Add JobExecutionView state container

The DAP debugger needs to map a runtime IStep back to a source line
when answering `stackTrace` requests. The renderer (#PR1b) produces
the YAML and per-entry start lines from an immutable list, but the
debugger's view grows over the job's lifetime: post steps register
lazily, and the integration layer needs O(1) IStep -> line lookup
at every pause.

This commit adds JobExecutionView, a stateful append-only wrapper
around the renderer. It maintains:
  - the current entry list,
  - the most recent rendered YAML,
  - a Dictionary<IStep, int> for fast line lookup.

Each Append can register an entry in one of three modes:
  - with a stepIdentity: registers the IStep -> line mapping
    immediately;
  - with a matchKey: registers an unclaimed placeholder that a
    later TryClaim binds to a real IStep (used when an entry is
    predicted before the runner materializes its IStep, e.g. a
    Post-step placeholder synthesized at job-init from an action's
    metadata);
  - with neither: a static informational entry that needs no line
    lookup.

This is part 3 of 5. The DAP-integration PR that consumes this
container is the final follow-up.

Co-authored-by: Copilot <223556219+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>

src/Runner.Worker/Dap/JobExecutionView.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using GitHub.Runner.Sdk;
+
+namespace GitHub.Runner.Worker.Dap
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Stateful, append-only container that wraps <see cref="JobExecutionViewRenderer"/>
+    /// for runtime use. Maintains a mutable list of entries, caches the rendered YAML,
+    /// and provides O(1) lookup from <see cref="IStep"/> identity to the current line
+    /// in the rendered YAML where that step's <c>- step:</c> key appears.
+    ///
+    /// Each <see cref="Append"/> can register the entry in one of three modes:
+    ///   - With a non-null <c>stepIdentity</c>: registers the IStep→line mapping
+    ///     immediately. Used for entries whose real <see cref="IStep"/> is already
+    ///     known at append time.
+    ///   - With a non-null <c>matchKey</c>: registers an unclaimed placeholder
+    ///     that a later <see cref="TryClaim"/> binds to a real <see cref="IStep"/>.
+    ///     Used for entries whose <see cref="IStep"/> is materialized later. A
+    ///     placeholder that is never claimed simply stays in the view and is never
+    ///     paused on — the IStep→line mapping is only populated on claim.
+    ///   - With neither: a static entry that needs no line lookup.
+    ///
+    /// <see cref="Append"/> and <see cref="AppendRange"/> never remove or reorder
+    /// existing entries. <see cref="TryClaim"/> does not re-render. The IStep→line
+    /// mapping is rebuilt on every render, so lookups stay accurate even if a later
+    /// Append happens to shift previously-emitted entries.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal sealed class JobExecutionView
+    {
+        private readonly object _lock = new();
+        private readonly string _jobId;
+        private readonly List<JobExecutionViewEntry> _entries = new();
+        private readonly List<IStep> _stepIdentities = new();
+        private readonly Dictionary<IStep, int> _lineByStep =
+            new(ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance);
+        // Map matchKey -> entry index for placeholders awaiting a future
+        // TryClaim. Removed when claimed.
