fix: write skills state timestamps in local time without timezone

skills-state.json updated_at now uses a YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss local wall-clock layout with no timezone suffix, applied in both the incremental sync and full-install fallback write paths via a shared layout constant. Unit tests assert the no-suffix format on both paths.

.golangci.yml

@@ -73,20 +73,20 @@ linters:
           - forbidigo
       # errs-typed-only enforced on paths already migrated to errs.NewXxxError.
       # Add a path when its migration is complete.
-      - path-except: (internal/auth/|internal/errcompat/|internal/errclass/|internal/client/|internal/cmdutil/factory\.go|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|shortcuts/calendar/helpers\.go|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/mail/)
+      - path-except: (internal/auth/|internal/errcompat/|internal/errclass/|internal/client/|internal/cmdutil/factory\.go|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/im/)
         text: errs-typed-only
         linters:
           - forbidigo
       # errs-no-bare-wrap enforced on paths fully migrated to typed final
       # errors. Scoped separately from errs-typed-only because cmd/auth/,
       # cmd/config/ still have residual fmt.Errorf and must not be caught.
-      - path-except: (shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/calendar/helpers\.go|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go)
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/im/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go)
         text: errs-no-bare-wrap
         linters:
           - forbidigo
-      # errs-no-legacy-helper is scoped to migrated domains: the shared helpers
-      # it bans are still used by other domains until their later migration phase.
-      - path-except: (shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/mail/)
+      # errs-no-legacy-helper enforced on domains whose shared validation/save
+      # helpers have migrated to typed final errors.
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/im/)
         text: errs-no-legacy-helper
         linters:
           - forbidigo
@@ -116,16 +116,14 @@ linters:
             [errs-typed-only] use errs.NewXxxError(...) builder
             (see errs/types.go).
         # ── legacy shared error helpers banned on migrated domains ──
-        # These helpers internally produce legacy output.Err* shapes, so they
-        # are invisible to the errs-typed-only ban above. Migrated domains use
-        # typed errs.* builders or domain-local file-I/O helpers instead; this
-        # prevents reintroduction while unmigrated domains continue to use the
-        # shared helpers until their later migration phase.
-        - pattern: (common\.FlagErrorf|common\.WrapInputStatError|common\.WrapSaveErrorByCategory)\b
+        # These helpers emit legacy output.Err* / bare error shapes or drop
+        # typed metadata such as Param/Cause. Migrated domains must use typed
+        # common replacements or local typed helpers instead.
+        - pattern: (common\.FlagErrorf|common\.RejectDangerousChars|common\.WrapInputStatError|common\.WrapSaveErrorByCategory)\b
           msg: >-
-            [errs-no-legacy-helper] these shared helpers emit legacy output.Err*
-            shapes. Use typed errs.NewXxxError builders or a domain-local
-            file-I/O helper.
+            [errs-no-legacy-helper] these shared helpers emit legacy or
+            metadata-poor error shapes. Use typed common replacements, typed
+            errs.NewXxxError builders, or domain-local typed helpers.
         # ── bare error wraps banned on fully-typed paths ──
         - pattern: (fmt\.Errorf|errors\.New)\b
           msg: >-

cmd/build.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"context"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/api"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/auth"
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/profile"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/schema"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/service"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/skill"
 	cmdupdate "github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/update"
 	_ "github.com/larksuite/cli/events"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
@@ -51,6 +53,18 @@ func WithKeychain(kc keychain.KeychainAccess) BuildOption {
 	}
 }
 
+// embeddedSkillContent is the skill tree wired into cmdutil.Factory.SkillContent
+// at build time. It is registered by the repo-root package main's init via
+// SetEmbeddedSkillContent — it cannot be threaded through main.go without
+// breaking the single-file preview build (see skills_embed.go). nil in builds
+// that embed no skills; the `skills` commands then return a typed internal error.
+var embeddedSkillContent fs.FS
+
+// SetEmbeddedSkillContent registers the embedded skill tree. Called from the
+// repo-root package main's init; a wrapper main can call it before Execute to
+// supply its own skill content.
+func SetEmbeddedSkillContent(fsys fs.FS) { embeddedSkillContent = fsys }
+
 // HideProfile sets the visibility policy for the root-level --profile flag.
 // When hide is true the flag stays registered (so existing invocations still
 // parse) but is omitted from help and shell completion. Typically called as
@@ -103,6 +117,7 @@ func buildInternal(ctx context.Context, inv cmdutil.InvocationContext, opts ...B
 	if cfg.keychain != nil {
 		f.Keychain = cfg.keychain
 	}
+	f.SkillContent = embeddedSkillContent
 	rootCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "lark-cli",
 		Short:   "Lark/Feishu CLI — OAuth authorization, UAT management, API calls",
@@ -140,6 +155,7 @@ func buildInternal(ctx context.Context, inv cmdutil.InvocationContext, opts ...B
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(completion.NewCmdCompletion(f))
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(cmdupdate.NewCmdUpdate(f))
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(cmdevent.NewCmdEvents(f))
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(skill.NewCmdSkill(f))
 	service.RegisterServiceCommandsWithContext(ctx, rootCmd, f)
 	shortcuts.RegisterShortcutsWithContext(ctx, rootCmd, f)
 

cmd/root_integration_test.go

@@ -377,9 +377,9 @@ func TestIntegration_Shortcut_BusinessError_OutputsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 		OK:       false,
 		Identity: "bot",
 		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "api_error",
+			Type:    "api",
 			Code:    230002,
-			Message: "HTTP 400: Bot/User can NOT be out of the chat.",
+			Message: "Bot/User can NOT be out of the chat.",
 		},
 	})
 }

