, the other codes, invalid, "") returns Chinese.
-	tests := []struct {
-		lang       i18n.Lang
-		shouldBeEn bool
-	}{
-		{i18n.LangZhCN, false},
-		{i18n.LangEnUS, true},
-		{"en", true}, // legacy short value
-		{i18n.LangJaJP, false},
-		{"fr_fr", false},
-		{"invalid", false},
-		{"", false},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(string(tt.lang), func(t *testing.T) {
-			msg := getInitMsg(tt.lang)
-			if msg == nil {
-				t.Fatal("getInitMsg returned nil")
-			}
-			want := initMsgZh
-			if tt.shouldBeEn {
-				want = initMsgEn
-			}
-			if msg != want {
-				t.Errorf("getInitMsg(%q) returned wrong struct", tt.lang)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}

cmd/config/init_test.go

@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package config
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
-)
-
-// updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret guards four blank-input scenarios. Each
-// must surface as *ValidationError(SubtypeInvalidArgument) per RFC 6749 §5.2:
-// SubtypeInvalidClient is reserved for IAM rejection of malformed credentials,
-// not for missing user input.
-
-func TestUpdateExistingProfileWithoutSecret_NilConfig_EmitsValidationError(t *testing.T) {
-	err := updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret(nil, "", "cli_test", core.BrandFeishu, "en")
-	assertValidationParam(t, err, "--app-secret")
-}
-
-func TestUpdateExistingProfileWithoutSecret_UnknownProfile_EmitsValidationError(t *testing.T) {
-	existing := &core.MultiAppConfig{
-		Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
-			Name:      "default",
-			AppId:     "app-default",
-			AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret-default"),
-			Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
-		}},
-	}
-	err := updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret(existing, "missing-profile", "cli_test", core.BrandFeishu, "en")
-	assertValidationParam(t, err, "--app-secret")
-}
-
-func TestUpdateExistingProfileWithoutSecret_NoCurrentApp_EmitsValidationError(t *testing.T) {
-	existing := &core.MultiAppConfig{
-		CurrentApp: "missing",
-		Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
-			Name:      "default",
-			AppId:     "app-default",
-			AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret-default"),
-			Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
-		}},
-	}
-	err := updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret(existing, "", "cli_test", core.BrandFeishu, "en")
-	assertValidationParam(t, err, "--app-secret")
-}
-
-func TestUpdateExistingProfileWithoutSecret_AppIdMismatch_EmitsValidationError(t *testing.T) {
-	existing := &core.MultiAppConfig{
-		Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
-			Name:      "default",
-			AppId:     "app-default",
-			AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret-default"),
-			Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
-		}},
-	}
-	err := updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret(existing, "", "cli_different", core.BrandFeishu, "en")
-	assertValidationParam(t, err, "--app-secret")
-}
-
-// wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr is the caller-side classifier for the error
-// returned by updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret. It must preserve typed-error
-// exit semantics (regression: typed ValidationError was being downgraded to
-// InternalError by the legacy *output.ExitError-only passthrough).
-
-func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_NilPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
-	if got := wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(nil); got != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected nil, got %v", got)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_TypedValidationErrorPreserved(t *testing.T) {
-	in := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "App Secret cannot be empty for new profile").
-		WithParam("--app-secret")
-	got := wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(in)
-	assertValidationParam(t, got, "--app-secret")
-	// Exit code must remain ExitValidation (2), not ExitInternal (5).
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(got); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("ExitCodeOf = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	// Must NOT be wrapped as *InternalError.
-	var intErr *errs.InternalError
-	if errors.As(got, &intErr) {
-		t.Errorf("typed ValidationError was downgraded to *InternalError: %v", got)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_LegacyExitErrorPreserved(t *testing.T) {
-	in := &output.ExitError{Code: 7, Err: errors.New("legacy")}
-	got := wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(in)
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(got, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError to pass through, got %T: %v", got, got)
-	}
-	if exitErr.Code != 7 {
-		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want 7", exitErr.Code)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_UntypedErrorBecomesInternal(t *testing.T) {
-	in := fmt.Errorf("disk full")
-	got := wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(in)
-	var intErr *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(got, &intErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T: %v", got, got)
-	}
-	if intErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeSDKError {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", intErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeSDKError)
-	}
-}
-
-// assertValidationParam asserts err is *ValidationError with the given Param.
-func assertValidationParam(t *testing.T, err error, wantParam string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
-	}
-	var valErr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if valErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", valErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
-	}
-	if valErr.Param != wantParam {
-		t.Errorf("Param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, wantParam)
-	}
-}

cmd/config/keychain_downgrade.go

@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-//go:build darwin
-
-package config
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/keychain"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-)
-
-// NewCmdConfigKeychainDowngrade creates the macOS-only subcommand that pins
-// the master key to the local file fallback (master.key.file) so subsequent
-// operations bypass the OS Keychain. Useful inside sandboxes like Codex
-// where the system Keychain is unreachable.
-func NewCmdConfigKeychainDowngrade(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
-	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "keychain-downgrade",
-		Short: "Downgrade keychain storage to a local file (macOS only)",
-		Long: `Materialize the master key from the macOS system Keychain into a local file
-under ~/Library/Application Support/lark-cli/master.key.file, then pin all
-subsequent reads to that file.
-
-Intended workflow: run this once from an interactive Terminal session on
-macOS (where the system Keychain is reachable). After it finishes,
-sandboxed / automation / CI runs of lark-cli on the same machine will read
-the master key from the local file and no longer need the OS Keychain.
-
-This is the supported fix for environments like the Codex sandbox where the
-system Keychain is blocked. Running keychain-downgrade from inside such a
-sandbox will itself fail with "keychain access blocked" — that is expected;
-run it from an interactive macOS session instead.
-
-The OS Keychain entry is preserved as a cold backup; nothing is deleted there.
-The command is idempotent: re-running it on an already-downgraded install
-reports "already downgraded" and exits 0.`,
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			return configKeychainDowngradeRun(f)
-		},
-	}
-	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "write")
-	return cmd
-}
-
-func configKeychainDowngradeRun(f *cmdutil.Factory) error {
-	service := keychain.LarkCliService
-	keyPath := keychain.MasterKeyFilePath(service)
-
-	result, err := keychain.DowngradeMasterKeyToFile(service)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError,
-			"keychain downgrade failed: %v", err).
-			WithHint("This command must be run from an interactive macOS session (e.g. Terminal.app or iTerm) where the system Keychain is reachable. Running it from inside a sandbox / automation context that blocks Keychain access cannot succeed by design.").
-			WithCause(err)
-	}
-
-	switch result {
-	case keychain.DowngradeAlreadyDone:
-		output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("keychain already downgraded; subsequent operations read from %s", keyPath))
-	case keychain.DowngradeUsedKeychainKey:
-		output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("downgraded: copied master key from system Keychain to %s. Subsequent operations will read from file, bypassing the OS Keychain (useful inside sandboxes like Codex).", keyPath))
-	case keychain.DowngradeCreatedNewKey:
-		output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("system Keychain was empty; generated a new master key and wrote it to %s. The OS Keychain was not modified.", keyPath))
-	}
-	return nil
-}

cmd/config/keychain_downgrade_other.go

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-//go:build !darwin
-
-package config
-
-import (
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-)
-
-// NewCmdConfigKeychainDowngrade is registered on all platforms so that
-// `lark-cli config --help` reads the same everywhere. On non-macOS it
-// refuses with a clear message.
-func NewCmdConfigKeychainDowngrade(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
-	_ = f
-	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "keychain-downgrade",
-		Short: "Downgrade keychain storage to a local file (macOS only)",
-		Long:  `Downgrade keychain storage to a local file. This subcommand is only supported on macOS; on this platform the keychain layer already uses local files.`,
-		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "keychain-downgrade is only supported on macOS")
-		},
-	}
-	return cmd
-}

cmd/config/plugins.go

@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ func runConfigPluginsShow(f *cmdutil.Factory) error {
 			"version":      p.Version,
 			"capabilities": p.Capabilities,
 		}
-		if len(p.Rules) > 0 {
-			entry["rules"] = p.Rules
+		if p.Rule != nil {
+			entry["rule"] = p.Rule
 		}
 		entry["hooks"] = map[string]any{
 			"observers": p.Observers,

cmd/config/policy.go

@@ -59,20 +59,16 @@ func runConfigPolicyShow(f *cmdutil.Factory) error {
 		"source_name":  sourceName,
 		"denied_paths": active.DeniedPaths,
 	}
-	if len(active.Rules) > 0 {
-		rules := make([]map[string]any, 0, len(active.Rules))
-		for _, r := range active.Rules {
-			rules = append(rules, map[string]any{
-				"name":              r.Name,
-				"description":       r.Description,
-				"allow":             r.Allow,
-				"deny":              r.Deny,
-				"max_risk":          r.MaxRisk,
-				"identities":        r.Identities,
-				"allow_unannotated": r.AllowUnannotated,
-			})
+	if active.Rule != nil {
+		out["rule"] = map[string]any{
+			"name":              active.Rule.Name,
+			"description":       active.Rule.Description,
+			"allow":             active.Rule.Allow,
+			"deny":              active.Rule.Deny,
+			"max_risk":          active.Rule.MaxRisk,
+			"identities":        active.Rule.Identities,
+			"allow_unannotated": active.Rule.AllowUnannotated,
 		}
-		out["rules"] = rules
 	}
 	output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, out)
 	return nil

cmd/config/policy_test.go

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func TestConfigPolicyShow_PluginActive(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxRisk: "read",
 	}
 	cmdpolicy.SetActive(&cmdpolicy.ActivePolicy{
-		Rules: []*platform.Rule{rule},
+		Rule: rule,
 		Source: cmdpolicy.ResolveSource{
 			Kind: cmdpolicy.SourcePlugin,
 			Name: "secaudit",
@@ -83,16 +83,12 @@ func TestConfigPolicyShow_PluginActive(t *testing.T) {
 	if got["denied_paths"] != float64(42) {
 		t.Errorf("denied_paths = %v, want 42", got["denied_paths"])
 	}
-	rulesAny, ok := got["rules"].([]any)
-	if !ok || len(rulesAny) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("rules field missing or wrong shape: %v", got["rules"])
-	}
-	ruleMap, ok := rulesAny[0].(map[string]any)
+	ruleMap, ok := got["rule"].(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("rules[0] wrong type")
+		t.Fatalf("rule field missing or wrong type")
 	}
 	if ruleMap["name"] != "secaudit" {
-		t.Errorf("rules[0].name = %v", ruleMap["name"])
+		t.Errorf("rule.name = %v", ruleMap["name"])
 	}
 }
 
@@ -105,7 +101,7 @@ func TestConfigPolicyShow_YamlSourceNameIsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Cleanup(cmdpolicy.ResetActiveForTesting)
 
 	cmdpolicy.SetActive(&cmdpolicy.ActivePolicy{
-		Rules: []*platform.Rule{{Name: "my-yaml-rule"}},
+		Rule: &platform.Rule{Name: "my-yaml-rule"},
 		Source: cmdpolicy.ResolveSource{
 			Kind: cmdpolicy.SourceYAML,
 			Name: "/Users/alice/.lark-cli/policy.yml",

cmd/config/remove.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ package config
 import (
 	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -43,14 +42,14 @@ func configRemoveRun(opts *ConfigRemoveOptions) error {
 
 	config, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
 	if err != nil || config == nil || len(config.Apps) == 0 {
-		return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "not configured yet")
+		return output.ErrValidation("not configured yet")
 	}
 
 	// Save empty config first. If this fails, keep secrets and tokens intact so the
 	// existing config can still be retried instead of ending up half-removed.
 	empty := &core.MultiAppConfig{Apps: []core.AppConfig{}}
 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(empty); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	// Clean up keychain entries for all apps after config is cleared.

cmd/config/show.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -48,14 +47,14 @@ func configShowRun(opts *ConfigShowOptions) error {
 		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 			return core.NotConfiguredError()
 		}
-		return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig, "failed to load config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "config", "failed to load config: %v", err)
 	}
 	if config == nil || len(config.Apps) == 0 {
 		return core.NotConfiguredError()
 	}
 	app := config.CurrentAppConfig(f.Invocation.Profile)
 	if app == nil {
-		return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "no active profile").WithHint("run: lark-cli profile list")
+		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "config", "no active profile", "run: lark-cli profile list")
 	}
 	users := "(no logged-in users)"
 	if len(app.Users) > 0 {

cmd/config/strict_mode.go

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
@@ -73,14 +73,14 @@ explicit user confirmation — never run on your own initiative.`,
 
 func resetStrictMode(f *cmdutil.Factory, multi *core.MultiAppConfig, app *core.AppConfig, global bool, args []string) error {
 	if global {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--reset cannot be used with --global").WithParam("--reset")
+		return output.ErrValidation("--reset cannot be used with --global")
 	}
 	if len(args) > 0 {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--reset cannot be used with a value argument").WithParam("--reset")
+		return output.ErrValidation("--reset cannot be used with a value argument")
 	}
 	app.StrictMode = nil
 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 	}
 	fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "Profile strict-mode reset (inherits global)")
 	return nil
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func setStrictMode(f *cmdutil.Factory, multi *core.MultiAppConfig, app *core.App
 	switch mode {
 	case core.StrictModeBot, core.StrictModeUser, core.StrictModeOff:
 	default:
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid value %q, valid values: bot | user | off", value)
+		return output.ErrValidation("invalid value %q, valid values: bot | user | off", value)
 	}
 
 	// Capture the old mode at the SAME scope being changed, so we can warn
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ func setStrictMode(f *cmdutil.Factory, multi *core.MultiAppConfig, app *core.App
 	}
 
 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	if oldMode == core.StrictModeBot && (mode == core.StrictModeUser || mode == core.StrictModeOff) {

cmd/doctor/doctor.go

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/identitydiag"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/transport"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/update"
 )
 
@@ -153,9 +152,7 @@ func networkChecks(ctx context.Context, opts *DoctorOptions, ep core.Endpoints)
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Use the shared proxy-plugin-aware transport so connectivity checks reflect
-	// the real egress path (and are blocked when proxy plugin fails closed).
-	httpClient := transport.NewHTTPClient(0)
+	httpClient := &http.Client{}
 	mcpURL := ep.MCP + "/mcp"
 
 	type probeResult struct {

cmd/error_auth_hint.go

@@ -23,8 +23,12 @@ import (
 // applyNeedAuthorizationHint augments a typed *errs.AuthenticationError with a
 // "current command requires scope(s): X, Y" hint when the underlying error is
 // a need_user_authorization signal AND the current command declares scopes
-// locally (via shortcut registration or service-method metadata). Existing
-// Hint text is preserved; scopes are appended on a new line.
+// locally (via shortcut registration or service-method metadata).
+//
+// Stage-1: this typed path is dormant — no production code returns a typed
+// *errs.AuthenticationError. Kept so per-domain stage-2 migrations can plug
+// in without re-architecting. The active stage-1 path is
+// enrichMissingScopeError below, which operates on legacy *output.ExitError.
 func applyNeedAuthorizationHint(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) {
 	if err == nil || f == nil {
 		return
@@ -51,10 +55,12 @@ func applyNeedAuthorizationHint(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) {
 // enrichMissingScopeError appends a "current command requires scope(s): X"
 // hint to a legacy *output.ExitError when the underlying error carries the
 // need_user_authorization marker AND the current command declares scopes
-// locally.
+// locally. Matches pre-PR behaviour byte-for-byte; lives on the legacy
+// envelope path until per-domain stage-2 typed migration.
 //
-// Deprecated: enrichment for the legacy envelope; the typed path is
-// applyNeedAuthorizationHint above.
+// Deprecated: stage-1 enrichment for the legacy *output.ExitError surface.
+// Stage-2 typed migration will lift this into AuthenticationError.Hint on
+// the typed envelope via applyNeedAuthorizationHint and remove this helper.
 func enrichMissingScopeError(f *cmdutil.Factory, exitErr *output.ExitError) {
 	if exitErr == nil || exitErr.Detail == nil {
 		return
@@ -149,7 +155,47 @@ func resolveDeclaredServiceMethodScopes(cmd *cobra.Command, identity string) []s
 	if methodMap == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return registry.DeclaredScopesForMethod(methodMap, identity)
+	return declaredScopesForMethod(methodMap, identity)
+}
+
+// declaredScopesForMethod returns all requiredScopes when present; otherwise it
+// resolves the single recommended scope from the method's scopes list.
+func declaredScopesForMethod(method map[string]interface{}, identity string) []string {
+	if requiredRaw, ok := method["requiredScopes"].([]interface{}); ok && len(requiredRaw) > 0 {
+		return interfaceStrings(requiredRaw)
+	}
+
+	rawScopes, _ := method["scopes"].([]interface{})
+	if len(rawScopes) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	recommended := registry.SelectRecommendedScope(rawScopes, identity)
+	if recommended == "" {
+		for _, raw := range rawScopes {
+			if scope, ok := raw.(string); ok && scope != "" {
+				recommended = scope
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if recommended == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return []string{recommended}
+}
+
+// interfaceStrings converts a []interface{} containing strings into a compact
+// []string, skipping empty or non-string values.
+func interfaceStrings(values []interface{}) []string {
+	scopes := make([]string, 0, len(values))
+	for _, value := range values {
+		scope, ok := value.(string)
+		if !ok || scope == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		scopes = append(scopes, scope)
+	}
+	return scopes
 }
 
 // shortcutSupportsIdentity reports whether a shortcut supports the requested

cmd/platform_bootstrap.go

@@ -36,71 +36,47 @@ const userPolicyFileName = "policy.yml"
 // pluginRules carries Plugin.Restrict() contributions collected from
 // the InstallAll phase; nil/empty is fine.
 func applyUserPolicyPruning(rootCmd *cobra.Command, pluginRules []cmdpolicy.PluginRule) error {
-	// Plugin rules shadow the yaml source entirely (Resolve: plugin >
-	// yaml). When a plugin contributed rules we therefore do NOT even
-	// read ~/.lark-cli/policy.yml: build.go fail-CLOSES on any policy
-	// error once a plugin is present, so reading a malformed yaml here
-	// would let an unrelated broken file on the user's machine abort a
-	// plugin-governed binary -- exactly the file the plugin is supposed
-	// to shadow. Skipping the read keeps the shadow contract honest.
-	var (
-		yamlRules []*platform.Rule
-		yamlPath  string
-	)
-	if len(pluginRules) == 0 {
-		p, perr := userPolicyPath()
-		if perr != nil {
-			// No user home dir means we cannot locate the policy. Treat
-			// the same as "file missing": no pruning, no error. This keeps
-			// non-interactive CI environments (no HOME set) running.
-			p = ""
-		}
-		yamlPath = p
-		loaded, lerr := cmdpolicy.LoadYAMLPolicy(yamlPath)
-		if lerr != nil {
-			// Yaml-only failures are fail-OPEN at the caller (warn and
-			// continue), but the active-policy snapshot is process-global
-			// and may still carry data from a previous build in long-lived
-			// embedders / tests. Clear it explicitly so `config policy
-			// show` reports "no policy" instead of a stale rule that
-			// doesn't reflect the current command tree.
-			cmdpolicy.SetActive(nil)
-			return lerr
-		}
-		yamlRules = loaded
+	yamlPath, err := userPolicyPath()
+	if err != nil {
+		// No user home dir means we cannot locate the policy. Treat
+		// the same as "file missing": no pruning, no error. This keeps
+		// non-interactive CI environments (no HOME set) running.
+		yamlPath = ""
 	}
 
-	rules, source, err := cmdpolicy.Resolve(cmdpolicy.Sources{
+	yamlRule, err := cmdpolicy.LoadYAMLPolicy(yamlPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Yaml-only failures are fail-OPEN at the caller (warn and
+		// continue), but the active-policy snapshot is process-global
+		// and may still carry data from a previous build in long-lived
+		// embedders / tests. Clear it explicitly so `config policy
+		// show` reports "no policy" instead of a stale rule that
+		// doesn't reflect the current command tree.
+		cmdpolicy.SetActive(nil)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	rule, source, err := cmdpolicy.Resolve(cmdpolicy.Sources{
 		PluginRules: pluginRules,
-		YAMLRules:   yamlRules,
+		YAMLRule:    yamlRule,
 		YAMLPath:    yamlPath,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		cmdpolicy.SetActive(nil)
 		return err
 	}
-	if len(rules) == 0 {
+	if rule == nil {
 		cmdpolicy.SetActive(&cmdpolicy.ActivePolicy{Source: source})
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// RuleName attributes a denial to a specific rule in the envelope.
-	// With a single rule that is unambiguous and preserves the legacy
-	// envelope verbatim; with several rules a denial means "no rule
-	// granted it", which has no single owner, so the field is left empty
-	// and reason_code=no_matching_rule carries the meaning instead.
-	ruleName := ""
-	if len(rules) == 1 {
-		ruleName = rules[0].Name
-	}
-
-	engine := cmdpolicy.NewSet(rules)
+	engine := cmdpolicy.New(rule)
 	decisions := engine.EvaluateAll(rootCmd)
-	denied := cmdpolicy.BuildDeniedByPath(rootCmd, decisions, source, ruleName)
+	denied := cmdpolicy.BuildDeniedByPath(rootCmd, decisions, source, rule.Name)
 	cmdpolicy.Apply(rootCmd, denied)
 
 	cmdpolicy.SetActive(&cmdpolicy.ActivePolicy{
-		Rules:       rules,
+		Rule:        rule,
 		Source:      source,
 		DeniedPaths: len(denied),
 	})

cmd/platform_bootstrap_test.go

@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
@@ -186,39 +184,6 @@ func TestApplyUserPolicyPruning_malformedYamlReturnsError(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// When a plugin contributed rules, a malformed user policy.yml must NOT
-// abort: plugin rules shadow yaml entirely, so the broken file is never
-// read. Regression -- previously LoadYAMLPolicy ran first and an
-// unrelated broken yaml on the user's machine could fatal a
-// plugin-governed binary (build.go fail-CLOSES on policy errors when a
-// plugin is present).
-func TestApplyUserPolicyPruning_pluginRulesSkipBrokenYaml(t *testing.T) {
-	cfgDir := tmpHome(t)
-	t.Cleanup(cmdpolicy.ResetActiveForTesting)
-	writePolicy(t, cfgDir, "::: not yaml :::") // broken on purpose
-
-	pluginRules := []cmdpolicy.PluginRule{
-		{PluginName: "secaudit", Rule: &platform.Rule{
-			Name:    "docs-only",
-			Allow:   []string{"docs/**"},
-			MaxRisk: "write",
-		}},
-	}
-	root := fakeTree(t)
-	if err := applyUserPolicyPruning(root, pluginRules); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("plugin rules must shadow (and skip reading) yaml; broken yaml should not error, got %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Plugin rule actually applied: im/+send is outside docs/** -> hidden.
-	if send := findLeaf(t, root, "im", "+send"); !send.Hidden {
-		t.Errorf("im/+send should be hidden by plugin rule (not in docs/** allow)")
-	}
-	// docs/+update is within allow and at/below max_risk -> stays visible.
-	if update := findLeaf(t, root, "docs", "+update"); update.Hidden {
-		t.Errorf("docs/+update should remain visible under plugin rule")
-	}
-}
-
 // Semantically-invalid Rule (bad MaxRisk) reaches ValidateRule inside
 // Resolve and produces an error. This is the safety contract: a typo in
 // the rule must not silently lower the pruning bar.

cmd/profile/add.go

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ func NewCmdProfileAdd(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&appID, "app-id", "", "App ID (required)")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&appSecretStdin, "app-secret-stdin", false, "read App Secret from stdin")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&brand, "brand", "feishu", "feishu or lark")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&lang, "lang", "", "language preference (e.g. zh or zh_cn)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&lang, "lang", "zh", "language for interactive prompts (zh or en)")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&use, "use", false, "switch to this profile after adding")
 
 	_ = cmd.MarkFlagRequired("name")
@@ -56,12 +55,6 @@ func profileAddRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name, appID string, appSecretStdin bool,
 		return output.ErrValidation("%v", err)
 	}
 
-	langPref, err := cmdutil.ParseLangFlag(lang)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	lang = string(langPref)
-
 	// Read secret from stdin
 	if !appSecretStdin {
 		return output.ErrValidation("app secret must be provided via stdin: use --app-secret-stdin and pipe the secret")
@@ -122,7 +115,7 @@ func profileAddRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name, appID string, appSecretStdin bool,
 		AppId:     appID,
 		AppSecret: secret,
 		Brand:     parsedBrand,
-		Lang:      i18n.Lang(lang),
+		Lang:      lang,
 		Users:     []core.AppUser{},
 	})
 

cmd/profile/profile_test.go

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs"
 )
@@ -52,56 +51,6 @@ func TestProfileAddRun_InvalidExistingConfigReturnsError(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestProfileAddRun_Lang covers the unified --lang contract on profile add:
-// short codes and Feishu locales both canonicalize to the same stored locale,
-// empty stores no preference, and an unrecognized value errors.
-func TestProfileAddRun_Lang(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("short and locale canonicalize and persist alike", func(t *testing.T) {
-		for _, in := range []string{"ja", "ja_jp"} {
-			setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-			f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-			f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("secret\n")
-			if err := profileAddRun(f, "p", "app-p", true, "feishu", in, false); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("--lang %q: profileAddRun() error = %v", in, err)
-			}
-			saved, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("LoadMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
-			}
-			if app := saved.FindApp("p"); app == nil || app.Lang != i18n.LangJaJP {
-				t.Errorf("--lang %q: stored Lang = %v, want %q", in, app, i18n.LangJaJP)
-			}
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("empty stores no preference", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("secret\n")
-		if err := profileAddRun(f, "p", "app-p", true, "feishu", "", false); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("profileAddRun() error = %v", err)
-		}
-		saved, _ := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
-		if app := saved.FindApp("p"); app == nil || app.Lang != "" {
-			t.Errorf("stored Lang = %v, want \"\" (unset)", app)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("invalid lang errors", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("secret\n")
-		err := profileAddRun(f, "p", "app-p", true, "feishu", "ZH", false)
-		if err == nil {
-			t.Fatal("expected validation error for --lang ZH, got nil")
-		}
-		exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
-		if !ok || exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
-			t.Fatalf("expected ExitValidation, got %T: %v", err, err)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
 func TestProfileAddRun_UseAfterUpdatesCurrentAndPrevious(t *testing.T) {
 	setupProfileConfigDir(t)
 	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{

cmd/root.go

@@ -4,22 +4,23 @@
 package cmd
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"sort"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
-	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errcompat"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/hook"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
@@ -200,59 +201,43 @@ func configureFlagCompletions(args []string) {
 // and returns the process exit code.
 //
 // Dispatch order:
-//  1. Legacy shapes (*core.ConfigError, *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError)
-//     are promoted via errcompat to their typed errs/ counterparts, with the
-//     original preserved in the Cause chain.
-//  2. Typed errors from errs/ (e.g. *errs.PermissionError, *errs.APIError,
-//     *errs.SecurityPolicyError, *errs.AuthenticationError): render via the
-//     typed envelope writer, which lifts extension fields (missing_scopes,
-//     console_url, challenge_url, ...) to the top level. Routed by
+//  1. *errs.SecurityPolicyError: keeps the legacy custom envelope
+//     (type=auth_error, string code, retryable, challenge_url) and exit 1.
+//     Carve-out from the typed taxonomy — wire migration deferred to a later PR.
+//  2. Typed errors from errs/ (e.g. *errs.PermissionError, *errs.APIError):
+//     render via the typed envelope writer, which lifts extension fields
+//     (missing_scopes, console_url, ...) to the top level. Routed by
 //     errs.CategoryOf via ExitCodeOf.
-//  3. Legacy *output.ExitError: asExitError adapts it to the legacy
-//     envelope, written via WriteErrorEnvelope.
+//  3. *core.ConfigError + Legacy *output.ExitError: asExitError adapts them
+//     to a legacy envelope; written via WriteErrorEnvelope. Stage-1 keeps
+//     this path so existing wire shapes are preserved byte-for-byte until
+//     per-domain typed migration in stage 2+.
 //  4. Cobra errors (required flags, unknown commands, etc.): plain text.
 func handleRootError(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) int {
 	errOut := f.IOStreams.ErrOut
 
-	// Promote legacy error shapes into typed errs/ before envelope marshal.
-	// NeedAuthorizationError check is first because it is the more specific
-	// shape; *core.ConfigError check follows. errors.As preserves the original
-	// in the Cause chain, so external errors.As(&core.ConfigError{}) consumers
-	// (cmd/auth/list.go, cmd/doctor/doctor.go, ...) still match.
-	//
-	// Outer-typed short-circuit: if err is already a typed *errs.* error,
-	// skip PromoteXxxError so the producer's Subtype / Hint / extension
-	// fields are not overwritten by a coarser promoted shape derived from a
-	// legacy error buried in its Cause chain. Promotion is only for legacy
-	// untyped entry points.
-	if !isOuterTypedError(err) {
-		var needAuthErr *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError
-		if errors.As(err, &needAuthErr) {
-			err = errcompat.PromoteAuthError(needAuthErr)
-		} else {
-			var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
-			if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-				err = errcompat.PromoteConfigError(cfgErr)
-			}
-		}
+	// SecurityPolicyError keeps the legacy custom envelope (string codes,
+	// challenge_url, retryable) and exit code 1 — its wire shape predates the
+	// typed taxonomy and downstream OAuth/policy consumers depend on it.
+	// The taxonomy migration for this category is deferred to a later PR.
+	var spErr *errs.SecurityPolicyError
+	if errors.As(err, &spErr) {
+		writeSecurityPolicyError(errOut, spErr)
+		return 1
 	}
 
+	// *core.ConfigError flows raw to the legacy envelope path in stage 1
+	// (asExitError → output.ErrWithHint). Typed migration via
+	// errcompat.PromoteConfigError happens in stage 2+.
+
 	// When the typed error is a need_user_authorization signal, fold in the
 	// current command's declared scopes as a Hint so the user/AI sees the
 	// concrete scope(s) to re-auth with. The hint is computed on the fly from
 	// local shortcut/service metadata — it never depends on server state.
 	applyNeedAuthorizationHint(f, err)
 
-	// Staged dispatch: capture the typed exit code BEFORE attempting the
-	// envelope write. WriteTypedErrorEnvelope is best-effort on the wire
-	// (partial-write still returns true) so the exit code we read here is
-	// preserved even if stderr is torn — torn stderr must not downgrade
-	// typed exits 3/4/6/10 to the legacy "Error:" path with exit 1.
-	// WriteTypedErrorEnvelope still returns false when err carries no
-	// Problem; in that case we fall through to the legacy bridge below.
-	typedExit := output.ExitCodeOf(err)
 	if output.WriteTypedErrorEnvelope(errOut, err, string(f.ResolvedIdentity)) {
-		return typedExit
+		return output.ExitCodeOf(err)
 	}
 
 	if exitErr := asExitError(err); exitErr != nil {
@@ -271,19 +256,52 @@ func handleRootError(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) int {
 	return 1
 }
 
-// isOuterTypedError returns true if err is a typed *errs.* error AT THE
-// TOP OF THE CHAIN (not buried inside Unwrap). Used by handleRootError
-// to gate PromoteXxxError so a producer's outer typed envelope is never
-// overwritten by a coarser shape derived from its legacy Cause.
-func isOuterTypedError(err error) bool {
-	_, ok := err.(errs.TypedError)
-	return ok
+// writeSecurityPolicyError writes the security-policy-specific JSON envelope.
+// This wire format intentionally differs from the typed envelope writer: it
+// uses string codes ("challenge_required"/"access_denied"), a "auth_error"
+// type literal, and a top-level "retryable" field — the shape OAuth/policy
+// consumers have been parsing since before the typed taxonomy existed.
+func writeSecurityPolicyError(w io.Writer, spErr *errs.SecurityPolicyError) {
+	var codeStr string
+	switch spErr.Subtype {
+	case errs.SubtypeChallengeRequired:
+		codeStr = "challenge_required"
+	case errs.SubtypeAccessDenied:
+		codeStr = "access_denied"
+	default:
+		codeStr = strconv.Itoa(spErr.Code)
+	}
+
+	errData := map[string]interface{}{
+		"type":      "auth_error",
+		"code":      codeStr,
+		"message":   spErr.Message,
+		"retryable": false,
+	}
+	if spErr.ChallengeURL != "" {
+		errData["challenge_url"] = spErr.ChallengeURL
+	}
+	if spErr.Hint != "" {
+		errData["hint"] = spErr.Hint
+	}
+
+	env := map[string]interface{}{"ok": false, "error": errData}
+
+	buffer := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	encoder := json.NewEncoder(buffer)
+	encoder.SetEscapeHTML(false)
+	encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
+	if encErr := encoder.Encode(env); encErr != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintln(w, `{"ok":false,"error":{"type":"internal_error","code":"marshal_error","message":"failed to marshal error"}}`)
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Fprint(w, buffer.String())
 }
 
 // asExitError converts known structured error types to *output.ExitError.
 // Returns nil for unrecognized errors (e.g. cobra flag errors).
 //
-// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError bridge.
+// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError bridge; removed after typed migration.
 func asExitError(err error) *output.ExitError {
 	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
 	if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
@@ -399,55 +417,65 @@ func installTipsHelpFunc(root *cobra.Command) {
 	})
 }
 
-// enrichPermissionError rewrites the legacy *output.ExitError envelope so its
-// Message + Hint match the per-subtype canonical text produced by the typed
-// dispatcher path (errclass.CanonicalPermissionMessage / errclass.PermissionHint).
-// This guarantees a caller observing the wire envelope cannot tell whether
-// the error reached the dispatcher via the legacy *ExitError bridge or via
-// the typed *errs.PermissionError fast path.
+// enrichPermissionError adds console_url and improves the hint for legacy
+// *output.ExitError permission errors. Differentiates between:
+//   - LarkErrAppScopeNotEnabled (99991672): app has not enabled the scope
+//   - LarkErrUserScopeInsufficient (99991679) / LarkErrUserNotAuthorized:
+//     user has not authorized the scope → hint to auth login
+//   - default: other permission errors → console + auth-login fallback
 //
-// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError enrichment; typed PermissionError
-// values produced by errclass.BuildAPIError already carry MissingScopes +
-// ConsoleURL directly.
+// Deprecated: stage-1 enrichment for the legacy *output.ExitError envelope.
+// Stage-2 typed migration will lift this into PermissionError.MissingScopes
+// + ConsoleURL on the typed envelope and remove this helper.
 func enrichPermissionError(f *cmdutil.Factory, exitErr *output.ExitError) {
-	if exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "permission" {
 		return
 	}
-	// Only the legacy permission-class envelope types route here. "app_status"
-	// covers 99991662 (app_disabled) / 99991673 (app_unavailable); "permission"
-	// covers the four scope-class codes (99991672 / 99991676 / 99991679 / 230027).
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "permission" && exitErr.Detail.Type != "app_status" {
+	// Extract required scopes from API error detail (shared helper)
+	scopes := registry.ExtractRequiredScopes(exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+	if len(scopes) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
 
-	larkCode := exitErr.Detail.Code
-	meta, ok := errclass.LookupCodeMeta(larkCode)
-	if !ok || meta.Category != errs.CategoryAuthorization {
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Extract required scopes from API error detail (shared helper). May be
-	// empty for app-status codes — canonical message + hint still apply.
-	missing := registry.ExtractRequiredScopes(exitErr.Detail.Detail)
-
 	cfg, err := f.Config()
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Reuse the same console URL builder as the typed path so both wire
-	// envelopes carry identical console_url values for the same input.
-	consoleURL := errclass.ConsoleURL(string(cfg.Brand), cfg.AppID, missing)
+	// Select the recommended (least-privilege) scope
+	recommended := registry.SelectRecommendedScopeFromStrings(scopes, "tenant")
+
+	// Build admin console URL with the recommended scope
+	consoleURL := registry.BuildConsoleScopeURL(cfg.Brand, cfg.AppID, recommended)
 
 	// Clear raw API detail — useful info is now in message/hint/console_url.
 	exitErr.Detail.Detail = nil
 
-	identity := string(f.ResolvedIdentity)
-	if identity == "" {
-		identity = "user"
-	}
+	isBot := f.ResolvedIdentity.IsBot()
+	larkCode := exitErr.Detail.Code
+	switch larkCode {
+	case output.LarkErrUserScopeInsufficient, output.LarkErrUserNotAuthorized:
+		exitErr.Detail.Message = fmt.Sprintf("User not authorized: required scope %s [%d]", recommended, larkCode)
+		if isBot {
+			exitErr.Detail.Hint = "enable the scope in developer console (see console_url)"
+		} else {
+			exitErr.Detail.Hint = fmt.Sprintf("run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"%s\"` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.", recommended)
+		}
+		exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL = consoleURL
 
-	exitErr.Detail.Message = errclass.CanonicalPermissionMessage(meta.Subtype, cfg.AppID, missing, exitErr.Detail.Message)
-	exitErr.Detail.Hint = errclass.PermissionHint(missing, identity, meta.Subtype, consoleURL)
-	exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL = consoleURL
+	case output.LarkErrAppScopeNotEnabled:
+		exitErr.Detail.Message = fmt.Sprintf("App scope not enabled: required scope %s [%d]", recommended, larkCode)
+		exitErr.Detail.Hint = "enable the scope in developer console (see console_url)"
+		exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL = consoleURL
+
+	default:
+		exitErr.Detail.Message = fmt.Sprintf("Permission denied: required scope %s [%d]", recommended, larkCode)
+		if isBot {
+			exitErr.Detail.Hint = "enable the scope in developer console (see console_url)"
+		} else {
+			exitErr.Detail.Hint = fmt.Sprintf(
+				"enable scope in console (see console_url), or run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"%s\"` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.", recommended)
+		}
+		exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL = consoleURL
+	}
 }

cmd/root_integration_test.go

@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeUser_ProfileOverride_ShortcutExplicitBotReturnsEn
 		OK:       false,
 		Identity: "bot",
 		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "validation",
+			Type:    "command_denied",
 			Message: `strict mode is "user", only user-identity commands are available`,
 			Hint:    "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)",
 		},
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_ServiceExplicitUserReturnsEnv
 		OK:       false,
 		Identity: "user",
 		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "validation",
+			Type:    "command_denied",
 			Message: `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available`,
 			Hint:    "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)",
 		},
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_APIExplicitUserReturnsEnvelop
 		OK:       false,
 		Identity: "user",
 		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "validation",
+			Type:    "command_denied",
 			Message: `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available`,
 			Hint:    "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)",
 		},
@@ -384,8 +384,11 @@ func TestIntegration_Shortcut_BusinessError_OutputsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
-// TestSetupNotices_ColdStart_NoNotice verifies that missing state
-// produces no skills key in the composed notice.
+// TestSetupNotices_ColdStart_NoNotice verifies that a missing stamp
+// produces no skills key in the composed notice. Users who installed
+// skills via `npx skills add` (no stamp) must not see the misleading
+// "not installed" notice — only `lark-cli update` users opt into the
+// drift tracker.
 func TestSetupNotices_ColdStart_NoNotice(t *testing.T) {
 	clearNoticeEnv(t)
 	dir := t.TempDir()
@@ -416,13 +419,13 @@ func TestSetupNotices_ColdStart_NoNotice(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestSetupNotices_InSync verifies that matching state produces no
+// TestSetupNotices_InSync verifies that a matching stamp produces no
 // skills key in the composed notice.
 func TestSetupNotices_InSync(t *testing.T) {
 	clearNoticeEnv(t)
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
-	if err := skillscheck.WriteState(skillscheck.SkillsState{Version: "1.0.21"}); err != nil {
+	if err := skillscheck.WriteStamp("1.0.21"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
@@ -449,13 +452,13 @@ func TestSetupNotices_InSync(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestSetupNotices_Drift verifies mismatching state produces the
+// TestSetupNotices_Drift verifies a mismatching stamp produces the
 // drift message with both current and target populated.
 func TestSetupNotices_Drift(t *testing.T) {
 	clearNoticeEnv(t)
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
-	if err := skillscheck.WriteState(skillscheck.SkillsState{Version: "1.0.20"}); err != nil {
+	if err := skillscheck.WriteStamp("1.0.20"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
@@ -504,7 +507,7 @@ func TestSetupNotices_BothUpdateAndSkills(t *testing.T) {
 	clearNoticeEnv(t)
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
-	if err := skillscheck.WriteState(skillscheck.SkillsState{Version: "1.0.20"}); err != nil {
+	if err := skillscheck.WriteStamp("1.0.20"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 

cmd/root_test.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -21,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 )
 
@@ -139,96 +137,81 @@ func TestIsCompletionCommand(t *testing.T) {
 // TestPromoteConfigError_* lives with the implementation in
 // internal/errcompat/promote_test.go.
 