+        private readonly Dictionary<string, int> _unclaimedByKey =
+            new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
+        private string _yaml;
+        private IReadOnlyList<int> _entryStartLines = Array.Empty<int>();
+
+        public JobExecutionView(string jobId)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(jobId))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("jobId must not be null or whitespace.", nameof(jobId));
+            }
+
+            _jobId = jobId;
+            Render();
+        }
+
+        public string JobId
+        {
+            get { return _jobId; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Currently rendered YAML. Always reflects all entries appended so far,
+        /// plus the synthetic Setup header and Cleanup footer emitted by the renderer.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Yaml
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                lock (_lock)
+                {
+                    return _yaml;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>Number of entries (excludes synthetic Setup/Cleanup boundaries).</summary>
+        public int EntryCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                lock (_lock)
+                {
+                    return _entries.Count;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 1-based line where entry <paramref name="entryIndex"/>'s <c>- step:</c> key
+        /// currently appears in <see cref="Yaml"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int GetLine(int entryIndex)
+        {
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                if (entryIndex < 0 || entryIndex >= _entries.Count)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(entryIndex));
+                }
+
+                return _entryStartLines[entryIndex];
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 1-based line for the entry whose <see cref="IStep"/> reference identity
+        /// matches <paramref name="step"/>. Returns null if <paramref name="step"/>
+        /// is null or has not been registered.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int? TryGetLineForStep(IStep step)
+        {
+            if (step == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                if (_lineByStep.TryGetValue(step, out var line))
+                {
+                    return line;
+                }
+
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Append a new entry. Exactly one of <paramref name="stepIdentity"/>
+        /// or <paramref name="matchKey"/> may be non-null (or both may be
+        /// null for a static entry that needs no line lookup):
+        ///   - <paramref name="stepIdentity"/> non-null: registers the
+        ///     IStep→line mapping immediately. Use when the real
+        ///     <see cref="IStep"/> is known at append time.
+        ///   - <paramref name="matchKey"/> non-null: registers an unclaimed
+        ///     placeholder that a later <see cref="TryClaim"/> binds to a
+        ///     real <see cref="IStep"/>.
+        /// Re-renders the YAML and updates the start-line table.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>1-based line number of the newly-appended entry's <c>- step:</c> key.</returns>
+        public int Append(JobExecutionViewEntry entry, IStep stepIdentity = null, string matchKey = null)
+        {
+            ArgUtil.NotNull(entry, nameof(entry));
+            if (stepIdentity != null && matchKey != null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException(
+                    "Append cannot register both a step identity and a placeholder match key on the same entry; pass at most one.");
+            }
+
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                if (stepIdentity != null && _lineByStep.ContainsKey(stepIdentity))
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("step already registered in execution view");
+                }
+                if (matchKey != null && _unclaimedByKey.ContainsKey(matchKey))
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"matchKey already registered: {matchKey}");
+                }
+
+                _entries.Add(entry);
+                _stepIdentities.Add(stepIdentity);
+                Render();
+
+                int index = _entries.Count - 1;
+                if (matchKey != null)
+                {
+                    _unclaimedByKey[matchKey] = index;
+                }
+                return _entryStartLines[index];
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Bind a previously-appended placeholder entry (registered via
+        /// <see cref="Append(JobExecutionViewEntry, IStep, string)"/> with
+        /// a non-null <c>matchKey</c>) to a real <see cref="IStep"/>.
+        /// Returns the 1-based line of the now-claimed entry on success.
+        /// Returns null when no unclaimed placeholder exists for
+        /// <paramref name="matchKey"/>, OR when <paramref name="stepIdentity"/>
+        /// is already registered for a different entry (defensive).
+        /// Does not re-render: claim only updates the IStep -> line index.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int? TryClaim(string matchKey, IStep stepIdentity)
+        {
+            if (matchKey == null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(matchKey));
+            }
+            if (stepIdentity == null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(stepIdentity));
+            }
+
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                if (!_unclaimedByKey.TryGetValue(matchKey, out int index))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (_lineByStep.ContainsKey(stepIdentity))
+                {
+                    // Bail rather than double-register the step.
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                _unclaimedByKey.Remove(matchKey);
+                _stepIdentities[index] = stepIdentity;
+                _lineByStep[stepIdentity] = _entryStartLines[index];
+                return _entryStartLines[index];
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Bulk-append for the initial population. Equivalent to calling
+        /// <see cref="Append"/> once per pair, but renders only once at the end.
+        /// State is left unchanged if any input is invalid.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void AppendRange(IEnumerable<(JobExecutionViewEntry entry, IStep stepIdentity)> items)
+        {
+            ArgUtil.NotNull(items, nameof(items));
+
+            // Materialize first so we don't enumerate twice.