cmd/skill/skill.go

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Package skill implements the `lark-cli skills` command group, which serves
+// binary-embedded skill content to AI agents. The package is "skill"; the
+// user-facing verb is "skills".
+package skill
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/skillcontent"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func newReader(f *cmdutil.Factory) (*skillcontent.Reader, error) {
+	if f.SkillContent == nil {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO,
+			"skill content not embedded in this build")
+	}
+	return skillcontent.New(f.SkillContent), nil
+}
+
+type readEnvelope struct {
+	Skill    string `json:"skill"`
+	Path     string `json:"path"`
+	Content  string `json:"content"`
+	Guidance string `json:"guidance,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type listEnvelope struct {
+	OK     bool                     `json:"ok"`
+	Skills []skillcontent.SkillInfo `json:"skills"`
+	Count  int                      `json:"count"`
+}
+
+type listPathEnvelope struct {
+	OK      bool                    `json:"ok"`
+	Path    string                  `json:"path"`
+	Entries []skillcontent.DirEntry `json:"entries"`
+	Count   int                     `json:"count"`
+}
+
+func NewCmdSkill(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "skills",
+		Short: "Read embedded skill content (list / read)",
+		Long: "Read agent-readable skill content (SKILL.md and reference files) embedded in " +
+			"the CLI binary at build time, so it stays in sync with the CLI version. " +
+			"Machine resources such as assets/ and scripts/ are not embedded.",
+	}
+	// Risk is set on each leaf (GetRisk does not walk parents); the group has none.
+	cmdutil.DisableAuthCheck(cmd)
+	cmd.AddCommand(newListCmd(f), newReadCmd(f))
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func newListCmd(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "list [name[/path]]",
+		Short: "List skills, or list one layer under a skill path (like ls)",
+		Example: `  lark-cli skills list                      # all skills: name, description, version
+  lark-cli skills list lark-doc             # one layer under a skill (like ls)
+  lark-cli skills list lark-doc/references  # one layer under a subdirectory`,
+		Args: cobra.ArbitraryArgs,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			if len(args) > 1 {
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+					"list takes at most 1 argument: [name[/path]]").
+					WithHint("run 'lark-cli skills list --help'")
+			}
+			r, err := newReader(f)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				skills, err := r.List()
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, listEnvelope{OK: true, Skills: skills, Count: len(skills)})
+				return nil
+			}
+			entries, listed, err := r.ListPath(args[0])
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, listPathEnvelope{OK: true, Path: listed, Entries: entries, Count: len(entries)})
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+	// --json is a no-op (list is always JSON), accepted only to stay symmetric with read.
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("json", false, "no-op (list output is always JSON)")
+	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
+	cmdutil.DisableAuthCheck(cmd)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func newReadCmd(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
+	var asJSON bool
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "read <name>[/<path>] [path]",
+		Short: "Print a skill's SKILL.md, or a file under the skill (raw markdown by default)",
+		Example: `  lark-cli skills read lark-doc                             # the skill's SKILL.md
+  lark-cli skills read lark-doc references/lark-doc-fetch.md  # a file under the skill
+  lark-cli skills read lark-doc/references/lark-doc-fetch.md  # same, slash form
+  lark-cli skills read lark-doc --json                      # JSON envelope`,
+		Args: cobra.ArbitraryArgs,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			name, relpath, err := parseReadTarget(args)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			r, err := newReader(f)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			var content []byte
+			var pathOut string
+			if relpath == "" {
+				content, err = r.ReadSkill(name)
+				pathOut = "SKILL.md"
+			} else {
+				content, pathOut, err = r.ReadReference(name, relpath)
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			isMain := pathOut == "SKILL.md"
+			if asJSON {
+				env := readEnvelope{Skill: name, Path: pathOut, Content: string(content)}
+				if isMain {
+					env.Guidance = readGuidance(name)
+				}
+				output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, env)
+				return nil
+			}
+			// Raw stdout stays byte-identical to the file; guidance goes to stderr.
+			if _, err := f.IOStreams.Out.Write(content); err != nil {
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "failed to write output: %v", err)
+			}
+			if isMain {
+				fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, readGuidance(name))
+			}
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&asJSON, "json", false, "output as a JSON envelope instead of raw markdown")
+	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
+	cmdutil.DisableAuthCheck(cmd)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// parseReadTarget maps 1-or-2 positional args to (name, relpath); a lone
+// "<a>/<b>" splits on the first '/', and relpath "" reads the main SKILL.md.
+func parseReadTarget(args []string) (name, relpath string, err error) {
+	switch len(args) {
+	case 1:
+		name, relpath = skillcontent.SplitArg(args[0])
+		return name, relpath, nil
+	case 2:
+		return args[0], args[1], nil
+	default:
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"read requires 1 or 2 arguments: <name>[/<path>] [path]").
+			WithHint("run 'lark-cli skills read --help'")
+	}
+}
+
+// readGuidance routes cross-skill "../lark-foo/..." references back through
+// `skills read lark-foo/...`: the path guard rejects a literal "../", so the
+// relative form must be rewritten.
+func readGuidance(name string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("> Tip: read this skill's own files (e.g. `references/...`) with "+
+		"`lark-cli skills read %s <relative-path>` to keep them in sync with this CLI version. "+
+		"A reference to another skill (`../lark-foo/...`) uses the same command with the "+
+		"leading `../` removed: `lark-cli skills read lark-foo/...`.", name)
+}

cmd/skill/skill_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package skill
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+)
+
+// calFS is the default single-skill content tree for these tests. The embedded
+// FS is now injected through the Factory (no package global), so tests pass it
+// explicitly to run() — nothing is shared, so they are safe under -parallel.
+func calFS() fstest.MapFS {
+	return fstest.MapFS{
+		"lark-calendar/SKILL.md":             {Data: []byte("---\nname: lark-calendar\nversion: 1.0.0\ndescription: \"Cal\"\nmetadata:\n  cliHelp: \"lark-cli calendar --help\"\n---\nbody")},
+		"lark-calendar/references/agenda.md": {Data: []byte("# Agenda")},
+	}
+}
+
+// run executes the skills command tree against the given content FS (may be nil
+// to exercise the not-embedded path) and returns stdout/stderr/err.
+func run(t *testing.T, fsys fs.FS, args ...string) (stdout, stderr string, err error) {
+	t.Helper()
+	// Isolate CLI config state so tests never read/write the real config dir
+	// (repo convention).
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	f, out, errOut, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	f.SkillContent = fsys
+	cmd := NewCmdSkill(f)
+	cmd.SetOut(io.Discard)
+	cmd.SetErr(io.Discard)
+	cmd.SetArgs(args)
+	err = cmd.Execute()
+	return out.String(), errOut.String(), err
+}
+
+func TestSkillList(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		OK     bool             `json:"ok"`
+		Skills []map[string]any `json:"skills"`
+		Count  int              `json:"count"`
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v\n%s", e, stdout)
+	}
+	// "ok" is an explicit success marker (the list envelope is a typed struct;
+	// no automatic _notice attaches).
+	if !got.OK {
+		t.Error("expected ok=true in list envelope")
+	}
+	if got.Count != 1 || len(got.Skills) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("count: got %d", got.Count)
+	}
+	if got.Skills[0]["name"] != "lark-calendar" {
+		t.Errorf("name: got %v", got.Skills[0]["name"])
+	}
+	// Top-level list carries version + metadata, not a references list.
+	if _, ok := got.Skills[0]["references"]; ok {
+		t.Error("top-level list must not include references")
+	}
+	if got.Skills[0]["version"] != "1.0.0" {
+		t.Errorf("version: got %v, want 1.0.0", got.Skills[0]["version"])
+	}
+	if _, ok := got.Skills[0]["metadata"]; !ok {
+		t.Error("expected metadata in list entry")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillListJSONFlagAccepted(t *testing.T) {
+	// `list --json` must be accepted (no-op), not rejected as an unknown flag,
+	// so it stays symmetric with read --json.
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list", "--json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list --json error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		OK    bool `json:"ok"`
+		Count int  `json:"count"`
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v\n%s", e, stdout)
+	}
+	if !got.OK || got.Count != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("envelope: %+v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillListPath(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list", "lark-calendar")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list <name> error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		OK      bool   `json:"ok"`
+		Path    string `json:"path"`
+		Entries []struct {
+			Path  string `json:"path"`
+			IsDir bool   `json:"is_dir"`
+		} `json:"entries"`
+		Count int `json:"count"`
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v\n%s", e, stdout)
+	}
+	if !got.OK || got.Path != "lark-calendar" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope: %+v", got)
+	}
+	// One layer under the skill root: SKILL.md (file) + references (dir).
+	if got.Count != 2 || len(got.Entries) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("entries: got %+v", got.Entries)
+	}
+	if got.Entries[0].Path != "lark-calendar/SKILL.md" || got.Entries[0].IsDir {
+		t.Errorf("entry[0]: got %+v", got.Entries[0])
+	}
+	if got.Entries[1].Path != "lark-calendar/references" || !got.Entries[1].IsDir {
+		t.Errorf("entry[1]: got %+v", got.Entries[1])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillListPathUnknown(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list", "no-such-skill")
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unknown skill") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 'unknown skill' error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillListPathTraversal(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list", "lark-calendar/../../etc")
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid path") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 'invalid path' error, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if stdout != "" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout must be empty on rejection, got %q", stdout)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillListTooManyArgs(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list", "a", "b")
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "at most 1 argument") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 'at most 1 argument' error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSkillListSkipsDirWithoutSKILLmd proves a top-level dir lacking SKILL.md is
+// omitted from the catalog (no blank entry).
+func TestSkillListSkipsDirWithoutSKILLmd(t *testing.T) {
+	fsys := fstest.MapFS{
+		"lark-calendar/SKILL.md": {Data: []byte("---\nname: lark-calendar\ndescription: \"Cal\"\n---\nb")},
+		"not-a-skill/readme.txt": {Data: []byte("junk")}, // dir without SKILL.md
+	}
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, fsys, "list")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		Skills []map[string]any `json:"skills"`
+		Count  int              `json:"count"`
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v\n%s", e, stdout)
+	}
+	if got.Count != 1 || got.Skills[0]["name"] != "lark-calendar" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected only lark-calendar, got %+v", got.Skills)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadRaw(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, stderr, err := run(t, calFS(), "read", "lark-calendar")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(stdout, "---\nname: lark-calendar") {
+		t.Errorf("raw output: got %q", stdout)
+	}
+	// Raw stdout is byte-pure SKILL.md — the guidance tip must NOT be appended.
+	if strings.Contains(stdout, "Tip:") {
+		t.Errorf("raw stdout must not carry the guidance tip: got %q", stdout)
+	}
+	// Guidance goes to stderr: own files via `skills read <name> ...`, and
+	// cross-skill refs routed to `skills read <other-skill> ...` (version-
+	// consistent), not "read directly".
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr, "lark-cli skills read lark-calendar <relative-path>") {
+		t.Errorf("expected own-files guidance on stderr: got %q", stderr)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr, "lark-cli skills read lark-foo/...") {
+		t.Errorf("expected cross-skill refs routed to skills read: got %q", stderr)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(stderr, "instead of opening them directly") ||
+		strings.Contains(stderr, "read those directly") {
+		t.Errorf("guidance must not steer cross-skill refs to direct reads: got %q", stderr)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "read", "lark-calendar", "--json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read --json error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		Skill, Path, Content, Guidance string
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v", e)
+	}
+	if got.Skill != "lark-calendar" || got.Path != "SKILL.md" || got.Content == "" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope: %+v", got)
+	}
+	// Guidance is a separate field, not merged into content.
+	if got.Guidance == "" {
+		t.Error("expected guidance field for main SKILL.md")
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(got.Content, "Tip:") {
+		t.Error("guidance must not be merged into content")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadFile(t *testing.T) {
+	// Both the 2-arg and slash forms read the same file, with no guidance tip.
+	for _, args := range [][]string{
+		{"read", "lark-calendar", "references/agenda.md"},
+		{"read", "lark-calendar/references/agenda.md"},
+	} {
+		stdout, stderr, err := run(t, calFS(), args...)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("read %v error: %v", args, err)
+		}
+		if stdout != "# Agenda" {
+			t.Errorf("read %v output: got %q", args, stdout)
+		}
+		// Reference reads carry no guidance on either stream.
+		if strings.Contains(stderr, "Tip:") {
+			t.Errorf("read %v must not emit guidance on stderr: got %q", args, stderr)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadFileJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "read", "lark-calendar", "references/agenda.md", "--json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read file --json error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		Skill, Path, Content, Guidance string
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v\n%s", e, stdout)
+	}
+	if got.Skill != "lark-calendar" || got.Path != "references/agenda.md" || got.Content != "# Agenda" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope: %+v", got)
+	}
+	// Reference reads do not carry the guidance tip.
+	if got.Guidance != "" {
+		t.Errorf("reference read must not include guidance, got %q", got.Guidance)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadUnknown(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "read", "no-such")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unknown skill") {
+		t.Errorf("err: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadMissingArg(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "read")
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "requires 1 or 2 arguments") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected arg error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadTraversal(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "read", "lark-calendar", "../../etc/passwd")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected rejection")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid path") {
+		t.Errorf("err: %v", err)
+	}
+	if stdout != "" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout must be empty on rejection, got %q", stdout)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillNilContentFS(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := run(t, nil, "list")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error when SkillContent is nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not embedded") {
+		t.Errorf("err: %v", err)
+	}
+}