-// TestHandleRootError_SecurityPolicyCanonicalEnvelope verifies that
-// *errs.SecurityPolicyError flows through the canonical typed envelope
-// (output.WriteTypedErrorEnvelope) — type=policy, numeric code, subtype,
-// top-level identity, exit code 6 — after the dispatcher carve-out is removed.
-func TestHandleRootError_SecurityPolicyCanonicalEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
+// TestHandleRootError_SecurityPolicyKeepsLegacyEnvelope pins the carve-out
+// for *errs.SecurityPolicyError: it does NOT go through the typed envelope
+// writer. Downstream OAuth/policy consumers parse a wire format that
+// predates the typed taxonomy and depend on:
+//   - error.type == "auth_error" (not the Category literal "policy")
+//   - error.code is a string ("challenge_required" / "access_denied"), not a number
+//   - error.retryable is present at the top of the error object
+//   - exit code 1 (not ExitContentSafety 6)
+//
+// Migration of this category to the typed envelope is deferred to a later PR.
+func TestHandleRootError_SecurityPolicyKeepsLegacyEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	cases := []struct {
+		name     string
+		subtype  errs.Subtype
+		code     int
+		wantCode string
+	}{
+		{"challenge_required", errs.SubtypeChallengeRequired, 21000, "challenge_required"},
+		{"access_denied", errs.SubtypeAccessDenied, 21001, "access_denied"},
+	}
 
-	t.Run("21000 challenge_required", func(t *testing.T) {
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
-		f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+			errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
+			f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
 
-		spErr := &errs.SecurityPolicyError{
-			Problem: errs.Problem{
-				Category: errs.CategoryPolicy,
-				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeChallengeRequired,
-				Code:     21000,
-				Message:  "blocked by access policy",
-				Hint:     "complete challenge in your browser",
-			},
-			ChallengeURL: "https://example.com/challenge",
-		}
+			spErr := &errs.SecurityPolicyError{
+				Problem: errs.Problem{
+					Category: errs.CategoryPolicy,
+					Subtype:  tc.subtype,
+					Code:     tc.code,
+					Message:  "blocked by access policy",
+					Hint:     "complete challenge in your browser",
+				},
+				ChallengeURL: "https://example.com/challenge",
+			}
 
-		gotExit := handleRootError(f, spErr)
-		if gotExit != int(output.ExitContentSafety) {
-			t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitContentSafety)", gotExit, output.ExitContentSafety)
-		}
+			gotExit := handleRootError(f, spErr)
+			if gotExit != 1 {
+				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want 1 (legacy carve-out)", gotExit)
+			}
 
-		var env map[string]any
-		if err := json.Unmarshal(errOut.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("envelope is not valid JSON: %v\n%s", err, errOut.String())
-		}
-		errObj, ok := env["error"].(map[string]any)
-		if !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("envelope missing top-level error object: %s", errOut.String())
-		}
-		if got := errObj["type"]; got != "policy" {
-			t.Errorf("error.type = %v, want %q", got, "policy")
-		}
-		if got := errObj["subtype"]; got != "challenge_required" {
-			t.Errorf("error.subtype = %v, want %q", got, "challenge_required")
-		}
-		if got, ok := errObj["code"].(float64); !ok || int(got) != 21000 {
-			t.Errorf("error.code = %v (%T), want 21000 (number)", errObj["code"], errObj["code"])
-		}
-		if got := errObj["challenge_url"]; got != "https://example.com/challenge" {
-			t.Errorf("error.challenge_url = %v, want challenge url", got)
-		}
-		if got := errObj["hint"]; got != "complete challenge in your browser" {
-			t.Errorf("error.hint = %v, want hint message", got)
-		}
-		if _, exists := errObj["retryable"]; exists {
-			t.Errorf("error.retryable leaked into canonical envelope: %v", errObj["retryable"])
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("21001 access_denied", func(t *testing.T) {
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
-		f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
-
-		spErr := &errs.SecurityPolicyError{
-			Problem: errs.Problem{
-				Category: errs.CategoryPolicy,
-				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeAccessDenied,
-				Code:     21001,
-				Message:  "access denied",
-			},
-		}
-
-		gotExit := handleRootError(f, spErr)
-		if gotExit != int(output.ExitContentSafety) {
-			t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", gotExit, output.ExitContentSafety)
-		}
-
-		var env map[string]any
-		if err := json.Unmarshal(errOut.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("envelope is not valid JSON: %v\n%s", err, errOut.String())
-		}
-		errObj := env["error"].(map[string]any)
-		if got := errObj["type"]; got != "policy" {
-			t.Errorf("error.type = %v, want %q", got, "policy")
-		}
-		if got := errObj["subtype"]; got != "access_denied" {
-			t.Errorf("error.subtype = %v, want %q", got, "access_denied")
-		}
-		if got, ok := errObj["code"].(float64); !ok || int(got) != 21001 {
-			t.Errorf("error.code = %v, want 21001 (number)", errObj["code"])
-		}
-	})
+			var env map[string]any
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(errOut.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("envelope is not valid JSON: %v\n%s", err, errOut.String())
+			}
+			errObj, ok := env["error"].(map[string]any)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("envelope missing top-level error object: %s", errOut.String())
+			}
+			if got := errObj["type"]; got != "auth_error" {
+				t.Errorf("error.type = %v, want %q", got, "auth_error")
+			}
+			if got := errObj["code"]; got != tc.wantCode {
+				t.Errorf("error.code = %v (%T), want %q (string)", got, got, tc.wantCode)
+			}
+			if got, ok := errObj["retryable"].(bool); !ok || got {
+				t.Errorf("error.retryable = %v (%T), want false (bool)", errObj["retryable"], errObj["retryable"])
+			}
+			if got := errObj["challenge_url"]; got != "https://example.com/challenge" {
+				t.Errorf("error.challenge_url = %v, want challenge url", got)
+			}
+			if got := errObj["hint"]; got != "complete challenge in your browser" {
+				t.Errorf("error.hint = %v, want hint message", got)
+			}
+			// And the typed-only fields must NOT appear on this envelope.
+			for _, leaked := range []string{"subtype", "missing_scopes", "console_url"} {
+				if _, exists := errObj[leaked]; exists {
+					t.Errorf("error.%s leaked into legacy security envelope: %v", leaked, errObj[leaked])
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
 }
 
 // newAuthErrorWithNeedAuthMarker builds a typed *errs.AuthenticationError whose Message
@@ -247,77 +230,6 @@ func newAuthErrorWithNeedAuthMarker() *errs.AuthenticationError {
 	}
 }
 
-// failingWriter writes up to limit bytes then returns io.ErrShortWrite on
-// the write that would push past the limit. Used to simulate a stderr that
-// dies mid-envelope.
-type failingWriter struct {
-	limit int
-	n     int
-}
-
-func (f *failingWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
-	if f.n+len(p) > f.limit {
-		canWrite := f.limit - f.n
-		if canWrite < 0 {
-			canWrite = 0
-		}
-		f.n += canWrite
-		return canWrite, io.ErrShortWrite
-	}
-	f.n += len(p)
-	return len(p), nil
-}
-
-// TestHandleRootError_PartialWritePreservesExitCode pins that when the
-// stderr write fails mid-envelope, handleRootError still returns the typed
-// exit code (ExitAuth=3 for AuthenticationError), not fall through to the
-// plain "Error:" path with exit 1. ExitCodeOf is computed from the typed
-// err BEFORE the envelope write so the exit code is preserved even when
-// the consumer's stderr pipe dies.
-func TestHandleRootError_PartialWritePreservesExitCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	w := &failingWriter{limit: 20}
-	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = w
-
-	err := errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenExpired, "token expired")
-	exit := handleRootError(f, err)
-	if exit != int(output.ExitAuth) {
-		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (typed exit code preserved despite write failure)", exit, int(output.ExitAuth))
-	}
-}
-
-// TestHandleRootError_TypedOuterShortCircuitsPromote pins that when a typed
-// *errs.AuthenticationError carries a legacy *NeedAuthorizationError in its
-// Cause chain, the dispatcher does NOT run PromoteAuthError — doing so
-// would replace the producer's TokenExpired subtype + custom hint with the
-// promoted shape's TokenMissing.
-func TestHandleRootError_TypedOuterShortCircuitsPromote(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
-	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
-
-	innerLegacy := &internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError{UserOpenId: "u_123"}
-	outer := errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenExpired, "token expired").
-		WithHint("custom producer hint").
-		WithCause(innerLegacy)
-
-	exit := handleRootError(f, outer)
-	if exit != int(output.ExitAuth) {
-		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (ExitAuth)", exit, int(output.ExitAuth))
-	}
-	got := errOut.String()
-	if !strings.Contains(got, `"subtype": "token_expired"`) {
-		t.Errorf("envelope lost producer Subtype TokenExpired; got %s", got)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(got, "custom producer hint") {
-		t.Errorf("envelope lost producer Hint; got %s", got)
-	}
-}
-
 // TestApplyNeedAuthorizationHint_ServiceMethodUsesLocalScopesWhenNoUAT pins
 // that a typed AuthenticationError carrying the need_user_authorization marker gets a
 // declared-scopes Hint appended when the current command is a registered
@@ -445,136 +357,3 @@ func TestApplyNeedAuthorizationHint_AppendsExistingHint(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("expected appended hint %q, got %q", want, authErr.Hint)
 	}
 }
-
-// TestEnrichPermissionError_CanonicalConvergence pins that the legacy
-// *output.ExitError dispatch path produces the same canonical Message + Hint
-// + ConsoleURL as the typed *errs.PermissionError dispatch path. Both paths
-// share errclass.CanonicalPermissionMessage / errclass.PermissionHint /
-// errclass.ConsoleURL — so a wire consumer cannot tell which path produced
-// the envelope.
-func TestEnrichPermissionError_CanonicalConvergence(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name            string
-		larkCode        int
-		legacyErrType   string
-		wantMsgSubstrs  []string
-		wantHintSubstrs []string
-		wantConsoleURL  bool
-		wantNoAuthLogin bool // hint must not suggest `auth login`
-	}{
-		{
-			name:            "99991672 app_scope_not_applied",
-			larkCode:        99991672,
-			legacyErrType:   "permission",
-			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"access denied", "app cli_test", "drive:drive:read"},
-			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"developer console", "open.feishu.cn"},
-			wantConsoleURL:  true,
-			wantNoAuthLogin: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:            "99991679 missing_scope",
-			larkCode:        99991679,
-			legacyErrType:   "permission",
-			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"unauthorized", "user authorization"},
-			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"lark-cli auth login"},
-		},
-		{
-			name:            "99991673 app_unavailable",
-			larkCode:        99991673,
-			legacyErrType:   "app_status",
-			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"unauthorized app", "app cli_test", "not properly installed"},
-			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"tenant admin", "install status"},
-		},
-		{
-			name:            "99991662 app_disabled",
-			larkCode:        99991662,
-			legacyErrType:   "app_status",
-			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"app cli_test", "not in use", "currently disabled"},
-			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"tenant admin", "re-enable"},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-				AppID: "cli_test", AppSecret: "s", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-			})
-			f.ResolvedIdentity = core.AsUser
-
-			// Mimic the wire shape ErrAPI produces: legacy *ExitError with
-			// Detail.Type populated by ClassifyLarkError, Detail.Detail
-			// carrying the permission_violations block so ExtractRequiredScopes
-			// can recover the missing scope.
-			scopeForDetail := "drive:drive:read"
-			exitErr := &output.ExitError{
-				Code: output.ExitAPI,
-				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-					Type:    tc.legacyErrType,
-					Code:    tc.larkCode,
-					Message: "upstream raw message — must be replaced",
-					Detail: map[string]interface{}{
-						"permission_violations": []interface{}{
-							map[string]interface{}{"subject": scopeForDetail},
-						},
-					},
-				},
-			}
-			enrichPermissionError(f, exitErr)
-
-			for _, sub := range tc.wantMsgSubstrs {
-				if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, sub) {
-					t.Errorf("Message %q missing substring %q", exitErr.Detail.Message, sub)
-				}
-			}
-			if exitErr.Detail.Message == "upstream raw message — must be replaced" {
-				t.Errorf("Message must be rewritten to canonical text; got upstream verbatim")
-			}
-			for _, sub := range tc.wantHintSubstrs {
-				if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, sub) {
-					t.Errorf("Hint %q missing substring %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint, sub)
-				}
-			}
-			if tc.wantNoAuthLogin && strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "auth login") {
-				t.Errorf("Hint must not suggest `auth login` for this subtype; got %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
-			}
-			if tc.wantConsoleURL && exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL == "" {
-				t.Error("ConsoleURL should be populated when missing scopes are present")
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// TestEnrichPermissionError_SkipsUnrelatedTypes pins that an ExitError whose
-// Detail.Type is neither "permission" nor "app_status" is left untouched —
-// no Message rewrite, no Hint rewrite, no ConsoleURL injection.
-func TestEnrichPermissionError_SkipsUnrelatedTypes(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "cli_test", AppSecret: "s", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-	f.ResolvedIdentity = core.AsUser
-
-	for _, ty := range []string{"api_error", "validation", "rate_limit", "auth"} {
-		exitErr := &output.ExitError{
-			Code: output.ExitAPI,
-			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-				Type:    ty,
-				Code:    99991400,
-				Message: "untouched",
-				Hint:    "original hint",
-			},
-		}
-		enrichPermissionError(f, exitErr)
-		if exitErr.Detail.Message != "untouched" {
-			t.Errorf("type=%q: Message was rewritten unexpectedly: %q", ty, exitErr.Detail.Message)
-		}
-		if exitErr.Detail.Hint != "original hint" {
-			t.Errorf("type=%q: Hint was rewritten unexpectedly: %q", ty, exitErr.Detail.Hint)
-		}
-		if exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL != "" {
-			t.Errorf("type=%q: ConsoleURL should not be injected; got %q", ty, exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL)
-		}
-	}
-}

cmd/schema/schema.go

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/schema"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -25,8 +24,7 @@ type SchemaOptions struct {
 	Ctx     context.Context
 
 	// Positional args
-	Path      string   // first positional, when only one is given
-	ExtraArgs []string // 2nd+ positional args (space-separated form)
+	Path string
 
 	// Flags
 	Format string
@@ -361,16 +359,13 @@ func NewCmdSchema(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*SchemaOptions) error) *cobra.Co
 	opts := &SchemaOptions{Factory: f}
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "schema [path | service resource method]",
+		Use:   "schema [path]",
 		Short: "View API method parameters, types, and scopes",
-		Args:  cobra.MaximumNArgs(8),
+		Args:  cobra.MaximumNArgs(1),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			if len(args) > 0 {
 				opts.Path = args[0]
 			}
-			if len(args) > 1 {
-				opts.ExtraArgs = args[1:]
-			}
 			opts.Ctx = cmd.Context()
 			if runF != nil {
 				return runF(opts)
@@ -385,108 +380,60 @@ func NewCmdSchema(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*SchemaOptions) error) *cobra.Co
 	cmdutil.RegisterFlagCompletion(cmd, "format", func(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string, _ string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
 		return []string{"json", "pretty"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
 	})
-	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, cmdutil.RiskRead)
+	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
 
 	return cmd
 }
 
 // completeSchemaPath provides tab-completion for the schema path argument.
-// It handles both legacy dotted resource names (e.g. app.table.fields) and the
-// newer space-separated form (e.g. `schema im messages reply`).
+// It handles dotted resource names (e.g. app.table.fields) by iterating all
+// resources and classifying each as a prefix-match or fully-matched.
 func completeSchemaPath(f *cmdutil.Factory) func(*cobra.Command, []string, string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
 	return func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
-		mode := f.ResolveStrictMode(cmd.Context())
-
-		// Case 1: legacy "single dotted arg" path — no previous args yet
-		if len(args) == 0 {
-			parts := strings.Split(toComplete, ".")
-			if len(parts) <= 1 {
-				var completions []string
-				for _, s := range registry.ListFromMetaProjects() {
-					if strings.HasPrefix(s, toComplete) {
-						completions = append(completions, s+".")
-					}
-				}
-				return completions, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace
-			}
-			serviceName := parts[0]
-			spec := registry.LoadFromMeta(serviceName)
-			if spec == nil {
-				return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-			}
-			spec = filterSpecByStrictMode(spec, mode)
-			resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
-			if resources == nil {
-				return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-			}
-			afterService := strings.Join(parts[1:], ".")
-			completions := completeSchemaPathForSpec(serviceName, resources, afterService)
-			allTrailingDot := len(completions) > 0
-			for _, c := range completions {
-				if !strings.HasSuffix(c, ".") {
-					allTrailingDot = false
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			directive := cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-			if allTrailingDot {
-				directive |= cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace
-			}
-			return completions, directive
+		if len(args) > 0 {
+			return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
 		}
 
-		// Case 2: space-form, args already has segments
-		// Walk down service -> resource(s) -> method based on existing args
-		serviceName := args[0]
+		parts := strings.Split(toComplete, ".")
+
+		// Level 1: complete service names
+		if len(parts) <= 1 {
+			var completions []string
+			for _, s := range registry.ListFromMetaProjects() {
+				if strings.HasPrefix(s, toComplete) {
+					completions = append(completions, s+".")
+				}
+			}
+			return completions, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace
+		}
+
+		serviceName := parts[0]
 		spec := registry.LoadFromMeta(serviceName)
 		if spec == nil {
 			return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
 		}
+		mode := f.ResolveStrictMode(cmd.Context())
 		spec = filterSpecByStrictMode(spec, mode)
 		resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
 		if resources == nil {
 			return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
 		}
 
-		// args[1:] are resource path segments (possibly partial); current
-		// toComplete is the next segment under cursor.
-		consumed := args[1:]
-		resource, _, remaining := findResourceByPath(resources, consumed)
-		if resource == nil {
-			// Suggest top-level resource names that match toComplete
-			var completions []string
-			for resName := range resources {
-				if strings.HasPrefix(resName, toComplete) {
-					completions = append(completions, resName)
-				}
-			}
-			sort.Strings(completions)
-			return completions, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-		}
-		if len(remaining) > 0 {
-			// Already typed past the resource — suggest methods
-			methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-			methods = filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
-			var completions []string
-			for mName := range methods {
-				if strings.HasPrefix(mName, toComplete) {
-					completions = append(completions, mName)
-				}
-			}
-			sort.Strings(completions)
-			return completions, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-		}
-		// Resource matched exactly, suggest methods
-		methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-		methods = filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
-		var completions []string
-		for mName := range methods {
-			if strings.HasPrefix(mName, toComplete) {
-				completions = append(completions, mName)
+		afterService := strings.Join(parts[1:], ".")
+		completions := completeSchemaPathForSpec(serviceName, resources, afterService)
+
+		allTrailingDot := len(completions) > 0
+		for _, c := range completions {
+			if !strings.HasSuffix(c, ".") {
+				allTrailingDot = false
+				break
 			}
 		}
-		sort.Strings(completions)
-		return completions, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
+		directive := cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
+		if allTrailingDot {
+			directive |= cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace
+		}
+		return completions, directive
 	}
 }
 
@@ -522,231 +469,94 @@ func schemaRun(opts *SchemaOptions) error {
 	out := opts.Factory.IOStreams.Out
 	mode := opts.Factory.ResolveStrictMode(opts.Ctx)
 
-	// args may have arrived as a single string (legacy single-arg path) or
-	// split into multiple — normalize to a single args slice.
-	var rawArgs []string
-	if opts.Path != "" {
-		rawArgs = []string{opts.Path}
-	}
-	if len(opts.ExtraArgs) > 0 {
-		if opts.Path != "" {
-			rawArgs = append([]string{opts.Path}, opts.ExtraArgs...)
-		} else {
-			rawArgs = append([]string(nil), opts.ExtraArgs...)
-		}
-	}
-	parts := schema.ParsePath(rawArgs)
-
-	if opts.Format == "pretty" {
-		return runPrettyMode(out, parts, mode)
-	}
-	return runJSONMode(out, parts, mode)
-}
-
-// runJSONMode dispatches list/single envelope output based on parts.
-// JSON mode uses embedded data only (bypasses remote overlay) so envelope
-// output is deterministic across machines.
-func runJSONMode(out io.Writer, parts []string, mode core.StrictMode) error {
-	filter := strictModeFilter(mode)
-
-	switch len(parts) {
-	case 0:
-		envs := schema.AssembleAll(filter)
-		output.PrintJson(out, envs)
-		return nil
-	case 1:
-		spec := registry.EmbeddedSpec(parts[0])
-		if spec == nil {
-			return errUnknownEmbeddedService(parts[0])
-		}
-		envs := schema.AssembleService(parts[0], spec, filter)
-		output.PrintJson(out, envs)
-		return nil
-	default:
-		return runJSONForPath(out, parts, filter)
-	}
-}
-
-// runJSONForPath handles len(parts) >= 2: try resource match first, fallback
-// to single-method match. Uses embedded data only.
-func runJSONForPath(out io.Writer, parts []string, filter schema.MethodFilter) error {
-	serviceName := parts[0]
-	spec := registry.EmbeddedSpec(serviceName)
-	if spec == nil {
-		return errUnknownEmbeddedService(serviceName)
-	}
-	resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
-	resource, resName, remaining := findResourceByPath(resources, parts[1:])
-	if resource == nil {
-		var names []string
-		for k := range resources {
-			names = append(names, k)
-		}
-		sort.Strings(names)
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown resource: %s.%s", serviceName, strings.Join(parts[1:], ".")),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(names, ", ")))
-	}
-	if len(remaining) == 0 {
-		// Resource-scoped envelope array
-		envs := assembleResource(serviceName, resName, resource, filter)
-		output.PrintJson(out, envs)
-		return nil
-	}
-	methodName := remaining[0]
-	methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-	method, ok := methods[methodName].(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok {
-		var names []string
-		for k := range methods {
-			names = append(names, k)
-		}
-		sort.Strings(names)
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown method: %s.%s.%s", serviceName, resName, methodName),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(names, ", ")))
-	}
-	if len(remaining) > 1 {
-		// Method exists but caller appended extra segments — reject so they
-		// don't silently get this method's schema when they typo'd the path.
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown path: %s.%s.%s",
-				serviceName, resName, strings.Join(remaining, ".")),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Method %q exists but the trailing segments %q do not resolve",
-				methodName, strings.Join(remaining[1:], ".")))
-	}
-	if filter != nil && !filter(method) {
-		// Method exists in spec but filtered out by strict mode
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Method %s.%s.%s not available in current identity mode", serviceName, resName, methodName),
-			"Use --as user / --as bot to switch")
-	}
-	env := schema.AssembleEnvelope(serviceName, []string{resName}, methodName, method)
-	output.PrintJson(out, env)
-	return nil
-}
-
-func assembleResource(serviceName, resName string, resource map[string]interface{}, filter schema.MethodFilter) []schema.Envelope {
-	methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-	resourcePath := []string{resName}
-	var envs []schema.Envelope
-	for methodName, raw := range methods {
-		method, ok := raw.(map[string]interface{})
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		if filter != nil && !filter(method) {
-			continue
-		}
-		envs = append(envs, schema.AssembleEnvelope(serviceName, resourcePath, methodName, method))
-	}
-	sort.Slice(envs, func(i, j int) bool { return envs[i].Name < envs[j].Name })
-	return envs
-}
-
-// runPrettyMode preserves the existing legacy pretty rendering verbatim.
-// All printServices/printResourceList/printMethodDetail calls stay unchanged.
-func runPrettyMode(out io.Writer, parts []string, mode core.StrictMode) error {
-	if len(parts) == 0 {
+	if opts.Path == "" {
 		printServices(out)
 		return nil
 	}
+
+	parts := strings.Split(opts.Path, ".")
+
 	serviceName := parts[0]
 	spec := registry.LoadFromMeta(serviceName)
 	if spec == nil {
-		return errUnknownService(serviceName)
+		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
+			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown service: %s", serviceName),
+			fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(registry.ListFromMetaProjects(), ", ")))
 	}
+
 	if len(parts) == 1 {
-		printResourceList(out, spec, mode)
+		if opts.Format == "pretty" {
+			printResourceList(out, spec, mode)
+		} else {
+			output.PrintJson(out, filterSpecByStrictMode(spec, mode))
+		}
 		return nil
 	}
+
 	resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
 	resource, resName, remaining := findResourceByPath(resources, parts[1:])
 	if resource == nil {
-		var names []string
+		var resNames []string
 		for k := range resources {
-			names = append(names, k)
+			resNames = append(resNames, k)
 		}
-		sort.Strings(names)
 		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
 			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown resource: %s.%s", serviceName, strings.Join(parts[1:], ".")),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(names, ", ")))
+			fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(resNames, ", ")))
 	}
+
 	if len(remaining) == 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s%s.%s%s\n\n", output.Bold, serviceName, resName, output.Reset)
-		methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-		methods = filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
-		for _, mName := range sortedKeys(methods) {
-			m, _ := methods[mName].(map[string]interface{})
-			httpMethod := registry.GetStrFromMap(m, "httpMethod")
-			desc := registry.GetStrFromMap(m, "description")
-			fmt.Fprintf(out, "  %-7s %s%s%s  %s%s%s\n", httpMethod, output.Bold, mName, output.Reset, output.Dim, desc, output.Reset)
+		if opts.Format == "pretty" {
+			fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s%s.%s%s\n\n", output.Bold, serviceName, resName, output.Reset)
+			methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
+			methods = filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
+			for _, mName := range sortedKeys(methods) {
+				m, _ := methods[mName].(map[string]interface{})
+				httpMethod := registry.GetStrFromMap(m, "httpMethod")
+				desc := registry.GetStrFromMap(m, "description")
+				fmt.Fprintf(out, "  %-7s %s%s%s  %s%s%s\n", httpMethod, output.Bold, mName, output.Reset, output.Dim, desc, output.Reset)
+			}
+			fmt.Fprintf(out, "\n%sUsage: lark-cli schema %s.%s.<method>%s\n", output.Dim, serviceName, resName, output.Reset)
+		} else {
+			// For JSON output, filter methods in a copy to avoid mutating the registry.
+			if mode.IsActive() {
+				filtered := make(map[string]interface{})
+				for k, v := range resource {
+					filtered[k] = v
+				}
+				if methods, ok := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+					filtered["methods"] = filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
+				}
+				output.PrintJson(out, filtered)
+			} else {
+				output.PrintJson(out, resource)
+			}
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\n%sUsage: lark-cli schema %s.%s.<method>%s\n", output.Dim, serviceName, resName, output.Reset)
 		return nil
 	}
+
 	methodName := remaining[0]
 	methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
 	methods = filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
 	method, ok := methods[methodName].(map[string]interface{})
 	if !ok {
-		var names []string
+		var mNames []string
 		for k := range methods {
-			names = append(names, k)
+			mNames = append(mNames, k)
 		}
-		sort.Strings(names)
 		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
 			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown method: %s.%s.%s", serviceName, resName, methodName),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(names, ", ")))
+			fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(mNames, ", ")))
 	}
-	if len(remaining) > 1 {
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown path: %s.%s.%s",
-				serviceName, resName, strings.Join(remaining, ".")),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Method %q exists but the trailing segments %q do not resolve",
-				methodName, strings.Join(remaining[1:], ".")))
+
+	if opts.Format == "pretty" {
+		printMethodDetail(out, spec, resName, methodName, method)
+	} else {
+		output.PrintJson(out, method)
 	}
-	printMethodDetail(out, spec, resName, methodName, method)
 	return nil
 }
 
-// strictModeFilter adapts core.StrictMode into a schema.MethodFilter, or returns
-// nil if strict mode is not active.
-func strictModeFilter(mode core.StrictMode) schema.MethodFilter {
-	if !mode.IsActive() {
-		return nil
-	}
-	token := registry.IdentityToAccessToken(string(mode.ForcedIdentity()))
-	return func(method map[string]interface{}) bool {
-		tokens, _ := method["accessTokens"].([]interface{})
-		if tokens == nil {
-			return true // permissive when meta_data lacks accessTokens
-		}
-		for _, t := range tokens {
-			if s, _ := t.(string); s == token {
-				return true
-			}
-		}
-		return false
-	}
-}
-
-func errUnknownService(name string) error {
-	return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-		fmt.Sprintf("Unknown service: %s", name),
-		fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(registry.ListFromMetaProjects(), ", ")))
-}
-
-// errUnknownEmbeddedService is the JSON-mode variant: it lists only embedded
-// services (no overlay) because JSON mode itself bypasses overlay; suggesting
-// overlay-only services would mislead callers when those services subsequently
-// fail to resolve in envelope output.
-func errUnknownEmbeddedService(name string) error {
-	return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-		fmt.Sprintf("Unknown service: %s", name),
-		fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(registry.EmbeddedServiceNames(), ", ")))
-}
-
 // filterSpecByStrictMode returns a shallow copy of spec with each resource's methods
 // filtered by strict mode. Returns the original spec when strict mode is off.
 func filterSpecByStrictMode(spec map[string]interface{}, mode core.StrictMode) map[string]interface{} {

cmd/schema/schema_test.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package schema
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -34,165 +33,17 @@ func TestSchemaCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestSchemaCmd_NoArgs_Pretty(t *testing.T) {
+func TestSchemaCmd_NoArgs(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 
 	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--format", "pretty"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "Available services") {
-		t.Error("expected service list in pretty mode")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSchemaCmd_NoArgs_JSON_IsArray(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{}) // default --format json
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	out := strings.TrimSpace(stdout.String())
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(out, "[") {
-		head := out
-		if len(head) > 80 {
-			head = head[:80]
-		}
-		t.Errorf("expected JSON array root, first 80 chars:\n%s", head)
-	}
-	var envs []map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(out), &envs); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unmarshal failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(envs) < 193 {
-		t.Errorf("envelopes count = %d, want >= 193", len(envs))
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSchemaCmd_JSONIsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"im.images.create", "--format", "json"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	var env map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("not valid JSON: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	if env["name"] != "im images create" {
-		t.Errorf("name = %v, want \"im images create\"", env["name"])
-	}
-	for _, key := range []string{"description", "inputSchema", "outputSchema", "_meta"} {
-		if _, ok := env[key]; !ok {
-			t.Errorf("missing top-level key: %s", key)
-		}
-	}
-	meta, _ := env["_meta"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if meta["envelope_version"] != "1.0" {
-		t.Errorf("envelope_version = %v, want \"1.0\"", meta["envelope_version"])
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSchemaCmd_SpaceSeparatedPath_EqualsDotted(t *testing.T) {
-	f1, out1, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	cmd1 := NewCmdSchema(f1, nil)
-	cmd1.SetArgs([]string{"im", "images", "create"})
-	if err := cmd1.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("space form failed: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	f2, out2, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	cmd2 := NewCmdSchema(f2, nil)
-	cmd2.SetArgs([]string{"im.images.create"})
-	if err := cmd2.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("dotted form failed: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if out1.String() != out2.String() {
-		t.Errorf("space and dotted forms produced different output")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSchemaCmd_ServiceListIsArray(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"im"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	var envs []map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &envs); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unmarshal failed: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	if len(envs) == 0 {
-		t.Fatal("expected non-empty array for service im")
-	}
-	for _, e := range envs {
-		name, _ := e["name"].(string)
-		if !strings.HasPrefix(name, "im ") {
-			t.Errorf("envelope name %q does not start with \"im \"", name)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSchemaCmd_HighRiskYesInjection(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"im.messages.delete"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	var env map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unmarshal failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	is, _ := env["inputSchema"].(map[string]interface{})
-	props, _ := is["properties"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if _, ok := props["yes"]; !ok {
-		t.Errorf("inputSchema.properties.yes missing for high-risk-write command")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSchemaCmd_NoYesForReadRisk(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"im.reactions.list"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	var env map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unmarshal failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	is, _ := env["inputSchema"].(map[string]interface{})
-	props, _ := is["properties"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if _, ok := props["yes"]; ok {
-		t.Errorf("yes property should not appear for risk=read command")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSchemaCmd_PrettyUnchanged_KeyTextPresent(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"im.images.create", "--format", "pretty"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	out := stdout.String()
-	// Existing pretty rendering surfaces these markers — they must still appear
-	for _, want := range []string{"Parameters:", "Response:", "Identity:", "Scopes:", "CLI:"} {
-		if !strings.Contains(out, want) {
-			t.Errorf("pretty output missing marker %q", want)
-		}
+		t.Error("expected service list output")
 	}
 }
 

cmd/service/service.go

@@ -9,13 +9,11 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
@@ -224,7 +222,7 @@ func serviceMethodRun(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	if opts.PageAll && opts.Output != "" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--output and --page-all are mutually exclusive").WithParam("--output")
+		return output.ErrValidation("--output and --page-all are mutually exclusive")
 	}
 	if err := output.ValidateJqFlags(opts.JqExpr, opts.Output, opts.Format); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -273,10 +271,12 @@ func serviceMethodRun(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 		fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "warning: unknown format %q, falling back to json\n", opts.Format)
 	}
 
-	// Scope-insufficient (99991679) and all other Lark API codes route through
-	// errclass.BuildAPIError via ac.CheckResponse, producing *errs.PermissionError
-	// with MissingScopes / Identity / ConsoleURL populated from the response.
-	checkErr := ac.CheckResponse
+	// Stage 1: enrich the 99991679 (LarkErrUserScopeInsufficient) response
+	// with a per-method recommended `--scope` hint, matching the pre-PR
+	// behaviour. Per-domain typed migration in stage 2+ will lift this
+	// into PermissionError.MissingScopes / ConsoleURL on the typed
+	// envelope; until then the legacy ExitError envelope is preserved.
+	checkErr := scopeAwareChecker(scopes, opts.As.IsBot())
 
 	if opts.PageAll {
 		return servicePaginate(opts.Ctx, ac, request, format, opts.JqExpr, out, f.IOStreams.ErrOut,
@@ -300,6 +300,51 @@ func serviceMethodRun(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 	})
 }
 
+// scopeAwareChecker returns an error checker that enriches the
+// LarkErrUserScopeInsufficient (99991679) business error with a
+// per-method recommended `--scope` hint. All other non-zero codes fall
+// through to legacy output.ErrAPI (matching pre-PR behaviour). The
+// identity parameter is accepted to match the client.ResponseOptions
+// CheckError signature; isBotMode is captured from the enclosing call so
+// the recommended scope reflects the caller's identity at request time.
+//
+// Deprecated: stage-1 enrichment for the legacy *output.ExitError envelope.
+// Stage-2 typed migration will lift this into PermissionError.MissingScopes
+// + ConsoleURL on the typed envelope and remove this helper.
+func scopeAwareChecker(scopes []interface{}, isBotMode bool) func(interface{}, core.Identity) error {
+	return func(result interface{}, _ core.Identity) error {
+		resultMap, ok := result.(map[string]interface{})
+		if !ok || resultMap == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		code, _ := util.ToFloat64(resultMap["code"])
+		if code == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		larkCode := int(code)
+		msg := registry.GetStrFromMap(resultMap, "msg")
+
+		if larkCode == output.LarkErrUserScopeInsufficient && len(scopes) > 0 {
+			identity := "user"
+			if isBotMode {
+				identity = "tenant"
+			}
+			recommended := registry.SelectRecommendedScope(scopes, identity)
+			// Stage-1 carve-out: this restores the pre-PR scope-insufficient
+			// enrichment (recommended scope + auth-login hint) on the legacy
+			// envelope. The typed migration in stage 2+ will lift this into
+			// PermissionError.MissingScopes / ConsoleURL on the typed wire.
+			return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "permission",
+				fmt.Sprintf("insufficient permissions: [%d] %s", larkCode, msg),
+				fmt.Sprintf("run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"%s\"` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.", recommended))
+		}
+
+		// Stage-1 carve-out: matches pre-PR behaviour (legacy ExitError +
+		// ClassifyLarkError). Typed migration is stage-2+.
+		return output.ErrAPI(larkCode, fmt.Sprintf("API error: [%d] %s", larkCode, msg), resultMap["error"])
+	}
+}
+
 // checkServiceScopes pre-checks user scopes before making the API call.
 func checkServiceScopes(ctx context.Context, cred *credential.CredentialProvider, identity core.Identity, config *core.CliConfig, method map[string]interface{}, scopes []interface{}) error {
 	if ctx.Err() != nil {
@@ -321,7 +366,9 @@ func checkServiceScopes(ctx context.Context, cred *credential.CredentialProvider
 			}
 		}
 		if missing := auth.MissingScopes(result.Scopes, required); len(missing) > 0 {
-			return newPreflightMissingScopeError(string(config.Brand), config.AppID, string(identity), missing)
+			return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAuth, "missing_scope",
+				fmt.Sprintf("missing required scope(s): %s", strings.Join(missing, ", ")),
+				fmt.Sprintf("run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"%s\"` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.", strings.Join(missing, " ")))
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -341,24 +388,9 @@ func checkServiceScopes(ctx context.Context, cred *credential.CredentialProvider
 		}
 	}
 	recommended := registry.SelectRecommendedScope(scopes, "user")
-	return newPreflightMissingScopeError(string(config.Brand), config.AppID, string(identity), []string{recommended})
-}
-
-// newPreflightMissingScopeError constructs a PermissionError for the local
-// pre-flight scope check that converges byte-for-byte with the dispatcher's
-// BuildAPIError path. Uses the canonical helpers in internal/errclass so
-// Hint and Message stay in lock-step with the server-response classifier.
-// ConsoleURL is deliberately omitted: the dispatcher only sets it for
-// SubtypeAppScopeNotApplied (bot-perspective dev-action recovery), and this
-// pre-flight path is user-perspective SubtypeMissingScope whose recovery is
-// `lark-cli auth login --scope ...`, not a console deep-link.
-func newPreflightMissingScopeError(brand, appID, identity string, missing []string) *errs.PermissionError {
-	consoleURL := errclass.ConsoleURL(brand, appID, missing)
-	return errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope,
-		"%s", errclass.CanonicalPermissionMessage(errs.SubtypeMissingScope, appID, missing, "")).
-		WithHint("%s", errclass.PermissionHint(missing, identity, errs.SubtypeMissingScope, consoleURL)).
-		WithMissingScopes(missing...).
-		WithIdentity(identity)
+	return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "permission",
+		fmt.Sprintf("insufficient permissions (required scope: %s)", recommended),
+		fmt.Sprintf("run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"%s\"` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.", recommended))
 }
 
 // buildServiceRequest parses flags, builds the URL with path/query params, and returns a RawApiRequest.
@@ -380,7 +412,7 @@ func buildServiceRequest(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) (client.RawApiRequest, *cmd
 		return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, err
 	}
 	if opts.Params == "-" && opts.Data == "-" {
-		return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--params and --data cannot both read from stdin (-)").WithParam("--params")
+		return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, output.ErrValidation("--params and --data cannot both read from stdin (-)")
 	}
 	params, err := cmdutil.ParseJSONMap(opts.Params, "--params", stdin, fileIO)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -397,14 +429,13 @@ func buildServiceRequest(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) (client.RawApiRequest, *cmd
 		}
 		val, ok := params[name]
 		if !ok || util.IsEmptyValue(val) {
-			return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-				"missing required path parameter: %s", name).
-				WithHint("lark-cli schema %s", schemaPath).
-				WithParam(name)
+			return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
+				fmt.Sprintf("missing required path parameter: %s", name),
+				fmt.Sprintf("lark-cli schema %s", schemaPath))
 		}
 		valStr := fmt.Sprintf("%v", val)
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(valStr, name); err != nil {
-			return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam(name).WithCause(err)
+			return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
 		}
 		url = strings.Replace(url, "{"+name+"}", validate.EncodePathSegment(valStr), 1)
 		delete(params, name)
@@ -420,10 +451,9 @@ func buildServiceRequest(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) (client.RawApiRequest, *cmd
 		required, _ := p["required"].(bool)
 		isPaginationParam := opts.PageAll && (name == "page_token" || name == "page_size")
 		if required && !isPaginationParam && (!exists || util.IsEmptyValue(value)) {
-			return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-				"missing required query parameter: %s", name).
-				WithHint("lark-cli schema %s", schemaPath).
-				WithParam(name)
+			return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
+				fmt.Sprintf("missing required query parameter: %s", name),
+				fmt.Sprintf("lark-cli schema %s", schemaPath))
 		}
 		if exists && !util.IsEmptyValue(value) {
 			queryParams[name] = value
@@ -458,7 +488,7 @@ func buildServiceRequest(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) (client.RawApiRequest, *cmd
 				return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, err
 			}
 			if _, ok := dataFields.(map[string]any); !ok {
-				return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--data must be a JSON object when used with --file").WithParam("--data")
+				return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, output.ErrValidation("--data must be a JSON object when used with --file")
 			}
 		}
 

cmd/update/update.go

@@ -31,18 +31,15 @@ var (
 	currentVersion = func() string { return build.Version }
 	currentOS      = runtime.GOOS
 	newUpdater     = func() *selfupdate.Updater { return selfupdate.New() }
-	syncSkills     = func(opts skillscheck.SyncOptions) *skillscheck.SyncResult { return skillscheck.SyncSkills(opts) }
 )
 
 func isWindows() bool { return currentOS == osWindows }
 
-// normalizeVersion canonicalizes a version string for state comparison.
+// normalizeVersion canonicalizes a version string for stamp comparison.
 // Strips a leading "v" so versions written from Makefile (git describe →
 // "v1.0.0") and npm (no prefix → "1.0.0") compare equal.
 func normalizeVersion(s string) string {
-	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
-	s = strings.TrimPrefix(s, "v")
-	return strings.TrimPrefix(s, "V")
+	return strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(s), "v")
 }
 
 func releaseURL(version string) string {
@@ -124,9 +121,7 @@ func updateRun(opts *UpdateOptions) error {
 	cur := currentVersion()
 	updater := newUpdater()
 