+            var materialized = new List<(JobExecutionViewEntry entry, IStep stepIdentity)>(items);
+            for (int i = 0; i < materialized.Count; i++)
+            {
+                if (materialized[i].entry == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException($"items[{i}].entry is null.", nameof(items));
+                }
+            }
+
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                // Validate no duplicates within the input or with existing identities,
+                // before mutating state.
+                var seen = new HashSet<IStep>(ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance);
+                foreach (var (_, stepIdentity) in materialized)
+                {
+                    if (stepIdentity == null)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (_lineByStep.ContainsKey(stepIdentity) || !seen.Add(stepIdentity))
+                    {
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException("step already registered in execution view");
+                    }
+                }
+
+                foreach (var (entry, stepIdentity) in materialized)
+                {
+                    _entries.Add(entry);
+                    _stepIdentities.Add(stepIdentity);
+                }
+                Render();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Caller MUST hold _lock (constructor's call is safe — no concurrent access yet).
+        private void Render()
+        {
+            var result = JobExecutionViewRenderer.Render(_jobId, _entries.AsReadOnly());
+            _yaml = result.Yaml;
+            _entryStartLines = result.EntryStartLines;
+
+            _lineByStep.Clear();
+            for (int i = 0; i < _stepIdentities.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var step = _stepIdentities[i];
+                if (step != null)
+                {
+                    _lineByStep[step] = _entryStartLines[i];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Test/L0/Worker/JobExecutionViewL0.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using GitHub.Runner.Worker;
+using GitHub.Runner.Worker.Dap;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace GitHub.Runner.Common.Tests.Worker
+{
+    public sealed class JobExecutionViewL0
+    {
+        private static JobExecutionViewEntry MainEntry(string name)
+        {
+            return new JobExecutionViewEntry(JobExecutionPhase.Main, name, run: name);
+        }
+
+        private static IStep NewStep(string displayName = "step")
+        {
+            var mock = new Mock<IStep>();
+            mock.Setup(s => s.DisplayName).Returns(displayName);
+            return mock.Object;
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Constructor_RendersEmptyView()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("my-job");
+
+            Assert.Equal(0, view.EntryCount);
+            Assert.Contains("# Job: my-job", view.Yaml);
+            Assert.Contains("- step: Setup job", view.Yaml);
+            Assert.Contains("- step: Complete job", view.Yaml);
+
+            // Only the two synthetic boundaries appear.
+            int stepCount = view.Yaml.Split("- step: ").Length - 1;
+            Assert.Equal(2, stepCount);
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        [InlineData(null)]
+        [InlineData("")]
+        [InlineData("   ")]
+        public void Constructor_ThrowsOnInvalidJobId(string jobId)
+        {
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => new JobExecutionView(jobId));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Append_IncrementsEntryCount()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+
+            int line0 = view.Append(MainEntry("a"));
+            int line1 = view.Append(MainEntry("b"));
+            int line2 = view.Append(MainEntry("c"));
+
+            Assert.Equal(3, view.EntryCount);
+            Assert.True(line0 < line1);
+            Assert.True(line1 < line2);
+            Assert.Equal(line0, view.GetLine(0));
+            Assert.Equal(line1, view.GetLine(1));
+            Assert.Equal(line2, view.GetLine(2));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Append_PreservesPriorEntryLines()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+
+            int l0 = view.Append(MainEntry("a"));
+            int l1 = view.Append(MainEntry("b"));
+            int l2 = view.Append(MainEntry("c"));
+
+            view.Append(MainEntry("d"));
+            Assert.Equal(l0, view.GetLine(0));
+            Assert.Equal(l1, view.GetLine(1));
+            Assert.Equal(l2, view.GetLine(2));
+
+            view.Append(MainEntry("e"));
+            Assert.Equal(l0, view.GetLine(0));
+            Assert.Equal(l1, view.GetLine(1));
+            Assert.Equal(l2, view.GetLine(2));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Append_RegistersStepIdentity()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            var step = NewStep();
+
+            int line = view.Append(MainEntry("a"), step);
+
+            Assert.Equal(line, view.GetLine(0));
+            Assert.Equal(line, view.TryGetLineForStep(step));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Append_NullStepIdentity_StillAppends()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+
+            view.Append(MainEntry("a"), stepIdentity: null);
+
+            Assert.Equal(1, view.EntryCount);
+            Assert.Null(view.TryGetLineForStep(null));
+            Assert.Contains("- step: a", view.Yaml);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Append_DuplicateStepIdentity_Throws()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            var step = NewStep();
+
+            view.Append(MainEntry("a"), step);
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => view.Append(MainEntry("b"), step));
+
+            // State preserved: only the first entry is present.