cmd/update/update_test.go

@@ -49,12 +49,21 @@ func mockDetectAndNpm(t *testing.T, result selfupdate.DetectResult, npmFn func(s
 		u.DetectOverride = func() selfupdate.DetectResult { return result }
 		u.NpmInstallOverride = npmFn
 		u.VerifyOverride = func(string) error { return nil }
+		u.SkillsIndexFetchOverride = successfulSkillsIndexFetch()
 		u.SkillsCommandOverride = successfulSkillsCommand()
 		return u
 	}
 	t.Cleanup(func() { newUpdater = origNew })
 }
 
+func successfulSkillsIndexFetch() func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+	return func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+		r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
+		r.Stdout.WriteString(`{"skills":[{"name":"lark-calendar"},{"name":"lark-mail"}]}`)
+		return r
+	}
+}
+
 func successfulSkillsCommand() func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 	return func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 		r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
@@ -478,6 +487,10 @@ func TestUpdateNpmVerifyFail_JSON_NoRestoreHintWhenBackupUnavailable(t *testing.
 		u.NpmInstallOverride = func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} }
 		u.VerifyOverride = func(string) error { return errors.New("bad binary") }
 		u.RestoreAvailableOverride = func() bool { return false }
+		u.SkillsIndexFetchOverride = func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+			t.Fatal("skills sync should not run when binary verification fails")
+			return nil
+		}
 		u.SkillsCommandOverride = func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 			t.Fatal("skills sync should not run when binary verification fails")
 			return nil
@@ -810,6 +823,11 @@ func TestUpdateNpm_SkillsFail_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		u.NpmInstallOverride = func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} }
 		u.VerifyOverride = func(string) error { return nil }
+		u.SkillsIndexFetchOverride = func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+			r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
+			r.Err = fmt.Errorf("index unavailable")
+			return r
+		}
 		u.SkillsCommandOverride = func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 			r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 			r.Stderr.WriteString("npx: command not found")
@@ -862,6 +880,11 @@ func TestUpdateNpm_SkillsFail_Human(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		u.NpmInstallOverride = func(version string) *selfupdate.NpmResult { return &selfupdate.NpmResult{} }
 		u.VerifyOverride = func(string) error { return nil }
+		u.SkillsIndexFetchOverride = func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+			r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
+			r.Err = fmt.Errorf("index unavailable")
+			return r
+		}
 		u.SkillsCommandOverride = func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 			r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 			r.Stderr.WriteString("npx: command not found")
@@ -1006,6 +1029,7 @@ func TestUpdateRun_AlreadyLatest_RunsSkillsSync(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Cleanup(func() { newUpdater = origNew })
 	newUpdater = func() *selfupdate.Updater {
 		return &selfupdate.Updater{
+			SkillsIndexFetchOverride: successfulSkillsIndexFetch(),
 			SkillsCommandOverride: func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 				skillsCalled = true
 				return successfulSkillsCommand()(args...)
@@ -1044,6 +1068,7 @@ func TestUpdateRun_Manual_RunsSkillsSync(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Cleanup(func() { newUpdater = origNew })
 	newUpdater = func() *selfupdate.Updater {
 		return &selfupdate.Updater{
+			SkillsIndexFetchOverride: successfulSkillsIndexFetch(),
 			DetectOverride: func() selfupdate.DetectResult {
 				return selfupdate.DetectResult{
 					Method:       selfupdate.InstallManual,
@@ -1088,6 +1113,7 @@ func TestUpdateRun_Npm_RunsSkillsSync_WritesLatestState(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Cleanup(func() { newUpdater = origNew })
 	newUpdater = func() *selfupdate.Updater {
 		return &selfupdate.Updater{
+			SkillsIndexFetchOverride: successfulSkillsIndexFetch(),
 			DetectOverride: func() selfupdate.DetectResult {
 				return selfupdate.DetectResult{
 					Method: selfupdate.InstallNpm, NpmAvailable: true,
@@ -1147,6 +1173,10 @@ func TestUpdateRun_CheckIncludesSkillsStatus(t *testing.T) {
 			DetectOverride: func() selfupdate.DetectResult {
 				return selfupdate.DetectResult{Method: selfupdate.InstallNpm, NpmAvailable: true}
 			},
+			SkillsIndexFetchOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+				skillsCalled = true
+				return successfulSkillsIndexFetch()()
+			},
 			SkillsCommandOverride: func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 				skillsCalled = true
 				return successfulSkillsCommand()(args...)
@@ -1196,6 +1226,10 @@ func TestUpdateRun_CheckAlreadyLatest_NoSideEffect(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Cleanup(func() { newUpdater = origNew })
 	newUpdater = func() *selfupdate.Updater {
 		return &selfupdate.Updater{
+			SkillsIndexFetchOverride: func() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+				skillsCalled = true
+				return successfulSkillsIndexFetch()()
+			},
 			SkillsCommandOverride: func(args ...string) *selfupdate.NpmResult {
 				skillsCalled = true
 				return successfulSkillsCommand()(args...)