-	if !opts.Check {
-		updater.CleanupStaleFiles()
-	}
+	updater.CleanupStaleFiles()
 	output.PendingNotice = nil
 
 	// 1. Fetch latest version
@@ -142,9 +137,13 @@ func updateRun(opts *UpdateOptions) error {
 
 	// 3. Compare versions
 	if !opts.Force && !update.IsNewer(latest, cur) {
-		var skillsResult *skillscheck.SyncResult
+		// Run skills sync before returning — covers the case where the
+		// binary is already current but skills were never synced.
+		// Stamp dedup makes this a no-op if skills are already in sync.
+		// Skip side-effects under --check (pure report path per spec §3.6).
+		var skillsResult *selfupdate.NpmResult
 		if !opts.Check {
-			skillsResult = runSkillsAndState(updater, io, cur, opts.Force)
+			skillsResult = runSkillsAndStamp(updater, io, cur, opts.Force)
 		}
 		return reportAlreadyUpToDate(opts, io, cur, latest, skillsResult, opts.Check)
 	}
@@ -186,7 +185,16 @@ func reportCheckResult(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest s
 			"message":     fmt.Sprintf("lark-cli %s %s %s available", cur, symArrow(), latest),
 			"url":         releaseURL(latest), "changelog": changelogURL(),
 		}
-		applySkillsStatus(out, cur)
+		// skills_status: pure report, no side effect, no stamp write.
+		// ReadStamp errors are silently swallowed — if we can't read the
+		// stamp we just omit the block rather than fail the --check.
+		if stamp, err := skillscheck.ReadStamp(); err == nil {
+			out["skills_status"] = map[string]interface{}{
+				"current": stamp,
+				"target":  cur,
+				"in_sync": stamp == cur,
+			}
+		}
 		output.PrintJson(io.Out, out)
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -202,7 +210,7 @@ func reportCheckResult(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest s
 }
 
 func doManualUpdate(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest string, detect selfupdate.DetectResult, updater *selfupdate.Updater) error {
-	skillsResult := runSkillsAndState(updater, io, cur, opts.Force)
+	skillsResult := runSkillsAndStamp(updater, io, cur, opts.Force)
 
 	reason := detect.ManualReason()
 	if opts.JSON {
@@ -280,7 +288,10 @@ func doNpmUpdate(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest string,
 		return output.ErrBare(output.ExitAPI)
 	}
 
-	skillsResult := runSkillsAndState(updater, io, latest, opts.Force)
+	// Skills update (best-effort) — uses runSkillsAndStamp so the
+	// stamp gets persisted on success and dedup applies if a previous
+	// run already stamped this version.
+	skillsResult := runSkillsAndStamp(updater, io, latest, opts.Force)
 
 	if opts.JSON {
 		result := map[string]interface{}{
@@ -317,21 +328,27 @@ func verificationFailureHint(updater *selfupdate.Updater, latest string) string
 	return fmt.Sprintf("automatic rollback is unavailable on this platform; reinstall manually (skills will not be synced): npm install -g %s@%s && npx skills add larksuite/cli -y -g, or download %s", selfupdate.NpmPackage, latest, releaseURL(latest))
 }
 
-func runSkillsAndState(updater *selfupdate.Updater, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, stateVersion string, force bool) *skillscheck.SyncResult {
+// runSkillsAndStamp triggers updater.RunSkillsUpdate and persists the
+// stamp on success. Skips the npx invocation when the stamp already
+// matches stampVersion (unless force is true). The stamp write failure
+// emits a warning to io.ErrOut but does NOT fail the update command —
+// best-effort. ReadStamp errors are swallowed (fail-closed: treated as
+// out-of-sync, so npx re-runs). Returns nil iff skipped due to stamp
+// dedup; otherwise returns the underlying *NpmResult with Err semantics
+// from RunSkillsUpdate.
+func runSkillsAndStamp(updater *selfupdate.Updater, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, stampVersion string, force bool) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 	if !force {
-		if existing, ok := skillscheck.ReadSyncedVersion(); ok && normalizeVersion(existing) == normalizeVersion(stateVersion) {
+		if existing, _ := skillscheck.ReadStamp(); normalizeVersion(existing) == normalizeVersion(stampVersion) {
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
-	result := syncSkills(skillscheck.SyncOptions{
-		Version: stateVersion,
-		Force:   force,
-		Runner:  updater,
-	})
-	if result.Err != nil && strings.Contains(result.Err.Error(), "state not written") {
-		fmt.Fprintf(io.ErrOut, "warning: %v\n", result.Err)
+	r := updater.RunSkillsUpdate()
+	if r.Err == nil {
+		if err := skillscheck.WriteStamp(stampVersion); err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(io.ErrOut, "warning: skills synced but stamp not written: %v\n", err)
+		}
 	}
-	return result
+	return r
 }
 
 // reportAlreadyUpToDate emits the JSON / pretty output for the
@@ -339,7 +356,7 @@ func runSkillsAndState(updater *selfupdate.Updater, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, state
 // fields derived from skillsResult. When check is true, this is the pure
 // report path (spec §3.6): no side-effects, JSON envelope uses
 // skills_status (spec §4.2) instead of skills_action.
-func reportAlreadyUpToDate(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest string, skillsResult *skillscheck.SyncResult, check bool) error {
+func reportAlreadyUpToDate(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest string, skillsResult *selfupdate.NpmResult, check bool) error {
 	if opts.JSON {
 		out := map[string]interface{}{
 			"ok": true, "previous_version": cur, "current_version": cur,
@@ -347,7 +364,16 @@ func reportAlreadyUpToDate(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, late
 			"message": fmt.Sprintf("lark-cli %s is already up to date", cur),
 		}
 		if check {
-			applySkillsStatus(out, cur)
+			// Pure report — read stamp directly, emit skills_status block.
+			// ReadStamp errors are silently swallowed — if we can't read
+			// the stamp we just omit the block rather than fail the --check.
+			if stamp, err := skillscheck.ReadStamp(); err == nil {
+				out["skills_status"] = map[string]interface{}{
+					"current": stamp,
+					"target":  cur,
+					"in_sync": stamp == cur,
+				}
+			}
 		} else {
 			applySkillsResult(out, skillsResult)
 		}
@@ -361,70 +387,36 @@ func reportAlreadyUpToDate(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, late
 	return nil
 }
 
-func applySkillsStatus(env map[string]interface{}, target string) {
-	state, readable, err := skillscheck.ReadState()
-	if err != nil || !readable || state.Version == "" {
-		return
-	}
-	status := map[string]interface{}{
-		"current": state.Version,
-		"target":  target,
-		"in_sync": normalizeVersion(state.Version) == normalizeVersion(target),
-	}
-	if len(state.OfficialSkills) > 0 {
-		status["official"] = len(state.OfficialSkills)
-	}
-	if len(state.UpdatedSkills) > 0 {
-		status["updated"] = len(state.UpdatedSkills)
-	}
-	if len(state.SkippedDeletedSkills) > 0 {
-		status["skipped_deleted"] = state.SkippedDeletedSkills
-	}
-	env["skills_status"] = status
-}
-
-func applySkillsResult(env map[string]interface{}, r *skillscheck.SyncResult) {
+// applySkillsResult mutates the JSON envelope to include skills_action
+// (and skills_warning when failed). nil result = "in_sync" (dedup hit).
+func applySkillsResult(env map[string]interface{}, r *selfupdate.NpmResult) {
 	switch {
 	case r == nil:
 		env["skills_action"] = "in_sync"
 	case r.Err != nil:
 		env["skills_action"] = "failed"
 		env["skills_warning"] = fmt.Sprintf("skills update failed: %s", r.Err)
-		env["skills_summary"] = skillsSummary(r)
+		if detail := strings.TrimSpace(r.Stderr.String()); detail != "" {
+			env["skills_detail"] = selfupdate.Truncate(detail, maxNpmOutput)
+		}
 	default:
 		env["skills_action"] = "synced"
-		env["skills_summary"] = skillsSummary(r)
 	}
 }
 
-func skillsSummary(r *skillscheck.SyncResult) map[string]interface{} {
-	summary := map[string]interface{}{
-		"official":        len(r.Official),
-		"updated":         len(r.Updated),
-		"added":           len(r.Added),
-		"skipped_deleted": len(r.SkippedDeleted),
-	}
-	if len(r.Failed) > 0 {
-		summary["failed"] = r.Failed
-	}
-	return summary
-}
-
-func emitSkillsTextHints(io *cmdutil.IOStreams, r *skillscheck.SyncResult) {
+// emitSkillsTextHints prints human-readable feedback about the skills
+// sync result for non-JSON output.
+func emitSkillsTextHints(io *cmdutil.IOStreams, r *selfupdate.NpmResult) {
 	switch {
 	case r == nil:
+		// dedup hit — silent (already up to date)
 	case r.Err != nil:
 		fmt.Fprintf(io.ErrOut, "%s Skills update failed: %v\n", symWarn(), r.Err)
-		if len(r.Failed) > 0 {
-			fmt.Fprintf(io.ErrOut, "  Failed skills: %s\n", strings.Join(r.Failed, ", "))
+		if detail := strings.TrimSpace(r.Stderr.String()); detail != "" {
+			fmt.Fprintf(io.ErrOut, "  %s\n", selfupdate.Truncate(detail, maxStderrDetail))
 		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(io.ErrOut, "  To retry all official skills: lark-cli update --force\n")
-	case r.Force:
-		fmt.Fprintf(io.ErrOut, "%s Skills updated: restored all %d official skills\n", symOK(), len(r.Official))
+		fmt.Fprintf(io.ErrOut, "  Run manually: npx -y skills add larksuite/cli -g -y\n")
 	default:
-		fmt.Fprintf(io.ErrOut, "%s Skills updated: %d official, %d updated, %d added, %d skipped because deleted locally\n", symOK(), len(r.Official), len(r.Updated), len(r.Added), len(r.SkippedDeleted))
-		if len(r.SkippedDeleted) > 0 {
-			fmt.Fprintf(io.ErrOut, "  To restore all official skills: lark-cli update --force\n")
-		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(io.ErrOut, "%s Skills updated\n", symOK())
 	}
 }

cmd/update/update_test.go

@@ -5,14 +5,13 @@ package cmdupdate
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"os/exec"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -29,6 +28,7 @@ func newTestFactory(t *testing.T) (*cmdutil.Factory, *bytes.Buffer, *bytes.Buffe
 }
 
 // mockDetect sets up newUpdater to return an Updater with the given DetectResult.
+// It preserves any existing NpmInstallOverride/SkillsUpdateOverride that may be set later.
 func mockDetect(t *testing.T, result selfupdate.DetectResult) {
 	t.Helper()
 	origNew := newUpdater
@@ -41,53 +41,22 @@ func mockDetect(t *testing.T, result selfupdate.DetectResult) {
 }
 
 // mockDetectAndNpm sets up newUpdater with detect, npm install, and skills overrides all at once.
-func mockDetectAndNpm(t *testing.T, result selfupdate.DetectResult, npmFn func(string) *selfupdate.NpmResult) {
+func mockDetectAndNpm(t *testing.T, result selfupdate.DetectResult,
+	npmFn func(string) *selfupdate.NpmResult,
+	skillsFn func() *selfupdate.NpmResult) {
 	t.Helper()
 	origNew := newUpdater
 	newUpdater = func() *selfupdate.Updater {
 		u := selfupdate.New()
 		u.DetectOverride = func() selfupdate.DetectResult { return result }
 		u.NpmInstallOverride = npmFn
+		u.SkillsUpdateOverride = skillsFn
 		u.VerifyOverride = func(string) error { return nil }
-		u.SkillsCommandOverride = successfulSkillsCommand()
 		return u
 	}
 	t.Cleanup(func() { newUpdater = origNew })
 }
 
-func successfulSkillsCommand() func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
-	return func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
-		r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
-		switch strings.Join(args, " ") {
-		case "-y skills add https://open.feishu.cn --list":
-			r.Stdout.WriteString("Available Skills\n │    lark-calendar\n │    lark-mail\n")
-		case "-y skills ls -g":
-			r.Stdout.WriteString("Global Skills\nlark-calendar /tmp/lark-calendar\ncustom-skill /tmp/custom-skill\n")
-		default:
-		}
-		return r
-	}
-}
-
-func TestNormalizeVersion(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		input string
-		want  string
-	}{
-		{input: "1.2.3", want: "1.2.3"},
-		{input: "v1.2.3", want: "1.2.3"},
-		{input: "V1.2.3", want: "1.2.3"},
-		{input: " v1.2.3 ", want: "1.2.3"},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.input, func(t *testing.T) {
-			if got := normalizeVersion(tt.input); got != tt.want {
-				t.Fatalf("normalizeVersion(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.input, got, tt.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func TestUpdateAlreadyUpToDate_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _ := newTestFactory(t)
 
@@ -199,7 +168,9 @@ func TestUpdateManual_Human(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestUpdateNpm_JSON(t *testing.T) {
-	// Isolate config dir because skills sync writes skills-state.json.
+	// Isolate config dir: this test mocks fetchLatest="2.0.0" and lets
+	// runSkillsAndStamp → WriteStamp succeed, which without isolation would
+	// clobber the real ~/.lark-cli/skills.stamp with "2.0.0".
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
 
 	f, stdout, _ := newTestFactory(t)
@@ -215,6 +186,7 @@ func TestUpdateNpm_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 	mockDetectAndNpm(t,
 		selfupdate.DetectResult{Method: selfupdate.InstallNpm, ResolvedPath: "/node_modules/@larksuite/cli/bin/lark-cli", NpmAvailable: true},
 		func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
+		func() *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
 	)
 
 	err := cmd.Execute()
@@ -244,6 +216,7 @@ func TestUpdateNpm_Human(t *testing.T) {
 	mockDetectAndNpm(t,
 		selfupdate.DetectResult{Method: selfupdate.InstallNpm, ResolvedPath: "/node_modules/@larksuite/cli/bin/lark-cli", NpmAvailable: true},
 		func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
+		func() *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
 	)
 
 	err := cmd.Execute()
@@ -257,7 +230,7 @@ func TestUpdateNpm_Human(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestUpdateForce_JSON(t *testing.T) {
-	// Same state-isolation rationale as TestUpdateNpm_JSON.
+	// Same stamp-isolation rationale as TestUpdateNpm_JSON.
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
 
 	f, stdout, _ := newTestFactory(t)
@@ -273,6 +246,7 @@ func TestUpdateForce_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 	mockDetectAndNpm(t,
 		selfupdate.DetectResult{Method: selfupdate.InstallNpm, ResolvedPath: "/node_modules/@larksuite/cli/bin/lark-cli", NpmAvailable: true},
 		func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
+		func() *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
 	)
 
 	err := cmd.Execute()
@@ -349,7 +323,7 @@ func TestUpdateInvalidVersion_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestUpdateDevVersion_JSON(t *testing.T) {
-	// Same state-isolation rationale as TestUpdateNpm_JSON.
+	// Same stamp-isolation rationale as TestUpdateNpm_JSON.
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
 
 	f, stdout, _ := newTestFactory(t)
@@ -365,6 +339,7 @@ func TestUpdateDevVersion_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 	mockDetectAndNpm(t,
 		selfupdate.DetectResult{Method: selfupdate.InstallNpm, ResolvedPath: "/node_modules/@larksuite/cli/bin/lark-cli", NpmAvailable: true},
 		func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
+		func() *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
 	)
 
 	err := cmd.Execute()
@@ -476,8 +451,8 @@ func TestUpdateNpmVerifyFail_JSON_NoRestoreHintWhenBackupUnavailable(t *testing.
 		u.NpmInstallOverride = func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} }
 		u.VerifyOverride = func(string) error { return errors.New("bad binary") }
 		u.RestoreAvailableOverride = func() bool { return false }
-		u.SkillsCommandOverride = func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
-			t.Fatal("skills sync should not run when binary verification fails")
+		u.SkillsUpdateOverride = func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+			t.Fatal("skills update should not run when binary verification fails")
 			return nil
 		}
 		return u
@@ -674,7 +649,7 @@ func TestPermissionHint(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestUpdateWindows_NpmSuccess_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 	// With the rename trick, Windows npm installs can now auto-update.
-	// Same state-isolation rationale as TestUpdateNpm_JSON.
+	// Same stamp-isolation rationale as TestUpdateNpm_JSON.
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
 
 	f, stdout, _ := newTestFactory(t)
@@ -693,6 +668,7 @@ func TestUpdateWindows_NpmSuccess_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 	mockDetectAndNpm(t,
 		selfupdate.DetectResult{Method: selfupdate.InstallNpm, ResolvedPath: `C:\npm\node_modules\@larksuite\cli\bin\lark-cli.exe`, NpmAvailable: true},
 		func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
+		func() *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
 	)
 
 	err := cmd.Execute()
@@ -774,6 +750,7 @@ func TestUpdateNpm_SkillsSuccess_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 	mockDetectAndNpm(t,
 		selfupdate.DetectResult{Method: selfupdate.InstallNpm, ResolvedPath: "/node_modules/@larksuite/cli/bin/lark-cli", NpmAvailable: true},
 		func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
+		func() *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} },
 	)
 
 	err := cmd.Execute()
@@ -808,7 +785,8 @@ func TestUpdateNpm_SkillsFail_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		u.NpmInstallOverride = func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} }
 		u.VerifyOverride = func(string) error { return nil }
-		u.SkillsCommandOverride = func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+		// Skills update fails
+		u.SkillsUpdateOverride = func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 			r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 			r.Stderr.WriteString("npx: command not found")
 			r.Err = fmt.Errorf("exit status 127")
@@ -834,8 +812,8 @@ func TestUpdateNpm_SkillsFail_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(out, "skills_warning") {
 		t.Errorf("expected skills_warning in output, got: %s", out)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(out, "skills_summary") {
-		t.Errorf("expected skills_summary in output, got: %s", out)
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "skills_detail") {
+		t.Errorf("expected skills_detail in output, got: %s", out)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -860,7 +838,7 @@ func TestUpdateNpm_SkillsFail_Human(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		u.NpmInstallOverride = func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} }
 		u.VerifyOverride = func(string) error { return nil }
-		u.SkillsCommandOverride = func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+		u.SkillsUpdateOverride = func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 			r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 			r.Stderr.WriteString("npx: command not found")
 			r.Err = fmt.Errorf("exit status 127")
@@ -883,96 +861,100 @@ func TestUpdateNpm_SkillsFail_Human(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(out, "Skills update failed") {
 		t.Errorf("expected skills failure warning, got: %s", out)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(out, "lark-cli update --force") {
-		t.Errorf("expected force retry hint, got: %s", out)
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "npx -y skills add") {
+		t.Errorf("expected manual skills command hint, got: %s", out)
 	}
 }
 
-// newTestIO returns a cmdutil.IOStreams backed by bytes.Buffers.
+// newTestIO returns a cmdutil.IOStreams backed by bytes.Buffers, suitable
+// for direct calls to internals like runSkillsAndStamp that write to
+// io.ErrOut.
 func newTestIO() *cmdutil.IOStreams {
 	return cmdutil.NewIOStreams(&bytes.Buffer{}, &bytes.Buffer{}, &bytes.Buffer{})
 }
 
-func TestRunSkillsAndState_DedupHit(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	if err := skillscheck.WriteState(skillscheck.SkillsState{Version: "1.0.21"}); err != nil {
+func TestRunSkillsAndStamp_DedupHit(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	if err := skillscheck.WriteStamp("1.0.21"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	called := false
 	updater := &selfupdate.Updater{
-		SkillsCommandOverride: func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+		SkillsUpdateOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 			called = true
 			return &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 		},
 	}
-	got := runSkillsAndState(updater, newTestIO(), "1.0.21", false)
+	got := runSkillsAndStamp(updater, newTestIO(), "1.0.21", false)
 	if got != nil {
-		t.Errorf("runSkillsAndState() = %+v, want nil for dedup hit", got)
+		t.Errorf("runSkillsAndStamp() = %+v, want nil for dedup hit", got)
 	}
 	if called {
-		t.Error("SkillsCommandOverride called, want skipped due to dedup")
+		t.Error("SkillsUpdateOverride called, want skipped due to dedup")
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRunSkillsAndState_DedupForceBypass(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	if err := skillscheck.WriteState(skillscheck.SkillsState{Version: "1.0.21"}); err != nil {
+func TestRunSkillsAndStamp_DedupForceBypass(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	if err := skillscheck.WriteStamp("1.0.21"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	called := false
 	updater := &selfupdate.Updater{
-		SkillsCommandOverride: func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+		SkillsUpdateOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 			called = true
-			return successfulSkillsCommand()(args...)
+			return &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 		},
 	}
-	got := runSkillsAndState(updater, newTestIO(), "1.0.21", true)
-	if got == nil || got.Err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("runSkillsAndState(force=true) = %+v, want successful result", got)
+	got := runSkillsAndStamp(updater, newTestIO(), "1.0.21", true)
+	if got == nil {
+		t.Fatal("runSkillsAndStamp(force=true) = nil, want non-nil")
 	}
 	if !called {
-		t.Error("SkillsCommandOverride not called with force=true")
+		t.Error("SkillsUpdateOverride not called with force=true")
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRunSkillsAndState_SuccessWritesState(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	updater := &selfupdate.Updater{SkillsCommandOverride: successfulSkillsCommand()}
-	got := runSkillsAndState(updater, newTestIO(), "1.0.21", false)
+func TestRunSkillsAndStamp_SuccessWritesStamp(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	updater := &selfupdate.Updater{
+		SkillsUpdateOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+			return &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
+		},
+	}
+	got := runSkillsAndStamp(updater, newTestIO(), "1.0.21", false)
 	if got == nil || got.Err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("runSkillsAndState() = %+v, want non-nil with nil Err", got)
+		t.Fatalf("runSkillsAndStamp() = %+v, want non-nil with nil Err", got)
 	}
-	state, readable, err := skillscheck.ReadState()
-	if err != nil || !readable {
-		t.Fatalf("ReadState() = (_, %v, %v), want readable", readable, err)
-	}
-	if state.Version != "1.0.21" {
-		t.Errorf("state.Version = %q, want \"1.0.21\"", state.Version)
+	stamp, _ := skillscheck.ReadStamp()
+	if stamp != "1.0.21" {
+		t.Errorf("stamp = %q, want \"1.0.21\"", stamp)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRunSkillsAndState_FailureKeepsOldState(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	if err := skillscheck.WriteState(skillscheck.SkillsState{Version: "1.0.20"}); err != nil {
+func TestRunSkillsAndStamp_FailureKeepsOldStamp(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	if err := skillscheck.WriteStamp("1.0.20"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	updater := &selfupdate.Updater{
-		SkillsCommandOverride: func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+		SkillsUpdateOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 			r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 			r.Err = fmt.Errorf("npx failed")
 			return r
 		},
 	}
-	got := runSkillsAndState(updater, newTestIO(), "1.0.21", false)
+	got := runSkillsAndStamp(updater, newTestIO(), "1.0.21", false)
 	if got == nil || got.Err == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("runSkillsAndState() = %+v, want non-nil with non-nil Err", got)
+		t.Fatalf("runSkillsAndStamp() = %+v, want non-nil with non-nil Err", got)
 	}
-	state, readable, err := skillscheck.ReadState()
-	if err != nil || !readable {
-		t.Fatalf("ReadState() = (_, %v, %v), want readable", readable, err)
-	}
-	if state.Version != "1.0.20" {
-		t.Errorf("state.Version = %q, want \"1.0.20\" (failure must not overwrite)", state.Version)
+	stamp, _ := skillscheck.ReadStamp()
+	if stamp != "1.0.20" {
+		t.Errorf("stamp = %q, want \"1.0.20\" (failure must not overwrite)", stamp)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -991,7 +973,8 @@ func TestTruncate(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestUpdateRun_AlreadyLatest_RunsSkillsSync(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 
 	origFetch := fetchLatest
 	origCur := currentVersion
@@ -1004,9 +987,9 @@ func TestUpdateRun_AlreadyLatest_RunsSkillsSync(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Cleanup(func() { newUpdater = origNew })
 	newUpdater = func() *selfupdate.Updater {
 		return &selfupdate.Updater{
-			SkillsCommandOverride: func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+			SkillsUpdateOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 				skillsCalled = true
-				return successfulSkillsCommand()(args...)
+				return &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 			},
 		}
 	}
@@ -1017,19 +1000,17 @@ func TestUpdateRun_AlreadyLatest_RunsSkillsSync(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("updateRun() err = %v, want nil", err)
 	}
 	if !skillsCalled {
-		t.Error("skills sync not called in already-up-to-date branch")
+		t.Error("RunSkillsUpdate not called in already-up-to-date branch (cold stamp), want called")
 	}
-	state, readable, err := skillscheck.ReadState()
-	if err != nil || !readable {
-		t.Fatalf("ReadState() = (_, %v, %v), want readable", readable, err)
-	}
-	if state.Version != "1.0.21" {
-		t.Errorf("state.Version = %q, want \"1.0.21\"", state.Version)
+	stamp, _ := skillscheck.ReadStamp()
+	if stamp != "1.0.21" {
+		t.Errorf("stamp = %q, want \"1.0.21\"", stamp)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestUpdateRun_Manual_RunsSkillsSync(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 
 	origFetch := fetchLatest
 	origCur := currentVersion
@@ -1048,9 +1029,9 @@ func TestUpdateRun_Manual_RunsSkillsSync(t *testing.T) {
 					ResolvedPath: "/usr/local/bin/lark-cli",
 				}
 			},
-			SkillsCommandOverride: func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+			SkillsUpdateOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 				skillsCalled = true
-				return successfulSkillsCommand()(args...)
+				return &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 			},
 		}
 	}
@@ -1061,19 +1042,17 @@ func TestUpdateRun_Manual_RunsSkillsSync(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("updateRun() err = %v, want nil", err)
 	}
 	if !skillsCalled {
-		t.Error("skills sync not called in manual branch")
+		t.Error("RunSkillsUpdate not called in manual branch, want called")
 	}
-	state, readable, err := skillscheck.ReadState()
-	if err != nil || !readable {
-		t.Fatalf("ReadState() = (_, %v, %v), want readable", readable, err)
-	}
-	if state.Version != "1.0.21" {
-		t.Errorf("state.Version = %q, want \"1.0.21\" (manual path records current binary)", state.Version)
+	stamp, _ := skillscheck.ReadStamp()
+	if stamp != "1.0.21" {
+		t.Errorf("stamp = %q, want \"1.0.21\" (manual path stamps cur)", stamp)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestUpdateRun_Npm_RunsSkillsSync_WritesLatestState(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+func TestUpdateRun_Npm_RunsSkillsSync_StampsLatest(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 
 	origFetch := fetchLatest
 	origCur := currentVersion
@@ -1096,9 +1075,9 @@ func TestUpdateRun_Npm_RunsSkillsSync_WritesLatestState(t *testing.T) {
 				return &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 			},
 			VerifyOverride: func(expectedVersion string) error { return nil },
-			SkillsCommandOverride: func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+			SkillsUpdateOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 				skillsCalled = true
-				return successfulSkillsCommand()(args...)
+				return &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 			},
 		}
 	}
@@ -1109,25 +1088,18 @@ func TestUpdateRun_Npm_RunsSkillsSync_WritesLatestState(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("updateRun() err = %v, want nil", err)
 	}
 	if !skillsCalled {
-		t.Error("skills sync not called in npm branch")
+		t.Error("RunSkillsUpdate not called in npm branch")
 	}
-	state, readable, err := skillscheck.ReadState()
-	if err != nil || !readable {
-		t.Fatalf("ReadState() = (_, %v, %v), want readable", readable, err)
-	}
-	if state.Version != "1.0.22" {
-		t.Errorf("state.Version = %q, want \"1.0.22\" (npm path records latest binary)", state.Version)
+	stamp, _ := skillscheck.ReadStamp()
+	if stamp != "1.0.22" {
+		t.Errorf("stamp = %q, want \"1.0.22\" (npm path stamps latest)", stamp)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestUpdateRun_CheckIncludesSkillsStatus(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	if err := skillscheck.WriteState(skillscheck.SkillsState{
-		Version:              "1.0.20",
-		OfficialSkills:       []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"},
-		UpdatedSkills:        []string{"lark-calendar"},
-		SkippedDeletedSkills: []string{"lark-mail"},
-	}); err != nil {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	if err := skillscheck.WriteStamp("1.0.20"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
@@ -1145,9 +1117,9 @@ func TestUpdateRun_CheckIncludesSkillsStatus(t *testing.T) {
 			DetectOverride: func() selfupdate.DetectResult {
 				return selfupdate.DetectResult{Method: selfupdate.InstallNpm, NpmAvailable: true}
 			},
-			SkillsCommandOverride: func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+			SkillsUpdateOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 				skillsCalled = true
-				return successfulSkillsCommand()(args...)
+				return &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 			},
 		}
 	}
@@ -1158,7 +1130,7 @@ func TestUpdateRun_CheckIncludesSkillsStatus(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("updateRun(--check) err = %v, want nil", err)
 	}
 	if skillsCalled {
-		t.Error("skills sync called under --check, want skipped")
+		t.Error("RunSkillsUpdate called under --check, want skipped (pure report)")
 	}
 
 	var env map[string]interface{}
@@ -1172,14 +1144,12 @@ func TestUpdateRun_CheckIncludesSkillsStatus(t *testing.T) {
 	if status["current"] != "1.0.20" || status["target"] != "1.0.21" || status["in_sync"] != false {
 		t.Errorf("skills_status = %+v, want {current:\"1.0.20\", target:\"1.0.21\", in_sync:false}", status)
 	}
-	if status["official"] != float64(2) || status["updated"] != float64(1) {
-		t.Errorf("skills_status counts = %+v, want official:2 updated:1", status)
-	}
 }
 
 func TestUpdateRun_CheckAlreadyLatest_NoSideEffect(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	if err := skillscheck.WriteState(skillscheck.SkillsState{Version: "1.0.20"}); err != nil {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	if err := skillscheck.WriteStamp("1.0.20"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
@@ -1194,9 +1164,9 @@ func TestUpdateRun_CheckAlreadyLatest_NoSideEffect(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Cleanup(func() { newUpdater = origNew })
 	newUpdater = func() *selfupdate.Updater {
 		return &selfupdate.Updater{
-			SkillsCommandOverride: func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+			SkillsUpdateOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 				skillsCalled = true
-				return successfulSkillsCommand()(args...)
+				return &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 			},
 		}
 	}
@@ -1207,15 +1177,12 @@ func TestUpdateRun_CheckAlreadyLatest_NoSideEffect(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("updateRun(--check, already-latest) err = %v, want nil", err)
 	}
 	if skillsCalled {
-		t.Error("skills sync called under --check (already-latest), want skipped")
+		t.Error("RunSkillsUpdate called under --check (already-latest), want skipped (pure report)")
 	}
 
-	state, readable, err := skillscheck.ReadState()
-	if err != nil || !readable {
-		t.Fatalf("ReadState() = (_, %v, %v), want readable", readable, err)
-	}
-	if state.Version != "1.0.20" {
-		t.Errorf("state.Version mutated to %q under --check, want \"1.0.20\"", state.Version)
+	stamp, _ := skillscheck.ReadStamp()
+	if stamp != "1.0.20" {
+		t.Errorf("stamp mutated to %q under --check, want \"1.0.20\" (pure report must not write stamp)", stamp)
 	}
 
 	var env map[string]interface{}
@@ -1237,248 +1204,39 @@ func TestUpdateRun_CheckAlreadyLatest_NoSideEffect(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRunSkillsAndState_StateWriteFailureWarns(t *testing.T) {
-	origSync := syncSkills
-	syncSkills = func(opts skillscheck.SyncOptions) *skillscheck.SyncResult {
-		return &skillscheck.SyncResult{Err: fmt.Errorf("skills synced but state not written: denied")}
+// TestRunSkillsAndStamp_StampWriteFailureWarns verifies the stderr warning
+// emission when RunSkillsUpdate succeeds but WriteStamp fails.
+func TestRunSkillsAndStamp_StampWriteFailureWarns(t *testing.T) {
+	// Force WriteStamp to fail by pointing config dir at a path that exists
+	// as a regular file (so MkdirAll fails).
+	tmp := t.TempDir()
+	badPath := filepath.Join(tmp, "blocker")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(badPath, []byte("not-a-dir"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	t.Cleanup(func() { syncSkills = origSync })
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", badPath)
 
 	f, _, stderr := newTestFactory(t)
-	got := runSkillsAndState(&selfupdate.Updater{}, f.IOStreams, "1.0.21", false)
-	if got == nil || got.Err == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("runSkillsAndState() = %+v, want non-nil with write error", got)
+	updater := &selfupdate.Updater{
+		SkillsUpdateOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+			return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} // success
+		},
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "warning: skills synced but state not written") {
+	got := runSkillsAndStamp(updater, f.IOStreams, "1.0.21", false)
+	if got == nil || got.Err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("runSkillsAndStamp() = %+v, want non-nil with nil Err", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "warning: skills synced but stamp not written") {
 		t.Errorf("stderr does not contain warning: %q", stderr.String())
 	}
 }
 
+// TestEmitSkillsTextHints_Success verifies the "Skills updated" success
+// message is printed to ErrOut on a successful (Err == nil) result.
 func TestEmitSkillsTextHints_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, stderr := newTestFactory(t)
-	emitSkillsTextHints(f.IOStreams, &skillscheck.SyncResult{Official: []string{"lark-calendar"}, Updated: []string{"lark-calendar"}})
+	emitSkillsTextHints(f.IOStreams, &selfupdate.NpmResult{}) // Err==nil → success
 	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "Skills updated") {
 		t.Errorf("stderr does not contain 'Skills updated': %q", stderr.String())
 	}
 }
-
-// TestUpdateCommand_RealSkillsSyncRewritesState is a live integration test that
-// verifies "lark-cli update" correctly triggers skills sync and rewrites the
-// state file. It calls the real npx skills CLI, so the test is skipped when
-// npx or the skills registry is unavailable (e.g. no network or fork PRs).
-func TestUpdateCommand_RealSkillsSyncRewritesState(t *testing.T) {
-	// Phase 1: Verify the real npx skills CLI is available; skip otherwise.
-	if _, err := exec.LookPath("npx"); err != nil {
-		t.Skipf("npx not found in PATH: %v", err)
-	}
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 45*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
-	if err := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "npx", "-y", "skills", "add", "https://open.feishu.cn", "--list").Run(); err != nil {
-		t.Skipf("real skills CLI unavailable: %v", err)
-	}
-	globalOut, err := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "npx", "-y", "skills", "ls", "-g").Output()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Skipf("real global skills CLI unavailable: %v", err)
-	}
-	localSkills := skillscheck.ParseSkillsList(string(globalOut))
-	if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
-		t.Skipf("real skills CLI availability check timed out: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Phase 2: Seed a previous sync state simulating an upgrade from v1.0.19.
-	// lark-doc and lark-mail are recorded as skipped/deleted, meaning the user
-	// intentionally removed them while they were still official skills.
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	before := skillscheck.SkillsState{
-		Version:              "1.0.19",
-		OfficialSkills:       []string{"lark-approval", "lark-attendance", "lark-base", "lark-calendar", "lark-contact", "lark-doc", "lark-drive", "lark-event", "lark-im", "lark-mail", "lark-markdown", "lark-minutes", "lark-okr", "lark-openapi-explorer", "lark-shared", "lark-sheets", "lark-skill-maker", "lark-slides", "lark-task", "lark-vc", "lark-vc-agent", "lark-whiteboard", "lark-wiki", "lark-workflow-meeting-summary", "lark-workflow-standup-report"},
-		UpdatedSkills:        []string{"lark-approval", "lark-apps", "lark-attendance", "lark-base", "lark-calendar", "lark-contact", "lark-doc", "lark-drive", "lark-event", "lark-im", "lark-mail", "lark-markdown", "lark-minutes", "lark-okr", "lark-openapi-explorer", "lark-shared", "lark-sheets", "lark-skill-maker", "lark-slides", "lark-task", "lark-vc", "lark-vc-agent", "lark-whiteboard", "lark-wiki", "lark-workflow-meeting-summary", "lark-workflow-standup-report"},
-		AddedOfficialSkills:  []string{},
-		SkippedDeletedSkills: []string{},
-		UpdatedAt:            "2026-05-20T00:00:00Z",
-	}
-	if err := skillscheck.WriteState(before); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	state, readable, err := skillscheck.ReadState()
-	if err != nil || !readable {
-		t.Fatalf("ReadState() before update = (_, %v, %v), want readable", readable, err)
-	}
-	if state.Version != "1.0.19" {
-		t.Fatalf("state.Version before update = %q, want 1.0.19", state.Version)
-	}
-
-	// Phase 3: Mock version functions so the update command believes it has
-	// upgraded from 1.0.19 to 1.0.20, then execute "lark-cli update --json".
-	// This triggers SyncSkills which calls the real npx skills add command.
-	origFetch := fetchLatest
-	origVersion := currentVersion
-	t.Cleanup(func() { fetchLatest = origFetch; currentVersion = origVersion })
-	fetchLatest = func() (string, error) { return "1.0.20", nil }
-	currentVersion = func() string { return "1.0.20" }
-
-	f, stdout, _ := newTestFactory(t)
-	cmd := NewCmdUpdate(f)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--json"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("lark-cli update --json err = %v, want nil", err)
-	}
-
-	// Phase 4: Verify the state file was rewritten with the new version,
-	// non-empty official/updated skill lists, and a refreshed timestamp.
-	state, readable, err = skillscheck.ReadState()
-	if err != nil || !readable {
-		t.Fatalf("ReadState() after update = (_, %v, %v), want readable", readable, err)
-	}
-	if state.Version != "1.0.20" {
-		t.Errorf("state.Version after update = %q, want 1.0.20", state.Version)
-	}
-	if len(state.OfficialSkills) == 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("state.OfficialSkills after real sync is empty: %+v", state)
-	}
-	if len(state.UpdatedSkills) == 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("state.UpdatedSkills after real sync is empty: %+v", state)
-	}
-	if state.UpdatedAt == "" || state.UpdatedAt == before.UpdatedAt {
-		t.Errorf("state.UpdatedAt = %q, want refreshed non-empty timestamp", state.UpdatedAt)
-	}
-	// Verify that previously-skipped skills are handled correctly:
-	//   - If locally installed  → should appear in UpdatedSkills (updated to latest)
-	//   - If locally absent    → should NOT be force-restored in UpdatedSkills,
-	//                            and should remain in SkippedDeletedSkills
-	for _, skill := range []string{"lark-doc", "lark-mail"} {
-		if containsString(localSkills, skill) {
-			if !containsString(state.UpdatedSkills, skill) {
-				t.Errorf("state.UpdatedSkills = %v, want installed skill %q updated", state.UpdatedSkills, skill)
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-		if containsString(state.UpdatedSkills, skill) {
-			t.Errorf("state.UpdatedSkills = %v, want deleted skill %q not restored without --force", state.UpdatedSkills, skill)
-		}
-		if !containsString(state.SkippedDeletedSkills, skill) {
-			t.Errorf("state.SkippedDeletedSkills = %v, want deleted skill %q preserved when still official", state.SkippedDeletedSkills, skill)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Phase 5: Verify the JSON output structure is parseable and contains
-	// the expected action fields for AI agent consumption.
-	var env map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("json.Unmarshal stdout: %v\nstdout: %s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	if env["action"] != "already_up_to_date" {
-		t.Errorf("action = %v, want already_up_to_date", env["action"])
-	}
-	if env["skills_action"] != "synced" {
-		t.Errorf("skills_action = %v, want synced", env["skills_action"])
-	}
-}
-
-// TestUpdateCommand_SkillsSyncColdStart verifies that when skills-state.json does
-// not exist (cold start), the update command installs all official skills and
-// writes a fresh state file. No skill should appear in SkippedDeletedSkills
-// because there is no previous state to preserve user deletions from.
-// This is a live integration test that calls the real npx skills CLI; it is
-// skipped when npx or the skills registry is unavailable.
-func TestUpdateCommand_SkillsSyncColdStart(t *testing.T) {
-	// Phase 1: Verify the real npx skills CLI is available; skip otherwise.
-	if _, err := exec.LookPath("npx"); err != nil {
-		t.Skipf("npx not found in PATH: %v", err)
-	}
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 45*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
-	if err := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "npx", "-y", "skills", "add", "https://open.feishu.cn", "--list").Run(); err != nil {
-		t.Skipf("real skills CLI unavailable: %v", err)
-	}
-	globalOut, err := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "npx", "-y", "skills", "ls", "-g").Output()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Skipf("real global skills CLI unavailable: %v", err)
-	}
-	localSkills := skillscheck.ParseSkillsList(string(globalOut))
-	if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
-		t.Skipf("real skills CLI availability check timed out: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Phase 2: Use an isolated config dir with no pre-existing skills-state.json.
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	if _, readable, _ := skillscheck.ReadState(); readable {
-		t.Fatal("skills-state.json should not exist before update")
-	}
-
-	// Phase 3: Mock version functions so the update command believes it is at
-	// v1.0.20, then execute "lark-cli update --json". This triggers SyncSkills
-	// which calls the real npx skills add command.
-	origFetch := fetchLatest
-	origVersion := currentVersion
-	t.Cleanup(func() { fetchLatest = origFetch; currentVersion = origVersion })
-	fetchLatest = func() (string, error) { return "1.0.20", nil }
-	currentVersion = func() string { return "1.0.20" }
-
-	f, stdout, _ := newTestFactory(t)
-	cmd := NewCmdUpdate(f)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--json"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("lark-cli update --json err = %v, want nil", err)
-	}
-
-	// Phase 4: Verify the state file was created with all official skills in
-	// UpdatedSkills and nothing in SkippedDeletedSkills (cold start = no prior
-	// deletions to honor). Locally installed skills should appear in UpdatedSkills.
-	state, readable, err := skillscheck.ReadState()
-	if err != nil || !readable {
-		t.Fatalf("ReadState() after update = (_, %v, %v), want readable", readable, err)
-	}
-	if state.Version != "1.0.20" {
-		t.Errorf("state.Version = %q, want 1.0.20", state.Version)
-	}
-	if len(state.OfficialSkills) == 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("state.OfficialSkills after real sync is empty: %+v", state)
-	}
-	if len(state.UpdatedSkills) == 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("state.UpdatedSkills after real sync is empty: %+v", state)
-	}
-	if state.UpdatedAt == "" {
-		t.Error("state.UpdatedAt is empty, want non-empty timestamp")
-	}
-	// All locally installed official skills must appear in UpdatedSkills.
-	officialSet := map[string]bool{}
-	for _, s := range state.OfficialSkills {
-		officialSet[s] = true
-	}
-	for _, skill := range localSkills {
-		if !officialSet[skill] {
-			continue
-		}
-		if !containsString(state.UpdatedSkills, skill) {
-			t.Errorf("state.UpdatedSkills = %v, want locally installed official skill %q updated", state.UpdatedSkills, skill)
-		}
-	}
-	// No skill should be in SkippedDeletedSkills on cold start — there is no
-	// previous state recording a user deletion to preserve.
-	if len(state.SkippedDeletedSkills) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("state.SkippedDeletedSkills = %v, want empty on cold start", state.SkippedDeletedSkills)
-	}
-
-	// Phase 5: Verify the JSON output structure is parseable and contains
-	// the expected action fields for AI agent consumption.
-	var env map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("json.Unmarshal stdout: %v\nstdout: %s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	if env["action"] != "already_up_to_date" {
-		t.Errorf("action = %v, want already_up_to_date", env["action"])
-	}
-	if env["skills_action"] != "synced" {
-		t.Errorf("skills_action = %v, want synced", env["skills_action"])
-	}
-}
-
-func containsString(values []string, target string) bool {
-	for _, value := range values {
-		if value == target {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}

errs/ERROR_CONTRACT.md

@@ -34,12 +34,10 @@ in production? See **Troubleshooting**.
 6. Wrapping is idempotent: re-wrapping an already-typed error returns it
    unchanged across the `errors.As` / `errors.Unwrap` chain.
 7. For the typed-envelope path, exit codes derive from `Category` only
-   via `output.ExitCodeForCategory` — including `SecurityPolicyError`,
-   which exits `6` via `CategoryPolicy`. Unmigrated `*output.ExitError`
-   producers still carry a hand-set `Code` until they finish migrating.
-   `output.ErrBare(code)` is the lone exception: a deliberate
-   predicate-command signal that bypasses the envelope (see
-   **Predicate commands** below).
+   via `output.ExitCodeForCategory`. Two stage-1 exceptions:
+   `SecurityPolicyError` always exits `1` (fixed by its legacy envelope),
+   and unmigrated `*output.ExitError` producers carry a hand-set `Code`;
+   both are retired in the legacy-removal stage.
 