+            Assert.Equal(1, view.EntryCount);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Append_NullEntry_Throws()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => view.Append(null));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void AppendRange_AppendsAllAndRendersOnce()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            var steps = Enumerable.Range(0, 5).Select(i => NewStep("s" + i)).ToList();
+            var items = steps
+                .Select((s, i) => (entry: MainEntry("e" + i), stepIdentity: s))
+                .ToList();
+
+            view.AppendRange(items);
+
+            Assert.Equal(5, view.EntryCount);
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+            {
+                int line = view.GetLine(i);
+                Assert.Equal(line, view.TryGetLineForStep(steps[i]));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void AppendRange_RejectsDuplicateInInput()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            var dup = NewStep();
+            var items = new List<(JobExecutionViewEntry, IStep)>
+            {
+                (MainEntry("a"), dup),
+                (MainEntry("b"), dup),
+            };
+
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => view.AppendRange(items));
+            Assert.Equal(0, view.EntryCount);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void AppendRange_RejectsOverlapWithExisting()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            var step = NewStep();
+            view.Append(MainEntry("a"), step);
+
+            var items = new List<(JobExecutionViewEntry, IStep)>
+            {
+                (MainEntry("b"), step),
+            };
+
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() => view.AppendRange(items));
+            Assert.Equal(1, view.EntryCount);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void AppendRange_NullItems_Throws()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => view.AppendRange(null));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void TryGetLineForStep_NullStep_ReturnsNull()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            Assert.Null(view.TryGetLineForStep(null));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void TryGetLineForStep_UnknownStep_ReturnsNull()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            var step = NewStep();
+            Assert.Null(view.TryGetLineForStep(step));
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        [InlineData(-1)]
+        [InlineData(2)]
+        public void GetLine_OutOfRange_Throws(int index)
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            view.Append(MainEntry("a"));
+            view.Append(MainEntry("b"));
+
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => view.GetLine(index));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Yaml_UpdatesAfterAppend()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            view.Append(MainEntry("first"));
+            string before = view.Yaml;
+            Assert.Contains("- step: first", before);
+
+            view.Append(MainEntry("second"));
+            string after = view.Yaml;
+
+            Assert.Contains("- step: first", after);
+            Assert.Contains("- step: second", after);
+            Assert.NotEqual(before, after);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Yaml_AlwaysEndsWithCleanupBoundary()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            Assert.EndsWith("cleanup:\n  - step: Complete job\n", view.Yaml);
+
+            view.Append(MainEntry("a"));
+            Assert.EndsWith("cleanup:\n  - step: Complete job\n", view.Yaml);
+
+            view.Append(MainEntry("b"));
+            view.Append(MainEntry("c"));
+            Assert.EndsWith("cleanup:\n  - step: Complete job\n", view.Yaml);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Append_WithMatchKey_TracksUnclaimed()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+
+            int line = view.Append(MainEntry("placeholder"), stepIdentity: null, matchKey: "k1");
+
+            var step = NewStep("real");
+            int? claimed = view.TryClaim("k1", step);
+            Assert.Equal(line, claimed);
+            Assert.Equal(line, view.TryGetLineForStep(step));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void TryClaim_UnknownKey_ReturnsNull()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            view.Append(MainEntry("a"), stepIdentity: null, matchKey: "k1");
+
+            Assert.Null(view.TryClaim("nope", NewStep()));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void TryClaim_AlreadyClaimed_ReturnsNull()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            view.Append(MainEntry("a"), stepIdentity: null, matchKey: "k1");
+
+            var first = NewStep("first");
+            Assert.NotNull(view.TryClaim("k1", first));
+
+            var second = NewStep("second");
+            Assert.Null(view.TryClaim("k1", second));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void TryClaim_StepAlreadyRegistered_ReturnsNull()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            var step = NewStep();
+            // Step is registered for the first entry.