events/register.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/events/im"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/events/minutes"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/events/vc"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/events/whiteboard"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
 )
 
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ func init() {
 		im.Keys(),
 		minutes.Keys(),
 		vc.Keys(),
+		whiteboard.Keys(),
 	}
 	for _, keys := range all {
 		for _, k := range keys {

events/whiteboard/native.go

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package whiteboard
+
+// BoardWhiteboardUpdatedV1Data is the flattened whiteboard updated source payload.
+type BoardWhiteboardUpdatedV1Data struct {
+	// WhiteboardID is the id of the whiteboard whose content was updated.
+	WhiteboardID string `json:"whiteboard_id"`
+	// OperatorIDs lists the operators that produced this update batch.
+	OperatorIDs []OperatorID `json:"operator_ids"`
+}
+
+// OperatorID identifies an operator that produced the whiteboard update,
+// expressed in the three Lark identity formats.
+type OperatorID struct {
+	// OpenID is the operator's open_id within the current app.
+	OpenID string `json:"open_id"`
+	// UnionID is the operator's union_id across apps under the same ISV.
+	UnionID string `json:"union_id"`
+	// UserID is the operator's user_id within the tenant.
+	UserID string `json:"user_id"`
+}

events/whiteboard/preconsume.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package whiteboard
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+)
+
+// cleanupTimeout bounds how long the unsubscribe call has to finish during
+// PreConsume cleanup so a stuck OAPI cannot block process shutdown.
+const cleanupTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+
+// whiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume calls the whiteboard event subscribe OAPI
+// and returns a cleanup that invokes the matching unsubscribe.
+//
+// board.whiteboard.updated_v1 is subscribed per-whiteboard (by whiteboard_id),
+// so the path contains a :whiteboard_id placeholder that must be supplied via params.
+func whiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume(eventType string) func(context.Context, event.APIClient, map[string]string) (func(), error) {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, rt event.APIClient, params map[string]string) (func(), error) {
+		if rt == nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("runtime API client is required for pre-consume subscription")
+		}
+		whiteboardID := params["whiteboard_id"]
+		if whiteboardID == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("param whiteboard_id is required for %s", eventType)
+		}
+		encoded := validate.EncodePathSegment(whiteboardID)
+		subscribePath := fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/board/v1/whiteboards/%s/subscribe", encoded)
+		unsubscribePath := fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/board/v1/whiteboards/%s/unsubscribe", encoded)
+
+		body := map[string]string{"event_type": eventType}
+		if _, err := rt.CallAPI(ctx, "POST", subscribePath, body); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		return func() {
+			cleanupCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), cleanupTimeout)
+			defer cancel()
+			_, _ = rt.CallAPI(cleanupCtx, "POST", unsubscribePath, body)
+		}, nil
+	}
+}

events/whiteboard/preconsume_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package whiteboard
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
+)
+
+// recordedCall captures a single APIClient invocation for assertion.
+type recordedCall struct {
+	method string
+	path   string
+	body   interface{}
+}
+
+// fakeAPIClient is a minimal event.APIClient stub that records calls and
+// can be configured to fail when the request path matches errOnPath.
+type fakeAPIClient struct {
+	mu        sync.Mutex
+	calls     []recordedCall
+	errOnPath string
+}
+
+// CallAPI records the invocation and optionally returns a simulated error
+// when the path contains the configured errOnPath substring.
+func (f *fakeAPIClient) CallAPI(_ context.Context, method, path string, body interface{}) (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	defer f.mu.Unlock()
+	f.calls = append(f.calls, recordedCall{method: method, path: path, body: body})
+	if f.errOnPath != "" && strings.Contains(path, f.errOnPath) {
+		return nil, errors.New("simulated subscribe failure")
+	}
+	return json.RawMessage(`{}`), nil
+}
+
+// TestWhiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume_MissingWhiteboardID verifies that the
+// PreConsume hook fails fast with an actionable error when whiteboard_id
+// is absent from the params map.
+func TestWhiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume_MissingWhiteboardID(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	pc := whiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume(eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated)
+	cleanup, err := pc(context.Background(), &fakeAPIClient{}, map[string]string{})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error when whiteboard_id missing")
+	}
+	if cleanup != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected nil cleanup on error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "whiteboard_id") {
+		t.Fatalf("error should mention whiteboard_id, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWhiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume_NilRuntime verifies that PreConsume
+// returns an error when the runtime APIClient dependency is missing.
+func TestWhiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume_NilRuntime(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	pc := whiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume(eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated)
+	_, err := pc(context.Background(), nil, map[string]string{"whiteboard_id": "wb1"})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error when runtime client is nil")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWhiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume_SubscribeError verifies that a
+// failed subscribe call surfaces the error and skips registering a cleanup,
+// so no spurious unsubscribe is invoked.
+func TestWhiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume_SubscribeError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	pc := whiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume(eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated)
+	rt := &fakeAPIClient{errOnPath: "/subscribe"}
+	cleanup, err := pc(context.Background(), rt, map[string]string{"whiteboard_id": "wb1"})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error from subscribe call")
+	}
+	if cleanup != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected nil cleanup when subscribe fails")
+	}
+	// only the failed subscribe call should have been made; no unsubscribe.
+	if len(rt.calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected exactly 1 call (subscribe), got %d", len(rt.calls))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWhiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume_SubscribeAndCleanup verifies the full
+// happy-path: subscribe is called once with the correct method/path/body,
+// and the returned cleanup invokes the matching unsubscribe.
+func TestWhiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume_SubscribeAndCleanup(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	pc := whiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume(eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated)
+	rt := &fakeAPIClient{}
+	cleanup, err := pc(context.Background(), rt, map[string]string{"whiteboard_id": "wb1"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if cleanup == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected non-nil cleanup")
+	}
+
+	if len(rt.calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 call after subscribe, got %d", len(rt.calls))
+	}
+	got := rt.calls[0]
+	if got.method != "POST" {
+		t.Errorf("subscribe method: got %q, want POST", got.method)
+	}
+	wantSubPath := "/open-apis/board/v1/whiteboards/wb1/subscribe"
+	if got.path != wantSubPath {
+		t.Errorf("subscribe path: got %q, want %q", got.path, wantSubPath)
+	}
+	body, _ := got.body.(map[string]string)
+	if body["event_type"] != eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated {
+		t.Errorf("subscribe body event_type: got %q, want %q", body["event_type"], eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated)
+	}
+
+	cleanup()
+	if len(rt.calls) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 calls after cleanup, got %d", len(rt.calls))
+	}
+	got2 := rt.calls[1]
+	if got2.method != "POST" {
+		t.Errorf("unsubscribe method: got %q, want POST", got2.method)
+	}
+	wantUnsubPath := "/open-apis/board/v1/whiteboards/wb1/unsubscribe"
+	if got2.path != wantUnsubPath {
+		t.Errorf("unsubscribe path: got %q, want %q", got2.path, wantUnsubPath)
+	}
+	body2, _ := got2.body.(map[string]string)
+	if body2["event_type"] != eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated {
+		t.Errorf("unsubscribe body event_type: got %q, want %q", body2["event_type"], eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWhiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume_PathSegmentEncoded verifies that
+// whiteboard_id values containing reserved URL characters are properly
+// path-segment encoded so they cannot escape into adjacent path segments.
+func TestWhiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume_PathSegmentEncoded(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	pc := whiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume(eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated)
+	rt := &fakeAPIClient{}
+	// 含特殊字符的 whiteboard_id 应被 path-segment 编码，避免越界到其他 path 段。
+	_, err := pc(context.Background(), rt, map[string]string{"whiteboard_id": "wb/1?evil"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(rt.calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 call, got %d", len(rt.calls))
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(rt.calls[0].path, "wb/1?evil") {
+		t.Errorf("whiteboard_id was not encoded; path: %s", rt.calls[0].path)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWhiteboardUpdatedV1HasPreConsume ensures the registered EventKey for
+// board.whiteboard.updated_v1 wires the PreConsume hook and declares the
+// required whiteboard_id parameter.
+func TestWhiteboardUpdatedV1HasPreConsume(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	keys := Keys()
+	for _, k := range keys {
+		if k.Key == eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated {
+			if k.PreConsume == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("EventKey %s should have PreConsume hook", eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated)
+			}
+			if len(k.Params) == 0 {
+				t.Fatalf("EventKey %s should declare whiteboard_id param", eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated)
+			}
+			var found bool
+			for _, p := range k.Params {
+				if p.Name == "whiteboard_id" && p.Required {
+					found = true
+				}
+			}
+			if !found {
+				t.Fatalf("EventKey %s must declare required whiteboard_id param", eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatalf("EventKey %s not registered", eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated)
+}
+
+// 确保 event.APIClient 接口与本测试 mock 一致。
+var _ event.APIClient = (*fakeAPIClient)(nil)