 ## Wire format
 
@@ -75,11 +73,9 @@ Typed errors render to **stderr** as one JSON object per process exit:
 | `error.retryable` | wire-stable | `true` when present; omitted when `false` |
 | per-Subtype extension fields | per-Subtype-stable | e.g. `missing_scopes`, `console_url`, `challenge_url` |
 
-`SecurityPolicyError` renders through the same typed envelope as every
-other category. `error.type` is `"policy"`, `error.subtype` is one of
-`challenge_required` / `access_denied`, and process exit is `6` via
-`CategoryPolicy`. The legacy `auth_error` envelope at exit `1` has been
-retired.
+Carve-out: `SecurityPolicyError` keeps the legacy
+`{type: "auth_error", code: "challenge_required"|"access_denied", ...}`
+envelope until its consumers migrate. Removal is staged in **Migration**.
 
 ## Categories
 
@@ -119,11 +115,10 @@ Canonical mapping: `internal/output/exitcode.go` `ExitCodeForCategory`.
      │
      ▼
   cmd/root.go handleRootError dispatches:
-     ├─ output.ErrBare(code)      → no envelope (stdout already written); exit = code
+     ├─ *errs.SecurityPolicyError → legacy "auth_error" JSON envelope; exit 1
      ├─ typed (errs.ProblemOf)    → typed JSON envelope; exit = ExitCodeOf(err)
-     │     (includes *errs.SecurityPolicyError → policy envelope, exit 6)
-     ├─ *core.ConfigError         → promoted to typed via errcompat ↑
-     ├─ *output.ExitError         → legacy JSON envelope; exit = exitErr.Code
+     ├─ *core.ConfigError         → asExitError adapts to legacy envelope ↓
+     ├─ *output.ExitError         → legacy JSON envelope;  exit = exitErr.Code
      └─ untyped / Cobra error     → plain "Error: <msg>" (no envelope); exit 1
 ```
 
@@ -132,31 +127,6 @@ stderr. Untyped errors (including Cobra's "required flag missing" / unknown
 subcommand messages) print plain text and exit `1` — consumers must
 tolerate that fallback.
 
-### Predicate commands (`output.ErrBare`)
-
-A small class of commands is **predicates**: they answer a yes/no
-question and signal the answer through the shell exit code so callers
-can write `if cmd; then ... fi`. `lark-cli auth check` is the canonical
-example — its `README` contract is `exit 0 = ok, 1 = missing`.
-
-These commands deliberately:
-
-1. write a structured JSON answer to **stdout** themselves, and
-2. return `output.ErrBare(exitCode)` to communicate the exit code to
-   the dispatcher without producing a `stderr` envelope.
-
-`output.ErrBare` is **not** an error in the typed-envelope sense — it
-carries no category, subtype, or message. It is a one-bit output-
-control signal that lives outside the contract for the same reason
-`grep -q` / `diff` / `systemctl is-active` set non-zero exit codes
-without printing anything to stderr: pollution of stderr by a
-predicate's negative answer would break `2>/dev/null` log hygiene in
-caller scripts.
-
-New code should not reach for `ErrBare` unless the command is
-genuinely a predicate. Anything carrying recoverable error content
-belongs in a typed `*errs.XxxError`.
-
 ## Consumers
 
 ### Go (in-process)
@@ -213,25 +183,17 @@ reworded without notice.
 
 ### Quick reference
 
-The canonical producer surface is the **builder API in `errs/types.go`** (per type: struct + `NewXxxError` + chained `WithX` setters live in one place):
-each `NewXxxError(subtype, format, args...)` locks `Category` at the
-constructor name, requires `Subtype` + `Message` positionally, and exposes
-optional fields via chained `.WithX(...)` setters. Struct literals remain
-legal for framework dynamic paths (e.g. classifier fanout) but the lint
-`CheckTypedErrorCompleteness` still requires `Category` + `Subtype` +
-`Message` on any literal it sees.
-
 | Situation | Use |
 |-----------|-----|
-| Bad user input | `errs.NewValidationError(subtype, msg).WithParam("--flag")` |
-| Login required | `errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing, msg)` |
+| Bad user input | `&errs.ValidationError{...}` or `output.ErrValidation(msg)` |
+| Login required | `&errs.AuthenticationError{...}` |
 | Token lacks scope | `errclass.BuildAPIError(resp, ctx)` |
-| Local config missing | `errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, msg)` |
-| Transport failure | `errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout, msg).WithCause(err)` (subtype: `timeout` / `tls` / `dns` / `server_error` / `transport`) |
+| Local config missing | `&errs.ConfigError{...}` |
+| Transport failure | `&errs.NetworkError{...}` |
 | Lark API error | `errclass.BuildAPIError(resp, ctx)` |
-| SDK / decode bug | `errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, msg).WithCause(err)` |
-| Policy block | `errs.NewSecurityPolicyError(subtype, msg).WithChallengeURL(url)` or `errs.NewContentSafetyError(subtype, msg).WithRules(...)` |
-| Needs `--yes` | `errs.NewConfirmationRequiredError(risk, action, msg)` |
+| SDK / decode bug | `&errs.InternalError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryInternal, Subtype: errs.SubtypeSDKError, ...}}` |
+| Policy block | `&errs.SecurityPolicyError{...}` or `&errs.ContentSafetyError{...}` |
+| Needs `--yes` | `&errs.ConfirmationRequiredError{...}` |
 
 ### Authoring discipline
 
@@ -280,9 +242,8 @@ Do not pick exit codes by hand in new typed producers — `ExitCodeForCategory`
 maps `Category` to the shell code. A new exit-code requirement means a
 new `Category`, not a one-off override at the call site.
 
-(Legacy `*output.ExitError` retains hand-set codes until removal;
-`SecurityPolicyError` retains a hand-set code on main until the framework
-migration PR retires the carve-out — see **Migration**.)
+(Legacy `*output.ExitError` and `SecurityPolicyError` retain hand-set
+codes during stage 1.)
 
 #### Split `Message`, `Hint`, and `Cause`
 
@@ -304,10 +265,15 @@ do not inline its `.Error()` into `Message`.
 Conforming:
 
 ```go
-return errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport,
-    "request to /open-apis failed after 3 retries").
-    WithHint("check connectivity and retry; set --log-level debug if it persists").
-    WithCause(ioErr)
+return &errs.NetworkError{
+    Problem: errs.Problem{
+        Category: errs.CategoryNetwork,
+        Subtype:  errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport,
+        Message:  "request to /open-apis failed after 3 retries",
+        Hint:     "check connectivity and retry; set --log-level debug if it persists",
+    },
+    Cause: ioErr,
+}
 ```
 
 Non-conforming:
@@ -328,51 +294,43 @@ For positional arguments, use the canonical name without dashes
 
 ### Constructing typed errors
 
-Prefer the **builder API**. The constructor pins `Category` + `Subtype` +
-`Message`, the chained setters fill optional fields, and the resulting
-value retains its concrete `*XxxError` pointer through the chain so
-type-specific setters remain reachable to the end:
+The minimal struct literal:
 
 ```go
-return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-    "--data must be a valid JSON object: %v", parseErr).
-    WithParam("--data")
+return &errs.ValidationError{
+    Problem: errs.Problem{
+        Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+        Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+        Message:  fmt.Sprintf("--data must be a valid JSON object: %v", parseErr),
+    },
+    Param: "--data",
+}
 ```
 
-Why builder over struct literal:
-
-- `Category` is locked at the function name — caller cannot mis-specify it
-- `Subtype` and `Message` are positional arguments — `go build` rejects
-  the call site if either is missing
-- The chain reads top-down: required identity first, optional fields after
-- Message is `fmt.Sprintf`-formatted from `(format, args...)`, matching
-  `fmt.Errorf` muscle memory and avoiding a separate `Sprintf` line
-
-Struct literals remain legal — `CheckTypedErrorCompleteness` continues to
-enforce `Category` + `Subtype` + `Message` on any literal it sees — and
-the framework classifier (`internal/errclass/classify.go`) still uses
-them on the dynamic dispatch path where a `Problem` value is composed
-once and wrapped per Category branch. Outside that pattern, new code
-should reach for the builder.
-
 Legacy helpers (`output.ErrValidation`, `output.ErrAuth`, `output.ErrNetwork`)
-remain callable during migration but are `// Deprecated:` — new code goes
-through the builder.
+remain callable during migration; new code should prefer the struct
+literal so `Hint`, `Param`, `Cause`, and other extension fields stay
+available per [Split `Message`, `Hint`, and `Cause`](#split-message-hint-and-cause).
 
 #### Shortcut `Execute` walkthrough
 
 Adapted from `shortcuts/calendar/calendar_suggestion.go:222`, whose legacy
 form is `output.ErrValidation("--duration-minutes must be between 1 and
-1440")`. The typed migration target (builder form):
+1440")`. The typed migration target:
 
 ```go
 Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
     duration := runtime.Int("duration-minutes")
     if duration < 1 || duration > 1440 {
-        return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-            "--duration-minutes must be between 1 and 1440, got %d", duration).
-            WithHint("pass a value in [1, 1440]").
-            WithParam("--duration-minutes")
+        return &errs.ValidationError{
+            Problem: errs.Problem{
+                Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+                Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+                Message:  fmt.Sprintf("--duration-minutes must be between 1 and 1440, got %d", duration),
+                Hint:     "pass a value in [1, 1440]",
+            },
+            Param: "--duration-minutes",
+        }
     }
 
     _, err := runtime.DoAPI(req, opts)
@@ -402,7 +360,7 @@ cover the decision:
 | Source | Decision | Example |
 |--------|----------|---------|
 | Helper returned a typed `*errs.*Error` | Return unchanged | `return err` |
-| Helper returned an untyped error tied to user input (`strconv.Atoi`, `json.Unmarshal`, …) | Construct a typed error; put the untyped error in `Cause` | `return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --data: %v", jsonErr).WithCause(jsonErr)` |
+| Helper returned an untyped error tied to user input (`strconv.Atoi`, `json.Unmarshal`, …) | Construct a typed error; put the untyped error in `Cause` | `return &errs.ValidationError{Problem: ..., Cause: jsonErr}` |
 | SDK call via `runtime.DoAPI` failed | Return unchanged — the framework boundary already wrapped it | `return err` |
 | Invariant broken (must-not-happen state) | Lift with `errs.WrapInternal`, set a `Message` describing the invariant | `return errs.WrapInternal(fmt.Errorf("identity resolver returned nil: %w", err))` |
 
@@ -433,11 +391,8 @@ through `runtime.DoAPI`.
 
 #### Add a Subtype
 
-1. Add a constant in `errs/subtypes.go` under the right Category block.
-   Subtypes are framework-shared — service-specific Subtypes are an
-   anti-pattern (the wire `code` field already identifies the source
-   service; Subtype encodes cross-service semantics like `not_found`,
-   `quota_exceeded`).
+1. Add a constant in `errs/subtypes.go` (framework) or
+   `errs/subtypes_service_<name>.go` (service).
 2. If it maps from a Lark code, register the mapping in
    `internal/errclass/codemeta_<service>.go`.
 3. Add a dispatch test in `internal/errclass/classify_test.go`.
@@ -454,9 +409,10 @@ emits a warning to keep them visible.
 
 Rare; the existing structs cover the 9 Categories with room. If you must:
 
-1. In `errs/types.go`, add a new section with: the struct embedding `errs.Problem`, a nil-receiver-safe `Unwrap()` if it carries `Cause`, a `NewXxxError(subtype, format, args...)` constructor, and one chained `WithX` setter per extension field.
+1. Add the struct in `errs/types.go` embedding `errs.Problem`, with a
+   nil-receiver-safe `Unwrap()` if it carries `Cause`.
 2. Add an `IsXxx` predicate in `errs/predicates.go`.
-3. Add a wire-format pin in `errs/marshal_test.go` and a builder-chain pin in `errs/types_builder_test.go`.
+3. Add a wire-format pin in `errs/marshal_test.go`.
 
 `CheckProblemEmbed` enforces the `Problem` embed at lint time. New
 top-level wire fields are forbidden — per-Subtype data goes into the
@@ -492,36 +448,51 @@ will be removed once business migration completes.
 
 ## Migration
 
-**Strategy shift (2026-05-26).** The original plan (`docs/design/errors-refactor/spec.md` v2.12 §9) was a centrally-driven 4-PR rollout — framework → auth domain → multi-pilot → full-repo + legacy removal. That plan is **superseded** by a hybrid model: framework owner ships framework-level hardening (including a typed `*errs.*Error` migration of `internal/**`) as one focused PR; business-domain typed migration is **self-service** via [`docs/errors-guide.md`](../docs/errors-guide.md) and the builder API, with no central sweep timeline.
+The error-contract refactor lands in stages. This PR is **stage 1**, and
+its scope is **strictly framework-only**: every production wire shape
+matches pre-PR byte-for-byte (additive fields only where the legacy slot
+had no subtype emission). Stage 1 ships infrastructure; behavioural
+migration of any specific path lives in later stages.
 
-Why the shift: 800+ legacy call sites split across 8+ business domains do not all share a single reviewer's bandwidth, and the contract is now expressive enough that each domain owner can migrate their own code from the guide without coordinating with framework owner.
+Stages:
 
-### Current state
+1. **Framework slice — this PR.** Ships the `errs/` typed taxonomy,
+   classifier (`internal/errclass`), promotion stub (`internal/errcompat`,
+   passthrough in stage 1), dispatcher hook (`WriteTypedErrorEnvelope`),
+   and six lint guards (forbidigo + five AST checks). Wire shapes
+   preserved byte-for-byte versus pre-PR, with **one intentional semantic
+   fix**: config-class errors (`*core.ConfigError`) now exit `3` instead
+   of `2`, aligning with `ExitCodeForCategory` (config errors share the
+   auth exit slot per the taxonomy). The classifier and promote helpers
+   are *shipped but unused* in production paths — they exist so stage 2+
+   migrations can plug in without re-architecting.
+2. **`SecurityPolicyError` typed envelope** — replace the legacy
+   `type: "auth_error"` carve-out with the typed shape.
+3. **Business-domain migration**, one PR per domain in declared order:
+   `task → drive → calendar → im → mail → whiteboard → contact`. Each PR
+   moves the domain's `output.ErrAPI(...)` / `output.ErrAuth(...)` /
+   `output.ErrWithHint(...)` call sites to typed constructors or
+   `BuildAPIError`, removes its Deprecated annotations, and announces the
+   wire change explicitly.
+4. **Framework-boundary migration**: `client.WrapDoAPIError` and
+   `client.WrapJSONResponseParseError` flip to typed wrap;
+   `client.CheckResponse` adopts `errclass.BuildAPIError`;
+   `internal/client/client.go resolveAccessToken` adopts the typed
+   `NeedAuthorizationError → *errs.AuthenticationError` recognition;
+   `cmd/auth/scopes.go` and `cmd/service/service.go` adopt typed
+   `*errs.PermissionError`; `errcompat.PromoteConfigError` lifts the
+   `Type="config"` (and later `Type="auth"`) branches to typed.
+5. **Legacy removal** — once `git grep '\*output\.ExitError'` returns no
+   production hits, delete `Errorf`, `ErrAPI`, `ErrAuth`, `ErrWithHint`,
+   `ErrBare`, `ClassifyLarkError`, `ErrDetail`, `ExitError`, and
+   `ErrorEnvelope`.
 
-1. **Framework slice — ✅ shipped (PR #984).** The `errs/` typed taxonomy, classifier (`internal/errclass`), promotion stub (`internal/errcompat`, passthrough), dispatcher hook (`WriteTypedErrorEnvelope`), and the `lint/errscontract` AST guards. Wire shapes preserved byte-for-byte versus pre-PR, with **one intentional semantic fix**: config-class errors (`*core.ConfigError`) now exit `3` instead of `2`, aligning with `ExitCodeForCategory` (config errors share the auth exit slot per the taxonomy). The classifier and promote helpers are *shipped but unused* in production paths — they exist so framework migration can plug in without re-architecting.
+During migration, helper assertions accept both shapes (see
+`shortcuts/mail/mail_shortcut_validation_test.go` `assertValidationError`)
+so the build stays green domain-by-domain.
 
-2. **Builder API — ✅ shipped (this branch).** `errs/types.go` adds the canonical producer surface (`errs.NewXxxError(subtype, format, args...).WithX(...)`) for all 10 typed types, alongside each struct declaration. Constructor signature pins `Category` (via function name) and `Subtype` + `Message` (positional), so the producer cannot mis-specify any of the three identity fields. Optional fields chain through `.WithX(...)` setters that preserve the concrete pointer type.
-
-### Next: framework migration PR (planned)
-
-A single PR consolidates the work the original §9 spec split across PRs 2–4 — restricted to framework code, no business sweep:
-
-- **Migrate `internal/**` typed construction to the builder API.** ~16 call sites in `internal/errclass/classify.go` (BuildAPIError fanout), `internal/auth/transport.go` (SecurityPolicy), `internal/auth/uat_client.go`, `internal/errcompat/promote*.go`, `internal/client/client.go`, `internal/client/api_errors.go`.
-- **Land the framework-side semantic changes** previously scoped to spec §9 PR 2: `SecurityPolicyError` exit `1→6`, `WrapDoAPIError` typed (`*NetworkError` with subtype timeout/tls/dns/server_error/transport, `*InternalError` for JSON-decode), `WrapJSONResponseParseError` typed, `errcompat.PromoteConfigError` real Type routing, `PromoteAuthError` helper + dispatcher wiring, 10 credential Lark codes registered in codeMeta, 99991543 config classification, `resolveAccessToken` typed `*AuthenticationError`, `BuildAPIError` filling `*PermissionError.MissingScopes` / `Identity` / `ConsoleURL`, deletion of `scopeAwareChecker`.
-- **Add `forbidigo` rule** banning `output.Err*` constructors in `shortcuts/**` and `cmd/**` (mirrors the contract that new business code must use the builder).
-- **CHANGELOG** lists the resulting ~10 shell-exit-code shifts in one release entry (vs the spec §1 spread of 11 — the remaining one site lives in `task` business code).
-
-### Business-domain migration (self-service, no central timeline)
-
-Each business package migrates its own `output.Err*` call sites to the builder when convenient — typically batched within one domain. The guide at [`docs/errors-guide.md`](../docs/errors-guide.md) walks owners through the 8 typical error modes (validation / authorization / authentication / config / network / api / internal / policy) with real `file:line` examples from main. The three-layer extension model (add Subtype / add field / add Category) handles cases the existing taxonomy does not cover.
-
-Helper assertions accept both shapes during migration (see `shortcuts/mail/mail_shortcut_validation_test.go` `assertValidationError`) so domain migrations stay green incrementally.
-
-### Legacy removal
-
-Deferred until business migration completion approaches the asymptote. `Errorf`, `ErrAPI`, `ErrAuth`, `ErrWithHint`, `ErrBare`, `ClassifyLarkError`, `ErrDetail`, `ExitError`, and `ErrorEnvelope` are `// Deprecated:` today and stay callable. No fixed removal date.
-
-### Before / after at a call site
+Before / after at a call site (illustrative — actually performed in
+stage 3):
 
 ```go
 // before (legacy)
@@ -531,16 +502,6 @@ return output.ErrAPI(larkCode, "create event failed", resp.RawBody())
 return errclass.BuildAPIError(parsedResp, cc)
 ```
 
-```go
-// before (legacy validation)
-return output.ErrValidation("--duration-minutes must be between 1 and 1440")
-
-// after (builder)
-return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-    "--duration-minutes must be between 1 and 1440, got %d", duration).
-    WithParam("--duration-minutes")
-```
-
 ## Troubleshooting
 
 **Envelope shows `type=api subtype=unknown` for what should be a more

errs/marshal_test.go

@@ -55,28 +55,6 @@ func TestPermissionError_MarshalJSON_HasAllWireFields(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestPermissionError_RequestedGrantedMarshal(t *testing.T) {
-	err := NewPermissionError(SubtypeMissingScope, "partial grant").
-		WithRequestedScopes("docx:document", "im:message:send").
-		WithGrantedScopes("docx:document").
-		WithMissingScopes("im:message:send")
-
-	b, e := json.Marshal(err)
-	if e != nil {
-		t.Fatal(e)
-	}
-	got := string(b)
-	for _, want := range []string{
-		`"requested_scopes":["docx:document","im:message:send"]`,
-		`"granted_scopes":["docx:document"]`,
-		`"missing_scopes":["im:message:send"]`,
-	} {
-		if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
-			t.Errorf("envelope missing %s\nactual: %s", want, got)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func TestValidationError_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	ve := &ValidationError{
 		Problem: Problem{Category: CategoryValidation, Subtype: SubtypeInvalidArgument, Message: "bad"},
@@ -138,26 +116,33 @@ func TestConfigError_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestNetworkError_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	ne := &NetworkError{
-		Problem: Problem{Category: CategoryNetwork, Subtype: SubtypeNetworkTimeout, Message: "dial timeout"},
+		Problem:   Problem{Category: CategoryNetwork, Subtype: SubtypeNetworkTransport, Message: "transport"},
+		CauseKind: "timeout",
 	}
 	b, _ := json.Marshal(ne)
 	s := string(b)
 	for _, want := range []string{
 		`"type":"network"`,
-		`"subtype":"timeout"`,
+		`"subtype":"transport"`,
+		`"cause":"timeout"`,
 	} {
 		if !strings.Contains(s, want) {
 			t.Errorf("missing %q in %s", want, s)
 		}
 	}
-	if strings.Contains(s, `"cause"`) {
-		t.Errorf("cause field should no longer be on the wire; got %s", s)
+
+	// CauseKind omitempty when ""
+	ne2 := &NetworkError{Problem: Problem{Category: CategoryNetwork, Message: "x"}}
+	b2, _ := json.Marshal(ne2)
+	if strings.Contains(string(b2), `"cause"`) {
+		t.Errorf("cause should be omitted when empty; got %s", b2)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestAPIError_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	ae := &APIError{
 		Problem: Problem{Category: CategoryAPI, Subtype: SubtypeRateLimit, Code: 99991400, Message: "slow", Retryable: true},
+		Detail:  map[string]any{"raw": "value"},
 	}
 	b, _ := json.Marshal(ae)
 	s := string(b)
@@ -166,39 +151,19 @@ func TestAPIError_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		`"subtype":"rate_limit"`,
 		`"code":99991400`,
 		`"retryable":true`,
+		`"detail":{`,
+		`"raw":"value"`,
 	} {
 		if !strings.Contains(s, want) {
 			t.Errorf("missing %q in %s", want, s)
 		}
 	}
-}
 
-// TestProblem_MarshalJSON_Troubleshooter pins the upstream Lark API
-// troubleshooter URL (resp.error.troubleshooter) surfacing on the wire under
-// "troubleshooter". Carried via Problem so any typed error that embeds it
-// inherits the field — populated by errclass.BuildAPIError before the
-// category switch.
-func TestProblem_MarshalJSON_Troubleshooter(t *testing.T) {
-	ae := &APIError{
-		Problem: Problem{
-			Category:       CategoryAPI,
-			Subtype:        SubtypeUnknown,
-			Code:           99991400,
-			Message:        "x",
-			Troubleshooter: "https://open.feishu.cn/document/troubleshoot/abc",
-		},
-	}
-	b, _ := json.Marshal(ae)
-	s := string(b)
-	if !strings.Contains(s, `"troubleshooter":"https://open.feishu.cn/document/troubleshoot/abc"`) {
-		t.Errorf("missing troubleshooter in %s", s)
-	}
-
-	// Absent Troubleshooter must omit the wire key.
-	bare := &APIError{Problem: Problem{Category: CategoryAPI, Message: "x"}}
-	b2, _ := json.Marshal(bare)
-	if strings.Contains(string(b2), `"troubleshooter"`) {
-		t.Errorf("absent Troubleshooter must omit wire key; got %s", string(b2))
+	// Detail omitempty when nil
+	ae2 := &APIError{Problem: Problem{Category: CategoryAPI, Message: "x"}}
+	b2, _ := json.Marshal(ae2)
+	if strings.Contains(string(b2), `"detail"`) {
+		t.Errorf("detail should be omitted when nil; got %s", b2)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -220,32 +185,6 @@ func TestSecurityPolicyError_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Pin per-Subtype symmetry: SubtypeAccessDenied must serialize the same
-// envelope shape as SubtypeChallengeRequired so callers can switch on
-// subtype without conditional field probing. The constructor + builder
-// path (mirroring how callsites actually construct these) is exercised
-// here rather than the struct literal, since SubtypeAccessDenied is the
-// path threaded through cmd/* sites that surface policy-deny outcomes.
-func TestSecurityPolicyError_MarshalJSON_AccessDenied(t *testing.T) {
-	err := NewSecurityPolicyError(SubtypeAccessDenied, "user denied").
-		WithChallengeURL("https://chal.example/2")
-
-	b, e := json.Marshal(err)
-	if e != nil {
-		t.Fatal(e)
-	}
-	got := string(b)
-	for _, want := range []string{
-		`"type":"policy"`,
-		`"subtype":"access_denied"`,
-		`"challenge_url":"https://chal.example/2"`,
-	} {
-		if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
-			t.Errorf("envelope missing %s\nactual: %s", want, got)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func TestContentSafetyError_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	cse := &ContentSafetyError{
 		Problem: Problem{Category: CategoryPolicy, Subtype: Subtype("content_blocked"), Message: "blocked"},

errs/predicates.go

@@ -86,12 +86,3 @@ func IsAuthentication(err error) bool { var x *AuthenticationError; return error
 
 // IsConfig reports whether err is a *ConfigError.
 func IsConfig(err error) bool { var x *ConfigError; return errors.As(err, &x) }
-
-// IsTyped reports whether err is or wraps any of the typed *errs.* errors
-// in this package (i.e. implements the TypedError interface). Used by call
-// sites that need to pass already-classified errors through unchanged
-// instead of blanket-rewrapping them as a different category.
-func IsTyped(err error) bool {
-	var t TypedError
-	return errors.As(err, &t)
-}

errs/problem.go

@@ -14,21 +14,16 @@ package errs
 //     never appears on the wire.
 //   - No DocURL field. PermissionError carries the same intent via its typed
 //     ConsoleURL extension; other typed errors do not link out.
-//   - Troubleshooter is the upstream Lark API's diagnostic URL (resp.error.
-//     troubleshooter). Carried universally so any classified error can surface
-//     it; populated by errclass.BuildAPIError when the upstream response
-//     includes it, otherwise absent.
 //   - Retryable uses omitempty so only `true` is emitted; consumers treat
 //     absence as false.
 type Problem struct {
-	Category       Category `json:"type"`
-	Subtype        Subtype  `json:"subtype,omitempty"`
-	Code           int      `json:"code,omitempty"`
-	Message        string   `json:"message"`
-	Hint           string   `json:"hint,omitempty"`
-	LogID          string   `json:"log_id,omitempty"`
-	Troubleshooter string   `json:"troubleshooter,omitempty"`
-	Retryable      bool     `json:"retryable,omitempty"`
+	Category  Category `json:"type"`
+	Subtype   Subtype  `json:"subtype,omitempty"`
+	Code      int      `json:"code,omitempty"`
+	Message   string   `json:"message"`
+	Hint      string   `json:"hint,omitempty"`
+	LogID     string   `json:"log_id,omitempty"`
+	Retryable bool     `json:"retryable,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // Error satisfies the standard `error` interface. A nil receiver is treated

errs/subtypes.go

@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@ const (
 	SubtypeAppScopeNotApplied     Subtype = "app_scope_not_applied"    // app did not apply for this scope on the open platform
 	SubtypeTokenScopeInsufficient Subtype = "token_scope_insufficient" // token was issued without this scope (RFC 6750 alignment)
 	SubtypeAppUnavailable         Subtype = "app_unavailable"          // app status unavailable
-	SubtypeAppDisabled            Subtype = "app_disabled"             // app currently disabled in this tenant (was installed/enabled before)
-	SubtypePermissionDenied       Subtype = "permission_denied"        // resource-level permission denial (authenticated but lacks rights for this resource, HTTP 403 / gRPC PERMISSION_DENIED alignment)
+	SubtypeAppNotInstalled        Subtype = "app_not_installed"        // app not enabled / not installed in this tenant
 )
 
 // CategoryConfig subtypes
@@ -47,11 +46,7 @@ const (
 
 // CategoryNetwork subtypes
 const (
-	SubtypeNetworkTransport Subtype = "transport"    // fallback when no more-specific network subtype matches
-	SubtypeNetworkTimeout   Subtype = "timeout"      // dial / read timeout
-	SubtypeNetworkTLS       Subtype = "tls"          // TLS handshake / cert failure
-	SubtypeNetworkDNS       Subtype = "dns"          // DNS resolution failure
-	SubtypeNetworkServer    Subtype = "server_error" // upstream HTTP 5xx
+	SubtypeNetworkTransport Subtype = "transport" // transport-layer failure (timeout / TLS / DNS / 5xx); see NetworkError.CauseKind
 )
 
 // CategoryAPI subtypes
@@ -62,10 +57,6 @@ const (
 	SubtypeCrossBrand        Subtype = "cross_brand"        // operation crosses brand boundary (feishu vs lark, not supported)
 	SubtypeInvalidParameters Subtype = "invalid_parameters" // API-side parameter validation rejected the request
 	SubtypeOwnershipMismatch Subtype = "ownership_mismatch" // caller is not the resource owner
-	SubtypeNotFound          Subtype = "not_found"          // referenced resource does not exist (HTTP 404 alignment)
-	SubtypeServerError       Subtype = "server_error"       // upstream server-side transient error (HTTP 5xx alignment, retryable)
-	SubtypeQuotaExceeded     Subtype = "quota_exceeded"     // resource quota / collection size limit reached (assignees, followers, members, etc.)
-	SubtypeAlreadyExists     Subtype = "already_exists"     // idempotency violation: resource already exists in target state
 )
 
 // CategoryPolicy subtypes (security-policy envelope shape)
@@ -78,12 +69,7 @@ const (
 const (
 	SubtypeSDKError        Subtype = "sdk_error"        // lark SDK Do() returned an unexpected error
 	SubtypeInvalidResponse Subtype = "invalid_response" // SDK response body not parsable as JSON
-	SubtypeFileIO          Subtype = "file_io"          // local file I/O failure (mkdir / write / read)
-	SubtypeStorage         Subtype = "storage"          // local persistence failure (e.g. config file save)
 	// Generic untyped error lifted to InternalError uses SubtypeUnknown.
 )
 
-// CategoryConfirmation subtypes
-const (
-	SubtypeConfirmationRequired Subtype = "confirmation_required" // high-risk operation needs explicit --yes
-)
+// CategoryConfirmation subtypes intentionally have no declarations yet.

errs/subtypes_service_task.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errs
+
+// Service-specific Subtype declarations. Per-service files follow the
+// naming pattern subtypes_service_<name>.go so the framework's closed
+// Subtype enum stays readable while service taxonomies remain visible.
+
+// Task service subtypes — consumed by internal/errclass/codemeta_task.go.
+const (
+	SubtypeTaskInvalidParams       Subtype = "task_invalid_params"
+	SubtypeTaskPermissionDenied    Subtype = "task_permission_denied"
+	SubtypeTaskNotFound            Subtype = "task_not_found"
+	SubtypeTaskConflict            Subtype = "task_conflict"
+	SubtypeTaskServerError         Subtype = "task_server_error"
+	SubtypeTaskAssigneeLimit       Subtype = "task_assignee_limit"
+	SubtypeTaskFollowerLimit       Subtype = "task_follower_limit"
+	SubtypeTaskTasklistMemberLimit Subtype = "task_tasklist_member_limit"
+	SubtypeTaskReminderExists      Subtype = "task_reminder_exists"
+)

errs/types.go

@@ -3,59 +3,6 @@
 
 package errs
 
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"slices"
-)
-
-// formatMessage applies fmt.Sprintf only when args are present, so a
-// caller passing a literal message with a stray "%" (e.g. "disk 100% full")
-// is not rendered as "%!(NOVERB)". `go vet -printf` catches most accidental
-// format misuse upstream; this guard makes the constructor safe even when
-// the message string is dynamically composed.
-func formatMessage(format string, args []any) string {
-	if len(args) == 0 {
-		return format
-	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
-}
-
-// Typed error types and their builder APIs.
-//
-// Each typed error has:
-//   - A struct embedding Problem, with type-specific extension fields
-//   - A nil-safe Unwrap() method when the struct carries a Cause field
-//   - A NewXxxError(subtype, format, args...) constructor — Category locked
-//     by the function name, Subtype + Message positional and required
-//   - Chainable WithX(...) setters that return the concrete *XxxError pointer
-//     so type-specific setters remain reachable to the end of the chain
-//
-// Preferred shape for new code:
-//
-//	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-//	    "invalid --start: %v", err).
-//	    WithHint("expected RFC3339, e.g. 2026-05-26T10:00:00Z").
-//	    WithParam("--start")
-//
-// Category is locked by the constructor name — it can never be mis-specified
-// at the call site. Subtype + Message are required positional arguments so the
-// compiler refuses to build a typed error missing either identity field.
-// Subtype well-formedness is enforced at PR time by the lint guard
-// CheckDeclaredSubtype (`lint/errscontract`), not at runtime, to avoid
-// coupling the typed package to a registry. ad_hoc_* subtypes are accepted
-// at runtime; CheckAdHocSubtype emits a follow-up warning.
-
-// TypedError is implemented by all typed errors in this package.
-// It identifies a value as a typed envelope producer to the dispatcher,
-// which uses it to short-circuit promotion when the outer error is
-// already typed (avoiding overwrite of producer-set Subtype/Hint).
-type TypedError interface {
-	error
-	ProblemDetail() *Problem
-}
-
-// ============================== ValidationError ==============================
-
 // ValidationError is the typed error for CategoryValidation.
 // Cause preserves an optional wrapped sentinel for errors.Is / errors.Unwrap;
 // it is intentionally not serialized.
@@ -75,60 +22,6 @@ func (e *ValidationError) Unwrap() error {
 	return e.Cause
 }
 
-// Error returns the typed error message. Nil-safe — falls back to "" when the
-// receiver is a typed nil pointer, mirroring the embedded Problem.Error() guard
-// that promote-through-value-embed would otherwise bypass.
-func (e *ValidationError) Error() string {
-	if e == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return e.Problem.Error()
-}
-
-// NewValidationError constructs a *ValidationError with Category locked to
-// CategoryValidation and Message formatted via fmt.Sprintf(format, args...).
-func NewValidationError(subtype Subtype, format string, args ...any) *ValidationError {
-	return &ValidationError{
-		Problem: Problem{
-			Category: CategoryValidation,
-			Subtype:  subtype,
-			Message:  formatMessage(format, args),
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *ValidationError) WithHint(format string, args ...any) *ValidationError {
-	e.Hint = formatMessage(format, args)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ValidationError) WithLogID(logID string) *ValidationError {
-	e.LogID = logID
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ValidationError) WithCode(code int) *ValidationError {
-	e.Code = code
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ValidationError) WithRetryable() *ValidationError {
-	e.Retryable = true
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ValidationError) WithParam(param string) *ValidationError {
-	e.Param = param
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ValidationError) WithCause(cause error) *ValidationError {
-	e.Cause = cause
-	return e
-}
-
-// =========================== AuthenticationError =============================
-
 // AuthenticationError is the typed error for CategoryAuthentication.
 // Cause preserves an optional wrapped sentinel for errors.Is / errors.Unwrap;
 // it is intentionally not serialized.
@@ -146,150 +39,17 @@ func (e *AuthenticationError) Unwrap() error {
 	return e.Cause
 }
 