+            view.Append(MainEntry("a"), step);
+            // A placeholder is registered for the second entry.
+            view.Append(MainEntry("b"), stepIdentity: null, matchKey: "k1");
+
+            // Trying to claim the placeholder with the already-registered
+            // step must return null (defensive — would otherwise double-bind).
+            Assert.Null(view.TryClaim("k1", step));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Append_DuplicateMatchKey_Throws()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            view.Append(MainEntry("a"), stepIdentity: null, matchKey: "k1");
+
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(
+                () => view.Append(MainEntry("b"), stepIdentity: null, matchKey: "k1"));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Append_MatchKeyNull_BehavesLikeOldOverload()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            var step = NewStep();
+
+            int line = view.Append(MainEntry("a"), step);
+
+            Assert.Equal(line, view.GetLine(0));
+            Assert.Equal(line, view.TryGetLineForStep(step));
+            // TryClaim with any key must return null since no matchKey was registered.
+            Assert.Null(view.TryClaim("anything", NewStep()));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void TryClaim_AfterClaim_TryGetLineForStepResolves()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            int line = view.Append(MainEntry("placeholder"), stepIdentity: null, matchKey: "k1");
+
+            var step = NewStep();
+            Assert.Equal(line, view.TryClaim("k1", step));
+            Assert.Equal(line, view.TryGetLineForStep(step));
+
+            // And a later Append doesn't lose the claim (Render rebuilds
+            // the IStep -> line map from the persisted identities).
+            view.Append(MainEntry("b"));
+            Assert.Equal(line, view.TryGetLineForStep(step));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void TryClaim_NullArgs_Throws()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => view.TryClaim(null, NewStep()));
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => view.TryClaim("k", null));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public async Task ConcurrentAppends_DontCorruptState()
+        {
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            const int N = 50;
+            var steps = Enumerable.Range(0, N).Select(i => NewStep("s" + i)).ToList();
+            var returnedLines = new ConcurrentBag<int>();
+
+            var tasks = Enumerable.Range(0, N).Select(i => Task.Run(() =>
+            {
+                int line = view.Append(MainEntry("e" + i), steps[i]);
+                returnedLines.Add(line);
+            })).ToArray();
+
+            await Task.WhenAll(tasks);
+
+            Assert.Equal(N, view.EntryCount);
+            Assert.Equal(N, returnedLines.Distinct().Count());
+
+            // Every step identity resolves to some line in [0, N).
+            var entryLines = Enumerable.Range(0, N).Select(view.GetLine).ToHashSet();
+            Assert.Equal(N, entryLines.Count);
+            foreach (var step in steps)
+            {
+                int? line = view.TryGetLineForStep(step);
+                Assert.NotNull(line);
+                Assert.Contains(line.Value, entryLines);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Level", "L0")]
+        [Trait("Category", "Worker")]
+        public void Append_RejectsBothStepIdentityAndMatchKey()
+        {
+            // Allowing both would orphan the IStep→line mapping the moment
+            // TryClaim overwrites _stepIdentities[index] for a different
+            // step, so the API rejects the combination at append time.
+            var view = new JobExecutionView("j");
+            var entry = new JobExecutionViewEntry(JobExecutionPhase.Post, "Post X", uses: "actions/x@v1");
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() =>
+                view.Append(entry, stepIdentity: NewStep("real"), matchKey: "k1"));
+            // State unchanged.
+            Assert.Equal(0, view.EntryCount);
+        }
+    }
+}