events/whiteboard/register.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Package whiteboard registers Board-domain EventKeys.
+package whiteboard
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event/schemas"
+)
+
+// eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated is the OAPI event type for whiteboard content updates.
+const eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated = "board.whiteboard.updated_v1"
+
+// Keys returns all Board-domain EventKey definitions.
+func Keys() []event.KeyDefinition {
+	return []event.KeyDefinition{
+		{
+			Key:         eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated,
+			DisplayName: "Whiteboard updated",
+			Description: "Pushed when the whiteboard content is updated.",
+			EventType:   eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated,
+			Params: []event.ParamDef{
+				{
+					Name:        "whiteboard_id",
+					Type:        event.ParamString,
+					Required:    true,
+					Description: "Whiteboard id to subscribe; subscription is per-whiteboard.",
+				},
+			},
+			Schema: event.SchemaDef{
+				Native: &event.SchemaSpec{Type: reflect.TypeOf(BoardWhiteboardUpdatedV1Data{})},
+				FieldOverrides: map[string]schemas.FieldMeta{
+					"/event/whiteboard_id":           {Kind: "whiteboard_id", Description: "whiteboard id to subscribe"},
+					"/event/operator_ids/*/open_id":  {Kind: "open_id"},
+					"/event/operator_ids/*/union_id": {Kind: "union_id"},
+					"/event/operator_ids/*/user_id":  {Kind: "user_id"},
+				},
+			},
+			PreConsume:            whiteboardSubscriptionPreConsume(eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated),
+			Scopes:                []string{"board:whiteboard:node:read"},
+			AuthTypes:             []string{"user", "bot"},
+			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{eventTypeWhiteboardUpdated},
+		},
+	}
+}

internal/cmdutil/factory.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package cmdutil
 import (
 	"context"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -43,6 +44,8 @@ type Factory struct {
 	Credential *credential.CredentialProvider
 
 	FileIOProvider fileio.Provider // file transfer provider (default: local filesystem)
+
+	SkillContent fs.FS // embedded skill tree (rooted at the skill list); nil when the build embeds no skills
 }
 
 // ResolveFileIO resolves a FileIO instance using the current execution context.

internal/errclass/classify.go

@@ -92,6 +92,18 @@ func BuildAPIError(resp map[string]any, cc ClassifyContext) error {
 			base.Troubleshooter = ts
 		}
 	}
+	// Upstream-provided field-level reasons (resp.error.details[].value). Lark
+	// returns these as free-text reason strings with no machine-readable field
+	// name (verified for code 190014:
+	// {"error":{"details":[{"value":"end_time should be later than start_time"}]}}),
+	// so they are lifted into Problem.Hint — the sanctioned free-text recovery
+	// prompt — rather than fabricated structured params. Lifted before the
+	// category switch so any classified arm inherits it; the CategoryAPI arm
+	// below prefers this server detail over the context-free APIHint default.
+	detailHint := liftErrorDetailValues(resp)
+	if detailHint != "" {
+		base.Hint = detailHint
+	}
 
 	switch meta.Category {
 	case errs.CategoryAuthorization:
@@ -129,7 +141,11 @@ func BuildAPIError(resp map[string]any, cc ClassifyContext) error {
 			Action:  action,
 		}
 	case errs.CategoryAPI:
-		base.Hint = APIHint(base.Subtype) // "" for subtypes without a context-free default
+		// A server-supplied detail (lifted into base.Hint above) wins over the
+		// context-free APIHint default; only fall back to APIHint when absent.
+		if base.Hint == "" {
+			base.Hint = APIHint(base.Subtype) // "" for subtypes without a context-free default
+		}
 		return &errs.APIError{Problem: base}
 	default:
 		// Fail closed: an unrecognized Category routes to InternalError
@@ -214,6 +230,10 @@ func stringFromAny(v any) string {
 // per-subtype recovery hint before returning it, so the wire envelope
 // emitted via BuildAPIError always carries a hint for known config subtypes.
 func buildConfigError(p errs.Problem) *errs.ConfigError {
+	// Config categories have authoritative recovery guidance, so the curated
+	// ConfigHint deliberately overrides any server detail lifted into p.Hint
+	// (the opposite precedence from the CategoryAPI arm, where the lifted
+	// detail wins).
 	p.Hint = ConfigHint(p.Subtype)
 	return &errs.ConfigError{Problem: p}
 }
@@ -258,6 +278,10 @@ func buildPermissionError(p errs.Problem, resp map[string]any, cc ClassifyContex
 	}
 	consoleURL := ConsoleURL(cc.Brand, cc.AppID, missing)
 	p.Message = CanonicalPermissionMessage(p.Subtype, cc.AppID, missing, p.Message)
+	// Permission categories have authoritative recovery guidance (scopes to
+	// grant, console URL), so the curated PermissionHint deliberately overrides
+	// any server detail lifted into p.Hint (the opposite precedence from the
+	// CategoryAPI arm, where the lifted detail wins).
 	p.Hint = PermissionHint(missing, identity, p.Subtype, consoleURL)
 	permErr := &errs.PermissionError{
 		Problem:       p,
@@ -366,6 +390,32 @@ func PermissionHint(missing []string, identity string, subtype errs.Subtype, con
 	return "check the calling identity has the required scope"
 }
 
+// liftErrorDetailValues collects the non-empty resp.error.details[].value reason
+// strings and joins them with "; ". Returns "" when the structure is absent or
+// carries no non-empty value. The shape (verified for code 190014) is
+// {"error":{"details":[{"value":"<reason>"}]}}.
+func liftErrorDetailValues(resp map[string]any) string {
+	errBlock, ok := resp["error"].(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return ""
+	}
+	details, ok := errBlock["details"].([]any)
+	if !ok || len(details) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var values []string
+	for _, d := range details {
+		m, ok := d.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if v, _ := m["value"].(string); v != "" {
+			values = append(values, v)
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(values, "; ")
+}
+
 // extractMissingScopes walks resp["error"]["permission_violations"][].subject.
 // Returns nil when the structure is absent.
 func extractMissingScopes(resp map[string]any) []string {