-// Error is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Error.
-func (e *AuthenticationError) Error() string {
-	if e == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return e.Problem.Error()
-}
-
-func NewAuthenticationError(subtype Subtype, format string, args ...any) *AuthenticationError {
-	return &AuthenticationError{
-		Problem: Problem{
-			Category: CategoryAuthentication,
-			Subtype:  subtype,
-			Message:  formatMessage(format, args),
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *AuthenticationError) WithHint(format string, args ...any) *AuthenticationError {
-	e.Hint = formatMessage(format, args)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *AuthenticationError) WithLogID(logID string) *AuthenticationError {
-	e.LogID = logID
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *AuthenticationError) WithCode(code int) *AuthenticationError {
-	e.Code = code
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *AuthenticationError) WithRetryable() *AuthenticationError {
-	e.Retryable = true
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *AuthenticationError) WithUserOpenID(id string) *AuthenticationError {
-	e.UserOpenID = id
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *AuthenticationError) WithCause(cause error) *AuthenticationError {
-	e.Cause = cause
-	return e
-}
-
-// ============================= PermissionError ===============================
-
 // PermissionError is the typed error for CategoryAuthorization.
-// Cause preserves an optional wrapped sentinel for errors.Is / errors.Unwrap;
-// it is intentionally not serialized.
 type PermissionError struct {
 	Problem
-	MissingScopes   []string `json:"missing_scopes,omitempty"`
-	RequestedScopes []string `json:"requested_scopes,omitempty"`
-	GrantedScopes   []string `json:"granted_scopes,omitempty"`
-	Identity        string   `json:"identity,omitempty"`
-	ConsoleURL      string   `json:"console_url,omitempty"`
-	Cause           error    `json:"-"`
+	MissingScopes []string `json:"missing_scopes,omitempty"`
+	Identity      string   `json:"identity,omitempty"`
+	ConsoleURL    string   `json:"console_url,omitempty"`
 }
 
-// Unwrap is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Unwrap.
-func (e *PermissionError) Unwrap() error {
-	if e == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return e.Cause
-}
-
-// Error is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Error.
-func (e *PermissionError) Error() string {
-	if e == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return e.Problem.Error()
-}
-
-func NewPermissionError(subtype Subtype, format string, args ...any) *PermissionError {
-	return &PermissionError{
-		Problem: Problem{
-			Category: CategoryAuthorization,
-			Subtype:  subtype,
-			Message:  formatMessage(format, args),
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *PermissionError) WithHint(format string, args ...any) *PermissionError {
-	e.Hint = formatMessage(format, args)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *PermissionError) WithLogID(logID string) *PermissionError {
-	e.LogID = logID
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *PermissionError) WithCode(code int) *PermissionError {
-	e.Code = code
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *PermissionError) WithRetryable() *PermissionError {
-	e.Retryable = true
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *PermissionError) WithMissingScopes(scopes ...string) *PermissionError {
-	e.MissingScopes = slices.Clone(scopes)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *PermissionError) WithRequestedScopes(scopes ...string) *PermissionError {
-	e.RequestedScopes = slices.Clone(scopes)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *PermissionError) WithGrantedScopes(scopes ...string) *PermissionError {
-	e.GrantedScopes = slices.Clone(scopes)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *PermissionError) WithIdentity(identity string) *PermissionError {
-	e.Identity = identity
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *PermissionError) WithConsoleURL(url string) *PermissionError {
-	e.ConsoleURL = url
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *PermissionError) WithCause(cause error) *PermissionError {
-	e.Cause = cause
-	return e
-}
-
-// =============================== ConfigError =================================
-
-// ConfigError is the typed error for CategoryConfig. Cause preserves an
-// optional wrapped sentinel for errors.Is / errors.Unwrap; it is
-// intentionally not serialized.
+// ConfigError is the typed error for CategoryConfig.
+// Cause preserves an optional wrapped sentinel for errors.Is / errors.Unwrap;
+// it is intentionally not serialized.
 type ConfigError struct {
 	Problem
 	Field string `json:"field,omitempty"`
@@ -304,63 +64,15 @@ func (e *ConfigError) Unwrap() error {
 	return e.Cause
 }
 
-// Error is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Error.
-func (e *ConfigError) Error() string {
-	if e == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return e.Problem.Error()
-}
-
-func NewConfigError(subtype Subtype, format string, args ...any) *ConfigError {
-	return &ConfigError{
-		Problem: Problem{
-			Category: CategoryConfig,
-			Subtype:  subtype,
-			Message:  formatMessage(format, args),
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *ConfigError) WithHint(format string, args ...any) *ConfigError {
-	e.Hint = formatMessage(format, args)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ConfigError) WithLogID(logID string) *ConfigError {
-	e.LogID = logID
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ConfigError) WithCode(code int) *ConfigError {
-	e.Code = code
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ConfigError) WithRetryable() *ConfigError {
-	e.Retryable = true
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ConfigError) WithField(field string) *ConfigError {
-	e.Field = field
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ConfigError) WithCause(cause error) *ConfigError {
-	e.Cause = cause
-	return e
-}
-
-// =============================== NetworkError ================================
-
-// NetworkError is the typed error for CategoryNetwork. The Subtype carries
-// the failure taxonomy: timeout / tls / dns / server_error, with transport
-// as the fallback. Cause preserves an optional wrapped sentinel for
-// errors.Is / errors.Unwrap; it is intentionally not serialized.
+// NetworkError is the typed error for CategoryNetwork.
+// CauseKind (string) is one of: "timeout" | "tls" | "dns" | "5xx" — the
+// canonical wire taxonomy (emitted as JSON key "cause"). Cause preserves an
+// optional wrapped sentinel for errors.Is / errors.Unwrap; it is intentionally
+// not serialized.
 type NetworkError struct {
 	Problem
-	Cause error `json:"-"`
+	CauseKind string `json:"cause,omitempty"`
+	Cause     error  `json:"-"`
 }
 
 // Unwrap is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Unwrap.
@@ -371,112 +83,13 @@ func (e *NetworkError) Unwrap() error {
 	return e.Cause
 }
 
-// Error is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Error.
-func (e *NetworkError) Error() string {
-	if e == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return e.Problem.Error()
-}
-
-func NewNetworkError(subtype Subtype, format string, args ...any) *NetworkError {
-	return &NetworkError{
-		Problem: Problem{
-			Category: CategoryNetwork,
-			Subtype:  subtype,
-			Message:  formatMessage(format, args),
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *NetworkError) WithHint(format string, args ...any) *NetworkError {
-	e.Hint = formatMessage(format, args)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *NetworkError) WithLogID(logID string) *NetworkError {
-	e.LogID = logID
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *NetworkError) WithCode(code int) *NetworkError {
-	e.Code = code
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *NetworkError) WithRetryable() *NetworkError {
-	e.Retryable = true
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *NetworkError) WithCause(cause error) *NetworkError {
-	e.Cause = cause
-	return e
-}
-
-// ================================ APIError ===================================
-
-// APIError is the typed error for CategoryAPI (catch-all for classified Lark
-// API business errors). Cause preserves an optional wrapped sentinel for
-// errors.Is / errors.Unwrap; it is intentionally not serialized.
+// APIError is the typed error for CategoryAPI (catch-all for classified Lark API
+// business errors). Detail preserves the raw Lark error map for diagnostics.
 type APIError struct {
 	Problem
-	Cause error `json:"-"`
+	Detail map[string]any `json:"detail,omitempty"`
 }
 
-// Unwrap is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Unwrap.
-func (e *APIError) Unwrap() error {
-	if e == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return e.Cause
-}
-
-// Error is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Error.
-func (e *APIError) Error() string {
-	if e == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return e.Problem.Error()
-}
-
-func NewAPIError(subtype Subtype, format string, args ...any) *APIError {
-	return &APIError{
-		Problem: Problem{
-			Category: CategoryAPI,
-			Subtype:  subtype,
-			Message:  formatMessage(format, args),
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *APIError) WithHint(format string, args ...any) *APIError {
-	e.Hint = formatMessage(format, args)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *APIError) WithLogID(logID string) *APIError {
-	e.LogID = logID
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *APIError) WithCode(code int) *APIError {
-	e.Code = code
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *APIError) WithRetryable() *APIError {
-	e.Retryable = true
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *APIError) WithCause(cause error) *APIError {
-	e.Cause = cause
-	return e
-}
-
-// =========================== SecurityPolicyError =============================
-
 // SecurityPolicyError is the typed error for CategoryPolicy security-policy subtypes.
 // Subtype is "challenge_required" or "access_denied"; Code is 21000 or 21001.
 type SecurityPolicyError struct {
@@ -493,125 +106,14 @@ func (e *SecurityPolicyError) Unwrap() error {
 	return e.Cause
 }
 
-// Error is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Error.
-func (e *SecurityPolicyError) Error() string {
-	if e == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return e.Problem.Error()
-}
-
-func NewSecurityPolicyError(subtype Subtype, format string, args ...any) *SecurityPolicyError {
-	return &SecurityPolicyError{
-		Problem: Problem{
-			Category: CategoryPolicy,
-			Subtype:  subtype,
-			Message:  formatMessage(format, args),
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *SecurityPolicyError) WithHint(format string, args ...any) *SecurityPolicyError {
-	e.Hint = formatMessage(format, args)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *SecurityPolicyError) WithLogID(logID string) *SecurityPolicyError {
-	e.LogID = logID
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *SecurityPolicyError) WithCode(code int) *SecurityPolicyError {
-	e.Code = code
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *SecurityPolicyError) WithRetryable() *SecurityPolicyError {
-	e.Retryable = true
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *SecurityPolicyError) WithChallengeURL(url string) *SecurityPolicyError {
-	e.ChallengeURL = url
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *SecurityPolicyError) WithCause(cause error) *SecurityPolicyError {
-	e.Cause = cause
-	return e
-}
-
-// ============================ ContentSafetyError =============================
-
 // ContentSafetyError is the typed error for CategoryPolicy content-safety subtypes.
-// Cause preserves an optional wrapped sentinel for errors.Is / errors.Unwrap;
-// it is intentionally not serialized.
 type ContentSafetyError struct {
 	Problem
 	Rules []string `json:"rules,omitempty"`
-	Cause error    `json:"-"`
 }
 
-// Unwrap is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Unwrap.
-func (e *ContentSafetyError) Unwrap() error {
-	if e == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return e.Cause
-}
-
-// Error is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Error.
-func (e *ContentSafetyError) Error() string {
-	if e == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return e.Problem.Error()
-}
-
-func NewContentSafetyError(subtype Subtype, format string, args ...any) *ContentSafetyError {
-	return &ContentSafetyError{
-		Problem: Problem{
-			Category: CategoryPolicy,
-			Subtype:  subtype,
-			Message:  formatMessage(format, args),
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *ContentSafetyError) WithHint(format string, args ...any) *ContentSafetyError {
-	e.Hint = formatMessage(format, args)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ContentSafetyError) WithLogID(logID string) *ContentSafetyError {
-	e.LogID = logID
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ContentSafetyError) WithCode(code int) *ContentSafetyError {
-	e.Code = code
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ContentSafetyError) WithRetryable() *ContentSafetyError {
-	e.Retryable = true
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ContentSafetyError) WithRules(rules ...string) *ContentSafetyError {
-	e.Rules = slices.Clone(rules)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ContentSafetyError) WithCause(cause error) *ContentSafetyError {
-	e.Cause = cause
-	return e
-}
-
-// =============================== InternalError ===============================
-
-// InternalError is the typed error for CategoryInternal. Cause is preserved
-// for logging but not emitted on the wire.
+// InternalError is the typed error for CategoryInternal.
+// Cause is preserved for logging but not emitted on the wire.
 type InternalError struct {
 	Problem
 	Cause error `json:"-"`
@@ -625,127 +127,10 @@ func (e *InternalError) Unwrap() error {
 	return e.Cause
 }
 
-// Error is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Error.
-func (e *InternalError) Error() string {
-	if e == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return e.Problem.Error()
-}
-
-func NewInternalError(subtype Subtype, format string, args ...any) *InternalError {
-	return &InternalError{
-		Problem: Problem{
-			Category: CategoryInternal,
-			Subtype:  subtype,
-			Message:  formatMessage(format, args),
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *InternalError) WithHint(format string, args ...any) *InternalError {
-	e.Hint = formatMessage(format, args)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *InternalError) WithLogID(logID string) *InternalError {
-	e.LogID = logID
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *InternalError) WithCode(code int) *InternalError {
-	e.Code = code
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *InternalError) WithRetryable() *InternalError {
-	e.Retryable = true
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *InternalError) WithCause(cause error) *InternalError {
-	e.Cause = cause
-	return e
-}
-
-// ========================= ConfirmationRequiredError =========================
-
-// Risk classifies the impact of a confirmation-required operation. Every
-// ConfirmationRequiredError MUST populate Risk; callers without a known
-// risk level use RiskUnknown so the envelope is never wire-invalid.
-const (
-	RiskRead          = "read"
-	RiskWrite         = "write"
-	RiskHighRiskWrite = "high-risk-write"
-	RiskUnknown       = "unknown"
-)
-
 // ConfirmationRequiredError is the typed error for CategoryConfirmation.
-// Risk is one of: "read" | "write" | "high-risk-write" | "unknown".
-// Cause preserves an optional wrapped sentinel for errors.Is / errors.Unwrap;
-// it is intentionally not serialized.
+// Risk is one of: "read" | "write" | "high-risk-write".
 type ConfirmationRequiredError struct {
 	Problem
 	Risk   string `json:"risk"`
 	Action string `json:"action"`
-	Cause  error  `json:"-"`
-}
-
-// Unwrap is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Unwrap.
-func (e *ConfirmationRequiredError) Unwrap() error {
-	if e == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return e.Cause
-}
-
-// Error is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Error.
-func (e *ConfirmationRequiredError) Error() string {
-	if e == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return e.Problem.Error()
-}
-
-// NewConfirmationRequiredError constructs a *ConfirmationRequiredError.
-// Risk + Action are wire-required (non-omitempty). Empty inputs are
-// normalized at the constructor boundary so callers cannot build a
-// wire-invalid envelope: risk falls back to RiskUnknown, action to
-// "unknown". risk is one of: "read" | "write" | "high-risk-write".
-func NewConfirmationRequiredError(risk, action, format string, args ...any) *ConfirmationRequiredError {
-	if risk == "" {
-		risk = RiskUnknown
-	}
-	if action == "" {
-		action = "unknown"
-	}
-	return &ConfirmationRequiredError{
-		Problem: Problem{
-			Category: CategoryConfirmation,
-			Subtype:  SubtypeConfirmationRequired,
-			Message:  formatMessage(format, args),
-		},
-		Risk:   risk,
-		Action: action,
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *ConfirmationRequiredError) WithHint(format string, args ...any) *ConfirmationRequiredError {
-	e.Hint = formatMessage(format, args)
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ConfirmationRequiredError) WithLogID(logID string) *ConfirmationRequiredError {
-	e.LogID = logID
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ConfirmationRequiredError) WithCode(code int) *ConfirmationRequiredError {
-	e.Code = code
-	return e
-}
-
-func (e *ConfirmationRequiredError) WithCause(cause error) *ConfirmationRequiredError {
-	e.Cause = cause
-	return e
 }

errs/types_test.go

@@ -1,24 +1,20 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package errs_test
+package errs
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 )
 
-// ============================== JSON shape & embed ==============================
-
 func TestPermissionErrorJSONShape(t *testing.T) {
-	perm := &errs.PermissionError{
-		Problem: errs.Problem{
-			Category: errs.CategoryAuthorization,
-			Subtype:  errs.SubtypeMissingScope,
+	perm := &PermissionError{
+		Problem: Problem{
+			Category: CategoryAuthorization,
+			Subtype:  SubtypeMissingScope,
 			Message:  "x",
 		},
 		MissingScopes: []string{"docx:document"},
@@ -57,35 +53,35 @@ func TestPermissionErrorJSONShape(t *testing.T) {
 // PermissionError embeds Problem. ProblemOf works around this by routing
 // via the unexported problemCarrier interface.
 func TestEmbedSemanticChasm(t *testing.T) {
-	perm := &errs.PermissionError{
-		Problem: errs.Problem{
-			Category: errs.CategoryAuthorization,
-			Subtype:  errs.SubtypeMissingScope,
+	perm := &PermissionError{
+		Problem: Problem{
+			Category: CategoryAuthorization,
+			Subtype:  SubtypeMissingScope,
 			Message:  "missing",
 		},
 	}
 
-	var p *errs.Problem
+	var p *Problem
 	if errors.As(perm, &p) {
 		t.Errorf("errors.As(*PermissionError, &*Problem) unexpectedly succeeded; Go embed semantic changed")
 	}
 
-	got, ok := errs.ProblemOf(perm)
+	got, ok := ProblemOf(perm)
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatalf("ProblemOf(*PermissionError) returned ok=false; expected to extract embedded Problem")
 	}
 	if got != &perm.Problem {
 		t.Errorf("ProblemOf returned %p, want &perm.Problem = %p", got, &perm.Problem)
 	}
-	if got.Category != errs.CategoryAuthorization {
-		t.Errorf("extracted Problem.Category = %q, want %q", got.Category, errs.CategoryAuthorization)
+	if got.Category != CategoryAuthorization {
+		t.Errorf("extracted Problem.Category = %q, want %q", got.Category, CategoryAuthorization)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestSecurityPolicyErrorUnwrap(t *testing.T) {
 	orig := errors.New("transport stalled")
-	spe := &errs.SecurityPolicyError{
-		Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryPolicy, Subtype: errs.Subtype("challenge_required"), Message: "blocked"},
+	spe := &SecurityPolicyError{
+		Problem: Problem{Category: CategoryPolicy, Subtype: Subtype("challenge_required"), Message: "blocked"},
 		Cause:   orig,
 	}
 	if got := errors.Unwrap(spe); got != orig {
@@ -110,12 +106,12 @@ func TestTypedErrors_UnwrapNilReceiver(t *testing.T) {
 		name string
 		call func() error
 	}{
-		{"ValidationError", func() error { var e *errs.ValidationError; return e.Unwrap() }},
-		{"AuthenticationError", func() error { var e *errs.AuthenticationError; return e.Unwrap() }},
-		{"ConfigError", func() error { var e *errs.ConfigError; return e.Unwrap() }},
-		{"NetworkError", func() error { var e *errs.NetworkError; return e.Unwrap() }},
-		{"SecurityPolicyError", func() error { var e *errs.SecurityPolicyError; return e.Unwrap() }},
-		{"InternalError", func() error { var e *errs.InternalError; return e.Unwrap() }},
+		{"ValidationError", func() error { var e *ValidationError; return e.Unwrap() }},
+		{"AuthenticationError", func() error { var e *AuthenticationError; return e.Unwrap() }},
+		{"ConfigError", func() error { var e *ConfigError; return e.Unwrap() }},
+		{"NetworkError", func() error { var e *NetworkError; return e.Unwrap() }},
+		{"SecurityPolicyError", func() error { var e *SecurityPolicyError; return e.Unwrap() }},
+		{"InternalError", func() error { var e *InternalError; return e.Unwrap() }},
 	}
 	for _, c := range checks {
 		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -131,44 +127,6 @@ func TestTypedErrors_UnwrapNilReceiver(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestTypedError_NilReceiverError pins the nil-receiver guard on every typed
-// error's Error(). Each typed error must define its own Error() method that
-// nil-guards the outer pointer; the embedded Problem.Error()'s nil guard is
-// bypassed because Go must dereference the outer pointer to reach the embedded
-// field via value-embed promotion.
-func TestTypedError_NilReceiverError(t *testing.T) {
-	// Each typed error must define its own Error() method that nil-guards
-	// the outer pointer; the embedded Problem.Error()'s nil guard is bypassed
-	// because Go must dereference the outer pointer to reach the embedded field.
-	cases := []struct {
-		name string
-		err  error
-	}{
-		{"ValidationError", (*errs.ValidationError)(nil)},
-		{"AuthenticationError", (*errs.AuthenticationError)(nil)},
-		{"PermissionError", (*errs.PermissionError)(nil)},
-		{"ConfigError", (*errs.ConfigError)(nil)},
-		{"NetworkError", (*errs.NetworkError)(nil)},
-		{"APIError", (*errs.APIError)(nil)},
-		{"InternalError", (*errs.InternalError)(nil)},
-		{"SecurityPolicyError", (*errs.SecurityPolicyError)(nil)},
-		{"ContentSafetyError", (*errs.ContentSafetyError)(nil)},
-		{"ConfirmationRequiredError", (*errs.ConfirmationRequiredError)(nil)},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			defer func() {
-				if r := recover(); r != nil {
-					t.Fatalf("(*%s)(nil).Error() panicked: %v", tc.name, r)
-				}
-			}()
-			if got := tc.err.Error(); got != "" {
-				t.Errorf("(*%s)(nil).Error() = %q, want empty string", tc.name, got)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 // TestTypedErrors_UnwrapPropagatesCause pins the positive Unwrap path so the
 // nil-safety guard above does not silently drop a real Cause on non-nil
 // receivers. Without this, a buggy refactor could change `return e.Cause` to
@@ -179,12 +137,12 @@ func TestTypedErrors_UnwrapPropagatesCause(t *testing.T) {
 		name string
 		err  interface{ Unwrap() error }
 	}{
-		{"ValidationError", &errs.ValidationError{Cause: cause}},
-		{"AuthenticationError", &errs.AuthenticationError{Cause: cause}},
-		{"ConfigError", &errs.ConfigError{Cause: cause}},
-		{"NetworkError", &errs.NetworkError{Cause: cause}},
-		{"SecurityPolicyError", &errs.SecurityPolicyError{Cause: cause}},
-		{"InternalError", &errs.InternalError{Cause: cause}},
+		{"ValidationError", &ValidationError{Cause: cause}},
+		{"AuthenticationError", &AuthenticationError{Cause: cause}},
+		{"ConfigError", &ConfigError{Cause: cause}},
+		{"NetworkError", &NetworkError{Cause: cause}},
+		{"SecurityPolicyError", &SecurityPolicyError{Cause: cause}},
+		{"InternalError", &InternalError{Cause: cause}},
 	}
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -194,387 +152,3 @@ func TestTypedErrors_UnwrapPropagatesCause(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-// =============================== Builder API ===============================
-
-// TestNewXxxError_LocksCategory verifies each constructor sets Category
-// from its function name; caller cannot mis-specify it.
-func TestNewXxxError_LocksCategory(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		name string
-		got  errs.Category
-		want errs.Category
-	}{
-		{"validation", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "x").Category, errs.CategoryValidation},
-		{"authentication", errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing, "x").Category, errs.CategoryAuthentication},
-		{"authorization", errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope, "x").Category, errs.CategoryAuthorization},
-		{"config", errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "x").Category, errs.CategoryConfig},
-		{"network", errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "x").Category, errs.CategoryNetwork},
-		{"api", errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeRateLimit, "x").Category, errs.CategoryAPI},
-		{"policy_security", errs.NewSecurityPolicyError(errs.SubtypeChallengeRequired, "x").Category, errs.CategoryPolicy},
-		{"policy_content", errs.NewContentSafetyError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "x").Category, errs.CategoryPolicy},
-		{"internal", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "x").Category, errs.CategoryInternal},
-		{"confirmation", errs.NewConfirmationRequiredError("write", "delete files", "x").Category, errs.CategoryConfirmation},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			if tc.got != tc.want {
-				t.Errorf("Category = %q, want %q", tc.got, tc.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// TestNewXxxError_PrintfFormat verifies Message is formatted via fmt.Sprintf
-// just like fmt.Errorf — the canonical Go convention for error messages.
-func TestNewXxxError_PrintfFormat(t *testing.T) {
-	cause := errors.New("boom")
-	got := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-		"invalid --start (%s): %v", "yesterday", cause)
-	want := "invalid --start (yesterday): boom"
-	if got.Message != want {
-		t.Errorf("Message = %q, want %q", got.Message, want)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestNewXxxError_LiteralPercentNoArgs pins the constructor's empty-args
-// fast path: a literal "%" in the message must NOT be rendered as
-// "%!(NOVERB)" when no args are passed.
-func TestNewXxxError_LiteralPercentNoArgs(t *testing.T) {
-	got := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "disk 100% full")
-	if got.Message != "disk 100% full" {
-		t.Errorf("Message = %q, want %q", got.Message, "disk 100% full")
-	}
-	hinted := errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "save failed").
-		WithHint("only 5% headroom remains")
-	if hinted.Hint != "only 5% headroom remains" {
-		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want %q", hinted.Hint, "only 5% headroom remains")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWithChain_ReturnsConcretePointer verifies WithX setters return the
-// concrete *XxxError pointer, not *Problem — so chains preserve type and
-// type-specific setters remain reachable to the end of the chain.
-func TestWithChain_ReturnsConcretePointer(t *testing.T) {
-	// Chain composition: only compiles if every intermediate result has
-	// the concrete pointer type. Hint is on every type, Param is only on
-	// ValidationError — chain must keep ValidationError type to reach it.
-	got := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "msg").
-		WithHint("hint text").
-		WithLogID("log-123").
-		WithCode(42).
-		WithRetryable().
-		WithParam("--start").
-		WithCause(errors.New("boom"))
-
-	if got.Hint != "hint text" {
-		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want %q", got.Hint, "hint text")
-	}
-	if got.LogID != "log-123" {
-		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want %q", got.LogID, "log-123")
-	}
-	if got.Code != 42 {
-		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want %d", got.Code, 42)
-	}
-	if !got.Retryable {
-		t.Errorf("Retryable = false, want true")
-	}
-	if got.Param != "--start" {
-		t.Errorf("Param = %q, want %q", got.Param, "--start")
-	}
-	if got.Cause == nil || got.Cause.Error() != "boom" {
-		t.Errorf("Cause = %v, want error 'boom'", got.Cause)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWithChain_MutatesReceiver verifies WithX returns the same pointer
-// (not a copy) — chain edits propagate to the original construction.
-func TestWithChain_MutatesReceiver(t *testing.T) {
-	e := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "msg")
-	returned := e.WithHint("hint")
-	if returned != e {
-		t.Errorf("WithHint returned different pointer; want same as receiver")
-	}
-	if e.Hint != "hint" {
-		t.Errorf("Receiver Hint not mutated: got %q", e.Hint)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWithHint_PrintfFormat verifies WithHint follows fmt.Sprintf, matching
-// the constructor's printf convention.
-func TestWithHint_PrintfFormat(t *testing.T) {
-	got := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "x").
-		WithHint("expected one of: %v", []string{"7d", "1m"})
-	want := "expected one of: [7d 1m]"
-	if got.Hint != want {
-		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want %q", got.Hint, want)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestPermissionError_FullChain verifies the most field-heavy typed error
-// constructs cleanly via the chain.
-func TestPermissionError_FullChain(t *testing.T) {
-	got := errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope,
-		"--confirm-send requires scope: %s", "mail:user_mailbox.message:send").
-		WithHint("run: lark-cli auth login --scope %q", "mail:user_mailbox.message:send").
-		WithMissingScopes("mail:user_mailbox.message:send").
-		WithIdentity("user").
-		WithConsoleURL("https://open.feishu.cn/app/cli_xxx/auth")
-
-	if got.Category != errs.CategoryAuthorization {
-		t.Errorf("Category = %q, want %q", got.Category, errs.CategoryAuthorization)
-	}
-	if got.Subtype != errs.SubtypeMissingScope {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", got.Subtype, errs.SubtypeMissingScope)
-	}
-	if len(got.MissingScopes) != 1 || got.MissingScopes[0] != "mail:user_mailbox.message:send" {
-		t.Errorf("MissingScopes = %v, want [mail:user_mailbox.message:send]", got.MissingScopes)
-	}
-	if got.Identity != "user" {
-		t.Errorf("Identity = %q, want %q", got.Identity, "user")
-	}
-	if got.ConsoleURL == "" {
-		t.Error("ConsoleURL is empty")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWithMissingScopes_VariadicAndSliceExpansion verifies both forms work.
-func TestWithMissingScopes_VariadicAndSliceExpansion(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("variadic", func(t *testing.T) {
-		got := errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope, "x").
-			WithMissingScopes("a:read", "b:write")
-		if len(got.MissingScopes) != 2 {
-			t.Errorf("got %v, want 2 elements", got.MissingScopes)
-		}
-	})
-	t.Run("slice_expanded", func(t *testing.T) {
-		scopes := []string{"a:read", "b:write"}
-		got := errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope, "x").
-			WithMissingScopes(scopes...)
-		if len(got.MissingScopes) != 2 {
-			t.Errorf("got %v, want 2 elements", got.MissingScopes)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-// TestNetworkError_SubtypeAndChain verifies that a network failure carries
-// its canonical subtype, Retryable flag, and Unwrap chain together.
-func TestNetworkError_SubtypeAndChain(t *testing.T) {
-	got := errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout, "download failed: %v", errors.New("timeout")).
-		WithCause(errors.New("context deadline exceeded")).
-		WithRetryable()
-
-	if got.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", got.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout)
-	}
-	if !got.Retryable {
-		t.Errorf("Retryable = false, want true")
-	}
-	if got.Cause == nil {
-		t.Error("Cause is nil")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestNewConfirmationRequiredError_RequiresRiskAndAction verifies the
-// constructor signature pins Risk + Action as positional args (non-omitempty
-// wire fields per types.go).
-func TestNewConfirmationRequiredError_RequiresRiskAndAction(t *testing.T) {
-	got := errs.NewConfirmationRequiredError("high-risk-write", "delete 42 files",
-		"this operation will delete %d files", 42)
-
-	if got.Risk != "high-risk-write" {
-		t.Errorf("Risk = %q, want %q", got.Risk, "high-risk-write")
-	}
-	if got.Action != "delete 42 files" {
-		t.Errorf("Action = %q, want %q", got.Action, "delete 42 files")
-	}
-	if got.Message != "this operation will delete 42 files" {
-		t.Errorf("Message = %q", got.Message)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestBuilder_ErrorsAsCompat verifies builder-constructed errors satisfy
-// errors.As / errors.Is for both the typed wrapper and any wrapped cause.
-func TestBuilder_ErrorsAsCompat(t *testing.T) {
-	cause := errors.New("upstream failure")
-	wrapped := errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "wrap: %v", cause).WithCause(cause)
-
-	var asInternal *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(wrapped, &asInternal) {
-		t.Error("errors.As should resolve to *InternalError")
-	}
-	if !errors.Is(wrapped, cause) {
-		t.Error("errors.Is should resolve to original cause via Unwrap")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestBuilder_WireFormat marshals a fully-built error and asserts the JSON
-// matches the canonical envelope shape. This complements marshal_test.go;
-// the focus here is verifying builder-set fields land in the right JSON
-// keys.
-func TestBuilder_WireFormat(t *testing.T) {
-	e := errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope, "missing scope %s", "calendar:event:create").
-		WithCode(99991679).
-		WithLogID("20260520-0a1b2c3d").
-		WithHint("run lark-cli auth login --scope calendar:event:create").
-		WithMissingScopes("calendar:event:create").
-		WithIdentity("user").
-		WithConsoleURL("https://open.feishu.cn/app/cli_xxx/auth")
-
-	buf, err := json.Marshal(e)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	var got map[string]any
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(buf, &got); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Unmarshal: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	wantFields := map[string]any{
-		"type":           "authorization",
-		"subtype":        "missing_scope",
-		"code":           float64(99991679),
-		"message":        "missing scope calendar:event:create",
-		"hint":           "run lark-cli auth login --scope calendar:event:create",
-		"log_id":         "20260520-0a1b2c3d",
-		"identity":       "user",
-		"console_url":    "https://open.feishu.cn/app/cli_xxx/auth",
-		"missing_scopes": []any{"calendar:event:create"},
-	}
-	for k, want := range wantFields {
-		gotVal, ok := got[k]
-		if !ok {
-			t.Errorf("missing wire field %q in %v", k, got)
-			continue
-		}
-		switch v := want.(type) {
-		case []any:
-			gotSlice, ok := gotVal.([]any)
-			if !ok || len(gotSlice) != len(v) {
-				t.Errorf("field %q = %v, want %v", k, gotVal, v)
-				continue
-			}
-			for i := range v {
-				if gotSlice[i] != v[i] {
-					t.Errorf("field %q[%d] = %v, want %v", k, i, gotSlice[i], v[i])
-				}
-			}
-		default:
-			if gotVal != want {
-				t.Errorf("field %q = %v, want %v", k, gotVal, want)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// retryable not set → must be absent (omitempty)
-	if _, present := got["retryable"]; present {
-		t.Errorf("retryable should be omitted when false, got %v", got["retryable"])
-	}
-}
-
-// TestBuilder_WithRetryable_OmittedWhenFalse verifies omitempty behaviour:
-// retryable only appears on the wire when explicitly set to true.
-func TestBuilder_WithRetryable_OmittedWhenFalse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("absent_when_not_set", func(t *testing.T) {
-		e := errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "x")
-		buf, _ := json.Marshal(e)
-		var got map[string]any
-		_ = json.Unmarshal(buf, &got)
-		if _, ok := got["retryable"]; ok {
-			t.Errorf("retryable present when unset; want omitted")
-		}
-	})
-	t.Run("present_when_set", func(t *testing.T) {
-		e := errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "x").WithRetryable()
-		buf, _ := json.Marshal(e)
-		var got map[string]any
-		_ = json.Unmarshal(buf, &got)
-		v, ok := got["retryable"]
-		if !ok || v != true {
-			t.Errorf("retryable = %v ok=%v, want true present", v, ok)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-// TestNewSecurityPolicyError_ChallengeURL covers the Policy-specific field.
-func TestNewSecurityPolicyError_ChallengeURL(t *testing.T) {
-	got := errs.NewSecurityPolicyError(errs.SubtypeChallengeRequired, "verify your device").
-		WithCode(21000).
-		WithChallengeURL("https://applink.feishu.cn/T/xxxxx")
-	if got.ChallengeURL == "" {
-		t.Error("ChallengeURL not set")
-	}
-	if got.Code != 21000 {
-		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want 21000", got.Code)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestNewContentSafetyError_Rules covers the variadic Rules setter.
-func TestNewContentSafetyError_Rules(t *testing.T) {
-	got := errs.NewContentSafetyError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "content blocked").
-		WithRules("no_pii", "no_secrets")
-	if len(got.Rules) != 2 {
-		t.Errorf("Rules = %v, want 2 elements", got.Rules)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestTypedError_UnwrapSymmetry pins that every typed error carries a Cause
-// field that participates in errors.Unwrap / errors.Is. Uniformity across
-// all typed errors lets callers descend below the typed-error boundary
-// without first switching on the concrete type.
-func TestTypedError_UnwrapSymmetry(t *testing.T) {
-	sentinel := errors.New("upstream cause")
-	cases := []struct {
-		name string
-		err  error
-	}{
-		{"APIError", errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeServerError, "x").WithCause(sentinel)},
-		{"PermissionError", errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope, "x").WithCause(sentinel)},
-		{"ContentSafetyError", errs.NewContentSafetyError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "x").WithCause(sentinel)},
-		{"ConfirmationRequiredError", errs.NewConfirmationRequiredError("write", "cmd", "x").WithCause(sentinel)},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name+"_Unwrap_returns_cause", func(t *testing.T) {
-			if got := errors.Unwrap(tc.err); got != sentinel {
-				t.Errorf("Unwrap() = %v, want %v", got, sentinel)
-			}
-		})
-		t.Run(tc.name+"_errors.Is_sentinel", func(t *testing.T) {
-			if !errors.Is(tc.err, sentinel) {
-				t.Error("errors.Is(err, sentinel) = false, want true via Unwrap chain")
-			}
-		})
-	}
-	t.Run("nil_receiver_Unwrap_safe", func(t *testing.T) {
-		var p *errs.APIError
-		_ = p.Unwrap()
-		var pp *errs.PermissionError
-		_ = pp.Unwrap()
-		var c *errs.ContentSafetyError
-		_ = c.Unwrap()
-		var cr *errs.ConfirmationRequiredError
-		_ = cr.Unwrap()
-	})
-}
-
-func TestBuilderSetter_DefensiveCopy(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("WithMissingScopes clones input", func(t *testing.T) {
-		scopes := []string{"docx:document", "im:message:send"}
-		err := errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope, "test").
-			WithMissingScopes(scopes...)
-		scopes[0] = "MUTATED"
-		if got := err.MissingScopes[0]; got != "docx:document" {
-			t.Errorf("MissingScopes[0] = %q after caller mutation; want defensive copy", got)
-		}
-	})
-	t.Run("WithRules clones input", func(t *testing.T) {
-		rules := []string{"rule-A", "rule-B"}
-		err := errs.NewContentSafetyError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "test").
-			WithRules(rules...)
-		rules[0] = "MUTATED"
-		if got := err.Rules[0]; got != "rule-A" {
-			t.Errorf("Rules[0] = %q after caller mutation; want defensive copy", got)
-		}
-	})
-}

events/minutes/minute_generated.go

@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package minutes
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
-)
-
-const (
-	minutesDetailRetryDelay = 500 * time.Millisecond
-	minutesDetailMaxRetries = 2
-)
-
-// MinutesMinuteSourceOutput is the flattened minute source payload.
-type MinutesMinuteSourceOutput struct {
-	SourceType     string `json:"source_type,omitempty"      desc:"Minute source type"`
-	SourceEntityID string `json:"source_entity_id,omitempty" desc:"Source entity ID"`
-}
-
-// MinutesMinuteGeneratedOutput is the flattened shape for minutes.minute.generated_v1.
-type MinutesMinuteGeneratedOutput struct {
-	Type         string                     `json:"type"                     desc:"Event type; always minutes.minute.generated_v1"`
-	EventID      string                     `json:"event_id,omitempty"       desc:"Globally unique event ID; safe for deduplication"`
-	Timestamp    string                     `json:"timestamp,omitempty"      desc:"Event delivery time (ms timestamp string); taken from header.create_time when present" kind:"timestamp_ms"`
-	MinuteToken  string                     `json:"minute_token,omitempty"   desc:"Minute token"`
-	Title        string                     `json:"title,omitempty"          desc:"Minute title"`
-	MinuteSource *MinutesMinuteSourceOutput `json:"minute_source,omitempty"  desc:"Minute source metadata"`
-}
-
-func processMinutesMinuteGenerated(ctx context.Context, rt event.APIClient, raw *event.RawEvent, _ map[string]string) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-	var envelope struct {
-		Header struct {
-			EventID    string `json:"event_id"`
-			EventType  string `json:"event_type"`
-			CreateTime string `json:"create_time"`
-		} `json:"header"`
-		Event struct {
-			MinuteToken  string `json:"minute_token"`
-			MinuteSource struct {
-				SourceType     string `json:"source_type"`
-				SourceEntityID string `json:"source_entity_id"`
-			} `json:"minute_source"`
-		} `json:"event"`
-	}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw.Payload, &envelope); err != nil {
-		return raw.Payload, nil //nolint:nilerr // passthrough on malformed payload so consumers still see the event
-	}
-
-	out := &MinutesMinuteGeneratedOutput{
-		Type:        envelope.Header.EventType,
-		EventID:     envelope.Header.EventID,
-		Timestamp:   envelope.Header.CreateTime,
-		MinuteToken: envelope.Event.MinuteToken,
-	}
-	if out.Type == "" {
-		out.Type = raw.EventType
-	}
-	if src := envelope.Event.MinuteSource; src.SourceType != "" || src.SourceEntityID != "" {
-		out.MinuteSource = &MinutesMinuteSourceOutput{
-			SourceType:     src.SourceType,
-			SourceEntityID: src.SourceEntityID,
-		}
-	}
-
-	if rt != nil && out.MinuteToken != "" {
-		fillMinutesMinuteGeneratedDetails(ctx, rt, out)
-	}
-
-	return json.Marshal(out)
-}
-
-func fillMinutesMinuteGeneratedDetails(ctx context.Context, rt event.APIClient, out *MinutesMinuteGeneratedOutput) {
-	if rt == nil || out == nil || out.MinuteToken == "" {
-		return
-	}
-
-	path := fmt.Sprintf(pathMinuteDetailFmt, validate.EncodePathSegment(out.MinuteToken))
-
-	type minuteDetailResp struct {
-		Data struct {
-			Minute struct {
-				Title string `json:"title"`
-			} `json:"minute"`
-		} `json:"data"`
-	}
-
-	for attempt := 0; attempt <= minutesDetailMaxRetries; attempt++ {
-		if attempt > 0 {
-			time.Sleep(minutesDetailRetryDelay)
-		}
-
-		raw, err := rt.CallAPI(ctx, "GET", path, nil)
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		var resp minuteDetailResp
-		if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &resp); err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if resp.Data.Minute.Title == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		out.Title = resp.Data.Minute.Title
-		return
-	}
-}

events/minutes/minute_generated_test.go

@@ -1,353 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package minutes
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"reflect"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
-)
-
-type stubAPIClient struct {
-	callFn func(ctx context.Context, method, path string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error)
-}
-
-func (s *stubAPIClient) CallAPI(ctx context.Context, method, path string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-	if s.callFn == nil {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	return s.callFn(ctx, method, path, body)
-}
-
-func assertSubscriptionRequest(t *testing.T, gotBody any, wantEventType string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	want := map[string]string{"event_type": wantEventType}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotBody, want) {
-		t.Fatalf("request body = %#v, want %#v", gotBody, want)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
-	for _, k := range Keys() {
-		event.RegisterKey(k)
-	}
-	os.Exit(m.Run())
-}
-
-func TestMinutesKeys_ProcessedMinuteGeneratedRegistered(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	def, ok := event.Lookup(eventTypeMinuteGenerated)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("%s should be registered via Keys()", eventTypeMinuteGenerated)
-	}
-	if def.Schema.Custom == nil {
-		t.Error("Processed key must set Schema.Custom")
-	}
-	if def.Schema.Native != nil {
-		t.Error("Processed key must not set Schema.Native")
-	}
-	if def.Process == nil {
-		t.Error("Process must not be nil for processed key")
-	}
-	if def.PreConsume == nil {
-		t.Error("PreConsume must not be nil for processed key")
-	}
-	if len(def.Scopes) != 1 || def.Scopes[0] != "minutes:minutes.basic:read" {
-		t.Errorf("Scopes = %v", def.Scopes)
-	}
-	if len(def.AuthTypes) != 1 || def.AuthTypes[0] != "user" {
-		t.Errorf("AuthTypes = %v", def.AuthTypes)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessMinutesMinuteGenerated(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	var gotMethod, gotPath string
-	rt := &stubAPIClient{
-		callFn: func(_ context.Context, method, path string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-			gotMethod = method
-			gotPath = path
-			if body != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("GET detail body = %#v, want nil", body)
-			}
-			return json.RawMessage(`{
-				"code": 0,
-				"msg": "success",
-				"data": {
-					"minute": {
-						"token": "<doc_token_001>",
-						"title": "产品周会的视频会议",
-						"note_id": "7616590025794260496"
-					}
-				}
-			}`), nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	out := runMinuteGenerated(t, rt, `{
-		"schema": "2.0",
-		"header": {
-			"event_id": "ev_minute_001",
-			"event_type": "minutes.minute.generated_v1",
-			"create_time": "1608725989000"
-		},
-		"event": {
-			"minute_token": "<doc_token_001>",
-			"minute_source": {
-				"source_type": "meeting",
-				"source_entity_id": "6911188411934433028"
-			}
-		}
-	}`)
-
-	if gotMethod != "GET" {
-		t.Errorf("detail method = %q, want GET", gotMethod)
-	}
-	if gotPath != fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/minutes/v1/minutes/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment("<doc_token_001>")) {
-		t.Errorf("detail path = %q", gotPath)
-	}
-	if out.Type != eventTypeMinuteGenerated {
-		t.Errorf("Type = %q", out.Type)
-	}
-	if out.EventID != "ev_minute_001" || out.Timestamp != "1608725989000" {
-		t.Errorf("EventID/Timestamp = %q/%q", out.EventID, out.Timestamp)
-	}
-	if out.MinuteToken != "<doc_token_001>" {
-		t.Errorf("MinuteToken = %q", out.MinuteToken)
-	}
-	if out.Title != "产品周会的视频会议" {
-		t.Errorf("Title = %q", out.Title)
-	}
-	if out.MinuteSource == nil {
-		t.Fatal("MinuteSource should not be nil")
-	}
-	if out.MinuteSource.SourceType != "meeting" || out.MinuteSource.SourceEntityID != "6911188411934433028" {
-		t.Errorf("MinuteSource = %+v", out.MinuteSource)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessMinutesMinuteGenerated_DetailFailureFallsBackToBaseFields(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	called := 0
-	rt := &stubAPIClient{
-		callFn: func(_ context.Context, method, path string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-			called++
-			return nil, context.DeadlineExceeded
-		},
-	}
-
-	out := runMinuteGenerated(t, rt, `{
-		"schema": "2.0",
-		"header": {
-			"event_id": "ev_minute_002",
-			"event_type": "minutes.minute.generated_v1",
-			"create_time": "1608725989001"
-		},
-		"event": {
-			"minute_token": "<doc_token_004>",
-			"minute_source": {
-				"source_type": "meeting",
-				"source_entity_id": "7641156270787481117"
-			}
-		}
-	}`)
-
-	wantCalls := 1 + minutesDetailMaxRetries
-	if called != wantCalls {
-		t.Fatalf("detail API called %d times, want %d", called, wantCalls)
-	}
-	if out.MinuteToken != "<doc_token_004>" {
-		t.Errorf("MinuteToken = %q", out.MinuteToken)
-	}
-	if out.Title != "" {
-		t.Errorf("Title = %q, want empty", out.Title)
-	}
-	if out.MinuteSource == nil {
-		t.Fatal("MinuteSource should remain from event payload")
-	}
-	if out.MinuteSource.SourceType != "meeting" || out.MinuteSource.SourceEntityID != "7641156270787481117" {
-		t.Errorf("MinuteSource = %+v", out.MinuteSource)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessMinutesMinuteGenerated_EmptyTitleRetriesAndSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	called := 0
-	rt := &stubAPIClient{
-		callFn: func(_ context.Context, _, _ string, _ any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-			called++
-			if called <= 1 {
-				return json.RawMessage(`{
-					"code": 0,
-					"msg": "success",
-					"data": {
-						"minute": {
-							"title": ""
-						}
-					}
-				}`), nil
-			}
-			return json.RawMessage(`{
-				"code": 0,
-				"msg": "success",
-				"data": {
-					"minute": {
-						"title": "delayed title"
-					}
-				}
-			}`), nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	out := runMinuteGenerated(t, rt, `{
-		"schema": "2.0",
-		"header": {
-			"event_id": "ev_minute_retry",
-			"event_type": "minutes.minute.generated_v1",
-			"create_time": "1608725989000"
-		},
-		"event": {
-			"minute_token": "<doc_token_003>"
-		}
-	}`)
-
-	if called != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("detail API called %d times, want 2 (1 initial + 1 retry)", called)
-	}
-	if out.Title != "delayed title" {
-		t.Errorf("Title = %q, want delayed title", out.Title)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessMinutesMinuteGenerated_EmptyTitleExhaustsRetries(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	called := 0
-	rt := &stubAPIClient{
-		callFn: func(_ context.Context, _, _ string, _ any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-			called++
-			return json.RawMessage(`{
-				"code": 0,
-				"msg": "success",
-				"data": {
-					"minute": {
-						"title": ""
-					}
-				}
-			}`), nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	out := runMinuteGenerated(t, rt, `{
-		"schema": "2.0",
-		"header": {
-			"event_id": "ev_minute_exhaust",
-			"event_type": "minutes.minute.generated_v1",
-			"create_time": "1608725989000"
-		},
-		"event": {
-			"minute_token": "<doc_token_002>"
-		}
-	}`)
-
-	wantCalls := 1 + minutesDetailMaxRetries
-	if called != wantCalls {
-		t.Fatalf("detail API called %d times, want %d", called, wantCalls)
-	}
-	if out.Title != "" {
-		t.Errorf("Title = %q, want empty after exhausted retries", out.Title)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMinutesMinuteGenerated_PreConsumeSubscriptionLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	def, ok := event.Lookup(eventTypeMinuteGenerated)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("%s should be registered via Keys()", eventTypeMinuteGenerated)
-	}
-
-	type call struct {
-		method string
-		path   string
-		body   any
-	}
-	var calls []call
-	rt := &stubAPIClient{
-		callFn: func(_ context.Context, method, path string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-			calls = append(calls, call{method: method, path: path, body: body})
-			return json.RawMessage(`{"code":0,"msg":"success","data":{}}`), nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	cleanup, err := def.PreConsume(context.Background(), rt, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("PreConsume error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if cleanup == nil {
-		t.Fatal("cleanup must not be nil")
-	}
-	if len(calls) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("calls after subscribe = %d, want 1", len(calls))
-	}
-	if calls[0].method != "POST" || calls[0].path != pathMinuteSubscribe {
-		t.Fatalf("subscribe call = %+v", calls[0])
-	}
-	assertSubscriptionRequest(t, calls[0].body, eventTypeMinuteGenerated)
-
-	cleanup()
-	if len(calls) != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("calls after cleanup = %d, want 2", len(calls))
-	}
-	if calls[1].method != "POST" || calls[1].path != pathMinuteUnsubscribe {
-		t.Fatalf("unsubscribe call = %+v", calls[1])
-	}
-	assertSubscriptionRequest(t, calls[1].body, eventTypeMinuteGenerated)
-}
-
-func TestProcessMinutesMinuteGenerated_MalformedPayload(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	raw := &event.RawEvent{
-		EventType: eventTypeMinuteGenerated,
-		Payload:   json.RawMessage(`not json`),
-		Timestamp: time.Now(),
-	}
-	got, err := processMinutesMinuteGenerated(context.Background(), nil, raw, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process should swallow parse errors, got %v", err)
-	}
-	if string(got) != "not json" {
-		t.Errorf("malformed fallback output = %q, want original bytes", string(got))
-	}
-}
-
-func runMinuteGenerated(t *testing.T, rt event.APIClient, payload string) MinutesMinuteGeneratedOutput {
-	t.Helper()
-	raw := &event.RawEvent{
-		EventType: eventTypeMinuteGenerated,
-		Payload:   json.RawMessage(payload),
-		Timestamp: time.Now(),
-	}
-	got, err := processMinutesMinuteGenerated(context.Background(), rt, raw, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process error: %v", err)
-	}
-	var out MinutesMinuteGeneratedOutput
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(got, &out); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process output is not valid MinutesMinuteGeneratedOutput JSON: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(got))
-	}
-	return out
-}

events/minutes/preconsume.go

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package minutes
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-)
-
-const cleanupTimeout = 5 * time.Second
-
-func subscriptionPreConsume(eventType, subscribePath, unsubscribePath string) func(context.Context, event.APIClient, map[string]string) (func(), error) {
-	return func(ctx context.Context, rt event.APIClient, _ map[string]string) (func(), error) {
-		if rt == nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("runtime API client is required for pre-consume subscription")
-		}
-
-		body := map[string]string{"event_type": eventType}
-		if _, err := rt.CallAPI(ctx, "POST", subscribePath, body); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		return func() {
-			cleanupCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), cleanupTimeout)
-			defer cancel()
-			_, _ = rt.CallAPI(cleanupCtx, "POST", unsubscribePath, body)
-		}, nil
-	}
-}

events/minutes/register.go

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// Package minutes registers Minutes-domain EventKeys.
-package minutes
-
-import (
-	"reflect"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-)
-
-const (
-	eventTypeMinuteGenerated = "minutes.minute.generated_v1"
-
-	pathMinuteSubscribe   = "/open-apis/minutes/v1/minutes/subscription"
-	pathMinuteUnsubscribe = "/open-apis/minutes/v1/minutes/unsubscription"
-
-	pathMinuteDetailFmt = "/open-apis/minutes/v1/minutes/%s"
-)
-
-// Keys returns all Minutes-domain EventKey definitions.
-func Keys() []event.KeyDefinition {
-	return []event.KeyDefinition{
-		{
-			Key:         eventTypeMinuteGenerated,
-			DisplayName: "Minute generated",
-			Description: "Triggered when a minute has been generated",
-			EventType:   eventTypeMinuteGenerated,
-			Schema: event.SchemaDef{
-				Custom: &event.SchemaSpec{Type: reflect.TypeOf(MinutesMinuteGeneratedOutput{})},
-			},
-			Process:    processMinutesMinuteGenerated,
-			PreConsume: subscriptionPreConsume(eventTypeMinuteGenerated, pathMinuteSubscribe, pathMinuteUnsubscribe),
-			Scopes:     []string{"minutes:minutes.basic:read"},
-			AuthTypes: []string{
-				"user",
-			},
-			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{eventTypeMinuteGenerated},
-		},
-	}
-}

events/register.go

@@ -6,17 +6,13 @@ package events
 
 import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/events/im"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/events/minutes"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/events/vc"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
 )
 
-// Mail is intentionally omitted in this phase.
+// Mail is intentionally omitted: only IM is wired up this phase.
 func init() {
 	all := [][]event.KeyDefinition{
 		im.Keys(),
-		minutes.Keys(),
-		vc.Keys(),
 	}
 	for _, keys := range all {
 		for _, k := range keys {

events/vc/note_generated.go

@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package vc
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
-)
-
-const (
-	vcNoteArtifactTypeNote     = 1
-	vcNoteArtifactTypeVerbatim = 2
-
-	vcNoteDetailRetryDelay   = 500 * time.Millisecond
-	vcNoteDetailMaxRetries   = 2
-	vcNoteDetailNotFoundCode = 121004
-)
-
-// VCNoteSourceOutput is the flattened note source payload.
-type VCNoteSourceOutput struct {
-	SourceType     string `json:"source_type,omitempty"      desc:"Note source type"`
-	SourceEntityID string `json:"source_entity_id,omitempty" desc:"Source entity ID"`
-}
-
-// VCNoteGeneratedOutput is the flattened shape for vc.note.generated_v1.
-type VCNoteGeneratedOutput struct {
-	Type          string              `json:"type"                        desc:"Event type; always vc.note.generated_v1"`
-	EventID       string              `json:"event_id,omitempty"          desc:"Globally unique event ID; safe for deduplication"`
-	Timestamp     string              `json:"timestamp,omitempty"         desc:"Event delivery time (ms timestamp string); taken from header.create_time when present" kind:"timestamp_ms"`
-	NoteID        string              `json:"note_id,omitempty"           desc:"Note ID"`
-	NoteToken     string              `json:"note_token,omitempty"        desc:"Generated note document token"`
-	VerbatimToken string              `json:"verbatim_token,omitempty"    desc:"Generated verbatim document token"`
-	NoteSource    *VCNoteSourceOutput `json:"note_source,omitempty"       desc:"Note source metadata"`
-}
-
-func processVCNoteGenerated(ctx context.Context, rt event.APIClient, raw *event.RawEvent, _ map[string]string) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-	var envelope struct {
-		Header struct {
-			EventID    string `json:"event_id"`
-			EventType  string `json:"event_type"`
-			CreateTime string `json:"create_time"`
-		} `json:"header"`
-		Event struct {
-			NoteID string `json:"note_id"`
-		} `json:"event"`
-	}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw.Payload, &envelope); err != nil {
-		return raw.Payload, nil //nolint:nilerr // passthrough on malformed payload so consumers still see the event
-	}
-
-	out := &VCNoteGeneratedOutput{
-		Type:      envelope.Header.EventType,
-		EventID:   envelope.Header.EventID,
-		Timestamp: envelope.Header.CreateTime,
-		NoteID:    envelope.Event.NoteID,
-	}
-	if out.Type == "" {
-		out.Type = raw.EventType
-	}
-
-	if rt != nil && out.NoteID != "" {
-		fillVCNoteGeneratedDetails(ctx, rt, out)
-	}
-
-	return json.Marshal(out)
-}
-
-func fillVCNoteGeneratedDetails(ctx context.Context, rt event.APIClient, out *VCNoteGeneratedOutput) {
-	if rt == nil || out == nil || out.NoteID == "" {
-		return
-	}
-
-	path := fmt.Sprintf(pathNoteDetailFmt, validate.EncodePathSegment(out.NoteID))
-
-	type noteDetailResp struct {
-		Data struct {
-			Note struct {
-				Artifacts []struct {
-					ArtifactType int    `json:"artifact_type"`
-					DocToken     string `json:"doc_token"`
-				} `json:"artifacts"`
-				NoteSource struct {
-					SourceEntityID string `json:"source_entity_id"`
-					SourceType     string `json:"source_type"`
-				} `json:"note_source"`
-			} `json:"note"`
-		} `json:"data"`
-	}
-
-	for attempt := 0; attempt <= vcNoteDetailMaxRetries; attempt++ {
-		if attempt > 0 {
-			time.Sleep(vcNoteDetailRetryDelay)
-		}
-
-		raw, err := rt.CallAPI(ctx, "GET", path, nil)
-		if err != nil {
-			if isLarkCode(err, vcNoteDetailNotFoundCode) {
-				continue
-			}
-			return
-		}
-
-		var resp noteDetailResp
-		if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &resp); err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		var noteToken, verbatimToken string
-		for _, artifact := range resp.Data.Note.Artifacts {
-			switch artifact.ArtifactType {
-			case vcNoteArtifactTypeNote:
-				if noteToken == "" {
-					noteToken = artifact.DocToken
-				}
-			case vcNoteArtifactTypeVerbatim:
-				if verbatimToken == "" {
-					verbatimToken = artifact.DocToken
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		if noteToken == "" && verbatimToken == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if noteToken != "" {
-			out.NoteToken = noteToken
-		}
-		if verbatimToken != "" {
-			out.VerbatimToken = verbatimToken
-		}
-		if src := resp.Data.Note.NoteSource; src.SourceType != "" || src.SourceEntityID != "" {
-			out.NoteSource = &VCNoteSourceOutput{
-				SourceType:     src.SourceType,
-				SourceEntityID: src.SourceEntityID,
-			}
-		}
-		return
-	}
-}
-
-func isLarkCode(err error, code int) bool {
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
-		return exitErr.Detail.Code == code
-	}
-	return false
-}

events/vc/note_generated_test.go

@@ -1,328 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package vc
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-)
-
-func TestVCKeys_ProcessedNoteGeneratedRegistered(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	def, ok := event.Lookup(eventTypeNoteGenerated)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("%s should be registered via Keys()", eventTypeNoteGenerated)
-	}
-	if def.Schema.Custom == nil {
-		t.Error("Processed key must set Schema.Custom")
-	}
-	if def.Schema.Native != nil {
-		t.Error("Processed key must not set Schema.Native")
-	}
-	if def.Process == nil {
-		t.Error("Process must not be nil for processed key")
-	}
-	if def.PreConsume == nil {
-		t.Error("PreConsume must not be nil for processed key")
-	}
-	if len(def.Scopes) != 1 || def.Scopes[0] != "vc:note:read" {
-		t.Errorf("Scopes = %v", def.Scopes)
-	}
-	if len(def.AuthTypes) != 1 || def.AuthTypes[0] != "user" {
-		t.Errorf("AuthTypes = %v", def.AuthTypes)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessVCNoteGenerated(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	var gotMethod, gotPath string
-	rt := &stubAPIClient{
-		callFn: func(_ context.Context, method, path string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-			gotMethod = method
-			gotPath = path
-			if body != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("GET detail body = %#v, want nil", body)
-			}
-			return json.RawMessage(`{
-				"code": 0,
-				"msg": "success",
-				"data": {
-					"note": {
-						"artifacts": [
-							{"artifact_type": 1, "doc_token": "note_doc_token"},
-							{"artifact_type": 2, "doc_token": "verbatim_doc_token"}
-						],
-						"note_source": {
-							"source_type": "meeting",
-							"source_entity_id": "6911188411934433028"
-						}
-					}
-				}
-			}`), nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	out := runNoteGenerated(t, rt, `{
-		"schema": "2.0",
-		"header": {
-			"event_id": "ev_vc_note_001",
-			"event_type": "vc.note.generated_v1",
-			"create_time": "1608725989000"
-		},
-		"event": {
-			"note_id": "6943848821689040898"
-		}
-	}`)
-
-	if gotMethod != "GET" {
-		t.Errorf("detail method = %q, want GET", gotMethod)
-	}
-	if gotPath != "/open-apis/vc/v1/notes/6943848821689040898" {
-		t.Errorf("detail path = %q", gotPath)
-	}
-	if out.Type != eventTypeNoteGenerated {
-		t.Errorf("Type = %q", out.Type)
-	}
-	if out.EventID != "ev_vc_note_001" || out.Timestamp != "1608725989000" {
-		t.Errorf("EventID/Timestamp = %q/%q", out.EventID, out.Timestamp)
-	}
-	if out.NoteID != "6943848821689040898" {
-		t.Errorf("NoteID = %q", out.NoteID)
-	}
-	if out.NoteToken != "note_doc_token" {
-		t.Errorf("NoteToken = %q", out.NoteToken)
-	}
-	if out.VerbatimToken != "verbatim_doc_token" {
-		t.Errorf("VerbatimToken = %q", out.VerbatimToken)
-	}
-	if out.NoteSource == nil {
-		t.Fatal("NoteSource should not be nil")
-	}
-	if out.NoteSource.SourceType != "meeting" || out.NoteSource.SourceEntityID != "6911188411934433028" {
-		t.Errorf("NoteSource = %+v", out.NoteSource)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestVCNoteGenerated_PreConsumeSubscriptionLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	def, ok := event.Lookup(eventTypeNoteGenerated)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("%s should be registered via Keys()", eventTypeNoteGenerated)
-	}
-
-	type call struct {
-		method string
-		path   string
-		body   any
-	}
-	var calls []call
-	rt := &stubAPIClient{
-		callFn: func(_ context.Context, method, path string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-			calls = append(calls, call{method: method, path: path, body: body})
-			return json.RawMessage(`{"code":0,"msg":"success","data":{}}`), nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	cleanup, err := def.PreConsume(context.Background(), rt, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("PreConsume error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if cleanup == nil {
-		t.Fatal("cleanup must not be nil")
-	}
-	if len(calls) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("calls after subscribe = %d, want 1", len(calls))
-	}
-	if calls[0].method != "POST" || calls[0].path != pathNoteSubscribe {
-		t.Fatalf("subscribe call = %+v", calls[0])
-	}
-	assertSubscriptionRequest(t, calls[0].body, eventTypeNoteGenerated)
-
-	cleanup()
-	if len(calls) != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("calls after cleanup = %d, want 2", len(calls))
-	}
-	if calls[1].method != "POST" || calls[1].path != pathNoteUnsubscribe {
-		t.Fatalf("unsubscribe call = %+v", calls[1])
-	}
-	assertSubscriptionRequest(t, calls[1].body, eventTypeNoteGenerated)
-}
-
-func TestProcessVCNoteGenerated_DetailFailureFallsBackToBaseFields(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	called := 0
-	rt := &stubAPIClient{
-		callFn: func(_ context.Context, method, path string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-			called++
-			return nil, context.DeadlineExceeded
-		},
-	}
-
-	out := runNoteGenerated(t, rt, `{
-		"schema": "2.0",
-		"header": {
-			"event_id": "ev_vc_note_002",
-			"event_type": "vc.note.generated_v1",
-			"create_time": "1608725989001"
-		},
-		"event": {
-			"note_id": "6943848821689040999"
-		}
-	}`)
-
-	if called != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("detail API called %d times, want 1", called)
-	}
-	if out.NoteID != "6943848821689040999" {
-		t.Errorf("NoteID = %q", out.NoteID)
-	}
-	if out.NoteToken != "" || out.VerbatimToken != "" {
-		t.Errorf("NoteToken/VerbatimToken = %q/%q, want empty", out.NoteToken, out.VerbatimToken)
-	}
-	if out.NoteSource != nil {
-		t.Errorf("NoteSource = %+v, want nil", out.NoteSource)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessVCNoteGenerated_EmptyTokensRetriesAndSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	called := 0
-	rt := &stubAPIClient{
-		callFn: func(_ context.Context, _, _ string, _ any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-			called++
-			if called <= 1 {
-				return json.RawMessage(`{
-					"code": 0,
-					"msg": "success",
-					"data": {
-						"note": {
-							"artifacts": [],
-							"note_source": {"source_type": "meeting", "source_entity_id": "123"}
-						}
-					}
-				}`), nil
-			}
-			return json.RawMessage(`{
-				"code": 0,
-				"msg": "success",
-				"data": {
-					"note": {
-						"artifacts": [
-							{"artifact_type": 1, "doc_token": "delayed_note_token"},
-							{"artifact_type": 2, "doc_token": "delayed_verbatim_token"}
-						],
-						"note_source": {"source_type": "meeting", "source_entity_id": "123"}
-					}
-				}
-			}`), nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	out := runNoteGenerated(t, rt, `{
-		"schema": "2.0",
-		"header": {
-			"event_id": "ev_vc_note_empty_retry",
-			"event_type": "vc.note.generated_v1",
-			"create_time": "1608725989000"
-		},
-		"event": {
-			"note_id": "6943848821689040empty"
-		}
-	}`)
-
-	if called != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("detail API called %d times, want 2 (1 initial + 1 retry)", called)
-	}
-	if out.NoteToken != "delayed_note_token" {
-		t.Errorf("NoteToken = %q, want delayed_note_token", out.NoteToken)
-	}
-	if out.VerbatimToken != "delayed_verbatim_token" {
-		t.Errorf("VerbatimToken = %q, want delayed_verbatim_token", out.VerbatimToken)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessVCNoteGenerated_EmptyTokensExhaustsRetries(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	called := 0
-	rt := &stubAPIClient{
-		callFn: func(_ context.Context, _, _ string, _ any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-			called++
-			return json.RawMessage(`{
-				"code": 0,
-				"msg": "success",
-				"data": {
-					"note": {
-						"artifacts": [],
-						"note_source": {"source_type": "meeting", "source_entity_id": "123"}
-					}
-				}
-			}`), nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	out := runNoteGenerated(t, rt, `{
-		"schema": "2.0",
-		"header": {
-			"event_id": "ev_vc_note_empty_exhaust",
-			"event_type": "vc.note.generated_v1",
-			"create_time": "1608725989000"
-		},
-		"event": {
-			"note_id": "6943848821689040emptyex"
-		}
-	}`)
-
-	wantCalls := 1 + vcNoteDetailMaxRetries
-	if called != wantCalls {
-		t.Fatalf("detail API called %d times, want %d", called, wantCalls)
-	}
-	if out.NoteToken != "" || out.VerbatimToken != "" {
-		t.Errorf("NoteToken/VerbatimToken = %q/%q, want empty after exhausted retries", out.NoteToken, out.VerbatimToken)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessVCNoteGenerated_MalformedPayload(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	raw := &event.RawEvent{
-		EventType: eventTypeNoteGenerated,
-		Payload:   json.RawMessage(`not json`),
-		Timestamp: time.Now(),
-	}
-	got, err := processVCNoteGenerated(context.Background(), nil, raw, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process should swallow parse errors, got %v", err)
-	}
-	if string(got) != "not json" {
-		t.Errorf("malformed fallback output = %q, want original bytes", string(got))
-	}
-}
-
-func runNoteGenerated(t *testing.T, rt event.APIClient, payload string) VCNoteGeneratedOutput {
-	t.Helper()
-	raw := &event.RawEvent{
-		EventType: eventTypeNoteGenerated,
-		Payload:   json.RawMessage(payload),
-		Timestamp: time.Now(),
-	}
-	got, err := processVCNoteGenerated(context.Background(), rt, raw, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process error: %v", err)
-	}
-	var out VCNoteGeneratedOutput
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(got, &out); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process output is not valid VCNoteGeneratedOutput JSON: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(got))
-	}
-	return out
-}

events/vc/participant_meeting_ended.go

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package vc
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"strconv"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-)
-
-// VCParticipantMeetingEndedOutput is the flattened shape for vc.meeting.participant_meeting_ended_v1.
-type VCParticipantMeetingEndedOutput struct {
-	Type            string `json:"type"                      desc:"Event type; always vc.meeting.participant_meeting_ended_v1"`
-	EventID         string `json:"event_id,omitempty"        desc:"Globally unique event ID; safe for deduplication"`
-	Timestamp       string `json:"timestamp,omitempty"       desc:"Event delivery time (ms timestamp string); taken from header.create_time when present"                                                                 kind:"timestamp_ms"`
-	MeetingID       string `json:"meeting_id,omitempty"      desc:"Meeting ID"                                                                                                                                                kind:"meeting_id"`
-	Topic           string `json:"topic,omitempty"           desc:"Meeting topic"`
-	MeetingNo       string `json:"meeting_no,omitempty"      desc:"Meeting number"`
-	StartTime       string `json:"start_time,omitempty"      desc:"Meeting start time in RFC3339, converted to the local timezone"`
-	EndTime         string `json:"end_time,omitempty"        desc:"Meeting end time in RFC3339, converted to the local timezone"`
-	CalendarEventID string `json:"calendar_event_id,omitempty" desc:"Calendar event ID associated with the meeting"`
-}
-
-func processVCParticipantMeetingEnded(_ context.Context, _ event.APIClient, raw *event.RawEvent, _ map[string]string) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-	var envelope struct {
-		Header struct {
-			EventID    string `json:"event_id"`
-			EventType  string `json:"event_type"`
-			CreateTime string `json:"create_time"`
-		} `json:"header"`
-		Event struct {
-			Meeting struct {
-				ID              string `json:"id"`
-				Topic           string `json:"topic"`
-				MeetingNo       string `json:"meeting_no"`
-				StartTime       string `json:"start_time"`
-				EndTime         string `json:"end_time"`
-				CalendarEventID string `json:"calendar_event_id"`
-			} `json:"meeting"`
-		} `json:"event"`
-	}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw.Payload, &envelope); err != nil {
-		return raw.Payload, nil //nolint:nilerr // passthrough on malformed payload so consumers still see the event
-	}
-
-	meeting := envelope.Event.Meeting
-	out := &VCParticipantMeetingEndedOutput{
-		Type:            envelope.Header.EventType,
-		EventID:         envelope.Header.EventID,
-		Timestamp:       envelope.Header.CreateTime,
-		MeetingID:       meeting.ID,
-		Topic:           meeting.Topic,
-		MeetingNo:       meeting.MeetingNo,
-		StartTime:       unixSecondsToLocalRFC3339(meeting.StartTime),
-		EndTime:         unixSecondsToLocalRFC3339(meeting.EndTime),
-		CalendarEventID: meeting.CalendarEventID,
-	}
-	if out.Type == "" {
-		out.Type = raw.EventType
-	}
-	return json.Marshal(out)
-}
-
-func unixSecondsToLocalRFC3339(raw string) string {
-	if raw == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-	secs, err := strconv.ParseInt(raw, 10, 64)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return time.Unix(secs, 0).Local().Format(time.RFC3339)
-}

events/vc/participant_meeting_ended_test.go

@@ -1,203 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package vc
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"os"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-)
-
-func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
-	for _, k := range Keys() {
-		event.RegisterKey(k)
-	}
-	os.Exit(m.Run())
-}
-
-func TestVCKeys_ProcessedMeetingEndedRegistered(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	def, ok := event.Lookup(eventTypeMeetingEnded)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("%s should be registered via Keys()", eventTypeMeetingEnded)
-	}
-	if def.Schema.Custom == nil {
-		t.Error("Processed key must set Schema.Custom")
-	}
-	if def.Schema.Native != nil {
-		t.Error("Processed key must not set Schema.Native")
-	}
-	if def.Process == nil {
-		t.Error("Process must not be nil for processed key")
-	}
-	if def.PreConsume == nil {
-		t.Error("PreConsume must not be nil for processed key")
-	}
-	if len(def.Scopes) != 1 || def.Scopes[0] != "vc:meeting.meetingevent:read" {
-		t.Errorf("Scopes = %v", def.Scopes)
-	}
-	if len(def.AuthTypes) != 1 || def.AuthTypes[0] != "user" {
-		t.Errorf("AuthTypes = %v", def.AuthTypes)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessVCParticipantMeetingEnded(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	payload := `{
-		"schema": "2.0",
-		"header": {
-			"event_id": "ev_vc_end_001",
-			"event_type": "vc.meeting.participant_meeting_ended_v1",
-			"create_time": "1608725989000",
-			"app_id": "cli_test"
-		},
-		"event": {
-			"meeting": {
-				"id": "6911188411934433028",
-				"topic": "my meeting",
-				"meeting_no": "235812466",
-				"start_time": "1608883322",
-				"end_time": "1608883899",
-				"calendar_event_id": "efa67a98-06a8-4df5-8559-746c8f4477ef_0"
-			}
-		}
-	}`
-	out := runMeetingEnded(t, payload)
-
-	if out.Type != eventTypeMeetingEnded {
-		t.Errorf("Type = %q", out.Type)
-	}
-	if out.EventID != "ev_vc_end_001" {
-		t.Errorf("EventID = %q", out.EventID)
-	}
-	if out.Timestamp != "1608725989000" {
-		t.Errorf("Timestamp = %q", out.Timestamp)
-	}
-	if out.MeetingID != "6911188411934433028" {
-		t.Errorf("MeetingID = %q", out.MeetingID)
-	}
-	if out.Topic != "my meeting" || out.MeetingNo != "235812466" {
-		t.Errorf("Topic/MeetingNo = %q/%q", out.Topic, out.MeetingNo)
-	}
-	if out.CalendarEventID != "efa67a98-06a8-4df5-8559-746c8f4477ef_0" {
-		t.Errorf("CalendarEventID = %q", out.CalendarEventID)
-	}
-	if want := time.Unix(1608883322, 0).Local().Format(time.RFC3339); out.StartTime != want {
-		t.Errorf("StartTime = %q, want %q", out.StartTime, want)
-	}
-	if want := time.Unix(1608883899, 0).Local().Format(time.RFC3339); out.EndTime != want {
-		t.Errorf("EndTime = %q, want %q", out.EndTime, want)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessVCParticipantMeetingEnded_InvalidMeetingTimes(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	payload := `{
-		"schema": "2.0",
-		"header": {
-			"event_id": "ev_vc_end_002",
-			"event_type": "vc.meeting.participant_meeting_ended_v1",
-			"create_time": "1608725989001"
-		},
-		"event": {
-			"meeting": {
-				"id": "meeting_invalid_time",
-				"start_time": "bad",
-				"end_time": ""
-			}
-		}
-	}`
-	out := runMeetingEnded(t, payload)
-	if out.StartTime != "" || out.EndTime != "" {
-		t.Errorf("StartTime/EndTime = %q/%q, want empty strings", out.StartTime, out.EndTime)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessVCParticipantMeetingEnded_MalformedPayload(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	raw := &event.RawEvent{
-		EventType: eventTypeMeetingEnded,
-		Payload:   json.RawMessage(`not json`),
-		Timestamp: time.Now(),
-	}
-	got, err := processVCParticipantMeetingEnded(context.Background(), nil, raw, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process should swallow parse errors, got %v", err)
-	}
-	if string(got) != "not json" {
-		t.Errorf("malformed fallback output = %q, want original bytes", string(got))
-	}
-}
-
-func TestVCParticipantMeetingEnded_PreConsumeSubscriptionLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	def, ok := event.Lookup("vc.meeting.participant_meeting_ended_v1")
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatal("vc.meeting.participant_meeting_ended_v1 should be registered via Keys()")
-	}
-
-	type call struct {
-		method string
-		path   string
-		body   any
-	}
-	var calls []call
-	rt := &stubAPIClient{
-		callFn: func(_ context.Context, method, path string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-			calls = append(calls, call{method: method, path: path, body: body})
-			return json.RawMessage(`{"code":0,"msg":"success","data":{}}`), nil
-		},
-	}
-
-	cleanup, err := def.PreConsume(context.Background(), rt, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("PreConsume error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if cleanup == nil {
-		t.Fatal("cleanup must not be nil")
-	}
-	if len(calls) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("calls after subscribe = %d, want 1", len(calls))
-	}
-	if calls[0].method != "POST" || calls[0].path != pathMeetingSubscribe {
-		t.Fatalf("subscribe call = %+v", calls[0])
-	}
-	assertSubscriptionRequest(t, calls[0].body, eventTypeMeetingEnded)
-
-	cleanup()
-	if len(calls) != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("calls after cleanup = %d, want 2", len(calls))
-	}
-	if calls[1].method != "POST" || calls[1].path != pathMeetingUnsubscribe {
-		t.Fatalf("unsubscribe call = %+v", calls[1])
-	}
-	assertSubscriptionRequest(t, calls[1].body, eventTypeMeetingEnded)
-}
-
-func runMeetingEnded(t *testing.T, payload string) VCParticipantMeetingEndedOutput {
-	t.Helper()
-	raw := &event.RawEvent{
-		EventType: eventTypeMeetingEnded,
-		Payload:   json.RawMessage(payload),
-		Timestamp: time.Now(),
-	}
-	got, err := processVCParticipantMeetingEnded(context.Background(), nil, raw, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process error: %v", err)
-	}
-	var out VCParticipantMeetingEndedOutput
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(got, &out); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Process output is not valid VCParticipantMeetingEndedOutput JSON: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(got))
-	}
-	return out
-}

events/vc/preconsume.go

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package vc
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-)
-
-const cleanupTimeout = 5 * time.Second
-
-func subscriptionPreConsume(eventType, subscribePath, unsubscribePath string) func(context.Context, event.APIClient, map[string]string) (func(), error) {
-	return func(ctx context.Context, rt event.APIClient, _ map[string]string) (func(), error) {
-		if rt == nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("runtime API client is required for pre-consume subscription")
-		}
-
-		body := map[string]string{"event_type": eventType}
-		if _, err := rt.CallAPI(ctx, "POST", subscribePath, body); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		return func() {
-			cleanupCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), cleanupTimeout)
-			defer cancel()
-			_, _ = rt.CallAPI(cleanupCtx, "POST", unsubscribePath, body)
-		}, nil
-	}
-}

events/vc/register.go

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-// Package vc registers VC-domain EventKeys.
-package vc
-
-import (
-	"reflect"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-)
-
-const (
-	eventTypeMeetingEnded  = "vc.meeting.participant_meeting_ended_v1"
-	eventTypeNoteGenerated = "vc.note.generated_v1"
-
-	pathMeetingSubscribe   = "/open-apis/vc/v1/meetings/subscription"
-	pathMeetingUnsubscribe = "/open-apis/vc/v1/meetings/unsubscription"
-	pathNoteSubscribe      = "/open-apis/vc/v1/notes/subscription"
-	pathNoteUnsubscribe    = "/open-apis/vc/v1/notes/unsubscription"
-
-	pathNoteDetailFmt = "/open-apis/vc/v1/notes/%s"
-)
-
-// Keys returns all VC-domain EventKey definitions.
-func Keys() []event.KeyDefinition {
-	return []event.KeyDefinition{
-		{
-			Key:         eventTypeMeetingEnded,
-			DisplayName: "Participant meeting ended",
-			Description: "Triggered when a meeting the current user participates in has ended",
-			EventType:   eventTypeMeetingEnded,
-			Schema: event.SchemaDef{
-				Custom: &event.SchemaSpec{Type: reflect.TypeOf(VCParticipantMeetingEndedOutput{})},
-			},
-			Process:    processVCParticipantMeetingEnded,
-			PreConsume: subscriptionPreConsume(eventTypeMeetingEnded, pathMeetingSubscribe, pathMeetingUnsubscribe),
-			Scopes:     []string{"vc:meeting.meetingevent:read"},
-			AuthTypes: []string{
-				"user",
-			},
-			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{eventTypeMeetingEnded},
-		},
-		{
-			Key:         eventTypeNoteGenerated,
-			DisplayName: "Note generated",
-			Description: "Triggered when a note has been generated",
-			EventType:   eventTypeNoteGenerated,
-			Schema: event.SchemaDef{
-				Custom: &event.SchemaSpec{Type: reflect.TypeOf(VCNoteGeneratedOutput{})},
-			},
-			Process:    processVCNoteGenerated,
-			PreConsume: subscriptionPreConsume(eventTypeNoteGenerated, pathNoteSubscribe, pathNoteUnsubscribe),
-			Scopes:     []string{"vc:note:read"},
-			AuthTypes: []string{
-				"user",
-			},
-			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{eventTypeNoteGenerated},
-		},
-	}
-}

events/vc/test_helpers_test.go

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package vc
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"reflect"
-	"testing"
-)
-
-type stubAPIClient struct {
-	callFn func(ctx context.Context, method, path string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error)
-}
-
-func (s *stubAPIClient) CallAPI(ctx context.Context, method, path string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-	if s.callFn == nil {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	return s.callFn(ctx, method, path, body)
-}
-
-func assertSubscriptionRequest(t *testing.T, gotBody any, wantEventType string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	want := map[string]string{"event_type": wantEventType}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotBody, want) {
-		t.Fatalf("request body = %#v, want %#v", gotBody, want)
-	}
-}

extension/platform/README.md

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ You should see `audit` in the plugin list.
 | `Observer`                 | Before / After each command        | No (fire-and-forget audit)       |
 | `Wrap`                     | Around each command's RunE         | Yes (return `*AbortError`)       |
 | `On(Startup/Shutdown)`     | Process lifecycle                  | N/A                              |
-| `Restrict(Rule)`           | Bootstrap-time, ≥1 per plugin      | Denies whole subtrees            |
+| `Restrict(Rule)`           | Bootstrap-time, single per binary  | Denies whole subtrees            |
 