internal/errclass/classify_test.go

@@ -220,6 +220,111 @@ func TestBuildAPIError_TroubleshooterLiftedOnPermissionArm(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestBuildAPIError_DetailsLiftedToHintOnAPIArm pins that BuildAPIError lifts
+// resp.error.details[].value into Problem.Hint when the response routes to the
+// catch-all CategoryAPI arm. The real Lark shape (verified for code 190014) is
+// {"error":{"details":[{"value":"end_time should be later than start_time"}]}}
+// — only a human-readable reason string, no machine-readable field name. It is
+// lifted into Hint (sanctioned free-text recovery prompt) rather than fabricated
+// structured params.
+func TestBuildAPIError_DetailsLiftedToHintOnAPIArm(t *testing.T) {
+	resp := map[string]any{
+		"code": 190014,
+		"msg":  "invalid params",
+		"error": map[string]any{
+			"details": []any{
+				map[string]any{"value": "end_time should be later than start_time"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	err := errclass.BuildAPIError(resp, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("ProblemOf returned !ok")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(p.Hint, "end_time should be later than start_time") {
+		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want it to contain the server detail value", p.Hint)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBuildAPIError_MultipleDetailsJoinedIntoHint pins that multiple non-empty
+// detail values are joined with "; " into a single Hint, and empty values are
+// skipped.
+func TestBuildAPIError_MultipleDetailsJoinedIntoHint(t *testing.T) {
+	resp := map[string]any{
+		"code": 190014,
+		"msg":  "invalid params",
+		"error": map[string]any{
+			"details": []any{
+				map[string]any{"value": "first reason"},
+				map[string]any{"value": ""},
+				map[string]any{"value": "second reason"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	err := errclass.BuildAPIError(resp, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("ProblemOf returned !ok")
+	}
+	if p.Hint != "first reason; second reason" {
+		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want %q", p.Hint, "first reason; second reason")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBuildAPIError_DetailsSkipsNonMapEntries pins that malformed entries in
+// the details array (not a JSON object) are skipped rather than panicking, and
+// well-formed siblings still surface in the Hint.
+func TestBuildAPIError_DetailsSkipsNonMapEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	resp := map[string]any{
+		"code": 190014,
+		"msg":  "invalid params",
+		"error": map[string]any{
+			"details": []any{
+				"i am a bare string, not an object",
+				map[string]any{"value": "the real reason"},
+				42,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	err := errclass.BuildAPIError(resp, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("ProblemOf returned !ok")
+	}
+	if p.Hint != "the real reason" {
+		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want %q", p.Hint, "the real reason")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBuildAPIError_DetailsMalformedShapesNoHint pins that a missing error
+// block, a non-array details field, and an empty details array all leave the
+// Hint untouched (no lifted detail) instead of erroring.
+func TestBuildAPIError_DetailsMalformedShapesNoHint(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		resp map[string]any
+	}{
+		{"no error block", map[string]any{"code": 190014, "msg": "invalid params"}},
+		{"details not array", map[string]any{"code": 190014, "msg": "invalid params", "error": map[string]any{"details": "nope"}}},
+		{"empty details", map[string]any{"code": 190014, "msg": "invalid params", "error": map[string]any{"details": []any{}}}},
+		{"detail values all empty", map[string]any{"code": 190014, "msg": "invalid params", "error": map[string]any{"details": []any{map[string]any{"value": ""}}}}},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := errclass.BuildAPIError(tc.resp, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
+			p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatal("ProblemOf returned !ok")
+			}
+			// With no liftable detail, the Hint must not echo a server detail.
+			if strings.Contains(p.Hint, "nope") {
+				t.Errorf("Hint should not lift a non-array details field, got %q", p.Hint)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 // TestBuildAPIError_TroubleshooterAbsent pins that Troubleshooter stays empty
 // when the upstream response omits it — wire envelope must omit the field.
 func TestBuildAPIError_TroubleshooterAbsent(t *testing.T) {

internal/errclass/codemeta_calendar.go

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errclass
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+
+// calendarCodeMeta holds calendar-service Lark code → CodeMeta mappings.
+// Only codes whose meaning is verifiable from repo evidence are registered;
+// ambiguous codes fall back to CategoryAPI via BuildAPIError.
+// BuildAPIError consumes this map via mergeCodeMeta + LookupCodeMeta.
+var calendarCodeMeta = map[int]CodeMeta{
+	190014: {Category: errs.CategoryAPI, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidParameters}, // invalid params (carries a field-level detail lifted into Hint)
+}
+
+func init() { mergeCodeMeta(calendarCodeMeta, "calendar") }

internal/errclass/codemeta_calendar_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errclass
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+)
+
+// TestLookupCodeMeta_CalendarCodes pins each calendar-service code registered
+// via the codemeta_calendar.go init() merge to its expected
+// Category/Subtype/Retryable.
+func TestLookupCodeMeta_CalendarCodes(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		code        int
+		wantCat     errs.Category
+		wantSubtype errs.Subtype
+		wantRetry   bool
+	}{
+		// 190014: calendar "invalid params" with a field-level detail
+		// (error.details[].value) lifted into Hint by BuildAPIError.
+		{190014, errs.CategoryAPI, errs.SubtypeInvalidParameters, false},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%d", tc.code), func(t *testing.T) {
+			meta, ok := LookupCodeMeta(tc.code)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("code %d not registered in codeMeta", tc.code)
+			}
+			if meta.Category != tc.wantCat || meta.Subtype != tc.wantSubtype || meta.Retryable != tc.wantRetry {
+				t.Errorf("code %d: got %+v, want Category=%v Subtype=%v Retryable=%v",
+					tc.code, meta, tc.wantCat, tc.wantSubtype, tc.wantRetry)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/registry/registry_test.go

@@ -231,14 +231,9 @@ func TestLoadAutoApproveSet(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected non-empty auto-approve set")
 	}
 
-	// From scope_overrides.json allow list
-	if !aaSet["calendar:calendar.event:create"] {
-		t.Error("expected calendar:calendar.event:create in auto-approve set (from allow list)")
-	}
-
-	// Verify allow list entries are present
+	// From scope_priorities.json recommend=="true"
 	if !aaSet["sheets:spreadsheet:read"] {
-		t.Error("expected sheets:spreadsheet:read in auto-approve set (from allow list)")
+		t.Error("expected sheets:spreadsheet:read in auto-approve set (recommend=true in priorities)")
 	}
 
 	t.Logf("Auto-approve set has %d scopes", len(aaSet))
@@ -257,16 +252,10 @@ func TestLoadPlatformAutoApproveSet(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestLoadOverrideAutoApproveAllow(t *testing.T) {
 	allowSet := LoadOverrideAutoApproveAllow()
-	if len(allowSet) == 0 {
-		t.Fatal("expected non-empty override allow set")
-	}
-
-	// Known entries from scope_overrides.json
-	if !allowSet["calendar:calendar.event:create"] {
-		t.Error("expected calendar:calendar.event:create in allow set")
-	}
-	if !allowSet["mail:event"] {
-		t.Error("expected mail:event in allow set")
+	// recommend.allow in scope_overrides.json is intentionally empty:
+	// no scopes are special-cased into the auto-approve set anymore.
+	if len(allowSet) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty override allow set, got %d entries", len(allowSet))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -277,9 +266,9 @@ func TestLoadOverrideAutoApproveDeny(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIsAutoApproveScope(t *testing.T) {
-	// Known auto-approve scope (in allow list)
-	if !IsAutoApproveScope("calendar:calendar.event:create") {
-		t.Error("expected calendar:calendar.event:create to be auto-approve")
+	// Known auto-approve scope (recommend=true in scope_priorities.json)
+	if !IsAutoApproveScope("sheets:spreadsheet:read") {
+		t.Error("expected sheets:spreadsheet:read to be auto-approve")
 	}
 
 	// Completely unknown scope
@@ -290,9 +279,8 @@ func TestIsAutoApproveScope(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestFilterAutoApproveScopes(t *testing.T) {
 	scopes := []string{
-		"calendar:calendar.event:create", // auto-approve (in allow list)
-		"zzz:unknown:scope",              // not in auto-approve
-		"sheets:spreadsheet:read",        // auto-approve (in allow list)
+		"sheets:spreadsheet:read", // auto-approve (recommend=true in priorities)
+		"zzz:unknown:scope",       // not in auto-approve
 	}
 
 	result := FilterAutoApproveScopes(scopes)
@@ -300,10 +288,10 @@ func TestFilterAutoApproveScopes(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected at least 1 auto-approve scope in result")
 	}
 
-	// Check that calendar:calendar.event:create is included
+	// Check that sheets:spreadsheet:read is included
 	found := false
 	for _, s := range result {
-		if s == "calendar:calendar.event:create" {
+		if s == "sheets:spreadsheet:read" {
 			found = true
 		}
 		// Ensure unknown scopes are not included
@@ -312,7 +300,7 @@ func TestFilterAutoApproveScopes(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	if !found {
-		t.Error("expected calendar:calendar.event:create in result")
+		t.Error("expected sheets:spreadsheet:read in result")
 	}
 }
 

internal/registry/scope_overrides.json

@@ -12,25 +12,7 @@
     "vc:meeting.meetingevent:read": 75
   },
   "recommend": {
-    "allow": [
-      "calendar:calendar.event:create",
-      "calendar:calendar.event:delete",
-      "calendar:calendar.event:read",
-      "calendar:calendar.event:update",
-      "calendar:calendar.free_busy:read",
-      "calendar:calendar:create",
-      "calendar:calendar:delete",
-      "calendar:calendar:read",
-      "calendar:calendar:update",
-      "contact:user.basic_profile:readonly",
-      "mail:event",
-      "mail:user_mailbox.mail_contact:read",
-      "mail:user_mailbox.mail_contact:write",
-      "mail:user_mailbox.message.address:read",
-      "mail:user_mailbox.message.body:read",
-      "mail:user_mailbox.message.subject:read",
-      "mail:user_mailbox.message:readonly"
-    ],
+    "allow": [],
     "deny": [
       "im:chat",
       "im:message.send_as_user"

internal/selfupdate/updater.go

@@ -10,10 +10,13 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/transport"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs"
 )
 
@@ -37,9 +40,15 @@ const (
 )
 
 const (
-	npmInstallTimeout   = 10 * time.Minute
-	skillsUpdateTimeout = 2 * time.Minute
-	verifyTimeout       = 10 * time.Second
+	npmInstallTimeout      = 10 * time.Minute
+	skillsUpdateTimeout    = 2 * time.Minute
+	skillsIndexMaxBodySize = 1 << 20
+	verifyTimeout          = 10 * time.Second
+)
+
+var (
+	skillsIndexFetchTimeout = 10 * time.Second
+	officialSkillsIndexURL  = "https://open.feishu.cn/.well-known/skills/index.json"
 )
 
 // DetectResult holds installation detection results.
@@ -83,6 +92,7 @@ func (r *NpmResult) CombinedOutput() string {
 type Updater struct {
 	DetectOverride           func() DetectResult
 	NpmInstallOverride       func(version string) *NpmResult
+	SkillsIndexFetchOverride func() *NpmResult
 	SkillsCommandOverride    func(args ...string) *NpmResult
 	VerifyOverride           func(expectedVersion string) error
 	RestoreAvailableOverride func() bool
@@ -153,6 +163,53 @@ func (u *Updater) RunNpmInstall(version string) *NpmResult {
 	return r
 }
 
+func (u *Updater) ListOfficialSkillsIndex() *NpmResult {
+	if u.SkillsIndexFetchOverride != nil {
+		return u.SkillsIndexFetchOverride()
+	}
+
+	r := &NpmResult{}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), skillsIndexFetchTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, officialSkillsIndexURL, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		r.Err = err
+		return r
+	}
+
+	client := transport.NewHTTPClient(0)
+	client.CheckRedirect = func(req *http.Request, via []*http.Request) error {
+		if req.URL.Scheme != "https" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("official skills index redirected to non-HTTPS URL: %s", req.URL.Redacted())
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		r.Err = err
+		return r
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode < http.StatusOK || resp.StatusCode >= http.StatusMultipleChoices {
+		r.Err = fmt.Errorf("official skills index returned HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
+		return r
+	}
+
+	limited := io.LimitReader(resp.Body, skillsIndexMaxBodySize+1)
+	if _, err := io.Copy(&r.Stdout, limited); err != nil {
+		r.Err = err
+		return r
+	}
+	if r.Stdout.Len() > skillsIndexMaxBodySize {
+		r.Stdout.Reset()
+		r.Err = fmt.Errorf("official skills index exceeds %d bytes", skillsIndexMaxBodySize)
+		return r
+	}
+	return r
+}
+
 func (u *Updater) ListOfficialSkills() *NpmResult {
 	r := u.runSkillsListOfficial("https://open.feishu.cn")
 	if r.Err != nil {

internal/selfupdate/updater_test.go

@@ -4,12 +4,18 @@
 package selfupdate
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs"
 )
@@ -232,6 +238,113 @@ func TestSkillsCommandsUseExpectedArgs(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestListOfficialSkillsIndexSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		fmt.Fprint(w, `{"skills":[{"name":"lark-calendar"}]}`)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	oldURL := officialSkillsIndexURL
+	officialSkillsIndexURL = server.URL
+	t.Cleanup(func() { officialSkillsIndexURL = oldURL })
+
+	result := New().ListOfficialSkillsIndex()
+	if result.Err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ListOfficialSkillsIndex() err = %v, want nil", result.Err)
+	}
+	if got := result.Stdout.String(); !strings.Contains(got, "lark-calendar") {
+		t.Fatalf("ListOfficialSkillsIndex() stdout = %q, want skill JSON", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListOfficialSkillsIndexHTTPError(t *testing.T) {
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		http.Error(w, "not found", http.StatusNotFound)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	oldURL := officialSkillsIndexURL
+	officialSkillsIndexURL = server.URL
+	t.Cleanup(func() { officialSkillsIndexURL = oldURL })
+
+	result := New().ListOfficialSkillsIndex()
+	if result.Err == nil || !strings.Contains(result.Err.Error(), "HTTP 404") {
+		t.Fatalf("ListOfficialSkillsIndex() err = %v, want HTTP 404", result.Err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListOfficialSkillsIndexBodyTooLarge(t *testing.T) {
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		fmt.Fprint(w, strings.Repeat("x", skillsIndexMaxBodySize+1))
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	oldURL := officialSkillsIndexURL
+	officialSkillsIndexURL = server.URL
+	t.Cleanup(func() { officialSkillsIndexURL = oldURL })
+
+	result := New().ListOfficialSkillsIndex()
+	if result.Err == nil || !strings.Contains(result.Err.Error(), "exceeds") {
+		t.Fatalf("ListOfficialSkillsIndex() err = %v, want exceeds", result.Err)
+	}
+	if result.Stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("ListOfficialSkillsIndex() stdout len = %d, want 0", result.Stdout.Len())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListOfficialSkillsIndexTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
+		fmt.Fprint(w, `{"skills":[{"name":"lark-calendar"}]}`)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	oldURL := officialSkillsIndexURL
+	oldTimeout := skillsIndexFetchTimeout
+	officialSkillsIndexURL = server.URL
+	skillsIndexFetchTimeout = 50 * time.Millisecond
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		officialSkillsIndexURL = oldURL
+		skillsIndexFetchTimeout = oldTimeout
+	})
+
+	result := New().ListOfficialSkillsIndex()
+	var netErr net.Error
+	if result.Err == nil || (!errors.Is(result.Err, context.DeadlineExceeded) && !(errors.As(result.Err, &netErr) && netErr.Timeout())) {
+		t.Fatalf("ListOfficialSkillsIndex() err = %v, want timeout error", result.Err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListOfficialSkillsIndexRejectsNonHTTPSRedirect(t *testing.T) {
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		http.Redirect(w, r, "http://example.com/skills.json", http.StatusFound)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	oldURL := officialSkillsIndexURL
+	officialSkillsIndexURL = server.URL
+	t.Cleanup(func() { officialSkillsIndexURL = oldURL })
+
+	result := New().ListOfficialSkillsIndex()
+	if result.Err == nil || !strings.Contains(result.Err.Error(), "non-HTTPS") {
+		t.Fatalf("ListOfficialSkillsIndex() err = %v, want non-HTTPS redirect", result.Err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListOfficialSkillsIndexUsesOverride(t *testing.T) {
+	result := (&Updater{SkillsIndexFetchOverride: func() *NpmResult {
+		r := &NpmResult{}
+		r.Stdout.WriteString(`{"skills":[{"name":"override-skill"}]}`)
+		return r
+	}}).ListOfficialSkillsIndex()
+	if result.Err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ListOfficialSkillsIndex() err = %v, want nil", result.Err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(result.Stdout.String(), "override-skill") {
+		t.Fatalf("ListOfficialSkillsIndex() stdout = %q, want override result", result.Stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
 func TestListOfficialSkillsFallsBack(t *testing.T) {
 	called := []string{}
 	updater := &Updater{