 ### Plugin lifecycle
 
@@ -102,17 +102,10 @@ the rejected dispatch.
 - A plugin calling `Restrict()` MUST declare `FailClosed`. The Builder
   flips it automatically; the lower-level `Plugin` interface rejects
   the mismatch with `restricts_mismatch`.
-- A plugin may call `Restrict()` more than once; each call adds one
-  scoped Rule and the engine combines them with **OR** — a command is
-  allowed when it satisfies every axis (allow / deny / max_risk /
-  identities) of at least one rule. Note a rule's `deny` is scoped to
-  that rule only and cannot veto another rule's allow. Only ONE plugin
-  per binary may contribute rules, though: two DISTINCT plugins each
-  calling `Restrict()` is a deliberate `multiple_restrict_plugins` error
-  (single-owner assumption — an independent plugin must not be able to
-  widen another's policy). YAML policy at `~/.lark-cli/policy.yml` (which
-  may itself list several rules under `rules:`) is shadowed by any plugin
-  Restrict.
+- Only ONE plugin per binary can call `Restrict()`. Multi-plugin
+  Restrict is a deliberate `plugin_conflict` error (single-rule
+  ecosystem assumption). YAML policy at `~/.lark-cli/policy.yml` is
+  shadowed by any plugin Restrict.
 - The `Wrap` factory runs **once per command dispatch**, not at
   install time. Long-lived state (clients, caches, metrics counters)
   must live on the Plugin struct or in package-level variables.
@@ -122,8 +115,7 @@ the rejected dispatch.
 - Commands missing a `risk_level` annotation are denied by default
   when a Rule is active. Set `Rule.AllowUnannotated = true` (or
   `allow_unannotated: true` in yaml) to opt out during gradual
-  adoption. With several rules this is per-rule: an unannotated command
-  is allowed as long as one rule that opts in also grants it.
+  adoption.
 - Risk annotation typos (e.g. `"wrtie"`) are always denied with
   `risk_invalid` plus a "did you mean" suggestion. `AllowUnannotated`
   does NOT bypass this — typo is a code bug, not a missing
@@ -152,7 +144,8 @@ messages are localised and may change between releases.
 | `duplicate_hook_name`       | Same hook name registered twice within a plugin                                | Yes                    |
 | `invalid_hook_registration` | Hook factory returns nil / Wrap chain re-entry / etc.                          | Yes                    |
 | `invalid_rule`              | Rule fails ValidateRule (malformed glob, bad MaxRisk, unknown Identity)        | Yes                    |
-| `multiple_restrict_plugins` | Two or more DISTINCT plugins each contributed Restrict (one plugin may contribute several rules) | Yes  |
+| `double_restrict`           | Plugin called `r.Restrict()` more than once in one Install                     | Yes                    |
+| `multiple_restrict_plugins` | Two or more plugins each contributed Restrict                                  | Yes                    |
 | `install_failed`            | `Plugin.Install` returned a non-nil error                                      | Yes                    |
 | `install_panic`             | `Plugin.Install` panicked                                                      | Yes                    |
 
@@ -172,7 +165,6 @@ might also be lying about being `FailOpen`).
 | `write_not_allowed`     | Command risk is `write` / `high-risk-write` and exceeds Rule `max_risk`                                          |
 | `risk_too_high`         | Command risk exceeds Rule `max_risk` but is not a write (reserved for future risk levels)                        |
 | `identity_mismatch`     | Command's `supportedIdentities` does not intersect Rule `identities`                                             |
-| `no_matching_rule`      | Several rules are active and the command satisfied none of them (the message summarises each rule's own rejection). Single-rule policies keep their specific reason_code instead | 
 | `aggregate_all_denied`  | Aggregate stub installed on a parent group because every live child was denied                                   |
 
 The `detail.layer` field distinguishes who rejected the call:

extension/platform/builder.go

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ type Builder struct {
 	caps    Capabilities
 
 	actions []func(Registrar)
-	rules   []*Rule
+	rule    *Rule
 
 	hookNames map[string]bool
 	errs      []error
@@ -125,8 +125,7 @@ func (b *Builder) On(event LifecycleEvent, hookName string, fn LifecycleHandler)
 // sets Restricts=true and FailurePolicy=FailClosed (the framework
 // requires both to coexist; the builder enforces the pairing so the
 // plugin author cannot accidentally ship a policy plugin under
-// FailOpen). It may be called more than once; each call adds one scoped
-// Rule and the engine OR-combines them.
+// FailOpen).
 func (b *Builder) Restrict(rule *Rule) *Builder {
 	if rule == nil {
 		b.errs = append(b.errs, errors.New("Restrict(nil): rule must not be nil"))
@@ -134,14 +133,7 @@ func (b *Builder) Restrict(rule *Rule) *Builder {
 	}
 	b.caps.Restricts = true
 	b.caps.FailurePolicy = FailClosed
-	// Defensive clone: capture an independent snapshot so a caller that
-	// reuses and mutates the same *Rule across multiple Restrict calls
-	// gets distinct entries (mirrors the staging registrar's clone).
-	cp := *rule
-	cp.Allow = append([]string(nil), rule.Allow...)
-	cp.Deny = append([]string(nil), rule.Deny...)
-	cp.Identities = append([]Identity(nil), rule.Identities...)
-	b.rules = append(b.rules, &cp)
+	b.rule = rule
 	return b
 }
 
@@ -151,7 +143,7 @@ func (b *Builder) Restrict(rule *Rule) *Builder {
 // The Restrict + FailOpen mismatch is checked here, not in the chained
 // setters, because the two methods may be called in either order.
 func (b *Builder) Build() (Plugin, error) {
-	if len(b.rules) > 0 && b.caps.FailurePolicy == FailOpen {
+	if b.rule != nil && b.caps.FailurePolicy == FailOpen {
 		b.errs = append(b.errs, errors.New(
 			"Restrict() requires FailClosed; do not call FailOpen() after Restrict()"))
 	}
@@ -163,7 +155,7 @@ func (b *Builder) Build() (Plugin, error) {
 		version: b.version,
 		caps:    b.caps,
 		actions: b.actions,
-		rules:   b.rules,
+		rule:    b.rule,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -206,15 +198,15 @@ type builtPlugin struct {
 	version string
 	caps    Capabilities
 	actions []func(Registrar)
-	rules   []*Rule
+	rule    *Rule
 }
 
 func (p *builtPlugin) Name() string               { return p.name }
 func (p *builtPlugin) Version() string            { return p.version }
 func (p *builtPlugin) Capabilities() Capabilities { return p.caps }
 func (p *builtPlugin) Install(r Registrar) error {
-	for _, rule := range p.rules {
-		r.Restrict(rule)
+	if p.rule != nil {
+		r.Restrict(p.rule)
 	}
 	for _, action := range p.actions {
 		action(r)

extension/platform/builder_test.go

@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@ type recorder struct {
 	observers  int
 	wrappers   int
 	lifecycles int
-	rule       *platform.Rule   // last rule (existing single-rule assertions)
-	rules      []*platform.Rule // every rule, in Restrict order
+	rule       *platform.Rule
 }
 
 func (r *recorder) Observe(platform.When, string, platform.Selector, platform.Observer) {
@@ -26,39 +25,7 @@ func (r *recorder) Observe(platform.When, string, platform.Selector, platform.Ob
 }
 func (r *recorder) Wrap(string, platform.Selector, platform.Wrapper)              { r.wrappers++ }
 func (r *recorder) On(platform.LifecycleEvent, string, platform.LifecycleHandler) { r.lifecycles++ }
-func (r *recorder) Restrict(rule *platform.Rule) {
-	r.rule = rule
-	r.rules = append(r.rules, rule)
-}
-
-// Restrict must snapshot each rule: a caller that reuses and mutates the
-// same *Rule object across two Restrict calls must still get two distinct
-// rules at Install time, not two pointers to the last mutation.
-func TestBuilder_restrictClonesEachRule(t *testing.T) {
-	shared := &platform.Rule{Name: "docs-ro", Allow: []string{"docs/**"}, MaxRisk: platform.RiskRead}
-	b := platform.NewPlugin("p", "0").Restrict(shared)
-	// Reuse and mutate the same object, then register it again.
-	shared.Name = "im-rw"
-	shared.Allow[0] = "im/**"
-	shared.MaxRisk = platform.RiskWrite
-	p, err := b.Restrict(shared).Build()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Build: %v", err)
-	}
-	r := &recorder{}
-	if err := p.Install(r); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Install: %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(r.rules) != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("got %d rules, want 2", len(r.rules))
-	}
-	if r.rules[0].Name != "docs-ro" || r.rules[0].Allow[0] != "docs/**" || r.rules[0].MaxRisk != platform.RiskRead {
-		t.Errorf("rule[0] leaked later mutation: %+v", r.rules[0])
-	}
-	if r.rules[1].Name != "im-rw" || r.rules[1].Allow[0] != "im/**" {
-		t.Errorf("rule[1] = %+v, want im-rw / im/**", r.rules[1])
-	}
-}
+func (r *recorder) Restrict(rule *platform.Rule)                                  { r.rule = rule }
 
 func TestBuilder_basicAssembly(t *testing.T) {
 	p, err := platform.NewPlugin("audit", "0.1.0").

extension/platform/registrar.go

@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@ package platform
 // identifier is "{plugin}.{hook}". A plugin cannot register two hooks
 // with the same name in the same Install call.
 //
-// Restrict may be called multiple times per plugin; each call adds one
-// scoped Rule (OR-combined by the engine). Two or more DISTINCT plugins
-// contributing Restrict() is a configuration error (the resolver aborts
-// startup).
+// Restrict may be called at most once per plugin; multiple plugins
+// contributing Restrict() is a configuration error (the resolver
+// aborts startup).
 type Registrar interface {
 	// Observe registers a side-effect-only command hook at the given
 	// When stage. The selector decides which commands it fires on.
@@ -30,9 +29,8 @@ type Registrar interface {
 	// On registers a lifecycle handler for the given event.
 	On(event LifecycleEvent, hookName string, fn LifecycleHandler)
 
-	// Restrict contributes a pruning Rule. May be called more than once
-	// to declare several scoped grants (OR-combined by the engine).
-	// Plugin rules take precedence over the yaml source; two distinct
-	// plugins both calling Restrict abort startup.
+	// Restrict contributes a pruning Rule. The framework merges it
+	// with the yaml-sourced Rule using single-rule semantics: plugin
+	// rule wins, but two plugins both calling Restrict abort startup.
 	Restrict(r *Rule)
 }

extension/transport/sidecar/interceptor.go

@@ -4,12 +4,11 @@
 //go:build authsidecar
 
 // Package sidecar provides a transport interceptor for the auth sidecar
-// proxy mode. When LARKSUITE_CLI_AUTH_PROXY is set (an http:// or https://
-// URL), all outgoing requests are rewritten to the sidecar address. The
-// interceptor strips placeholder credentials, injects proxy headers, and
-// signs each request with HMAC-SHA256. No custom DialContext is needed —
-// Go's standard http.Transport connects to the sidecar via HTTP, or via
-// HTTPS (TLS) when the sidecar address is an https:// URL.
+// proxy mode. When LARKSUITE_CLI_AUTH_PROXY is set (an HTTP URL), all
+// outgoing requests are rewritten to the sidecar address. The interceptor
+// strips placeholder credentials, injects proxy headers, and signs each
+// request with HMAC-SHA256. No custom DialContext is needed — Go's
+// standard http.Transport connects to the sidecar via plain HTTP.
 package sidecar
 
 import (
@@ -47,17 +46,15 @@ func (p *Provider) ResolveInterceptor(ctx context.Context) transport.Interceptor
 	}
 	key := os.Getenv(envvars.CliProxyKey)
 	return &Interceptor{
-		key:           []byte(key),
-		sidecarHost:   sidecar.ProxyHost(proxyAddr),
-		sidecarScheme: sidecar.ProxyScheme(proxyAddr),
+		key:         []byte(key),
+		sidecarHost: sidecar.ProxyHost(proxyAddr),
 	}
 }
 
 // Interceptor rewrites requests for the sidecar proxy.
 type Interceptor struct {
-	key           []byte // HMAC signing key
-	sidecarHost   string // sidecar host[:port] for URL rewriting
-	sidecarScheme string // "http" (same-host) or "https" (remote TLS sidecar)
+	key         []byte // HMAC signing key
+	sidecarHost string // sidecar host:port for URL rewriting
 }
 
 // PreRoundTrip rewrites the request for sidecar routing when it carries a
@@ -133,13 +130,8 @@ func (i *Interceptor) PreRoundTrip(req *http.Request) func(resp *http.Response,
 	req.Header.Set(sidecar.HeaderProxyTimestamp, ts)
 	req.Header.Set(sidecar.HeaderProxySignature, sig)
 
-	// 5. Rewrite URL to route through sidecar. Scheme follows the configured
-	// proxy address: https for a remote (TLS) sidecar, http for a same-host one.
-	scheme := i.sidecarScheme
-	if scheme == "" {
-		scheme = "http"
-	}
-	req.URL.Scheme = scheme
+	// 5. Rewrite URL to route through sidecar
+	req.URL.Scheme = "http"
 	req.URL.Host = i.sidecarHost
 
 	return nil // no post-hook needed

extension/transport/sidecar/interceptor_test.go

@@ -7,13 +7,11 @@ package sidecar
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/sidecar"
 )
 
@@ -99,54 +97,6 @@ func TestInterceptor_PreRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestInterceptor_PreRoundTrip_HTTPS verifies that a remote (TLS) sidecar
-// rewrites the request to https://<remote-host>, while still preserving the
-// original target and signing the request.
-func TestInterceptor_PreRoundTrip_HTTPS(t *testing.T) {
-	key := []byte("test-key-for-hmac-signing-32byte!")
-	interceptor := &Interceptor{key: key, sidecarHost: "sidecar.mycorp.com", sidecarScheme: "https"}
-
-	req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/im/v1/chats", nil)
-	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+sidecar.SentinelUAT)
-
-	interceptor.PreRoundTrip(req)
-
-	if req.URL.Scheme != "https" {
-		t.Errorf("scheme = %q, want %q", req.URL.Scheme, "https")
-	}
-	if req.URL.Host != "sidecar.mycorp.com" {
-		t.Errorf("host = %q, want %q", req.URL.Host, "sidecar.mycorp.com")
-	}
-	// Original target still preserved for the sidecar to forward upstream.
-	if target := req.Header.Get(sidecar.HeaderProxyTarget); target != "https://open.feishu.cn" {
-		t.Errorf("target = %q, want %q", target, "https://open.feishu.cn")
-	}
-	// Request is still signed.
-	if sig := req.Header.Get(sidecar.HeaderProxySignature); sig == "" {
-		t.Error("signature header should be set")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestResolveInterceptor_HTTPSScheme pins the end-to-end env→scheme path: a
-// (mixed-case) https proxy address must produce an interceptor that rewrites to
-// https, never silently downgrading a remote sidecar to plaintext http.
-func TestResolveInterceptor_HTTPSScheme(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAuthProxy, "HTTPS://sidecar.mycorp.com") // uppercase on purpose
-	t.Setenv(envvars.CliProxyKey, "key")
-
-	ic := (&Provider{}).ResolveInterceptor(context.Background())
-	si, ok := ic.(*Interceptor)
-	if !ok || si == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *Interceptor, got %T", ic)
-	}
-	if si.sidecarScheme != "https" {
-		t.Errorf("sidecarScheme = %q, want %q (uppercase HTTPS must not downgrade)", si.sidecarScheme, "https")
-	}
-	if si.sidecarHost != "sidecar.mycorp.com" {
-		t.Errorf("sidecarHost = %q, want %q", si.sidecarHost, "sidecar.mycorp.com")
-	}
-}
-
 func TestInterceptor_BotIdentity(t *testing.T) {
 	interceptor := &Interceptor{key: []byte("key"), sidecarHost: "127.0.0.1:16384"}
 

internal/auth/transport.go

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/transport"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 )
 
 // SecurityPolicyTransport is an http.RoundTripper that intercepts all responses
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func (t *SecurityPolicyTransport) base() http.RoundTripper {
 	if t.Base != nil {
 		return t.Base
 	}
-	return transport.Fallback()
+	return util.FallbackTransport()
 }
 
 // RoundTrip implements http.RoundTripper.

internal/auth/uat_client.go

@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ func doRefreshToken(httpClient *http.Client, opts UATCallOptions, stored *Stored
 		}
 		var data map[string]interface{}
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &data); err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("token refresh parse error: %w", err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("token refresh parse error: %v", err)
 		}
 		return data, nil
 	}

internal/auth/verify.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func VerifyUserToken(ctx context.Context, sdk *lark.Client, accessToken string)
 		Msg  string `json:"msg"`
 	}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &resp); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse response: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse response: %v", err)
 	}
 	if resp.Code != 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("[%d] %s", resp.Code, resp.Msg)

internal/client/api_errors.go

@@ -5,130 +5,91 @@ package client
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
-	"net"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
-
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
-// rawAPIJSONHint guides users when an SDK or response body parse fails. The
-// most common cause is a non-JSON payload (file download endpoint hit without
-// `--output`, or an upstream HTML error page).
 const rawAPIJSONHint = "The endpoint may have returned an empty or non-standard JSON body. If it returns a file, rerun with --output."
 
-// WrapDoAPIError converts SDK-boundary failures into typed errs.* errors:
-// already-typed errors pass through (idempotent), JSON-decode failures
-// become InternalError{SubtypeInvalidResponse}, everything else becomes
-// NetworkError with a chain-derived subtype (timeout / tls / dns /
-// server_error / transport-fallback).
+// WrapDoAPIError upgrades malformed JSON decode errors from the SDK into
+// actionable API errors for raw `lark-cli api` calls. All other failures
+// remain network errors.
+//
+// Already-classified errors pass through unchanged: any *output.ExitError
+// (legacy envelope from output.ErrAuth / output.ErrAPI / output.ErrWithHint)
+// and any typed *errs.* error (carries an embedded Problem) keeps its own
+// category and exit code. This is what makes the wrap idempotent on the
+// auth/credential chain — resolveAccessToken returns output.ErrAuth for
+// missing tokens, and that classification must survive the SDK boundary.
+//
+// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError wire shape (api_error + rawAPIJSONHint
+// on JSON-decode, network otherwise) for the wrap-from-untyped branch.
+// Preserved so SDK Do() callers keep the original envelope until per-domain
+// migration to typed errors. New code should route through
+// APIClient.CheckResponse (typed *errs.APIError) or construct
+// *errs.NetworkError / *errs.InternalError directly.
 func WrapDoAPIError(err error) error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-
-	// (1) Pass-through any typed errs.* error.
+	var existing *output.ExitError
+	if errors.As(err, &existing) {
+		return err
+	}
 	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	// (2) JSON-decode failure at the SDK boundary → InternalError.
-	if isJSONDecodeError(err) {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse,
-			"SDK returned an invalid JSON response: %v", err).
-			WithHint("%s", rawAPIJSONHint).
-			WithCause(err)
+	if isJSONDecodeError(err, false) {
+		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "api_error",
+			fmt.Sprintf("API returned an invalid JSON response: %v", err), rawAPIJSONHint)
 	}
-
-	// (3) Otherwise classify as a network failure with a chain-derived subtype.
-	return errs.NewNetworkError(classifyNetworkSubtype(err),
-		"API call failed: %v", err).
-		WithCause(err)
+	return output.ErrNetwork("API call failed: %v", err)
 }
 
-// WrapJSONResponseParseError lifts a response-layer JSON parse failure into
-// *errs.InternalError{Subtype: SubtypeInvalidResponse}. Empty body, malformed
-// JSON, and mid-stream EOFs all collapse to this single shape.
+// WrapJSONResponseParseError upgrades empty or malformed JSON response bodies
+// into API errors with hints instead of generic parse failures.
+//
+// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError wire shape (api_error + ExitAPI +
+// rawAPIJSONHint). The 3-branch behaviour is preserved so existing callers
+// of internal/client/response.go keep emitting the same envelope until
+// per-domain migration to typed errors.
 func WrapJSONResponseParseError(err error, body []byte) error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-
-	var e *errs.InternalError
 	if len(bytes.TrimSpace(body)) == 0 {
-		e = errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "API returned an empty JSON response body")
-	} else {
-		e = errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "API returned an invalid JSON response: %v", err)
+		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "api_error",
+			"API returned an empty JSON response body", rawAPIJSONHint)
 	}
-	return e.WithHint("%s", rawAPIJSONHint).WithCause(err)
+	if isJSONDecodeError(err, true) {
+		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "api_error",
+			fmt.Sprintf("API returned an invalid JSON response: %v", err), rawAPIJSONHint)
+	}
+	return output.ErrNetwork("API call failed: %v", err)
 }
 
-// classifyNetworkSubtype maps an error chain to one of the network subtypes,
-// falling back to SubtypeNetworkTransport. Timeout is checked first because
-// a net.OpError can satisfy net.Error and also wrap a DNS sub-error in
-// pathological proxy configurations — we prefer the timeout signal.
-func classifyNetworkSubtype(err error) errs.Subtype {
-	// (a) Timeout — net.Error.Timeout(), plus the SDK's typed timeout
-	// errors (which do not implement net.Error).
-	var netErr net.Error
-	if errors.As(err, &netErr) && netErr.Timeout() {
-		return errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout
-	}
-	var sdkServerTimeout *larkcore.ServerTimeoutError
-	if errors.As(err, &sdkServerTimeout) {
-		return errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout
-	}
-	var sdkClientTimeout *larkcore.ClientTimeoutError
-	if errors.As(err, &sdkClientTimeout) {
-		return errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout
-	}
-
-	// (b) TLS — typed x509 error or message substring fallback.
-	var x509Err *x509.UnknownAuthorityError
-	if errors.As(err, &x509Err) {
-		return errs.SubtypeNetworkTLS
-	}
-	msg := err.Error()
-	if strings.Contains(msg, "x509:") || strings.Contains(msg, "tls:") {
-		return errs.SubtypeNetworkTLS
-	}
-
-	// (c) DNS — *net.DNSError covers SDK chains coming from net.Dialer.
-	var dnsErr *net.DNSError
-	if errors.As(err, &dnsErr) {
-		return errs.SubtypeNetworkDNS
-	}
-
-	// HTTP 5xx classification lives on the call sites with *http.Response
-	// access (DoStream, HandleResponse); the SDK never surfaces non-504 5xx
-	// as an error here.
-	return errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport
-}
-
-// isJSONDecodeError reports whether err is a JSON decode failure at the
-// SDK boundary, matching both typed json errors and their fmt.Errorf-
-// wrapped substring form. io.EOF is intentionally excluded — at the SDK
-// boundary an EOF is a transport failure, not a payload-shape failure.
-func isJSONDecodeError(err error) bool {
+func isJSONDecodeError(err error, allowEOF bool) bool {
 	var syntaxErr *json.SyntaxError
 	var unmarshalTypeErr *json.UnmarshalTypeError
+
 	if errors.As(err, &syntaxErr) || errors.As(err, &unmarshalTypeErr) {
 		return true
 	}
-
-	// Substring fallback for fmt.Errorf-wrapped json decode errors that no
-	// longer satisfy errors.As against the typed json errors. "invalid
-	// character" alone is too broad (other libraries surface it for non-
-	// JSON failures), so it is gated on the message also containing "json".
-	msg := err.Error()
-	if strings.Contains(msg, "unexpected end of JSON input") ||
-		strings.Contains(msg, "cannot unmarshal") {
+	if allowEOF && (errors.Is(err, io.EOF) || errors.Is(err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF)) {
 		return true
 	}
-	lower := strings.ToLower(msg)
-	return strings.Contains(lower, "invalid character") && strings.Contains(lower, "json")
+
+	msg := err.Error()
+	if allowEOF && strings.Contains(msg, "unexpected EOF") {
+		return true
+	}
+	return strings.Contains(msg, "unexpected end of JSON input") ||
+		strings.Contains(msg, "invalid character") ||
+		strings.Contains(msg, "cannot unmarshal")
 }

internal/client/api_errors_test.go

@@ -4,312 +4,173 @@
 package client
 
 import (
-	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"net"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
-
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
-// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-// WrapDoAPIError: typed error contract.
-//
-// Pass-through: any error carrying *errs.Problem (detected via ProblemOf).
-// JSON decode failures → *errs.InternalError{Subtype: invalid_response}.
-// Otherwise → *errs.NetworkError with one of: timeout / tls / dns /
-// server_error / transport (fallback).
-// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-// timeoutNetError implements net.Error with Timeout() == true. Used to exercise
-// the timeout branch of the network classifier without depending on a live
-// transport.
-type timeoutNetError struct{}
-
-func (timeoutNetError) Error() string   { return "i/o timeout" }
-func (timeoutNetError) Timeout() bool   { return true }
-func (timeoutNetError) Temporary() bool { return true }
-
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_SyntaxError_ReturnsInternalError pins that a raw
-// *json.SyntaxError from the SDK boundary surfaces as an *errs.InternalError
-// with Subtype=invalid_response — replacing the legacy api_error envelope.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_SyntaxError_ReturnsInternalError(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(&json.SyntaxError{Offset: 1})
-	var ie *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ie) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T (%v)", got, got)
+func TestWrapDoAPIError_SyntaxErrorIsAPIDiagnostic(t *testing.T) {
+	err := WrapDoAPIError(&json.SyntaxError{Offset: 1})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
 	}
-	if ie.Category != errs.CategoryInternal {
-		t.Errorf("Category = %v, want %v", ie.Category, errs.CategoryInternal)
+
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if ie.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", ie.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI, got %d", exitErr.Code)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "invalid JSON response") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected JSON diagnostic message, got %#v", exitErr.Detail)
 	}
 }
 
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_UnmarshalTypeError_ReturnsInternalError pins the second
-// json-decode error variant (type-mismatch decoding) routes through the same
-// invalid_response branch — not the network fallback.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_UnmarshalTypeError_ReturnsInternalError(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(&json.UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "string", Type: nil})
-	var ie *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ie) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", got)
+func TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_UnexpectedEOFIsAPIDiagnostic(t *testing.T) {
+	err := WrapJSONResponseParseError(io.ErrUnexpectedEOF, []byte("{"))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
 	}
-	if ie.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", ie.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI, got %d", exitErr.Code)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "invalid JSON response") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected invalid JSON diagnostic, got %#v", exitErr.Detail)
 	}
 }
 
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_Timeout pins that an SDK transport error whose chain
-// carries a net.Error with Timeout()==true classifies as
-// NetworkError{Subtype: timeout}. Covers the E2E timeout scenario
-// (HTTPS_PROXY pointing at a non-routable address).
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_Timeout(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(&net.OpError{Op: "dial", Net: "tcp", Err: timeoutNetError{}})
-	var ne *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ne) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T (%v)", got, got)
-	}
-	if ne.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", ne.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout)
-	}
-	if ne.Category != errs.CategoryNetwork {
-		t.Errorf("Category = %v, want %v", ne.Category, errs.CategoryNetwork)
+// TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_EmptyBodyIsAPIDiagnostic pins branch 1 of
+// the documented 3-branch behaviour: empty (or whitespace-only) response
+// bodies surface as api_error + rawAPIJSONHint, not network. Pages returning
+// only "\n" must not be reclassified as transport failures.
+func TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_EmptyBodyIsAPIDiagnostic(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, body := range [][]byte{nil, {}, []byte(" \t\n")} {
+		err := WrapJSONResponseParseError(io.ErrUnexpectedEOF, body)
+		var exitErr *output.ExitError
+		if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("body=%q: expected ExitError, got %T", body, err)
+		}
+		if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+			t.Errorf("body=%q: Code = %d, want %d", body, exitErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
+		}
+		if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "api_error" {
+			t.Errorf("body=%q: Detail.Type = %v, want api_error", body, exitErr.Detail)
+		}
+		if exitErr.Detail == nil || !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "empty JSON response") {
+			t.Errorf("body=%q: Detail.Message = %v, want empty-body diagnostic", body, exitErr.Detail)
+		}
 	}
 }
 
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_TLS pins that an x509.UnknownAuthorityError classifies
-// as NetworkError{Subtype: tls}.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_TLS(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(&x509.UnknownAuthorityError{})
-	var ne *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ne) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T", got)
+// TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_NonJSONErrorIsNetwork pins branch 3:
+// a non-JSON-decode error with a non-empty body falls back to ErrNetwork
+// (the SDK delivered something but the read itself failed mid-flight).
+func TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_NonJSONErrorIsNetwork(t *testing.T) {
+	raw := errors.New("connection reset by peer")
+	err := WrapJSONResponseParseError(raw, []byte(`{"code":0,"data":{}}`))
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if ne.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTLS {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", ne.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTLS)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitNetwork {
+		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want %d (network)", exitErr.Code, output.ExitNetwork)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "network" {
+		t.Errorf("Detail.Type = %v, want network", exitErr.Detail)
 	}
 }
 
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_TLS_HandshakeMessage covers the message-substring fallback
-// for TLS errors that don't surface as a typed x509 error.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_TLS_HandshakeMessage(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(errors.New("remote error: tls: handshake failure"))
-	var ne *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ne) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T", got)
+// TestWrapDoAPIError_LegacyExitErrorPassesThrough pins the invariant that an
+// already-classified *output.ExitError (e.g. output.ErrAuth from
+// resolveAccessToken) survives WrapDoAPIError with its category and exit code
+// intact. Without this, missing-token errors regress from exit 3/auth to
+// exit 4/network at the SDK boundary.
+func TestWrapDoAPIError_LegacyExitErrorPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name     string
+		in       error
+		want     int
+		wantType string
+	}{
+		{"auth", output.ErrAuth("no access token available for user"), output.ExitAuth, "auth"},
+		{"validation", output.ErrValidation("missing flag --foo"), output.ExitValidation, "validation"},
+		{"api_unknown_code", output.ErrAPI(12345, "unknown lark code", nil), output.ExitAPI, "api_error"},
 	}
-	if ne.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTLS {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", ne.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTLS)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_DNS pins that a *net.DNSError classifies as
-// NetworkError{Subtype: dns}.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_DNS(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(&net.DNSError{Name: "example.invalid"})
-	var ne *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ne) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T", got)
-	}
-	if ne.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkDNS {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", ne.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkDNS)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_SDKServerTimeout pins that a *larkcore.ServerTimeoutError
-// (504 Gateway Timeout surfaced by the SDK as a typed error rather than an
-// *http.Response) classifies as timeout — upstream took too long to respond.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_SDKServerTimeout(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(&larkcore.ServerTimeoutError{})
-	var ne *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ne) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T", got)
-	}
-	if ne.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", ne.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_SDKClientTimeout pins that a *larkcore.ClientTimeoutError
-// (client-side request timeout the SDK reports without satisfying net.Error)
-// classifies as timeout.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_SDKClientTimeout(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(&larkcore.ClientTimeoutError{})
-	var ne *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ne) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T", got)
-	}
-	if ne.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", ne.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_UnknownCause_FallsBackToTransport pins the fallback:
-// when none of the specific causes match, NetworkError uses the generic
-// transport subtype.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_UnknownCause_FallsBackToTransport(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(errors.New("connection reset by peer"))
-	var ne *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ne) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T", got)
-	}
-	if ne.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v (fallback)", ne.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_PassThrough_TypedError pins that any typed *errs.* error
-// (carrying an embedded Problem) passes through unchanged — same pointer
-// identity, no re-classification. This is the load-bearing invariant for
-// resolveAccessToken returning *errs.AuthenticationError through DoSDKRequest.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_PassThrough_TypedError(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []error{
-		&errs.AuthenticationError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryAuthentication, Subtype: errs.SubtypeTokenMissing, Message: "no token"}},
-		&errs.PermissionError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryAuthorization, Subtype: errs.SubtypeMissingScope, Message: "no scope"}},
-		&errs.NetworkError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryNetwork, Subtype: errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, Message: "transport"}},
-		&errs.InternalError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryInternal, Subtype: errs.SubtypeSDKError, Message: "sdk"}},
-	}
-	for _, in := range cases {
-		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%T", in), func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := WrapDoAPIError(in)
-			if got != in {
-				t.Fatalf("expected identity pass-through, got %T %v", got, got)
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := WrapDoAPIError(tc.in)
+			if got != tc.in {
+				t.Fatalf("expected identity passthrough, got %v (orig %v)", got, tc.in)
+			}
+			var exitErr *output.ExitError
+			if !errors.As(got, &exitErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", got)
+			}
+			if exitErr.Code != tc.want {
+				t.Fatalf("Code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, tc.want)
+			}
+			if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != tc.wantType {
+				t.Fatalf("Detail.Type = %q, want %q (detail=%#v)",
+					func() string {
+						if exitErr.Detail == nil {
+							return "<nil>"
+						}
+						return exitErr.Detail.Type
+					}(),
+					tc.wantType, exitErr.Detail)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_Nil pins that nil in stays nil out (no allocation, no
-// panic). Callers rely on this when the SDK returns success.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_Nil(t *testing.T) {
-	if got := WrapDoAPIError(nil); got != nil {
-		t.Errorf("WrapDoAPIError(nil) = %v, want nil", got)
+// TestWrapDoAPIError_TypedErrsPassesThrough pins that any *errs.* typed error
+// (carries an embedded Problem) passes through unchanged. Forward-compat for
+// stage-4 credential chain migration that will return *errs.AuthenticationError
+// directly instead of legacy output.ErrAuth.
+func TestWrapDoAPIError_TypedErrsPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []error{
+		&errs.AuthenticationError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryAuthentication, Subtype: errs.SubtypeTokenMissing}},
+		&errs.PermissionError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryAuthorization, Subtype: errs.SubtypeMissingScope}},
+		&errs.NetworkError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryNetwork, Subtype: errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport}},
+		&errs.InternalError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryInternal, Subtype: errs.SubtypeSDKError}},
+	}
+	for _, in := range cases {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%T", in), func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := WrapDoAPIError(in)
+			if got != in {
+				t.Fatalf("expected identity passthrough, got %T %v", got, got)
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
-// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-// WrapJSONResponseParseError: typed error contract.
-//
-// All response-layer parse failures (empty body, malformed JSON, mid-stream
-// read failures that surface as parse errors) collapse to a single
-// *errs.InternalError{Subtype: invalid_response}. The rawAPIJSONHint is
-// preserved on Problem.Hint so users still get the "may have returned an
-// empty or non-standard body, rerun with --output" guidance.
-// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-// TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_SyntaxError_ReturnsInternalError pins the
-// new shape for malformed JSON bodies — replaces the legacy api_error path.
-func TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_SyntaxError_ReturnsInternalError(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapJSONResponseParseError(&json.SyntaxError{Offset: 1}, []byte("{ malformed"))
-	var ie *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ie) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", got)
-	}
-	if ie.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", ie.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
-	}
-	if ie.Hint != rawAPIJSONHint {
-		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want rawAPIJSONHint preserved", ie.Hint)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_EmptyBody_ReturnsInternalError pins that
-// empty / whitespace-only response bodies also surface as invalid_response,
-// not as a network error. Endpoints returning only "\n" or "" trigger this.
-func TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_EmptyBody_ReturnsInternalError(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, body := range [][]byte{nil, {}, []byte(" \t\n")} {
-		got := WrapJSONResponseParseError(io.ErrUnexpectedEOF, body)
-		var ie *errs.InternalError
-		if !errors.As(got, &ie) {
-			t.Fatalf("body=%q: expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", body, got)
-		}
-		if ie.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
-			t.Errorf("body=%q: Subtype = %v, want invalid_response", body, ie.Subtype)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_UnexpectedEOF_ReturnsInternalError pins that
-// io.ErrUnexpectedEOF mid-decode also surfaces as invalid_response — keeps
-// the legacy non-empty-body decode-failure semantics under the new typed
-// envelope.
-func TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_UnexpectedEOF_ReturnsInternalError(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapJSONResponseParseError(io.ErrUnexpectedEOF, []byte("{"))
-	var ie *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ie) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", got)
-	}
-	if ie.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want invalid_response", ie.Subtype)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_Nil pins nil pass-through.
-func TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_Nil(t *testing.T) {
-	if got := WrapJSONResponseParseError(nil, []byte("anything")); got != nil {
-		t.Errorf("WrapJSONResponseParseError(nil, ...) = %v, want nil", got)
-	}
-}
-
-// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-// Cross-cutting: existing tests already in this file (kept and adjusted below).
-// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_LegacyExitErrorNoLongerPassesThrough pins that legacy
-// *output.ExitError (auth/validation/api flavours) is NOT a problemCarrier
-// and is therefore not pass-through — only typed *errs.* values are.
-// Legacy values fall through to the network/JSON branches based on their
-// inner shape.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_LegacyExitErrorNoLongerPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
-	// An *output.ErrAuth has no embedded Problem and no JSON-decode chain;
-	// it routes to the network branch with the fallback transport subtype.
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(output.ErrAuth("no access token available for user"))
-
-	var ne *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(got, &ne) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError (legacy ExitError no longer pass-through), got %T (%v)", got, got)
-	}
-	// Sanity: not silently re-classified as JSON-decode.
-	var ie *errs.InternalError
-	if errors.As(got, &ie) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected NetworkError, got InternalError %v", ie)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_TypedErrorWrappingJSON_OuterWins pins that a typed
-// *errs.AuthenticationError wrapping a JSON syntax error in its chain still
-// passes through as the outer type — we never re-classify a typed problem
-// carrier just because the chain contains a json.SyntaxError. Forward-compat
-// for credential chain errors that bundle a parse failure as Cause.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_TypedErrorWrappingJSON_OuterWins(t *testing.T) {
+// TestWrapDoAPIError_PassthroughBeforeJSONDecode pins that even if a typed/legacy
+// error wraps a JSON decode error somewhere in its chain, the outer
+// classification takes precedence — we never re-classify an already-typed error
+// as a JSON parse error.
+func TestWrapDoAPIError_PassthroughBeforeJSONDecode(t *testing.T) {
 	jsonErr := &json.SyntaxError{Offset: 1}
-	outer := &errs.AuthenticationError{
-		Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryAuthentication, Subtype: errs.SubtypeTokenExpired, Message: "expired"},
-		Cause:   jsonErr,
-	}
+	authWrappingJSON := fmt.Errorf("%w: wrapped %w", output.ErrAuth("token expired"), jsonErr)
 
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(outer)
-	if got != outer {
-		t.Fatalf("expected outer typed error to win, got %T %v", got, got)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWrapDoAPIError_MessageContainsCause pins that the wrapped error's
-// message is carried into Problem.Message so logs / debugging retain the
-// underlying cause string.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_MessageContainsCause(t *testing.T) {
-	raw := errors.New("dial tcp 10.0.0.1:443: i/o timeout")
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(raw)
-	if !strings.Contains(got.Error(), "i/o timeout") {
-		t.Errorf("Error() = %q, want to contain underlying cause", got.Error())
+	got := WrapDoAPIError(authWrappingJSON)
+
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(got, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
+		t.Fatalf("outer auth classification should win, Code = %d want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
 	}
 }

internal/client/client.go

@@ -18,12 +18,8 @@ import (
 	lark "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3"
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errcompat"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 )
@@ -52,38 +48,16 @@ func (c *APIClient) resolveAccessToken(ctx context.Context, as core.Identity) (s
 	if err != nil {
 		var unavailableErr *credential.TokenUnavailableError
 		if errors.As(err, &unavailableErr) {
-			return "", newTokenMissingError(as, unavailableErr)
-		}
-		// NeedAuthorizationError from the credential chain (e.g. UAT refresh
-		// returned need_user_authorization) must surface as typed
-		// AuthenticationError. Without this, WrapDoAPIError would wrap the
-		// raw err as NetworkError, and cmd/root.go's outer-typed gate would
-		// then skip PromoteAuthError — leaving the user with exit 4 and no
-		// auth-login hint instead of exit 3 typed authentication.
-		var needAuthErr *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError
-		if errors.As(err, &needAuthErr) {
-			return "", errcompat.PromoteAuthError(needAuthErr)
+			return "", output.ErrAuth("no access token available for %s", as)
 		}
 		return "", err
 	}
 	if result.Token == "" {
-		return "", newTokenMissingError(as, nil)
+		return "", output.ErrAuth("no access token available for %s", as)
 	}
 	return result.Token, nil
 }
 
-// newTokenMissingError builds the typed *errs.AuthenticationError that
-// resolveAccessToken returns when no usable token is available for the
-// requested identity. cause is the underlying credential-chain error (or nil
-// for the defensive empty-token branch) and is preserved for errors.Is /
-// errors.Unwrap traversal without being serialized on the wire.
-func newTokenMissingError(as core.Identity, cause error) error {
-	return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing,
-		"no access token available for %s", as).
-		WithHint("run: lark-cli auth login to re-authorize").
-		WithCause(cause)
-}
-
 // buildApiReq converts a RawApiRequest into SDK types and collects
 // request-specific options (ExtraOpts, URL-based headers).
 // Auth is handled separately by DoSDKRequest.
@@ -119,14 +93,14 @@ func (c *APIClient) buildApiReq(request RawApiRequest) (*larkcore.ApiReq, []lark
 // and shortcut RuntimeContext.DoAPI (direct larkcore.ApiReq calls).
 //
 // SDK Do() failures are normalised through WrapDoAPIError so every caller
-// (cmd/api, RuntimeContext, shortcuts) gets the same wire shape without
-// each one remembering to wrap. Today that wire shape is still the legacy
-// *output.ExitError envelope (network / api_error); future framework-
+// (cmd/api, RuntimeContext, shortcuts) gets the same wire shape without each
+// one remembering to wrap. In stage 1 that wire shape is still the legacy
+// *output.ExitError envelope (network / api_error) — the stage-4 framework
 // boundary migration flips WrapDoAPIError to typed *errs.NetworkError /
 // *errs.InternalError per the contract in errs/ERROR_CONTRACT.md.
 // Errors that arrive already-classified (legacy *output.ExitError from
-// resolveAccessToken's missing-credential paths, or a typed *errs.*) flow
-// through unchanged.
+// resolveAccessToken's missing-credential paths, or a typed *errs.* from
+// future stages) flow through unchanged.
 func (c *APIClient) DoSDKRequest(ctx context.Context, req *larkcore.ApiReq, as core.Identity, extraOpts ...larkcore.RequestOptionFunc) (*larkcore.ApiResp, error) {
 	var opts []larkcore.RequestOptionFunc
 
@@ -203,7 +177,7 @@ func (c *APIClient) DoStream(ctx context.Context, req *larkcore.ApiReq, as core.
 	httpReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(requestCtx, req.HttpMethod, requestURL, bodyReader)
 	if err != nil {
 		cancel()
-		return nil, errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "stream request failed: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrNetwork("stream request failed: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	// Apply headers from opts
@@ -221,7 +195,7 @@ func (c *APIClient) DoStream(ctx context.Context, req *larkcore.ApiReq, as core.
 	resp, err := httpClient.Do(httpReq)
 	if err != nil {
 		cancel()
-		return nil, errs.NewNetworkError(classifyNetworkSubtype(err), "stream request failed: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrNetwork("stream request failed: %s", err)
 	}
 	resp.Body = &cancelOnCloseBody{ReadCloser: resp.Body, cancel: cancel}
 
@@ -230,34 +204,15 @@ func (c *APIClient) DoStream(ctx context.Context, req *larkcore.ApiReq, as core.
 		defer resp.Body.Close()
 		errBody, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 4096))
 		msg := strings.TrimSpace(string(errBody))
-		subtype := errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport
-		if resp.StatusCode >= 500 {
-			subtype = errs.SubtypeNetworkServer
-		}
-		var netErr *errs.NetworkError
 		if msg != "" {
-			netErr = errs.NewNetworkError(subtype, "HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, msg)
-		} else {
-			netErr = errs.NewNetworkError(subtype, "HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
+			return nil, output.ErrNetwork("HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, msg)
 		}
-		netErr = netErr.WithCode(resp.StatusCode)
-		if logID := streamLogID(resp.Header); logID != "" {
-			netErr = netErr.WithLogID(logID)
-		}
-		return nil, netErr
+		return nil, output.ErrNetwork("HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
 	}
 
 	return resp, nil
 }
 
-func streamLogID(header http.Header) string {
-	logID := strings.TrimSpace(header.Get(larkcore.HttpHeaderKeyLogId))
-	if logID == "" {
-		logID = strings.TrimSpace(header.Get(larkcore.HttpHeaderKeyRequestId))
-	}
-	return logID
-}
-
 type cancelOnCloseBody struct {
 	io.ReadCloser
 	cancel context.CancelFunc
@@ -283,10 +238,10 @@ func buildStreamURL(brand core.LarkBrand, req *larkcore.ApiReq) (string, error)
 			pathKey := strings.TrimPrefix(segment, ":")
 			pathValue, ok := req.PathParams[pathKey]
 			if !ok {
-				return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "missing path param %q for %s", pathKey, req.ApiPath).WithParam(pathKey)
+				return "", output.ErrValidation("missing path param %q for %s", pathKey, req.ApiPath)
 			}
 			if pathValue == "" {
-				return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "empty path param %q for %s", pathKey, req.ApiPath).WithParam(pathKey)
+				return "", output.ErrValidation("empty path param %q for %s", pathKey, req.ApiPath)
 			}
 			pathSegs = append(pathSegs, url.PathEscape(pathValue))
 		}
@@ -312,7 +267,7 @@ func buildStreamBody(body interface{}) (io.Reader, string, error) {
 	default:
 		payload, err := json.Marshal(typed)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to encode request body: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+			return nil, "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "api_error", "failed to encode request body: %s", err)
 		}
 		return bytes.NewReader(payload), "application/json", nil
 	}
@@ -333,9 +288,11 @@ func (c *APIClient) DoAPI(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest) (*larkcore
 // JSON parse failures are wrapped via WrapJSONResponseParseError so callers
 // (notably the pagination loop and --page-all paths in cmd/api / cmd/service)
 // see an *output.ExitError envelope (api_error for malformed JSON, network
-// for everything else) instead of a bare fmt.Errorf — otherwise an empty
+// for everything else) instead of a bare fmt.Errorf. Without this, an empty
 // or malformed page body would surface to the root handler as a plain-text
-// "Error: ..." line and bypass the JSON stderr envelope contract.
+// "Error: ..." line, bypassing the JSON stderr envelope contract. Stage-4
+// framework-boundary migration will flip this wrapper to typed
+// *errs.InternalError / *errs.NetworkError.
 func (c *APIClient) CallAPI(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest) (interface{}, error) {
 	resp, err := c.DoAPI(ctx, request)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -489,23 +446,23 @@ func (c *APIClient) StreamPages(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest, onIt
 	return map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "msg": "success", "data": map[string]interface{}{}}, false, nil
 }
 
-// CheckResponse inspects a Lark API response for business-level errors (non-zero code)
-// and routes the result through errclass.BuildAPIError so the wire envelope carries
-// the canonical Category/Subtype + identity-aware extension fields (MissingScopes,
-// ConsoleURL, etc.) for known Lark codes; unknown codes still surface as
-// *errs.APIError{Subtype: unknown}.
+// CheckResponse inspects a Lark API response for business-level errors (non-zero code).
+//
+// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError wire shape via output.ErrAPI /
+// ClassifyLarkError (type "api_error" / "permission" / etc). Preserved so
+// existing callers keep emitting the same envelope until per-domain
+// migration to typed errors. The identity parameter is reserved for the
+// stage-2 typed path; stage-1 ignores it.
 func (c *APIClient) CheckResponse(result interface{}, identity core.Identity) error {
 	resultMap, ok := result.(map[string]interface{})
 	if !ok || resultMap == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	if code, _ := util.ToFloat64(resultMap["code"]); code == 0 {
+	code, _ := util.ToFloat64(resultMap["code"])
+	if code == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	cc := errclass.ClassifyContext{Identity: string(identity)}
-	if c != nil && c.Config != nil {
-		cc.Brand = string(c.Config.Brand)
-		cc.AppID = c.Config.AppID
-	}
-	return errclass.BuildAPIError(resultMap, cc)
+	larkCode := int(code)
+	msg, _ := resultMap["msg"].(string)
+	return output.ErrAPI(larkCode, fmt.Sprintf("API error: [%d] %s", larkCode, msg), resultMap["error"])
 }

internal/client/client_test.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
-	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"strings"
@@ -19,8 +18,6 @@ import (
 	lark "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3"
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -431,39 +428,6 @@ func TestDoStream_IgnoresBaseHTTPClientTimeout(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestDoStream_TransportFailureSplitsSubtype pins that a streaming-request
-// transport failure routes through classifyNetworkSubtype rather than emitting
-// a hardcoded SubtypeNetworkTransport for every cause. Concretely: a DNS
-// failure must surface as SubtypeNetworkDNS so downstream agents can react
-// (retry / give up / show recovery hint) without parsing the message text.
-// Pre-fix, DoStream collapsed every httpClient.Do failure to NetworkTransport,
-// erasing the timeout / TLS / DNS distinctions the SDK path already preserved.
-func TestDoStream_TransportFailureSplitsSubtype(t *testing.T) {
-	rt := roundTripFunc(func(_ *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-		return nil, &net.DNSError{Err: "no such host", Name: "nowhere.invalid"}
-	})
-	ac := &APIClient{
-		HTTP:       &http.Client{Transport: rt},
-		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &staticTokenResolver{}, nil),
-		Config:     &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
-	}
-
-	_, err := ac.DoStream(context.Background(), &larkcore.ApiReq{
-		HttpMethod: http.MethodGet,
-		ApiPath:    "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/file_token/download",
-	}, core.AsBot)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected DNS error from DoStream transport, got nil")
-	}
-	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(err, &netErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
-	}
-	if netErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkDNS {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q (DNS failures must not be classified as generic transport)", netErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkDNS)
-	}
-}
-
 // failingTokenResolver always returns TokenUnavailableError, exercising the
 // auth/credential failure path through resolveAccessToken.
 type failingTokenResolver struct{}
@@ -472,93 +436,17 @@ func (f *failingTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, spec credential.T
 	return nil, &credential.TokenUnavailableError{Source: "test", Type: spec.Type}
 }
 
-// TestResolveAccessToken_NoToken_ReturnsTypedAuthenticationError pins that
-// the missing-token path of resolveAccessToken returns the typed
-// *errs.AuthenticationError{Subtype: TokenMissing} rather than the legacy
-// *output.ExitError envelope.
-func TestResolveAccessToken_NoToken_ReturnsTypedAuthenticationError(t *testing.T) {
-	ac := &APIClient{
-		HTTP:       &http.Client{},
-		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &failingTokenResolver{}, nil),
-		Config:     &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
-	}
-
-	_, err := ac.resolveAccessToken(context.Background(), core.AsUser)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error when no token available, got nil")
-	}
-
-	var authErr *errs.AuthenticationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &authErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.AuthenticationError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
-	}
-	if authErr.Category != errs.CategoryAuthentication {
-		t.Errorf("Category = %v, want %v", authErr.Category, errs.CategoryAuthentication)
-	}
-	if authErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeTokenMissing {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", authErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeTokenMissing)
-	}
-}
-
-// needAuthTokenResolver returns *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError to
-// exercise the P1 regression path: a credential chain that signals
-// "user must re-authorize" must surface as typed AuthenticationError, not
-// fall through to the generic err return which WrapDoAPIError would then
-// wrap as NetworkError (the outer-typed dispatcher gate would then skip
-// PromoteAuthError and the user would see exit 4 with no auth-login hint).
-type needAuthTokenResolver struct {
-	userOpenID string
-}
-
-func (f *needAuthTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, _ credential.TokenSpec) (*credential.TokenResult, error) {
-	return nil, &internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError{UserOpenId: f.userOpenID}
-}
-
-// TestResolveAccessToken_NeedAuthorization_SurfacesAsTypedAuthentication
-// is the codex P1 regression test: without this branch, the credential
-// chain's NeedAuthorizationError would propagate raw and WrapDoAPIError
-// would mis-classify it as NetworkError.
-func TestResolveAccessToken_NeedAuthorization_SurfacesAsTypedAuthentication(t *testing.T) {
-	ac := &APIClient{
-		HTTP:       &http.Client{},
-		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &needAuthTokenResolver{userOpenID: "ou_test_user"}, nil),
-		Config:     &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
-	}
-
-	_, err := ac.resolveAccessToken(context.Background(), core.AsUser)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error when credential chain signals need_user_authorization, got nil")
-	}
-
-	var authErr *errs.AuthenticationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &authErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.AuthenticationError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
-	}
-	if authErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeTokenMissing {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", authErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeTokenMissing)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(authErr.Message, "need_user_authorization") {
-		t.Errorf("Message must contain the marker 'need_user_authorization' (invariant), got %q", authErr.Message)
-	}
-	// Underlying NeedAuthorizationError preserved in Cause chain so
-	// existing errors.As(&NeedAuthorizationError{}) consumers still match.
-	var needErr *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &needErr) {
-		t.Errorf("NeedAuthorizationError not preserved in Cause chain")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestDoSDKRequest_AuthFailureSurfacesTypedAuthenticationError pins the
-// end-to-end invariant codex caught the day this PR landed: when
-// resolveAccessToken fails because no token is cached, DoSDKRequest must
-// surface that as a typed *errs.AuthenticationError — not silently downgrade
-// it to a network error via the SDK-failure wrap.
+// TestDoSDKRequest_AuthFailurePreservesAuthCategory pins the end-to-end
+// invariant codex caught the day this PR landed: when resolveAccessToken
+// produces output.ErrAuth ("no access token available for <identity>"),
+// DoSDKRequest must surface it with the original auth classification —
+// not silently downgrade it to a network error via the SDK-failure wrap.
 //
 // Regression scenario: shortcut path
 // (shortcuts/common/runner.go DoAPI → DoSDKRequest) calling against a user
 // identity with no cached token. Pre-fix this surfaced as exit 4/type=network
 // and routed agents into "check your connection" instead of "log in".
-func TestDoSDKRequest_AuthFailureSurfacesTypedAuthenticationError(t *testing.T) {
+func TestDoSDKRequest_AuthFailurePreservesAuthCategory(t *testing.T) {
 	ac := &APIClient{
 		HTTP:       &http.Client{},
 		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &failingTokenResolver{}, nil),
@@ -573,20 +461,22 @@ func TestDoSDKRequest_AuthFailureSurfacesTypedAuthenticationError(t *testing.T)
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected auth error, got nil")
 	}
-	var authErr *errs.AuthenticationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &authErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.AuthenticationError, got %T (%v) — WrapDoAPIError must pass typed *errs.* through unchanged", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if authErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeTokenMissing {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", authErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeTokenMissing)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
+		t.Fatalf("Code = %d, want %d (auth) — confirms ErrAuth was downgraded to network at SDK wrap", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "auth" {
+		t.Fatalf("Detail.Type = %v, want auth", exitErr.Detail)
 	}
 }
 
 // TestDoSDKRequest_TransportFailureWrapsAsNetwork pins that genuinely untyped
-// SDK transport errors get the typed network classification via WrapDoAPIError.
+// SDK transport errors get the network classification via WrapDoAPIError.
 // io.ErrUnexpectedEOF from a RoundTripper surfaces through net/http as a
-// *url.Error, which the wrap classifier reaches as the transport-error
-// fallback (no specific subtype matches — falls back to transport).
+// *url.Error, which the wrap classifier recognises as a transport error.
 func TestDoSDKRequest_TransportFailureWrapsAsNetwork(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := roundTripFunc(func(_ *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
 		return nil, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
@@ -601,29 +491,25 @@ func TestDoSDKRequest_TransportFailureWrapsAsNetwork(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error from broken transport, got nil")
 	}
-	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(err, &netErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if netErr.Category != errs.CategoryNetwork {
-		t.Errorf("Category = %v, want %v", netErr.Category, errs.CategoryNetwork)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitNetwork {
+		t.Fatalf("Code = %d, want %d (network)", exitErr.Code, output.ExitNetwork)
 	}
-	if netErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", netErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport)
-	}
-	// io.ErrUnexpectedEOF round-tripping through net/http does not satisfy
-	// any of the specific cause checks; subtype falls back to transport.
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitNetwork {
-		t.Errorf("ExitCodeOf = %d, want %d (network)", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitNetwork)
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "network" {
+		t.Fatalf("Detail.Type = %v, want network", exitErr.Detail)
 	}
 }
 
-// TestCallAPI_ParseJSONFailureWrapsAsAPI pins the typed-envelope contract for
-// malformed JSON response bodies: WrapJSONResponseParseError emits
-// *errs.InternalError{Subtype: invalid_response} with the rawAPIJSONHint
-// preserved on Problem.Hint. Pagination / cmd/api / cmd/service callers see
-// the typed JSON stderr envelope (exit 5/internal) — wire `type` is
-// "internal", not the legacy "api_error".
+// TestCallAPI_ParseJSONFailureWrapsAsAPI pins the legacy-envelope contract for
+// malformed JSON response bodies: WrapJSONResponseParseError emits api_error
+// (exit 1) with the rawAPIJSONHint, so the pagination / cmd/api / cmd/service
+// callers always see a JSON stderr envelope instead of a bare "Error: ..."
+// line. Stage-4 framework-boundary migration will flip this wrapper to typed
+// *errs.InternalError; until then this test pins the legacy shape so we do
+// not regress envelope coverage.
 func TestCallAPI_ParseJSONFailureWrapsAsAPI(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := roundTripFunc(func(_ *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
 		return &http.Response{
@@ -643,20 +529,17 @@ func TestCallAPI_ParseJSONFailureWrapsAsAPI(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected JSON parse error, got nil")
 	}
-	var intErr *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(err, &intErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if intErr.Category != errs.CategoryInternal {
-		t.Errorf("Category = %v, want %v", intErr.Category, errs.CategoryInternal)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Fatalf("Code = %d, want %d (api)", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
 	}
-	if intErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %v, want %v", intErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "api_error" {
+		t.Fatalf("Detail.Type = %v, want api_error", exitErr.Detail)
 	}
-	if intErr.Hint != rawAPIJSONHint {
-		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want rawAPIJSONHint preserved", intErr.Hint)
-	}
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitInternal {
-		t.Errorf("ExitCodeOf = %d, want %d (internal)", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitInternal)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Hint != rawAPIJSONHint {
+		t.Errorf("Detail.Hint = %q, want rawAPIJSONHint", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
 	}
 }

internal/client/dostream_test.go

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package client_test
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"net/http"
-	"testing"
-
-	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
-)
-
-func TestDoStream_HTTPErrorIncludesLogID(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	config := &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu}
-	factory, _, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, config)
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		Method:  http.MethodGet,
-		URL:     "/open-apis/drive/v1/medias/file_token/download",
-		Status:  http.StatusForbidden,
-		RawBody: []byte("forbidden"),
-		Headers: http.Header{
-			larkcore.HttpHeaderKeyLogId: []string{"202605270003"},
-		},
-	})
-
-	client, err := factory.NewAPIClientWithConfig(config)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("NewAPIClientWithConfig() error = %v", err)
-	}
-
-	_, err = client.DoStream(context.Background(), &larkcore.ApiReq{
-		HttpMethod: http.MethodGet,
-		ApiPath:    "/open-apis/drive/v1/medias/file_token/download",
-	}, core.AsBot)
-	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(err, &netErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if netErr.LogID != "202605270003" {
-		t.Fatalf("LogID = %q, want %q", netErr.LogID, "202605270003")
-	}
-}

internal/client/response.go

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -53,10 +52,12 @@ func HandleResponse(resp *larkcore.ApiResp, opts ResponseOptions) error {
 	}
 	check := opts.CheckError
 	if check == nil {
-		// Default check routes through BuildAPIError, producing typed
-		// *errs.PermissionError / AuthenticationError / etc. A zero-value
-		// *APIClient is safe here because BuildAPIError gracefully degrades
-		// identity-aware fields (ConsoleURL etc.) when AppID is empty.
+		// Stage 1: default check routes through legacy CheckResponse
+		// (output.ErrAPI / ClassifyLarkError). Stage-2+ migration will
+		// switch this to errclass.BuildAPIError so PermissionError carries
+		// MissingScopes / ConsoleURL — at that point a zero-value
+		// *APIClient still works because BuildAPIError short-circuits on
+		// empty AppID, gracefully degrading identity-aware fields.
 		check = func(r interface{}, id core.Identity) error {
 			return (&APIClient{}).CheckResponse(r, id)
 		}
@@ -64,20 +65,9 @@ func HandleResponse(resp *larkcore.ApiResp, opts ResponseOptions) error {
 
 	// Non-JSON error responses (e.g. 404 text/plain from gateway): return error directly
 	// instead of falling through to the binary-save path.
-	// 5xx → typed NetworkError (server/transport tier); 4xx → typed APIError (client error).
 	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 && !IsJSONContentType(ct) && ct != "" {
 		body := util.TruncateStrWithEllipsis(strings.TrimSpace(string(resp.RawBody)), 500)
-		if resp.StatusCode >= 500 {
-			return errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkServer,
-				"HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, body).
-				WithCode(resp.StatusCode)
-		}
-		subtype := errs.SubtypeUnknown
-		if resp.StatusCode == 404 {
-			subtype = errs.SubtypeNotFound
-		}
-		return errs.NewAPIError(subtype, "HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, body).
-			WithCode(resp.StatusCode)
+		return output.Errorf(httpExitCode(resp.StatusCode), "http_error", "HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
 	}
 
 	// JSON responses: always check for business errors before saving.
@@ -112,9 +102,7 @@ func HandleResponse(resp *larkcore.ApiResp, opts ResponseOptions) error {
 
 	// Non-JSON (binary) responses.
 	if opts.JqExpr != "" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			"--jq requires a JSON response (got Content-Type: %s)", ct).
-			WithParam("--jq")
+		return output.ErrValidation("--jq requires a JSON response (got Content-Type: %s)", ct)
 	}
 	if opts.OutputPath != "" {
 		return saveAndPrint(opts.FileIO, resp, opts.OutputPath, opts.Out)
@@ -123,7 +111,7 @@ func HandleResponse(resp *larkcore.ApiResp, opts ResponseOptions) error {
 	// No --output: auto-save with derived filename.
 	meta, err := SaveResponse(opts.FileIO, resp, ResolveFilename(resp))
 	if err != nil {
-		return classifySaveErr(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "file_error", "%s", err)
 	}
 	fmt.Fprintf(opts.ErrOut, "binary response detected (Content-Type: %s), saved to file\n", ct)
 	output.PrintJson(opts.Out, meta)
@@ -133,23 +121,12 @@ func HandleResponse(resp *larkcore.ApiResp, opts ResponseOptions) error {
 func saveAndPrint(fio fileio.FileIO, resp *larkcore.ApiResp, path string, w io.Writer) error {
 	meta, err := SaveResponse(fio, resp, path)
 	if err != nil {
-		return classifySaveErr(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "file_error", "%s", err)
 	}
 	output.PrintJson(w, meta)
 	return nil
 }
 
-// classifySaveErr routes a SaveResponse error to the right typed shape.
-// Path-validation failures are caller-induced (an unsafe --output path),
-// so they surface as ValidationError on --output. Mkdir / write failures
-// are local I/O issues classified as InternalError with SubtypeFileIO.
-func classifySaveErr(err error) error {
-	if errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation) {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%v", err).WithParam("--output")
-	}
-	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "save response: %v", err).WithCause(err)
-}
-
 // ── JSON helpers ──
 
 // IsJSONContentType reports whether the Content-Type header indicates a JSON response.
@@ -183,13 +160,13 @@ func SaveResponse(fio fileio.FileIO, resp *larkcore.ApiResp, outputPath string)
 		var we *fileio.WriteError
 		switch {
 		case errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation):
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsafe output path: %w", err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsafe output path: %s", err)
 		case errors.As(err, &me):
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("create directory: %w", err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("create directory: %s", err)
 		case errors.As(err, &we):
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot write file: %w", err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot write file: %s", err)
 		default:
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot write file: %w", err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot write file: %s", err)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -248,3 +225,12 @@ func mimeToExt(ct string) string {
 		return ".bin"
 	}
 }
+
+// httpExitCode maps HTTP status ranges to CLI exit codes:
+// 5xx → ExitNetwork (server error), 4xx → ExitAPI (client error).
+func httpExitCode(status int) int {
+	if status >= 500 {
+		return output.ExitNetwork
+	}
+	return output.ExitAPI
+}

internal/client/response_test.go

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs/localfileio"
 )
@@ -295,12 +294,9 @@ func TestHandleResponse_NonJSONError_404(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(got, "HTTP 404") || !strings.Contains(got, "404 page not found") {
 		t.Errorf("expected 'HTTP 404: 404 page not found', got: %s", got)
 	}
-	var apiErr *errs.APIError
-	if !errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
-		t.Errorf("expected *errs.APIError, got %T", err)
-	}
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Errorf("expected ExitAPI (%d), got %d", output.ExitAPI, output.ExitCodeOf(err))
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Errorf("expected ExitAPI (%d) for 4xx, got code: %d", output.ExitAPI, exitErr.Code)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -316,12 +312,9 @@ func TestHandleResponse_NonJSONError_502(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(got, "HTTP 502") || !strings.Contains(got, "Bad Gateway") {
 		t.Errorf("expected 'HTTP 502' and 'Bad Gateway' in error, got: %s", got)
 	}
-	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(err, &netErr) {
-		t.Errorf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T", err)
-	}
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitNetwork {
-		t.Errorf("expected ExitNetwork (%d) for 5xx, got %d", output.ExitNetwork, output.ExitCodeOf(err))
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Code != output.ExitNetwork {
+		t.Errorf("expected ExitNetwork (%d) for 5xx, got code: %d", output.ExitNetwork, exitErr.Code)
 	}
 }
 

internal/cmdpolicy/active.go

@@ -15,12 +15,8 @@ import (
 // it hide?".
 //
 // Set once at bootstrap time; consumed read-only thereafter.
-//
-// Rules is the full set the winning source contributed (one rule for the
-// common single-rule case, several when a plugin or yaml declares scoped
-// grants). nil/empty means "no rule applied".
 type ActivePolicy struct {
-	Rules       []*platform.Rule
+	Rule        *platform.Rule
 	Source      ResolveSource
 	DeniedPaths int // number of commands the engine marked as denied (post-aggregation)
 }
@@ -60,26 +56,20 @@ func GetActive() *ActivePolicy {
 	return cloneActivePolicy(activePolicy)
 }
 
-// cloneActivePolicy deep-copies the top-level struct, the Rules slice, and
-// each Rule's own slice fields. Other fields (Source, DeniedPaths) are
-// value types so the struct copy already disjoints them.
+// cloneActivePolicy deep-copies the top-level struct plus the embedded
+// Rule's slice fields. Other fields (Source, DeniedPaths) are value
+// types so the struct copy already disjoints them.
 func cloneActivePolicy(in *ActivePolicy) *ActivePolicy {
 	if in == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 	cp := *in
-	if in.Rules != nil {
-		cp.Rules = make([]*platform.Rule, len(in.Rules))
-		for i, r := range in.Rules {
-			if r == nil {
-				continue
-			}
-			rule := *r
-			rule.Allow = append([]string(nil), r.Allow...)
-			rule.Deny = append([]string(nil), r.Deny...)
-			rule.Identities = append([]platform.Identity(nil), r.Identities...)
-			cp.Rules[i] = &rule
-		}
+	if in.Rule != nil {
+		rule := *in.Rule
+		rule.Allow = append([]string(nil), in.Rule.Allow...)
+		rule.Deny = append([]string(nil), in.Rule.Deny...)
+		rule.Identities = append([]platform.Identity(nil), in.Rule.Identities...)
+		cp.Rule = &rule
 	}
 	return &cp
 }

internal/cmdpolicy/engine.go

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ package cmdpolicy
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/bmatcuk/doublestar/v4"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -37,45 +36,16 @@ type Decision struct {
 	Reason     string // human-readable
 }
 
-// Engine evaluates a set of Rules against the command tree with OR
-// semantics: a command is allowed when it satisfies every axis of AT
-// LEAST ONE rule. It is stateless except for the Rule snapshot it was
-// constructed with.
+// Engine evaluates a Rule against the command tree. It is stateless except
+// for the Rule snapshot it was constructed with.
 type Engine struct {
-	rules []*platform.Rule
+	rule *platform.Rule
 }
 
-// New returns an Engine bound to a single Rule. A nil Rule means "no
-// user-layer restriction" -- EvaluateOne always returns Allowed=true.
-// It is the ergonomic single-rule constructor, kept so existing callers
-// (and the single-rule decision path) stay byte-for-byte unchanged.
+// New returns an Engine bound to a Rule. A nil Rule means "no user-layer
+// restriction" -- EvaluateOne always returns Allowed=true.
 func New(rule *platform.Rule) *Engine {
-	if rule == nil {
-		return &Engine{}
-	}
-	return &Engine{rules: []*platform.Rule{rule}}
-}
-
-// NewSet returns an Engine bound to a set of Rules evaluated with OR
-// semantics. An empty/nil slice means "no user-layer restriction". nil
-// entries are dropped so callers may pass a slice with gaps without a
-// separate filter step.
-//
-// With exactly one rule the behaviour is identical to New(rule): the
-// rejection Decision is returned verbatim. With multiple rules a command
-// rejected by all of them gets the aggregate reason_code
-// "no_matching_rule" (see mergeDenials).
-func NewSet(rules []*platform.Rule) *Engine {
-	cleaned := make([]*platform.Rule, 0, len(rules))
-	for _, r := range rules {
-		if r != nil {
-			cleaned = append(cleaned, r)
-		}
-	}
-	if len(cleaned) == 0 {
-		return &Engine{}
-	}
-	return &Engine{rules: cleaned}
+	return &Engine{rule: rule}
 }
 
 // EvaluateAll walks the command tree and evaluates every **runnable**
@@ -111,29 +81,27 @@ func (e *Engine) EvaluateAll(root *cobra.Command) map[string]Decision {
 }
 
 // EvaluateOne returns the user-layer decision for a single command. Always
-// Allowed=true when the engine has no Rule. With multiple rules the
-// decision is the OR over per-rule evaluations: the command is allowed as
-// soon as one rule grants it; if every rule rejects it, the rejections are
-// merged (see mergeDenials).
+// Allowed=true when the engine has no Rule.
 func (e *Engine) EvaluateOne(cmd *cobra.Command) Decision {
-	if len(e.rules) == 0 {
+	if e.rule == nil {
 		return Decision{Allowed: true}
 	}
+	r := e.rule
 	path := CanonicalPath(cmd)
 
 	if IsDiagnosticPath(path) {
 		return Decision{Allowed: true}
 	}
 
-	// risk_invalid is a property of the COMMAND's own annotation (the
-	// annotation exists but is a typo / not in the closed taxonomy
-	// read / write / high-risk-write). It is independent of any Rule and
-	// is always fail-closed regardless of AllowUnannotated -- a typo is a
-	// code bug, not a migration phase. So it is checked once up front,
-	// before the per-rule OR loop, and short-circuits to deny.
+	// A registered Rule expresses intent over the closed risk taxonomy
+	// (read / write / high-risk-write). Two ways a command can fall
+	// outside that taxonomy:
 	//
-	// The "absent" case (no risk_level annotation at all) is per-rule:
-	// each rule's AllowUnannotated decides, so it lives inside evalRule.
+	//   - "absent"  (no risk_level annotation) — fail-closed by default,
+	//     but Rule.AllowUnannotated=true opts out for gradual adoption.
+	//   - "invalid" (annotation exists but is a typo / not in the
+	//     closed enum) — always fail-closed regardless of
+	//     AllowUnannotated. Typo is a code bug, not a migration phase.
 	cmdRiskStr, hasRisk := cmdmeta.Risk(cmd)
 	cmdRisk := platform.Risk(cmdRiskStr)
 	var (
@@ -149,31 +117,7 @@ func (e *Engine) EvaluateOne(cmd *cobra.Command) Decision {
 				Reason:     fmt.Sprintf("invalid risk %q; did you mean %q?", cmdRiskStr, suggestRisk(cmdRiskStr)),
 			}
 		}
-	}
-
-	// OR across rules: the first rule that fully grants the command wins.
-	denials := make([]Decision, 0, len(e.rules))
-	for _, r := range e.rules {
-		d := evalRule(r, path, cmd, hasRisk, cmdRisk, cmdRank, cmdRankOk)
-		if d.Allowed {
-			return Decision{Allowed: true}
-		}
-		denials = append(denials, d)
-	}
-	return mergeDenials(e.rules, denials)
-}
-
-// evalRule applies one Rule's four-axis AND filter to a command whose
-// risk annotation has already been parsed by EvaluateOne (risk_invalid is
-// handled there). cmdRankOk is false only when the command is unannotated
-// (hasRisk=false); a present-but-invalid risk never reaches here. Returns
-// Allowed=true only when the command clears every axis of this rule.
-func evalRule(r *platform.Rule, path string, cmd *cobra.Command, hasRisk bool, cmdRisk platform.Risk, cmdRank int, cmdRankOk bool) Decision {
-	// Unannotated gate: fail-closed unless THIS rule opts out. A command
-	// with no risk_level annotation can still be granted by a rule that
-	// sets AllowUnannotated=true (gradual-adoption opt-in); other rules in
-	// the set reject it here and the OR moves on.
-	if !hasRisk && !r.AllowUnannotated {
+	} else if !r.AllowUnannotated {
 		return Decision{
 			Allowed:    false,
 			ReasonCode: "risk_not_annotated",
@@ -181,9 +125,7 @@ func evalRule(r *platform.Rule, path string, cmd *cobra.Command, hasRisk bool, c
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Axis 1: Deny has priority. Note OR semantics scope a rule's Deny to
-	// that rule only -- it cannot veto another rule's Allow. A command to
-	// block everywhere must be denied (or simply not allowed) by every rule.
+	// Axis 1: Deny has priority.
 	if matched, ok := firstMatch(r.Deny, path); ok {
 		return Decision{
 			Allowed:    false,
@@ -229,34 +171,6 @@ func evalRule(r *platform.Rule, path string, cmd *cobra.Command, hasRisk bool, c
 	return Decision{Allowed: true}
 }
 
-// mergeDenials collapses the per-rule rejections into a single Decision
-// for a command that no rule granted. denials is parallel to rules (same
-// order, one entry per rule, all Allowed=false).
-//
-// With exactly one rule the original rejection is returned verbatim, so
-// single-rule envelopes are byte-for-byte identical to the pre-multi-rule
-// behaviour (reason_code / reason unchanged). With multiple rules the
-// rejection is the aggregate reason_code "no_matching_rule"; its Reason
-// enumerates each rule's own rejection for debugging.
-func mergeDenials(rules []*platform.Rule, denials []Decision) Decision {
-	if len(denials) == 1 {
-		return denials[0]
-	}
-	parts := make([]string, len(denials))
-	for i, d := range denials {
-		name := rules[i].Name
-		if name == "" {
-			name = fmt.Sprintf("#%d", i)
-		}
-		parts[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", name, d.ReasonCode)
-	}
-	return Decision{
-		Allowed:    false,
-		ReasonCode: "no_matching_rule",
-		Reason:     fmt.Sprintf("no rule grants this command (%s)", strings.Join(parts, "; ")),
-	}
-}
-
 // BuildDeniedByPath converts engine Decisions to a deniedByPath map keyed
 // by canonical path. It performs the parent-group aggregation defined in
 // the tech doc: a non-runnable parent whose every runnable descendant is

internal/cmdpolicy/engine_test.go

@@ -398,93 +398,6 @@ func TestEvaluate_unknownIdentitiesIsAllow(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// --- Multi-rule (OR) semantics ---
-
-// Two scoped rules (docs read-only, im writable) are OR-combined: a
-// command is allowed when it satisfies ANY rule. This is the headline
-// multi-rule use case -- different command groups need different risk
-// ceilings within one policy.
-func TestEvaluate_multiRuleOR(t *testing.T) {
-	root := buildTree()
-	e := cmdpolicy.NewSet([]*platform.Rule{
-		{Name: "docs-ro", Allow: []string{"docs/**"}, MaxRisk: "read"},
-		{Name: "im-rw", Allow: []string{"im/**"}, MaxRisk: "write"},
-	})
-	got := e.EvaluateAll(root)
-
-	// docs/+fetch (read) clears docs-ro.
-	if !got["docs/+fetch"].Allowed {
-		t.Errorf("docs/+fetch should be allowed by docs-ro")
-	}
-	// im/+send (write) clears im-rw even though docs-ro rejects it.
-	if !got["im/+send"].Allowed {
-		t.Errorf("im/+send (write) should be allowed by im-rw")
-	}
-	// docs/+update (write) exceeds docs-ro's read ceiling AND is outside
-	// im-rw's allow list -> rejected by both -> no_matching_rule.
-	if got["docs/+update"].Allowed {
-		t.Fatalf("docs/+update should be denied: read-only in docs, not allowed in im")
-	}
-	if rc := got["docs/+update"].ReasonCode; rc != "no_matching_rule" {
-		t.Errorf("docs/+update ReasonCode = %q, want no_matching_rule", rc)
-	}
-}
-
-// Identity can differ per rule: docs limited to user, im open to bot.
-// This is the second half of the requirement -- some commands restrict
-// identity, others allow the bot identity.
-func TestEvaluate_multiRulePerRuleIdentity(t *testing.T) {
-	root := buildTree()
-	e := cmdpolicy.NewSet([]*platform.Rule{
-		{Name: "docs-user", Allow: []string{"docs/**"}, MaxRisk: "write", Identities: []platform.Identity{"user"}},
-		{Name: "im-bot", Allow: []string{"im/**"}, MaxRisk: "write", Identities: []platform.Identity{"bot"}},
-	})
-	got := e.EvaluateAll(root)
-
-	// docs/+update identities=[user] -> docs-user grants.
-	if !got["docs/+update"].Allowed {
-		t.Errorf("docs/+update (user) should be allowed by docs-user")
-	}
-	// im/+send identities=[bot] -> im-bot grants.
-	if !got["im/+send"].Allowed {
-		t.Errorf("im/+send (bot) should be allowed by im-bot")
-	}
-	// docs/+delete-doc is high-risk-write -> exceeds both ceilings -> denied.
-	if got["docs/+delete-doc"].Allowed {
-		t.Errorf("docs/+delete-doc (high-risk-write) should be denied by both rules")
-	}
-}
-
-// NewSet with a single rule must behave exactly like New: the per-rule
-// rejection (not the aggregate no_matching_rule) is preserved so the
-// single-rule envelope is unchanged.
-func TestEvaluate_newSetSingleRuleKeepsReason(t *testing.T) {
-	root := buildTree()
-	e := cmdpolicy.NewSet([]*platform.Rule{
-		{Allow: []string{"docs/**"}},
-	})
-	got := e.EvaluateAll(root)
-	if got["im/+send"].Allowed {
-		t.Fatalf("im/+send should be denied by docs-only rule")
-	}
-	if rc := got["im/+send"].ReasonCode; rc != "domain_not_allowed" {
-		t.Errorf("single-rule reason must be preserved verbatim, got %q want domain_not_allowed", rc)
-	}
-}
-
-// NewSet drops nil entries; an all-nil/empty set means "no restriction".
-func TestNewSet_emptyAndNilMeansNoRestriction(t *testing.T) {
-	root := buildTree()
-	for _, rules := range [][]*platform.Rule{nil, {}, {nil}} {
-		got := cmdpolicy.NewSet(rules).EvaluateAll(root)
-		for path, d := range got {
-			if !d.Allowed {
-				t.Fatalf("empty/nil rule set must allow all, got deny for %s", path)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 // Apply must install denyStubs only on Layer="policy" entries. A
 // "strict_mode" denial in the same map must be left for
 // applyStrictModeDenials in cmd/.