internal/skillcontent/reader.go

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Package skillcontent reads embedded skill content from an injected fs.FS
+// rooted at the skill list (entries like "lark-calendar/SKILL.md").
+package skillcontent
+
+import (
+	"io/fs"
+	"path"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+type Reader struct {
+	fsys fs.FS
+}
+
+func New(fsys fs.FS) *Reader { return &Reader{fsys: fsys} }
+
+type SkillInfo struct {
+	Name        string         `json:"name"`
+	Description string         `json:"description"`
+	Version     string         `json:"version,omitempty"`
+	Metadata    map[string]any `json:"metadata,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// DirEntry.Path is skill-prefixed (e.g. "lark-doc/references/x.md") so it can be
+// fed straight back into `read`.
+type DirEntry struct {
+	Path  string `json:"path"`
+	IsDir bool   `json:"is_dir"`
+}
+
+func (r *Reader) List() ([]SkillInfo, error) {
+	entries, err := fs.ReadDir(r.fsys, ".")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "failed to read embedded skills: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := make([]SkillInfo, 0, len(entries))
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		if !e.IsDir() {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Skip dirs that aren't real skills (no SKILL.md).
+		if info, ok := r.skillInfo(e.Name()); ok {
+			out = append(out, info)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Slice(out, func(i, j int) bool { return out[i].Name < out[j].Name })
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (r *Reader) skillInfo(name string) (SkillInfo, bool) {
+	data, err := fs.ReadFile(r.fsys, name+"/SKILL.md")
+	if err != nil {
+		return SkillInfo{}, false
+	}
+	desc, version, metadata := parseFrontmatter(data)
+	return SkillInfo{Name: name, Description: desc, Version: version, Metadata: metadata}, true
+}
+
+// ListPath lists one directory layer (no recursion) under "<name>" or
+// "<name>/<sub>", returning the entries and the cleaned path listed.
+func (r *Reader) ListPath(arg string) ([]DirEntry, string, error) {
+	name, sub := SplitArg(arg)
+	if err := r.ensureSkill(name); err != nil {
+		return nil, "", err
+	}
+	dir := name
+	if sub != "" {
+		cleaned, err := cleanSubPath(sub)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, "", err
+		}
+		dir = name + "/" + cleaned
+		info, err := fs.Stat(r.fsys, dir)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				"path %q not found in skill %q", sub, name).
+				WithHint("run 'lark-cli skills list " + name + "' to see files in this skill")
+		}
+		if !info.IsDir() {
+			return nil, "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				"path %q is a file, not a directory; use 'lark-cli skills read %s/%s' to read it", sub, name, cleaned)
+		}
+	}
+	entries, err := fs.ReadDir(r.fsys, dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO,
+			"failed to read embedded skill content: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := make([]DirEntry, 0, len(entries))
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		out = append(out, DirEntry{Path: dir + "/" + e.Name(), IsDir: e.IsDir()})
+	}
+	sort.Slice(out, func(i, j int) bool { return out[i].Path < out[j].Path })
+	return out, dir, nil
+}
+
+// SplitArg splits "<name>/<rest>" at the first separator; an argument with no
+// separator is a bare skill name (rest "").
+func SplitArg(arg string) (name, rest string) {
+	name, rest, _ = strings.Cut(arg, "/")
+	return name, rest
+}
+
+// parseFrontmatter best-effort-extracts the frontmatter fields; missing or
+// unparseable frontmatter yields ("", "", nil), never an error.
+func parseFrontmatter(skillMD []byte) (description, version string, metadata map[string]any) {
+	lines := strings.Split(string(skillMD), "\n")
+	if strings.TrimRight(lines[0], "\r") != "---" {
+		return "", "", nil
+	}
+	block := make([]string, 0, len(lines))
+	closed := false
+	for _, ln := range lines[1:] {
+		if strings.TrimRight(ln, "\r") == "---" {
+			closed = true
+			break
+		}
+		block = append(block, ln)
+	}
+	if !closed {
+		return "", "", nil
+	}
+	var fm struct {
+		Description string         `yaml:"description"`
+		Version     string         `yaml:"version"`
+		Metadata    map[string]any `yaml:"metadata"`
+	}
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal([]byte(strings.Join(block, "\n")), &fm); err != nil {
+		return "", "", nil
+	}
+	return fm.Description, fm.Version, fm.Metadata
+}
+
+func (r *Reader) ReadSkill(name string) ([]byte, error) {
+	if err := r.ensureSkill(name); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	data, err := fs.ReadFile(r.fsys, name+"/SKILL.md")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO,
+			"failed to read embedded skill content: %v", err)
+	}
+	return data, nil
+}
+
+func (r *Reader) ensureSkill(name string) error {
+	if name == "" || strings.ContainsAny(name, `/\`) || name == "." || name == ".." {
+		return unknownSkill(name)
+	}
+	info, err := fs.Stat(r.fsys, name)
+	if err != nil || !info.IsDir() {
+		return unknownSkill(name)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func unknownSkill(name string) error {
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unknown skill %q", name).
+		WithHint("run 'lark-cli skills list' to see available skills")
+}
+
+// cleanSubPath returns the cleaned form of relpath, rejecting absolute paths and
+// ".." escapes. relpath must be non-empty (callers handle the skill-root case).
+func cleanSubPath(relpath string) (string, error) {
+	cleaned := path.Clean(relpath)
+	// path.Clean only treats '/' as a separator, so a Windows-style "..\" prefix
+	// survives; reject it explicitly alongside "../".
+	if relpath == "" || path.IsAbs(relpath) || cleaned == "." ||
+		cleaned == ".." || strings.HasPrefix(cleaned, "../") || strings.HasPrefix(cleaned, `..\`) {
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"invalid path %q: must be a relative path without '..'", relpath)
+	}
+	return cleaned, nil
+}
+
+// ReadReference returns the bytes of <name>/<relpath> and the cleaned path.
+func (r *Reader) ReadReference(name, relpath string) ([]byte, string, error) {
+	if err := r.ensureSkill(name); err != nil {
+		return nil, "", err
+	}
+	cleaned, err := cleanSubPath(relpath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", err
+	}
+	full := name + "/" + cleaned
+	info, err := fs.Stat(r.fsys, full)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"reference %q not found in skill %q", relpath, name).
+			WithHint("run 'lark-cli skills list " + name + "' to see files in this skill")
+	}
+	if info.IsDir() {
+		return nil, "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"reference %q is a directory, not a file", relpath)
+	}
+	data, err := fs.ReadFile(r.fsys, full)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO,
+			"failed to read embedded skill content: %v", err)
+	}
+	return data, cleaned, nil
+}

internal/skillcontent/reader_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package skillcontent
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+)
+
+func testFS() fstest.MapFS {
+	return fstest.MapFS{
+		"lark-calendar/SKILL.md":             {Data: []byte("---\nname: lark-calendar\nversion: 1.0.0\ndescription: \"Calendar skill\"\nmetadata:\n  requires:\n    bins: [\"lark-cli\"]\n  cliHelp: \"lark-cli calendar --help\"\n---\nbody\n")},
+		"lark-calendar/references/agenda.md": {Data: []byte("# Agenda")},
+		"lark-calendar/references/create.md": {Data: []byte("# Create")},
+		"lark-calendar/assets/tpl.html":      {Data: []byte("<html></html>")},
+		"lark-im/SKILL.md":                   {Data: []byte("no frontmatter here\n")},
+		"lark-im/references/send.md":         {Data: []byte("# Send")},
+	}
+}
+
+func TestList(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New(testFS())
+	skills, err := r.List()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("List() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(skills) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("got %d skills, want 2", len(skills))
+	}
+	if skills[0].Name != "lark-calendar" || skills[1].Name != "lark-im" {
+		t.Fatalf("skills not sorted by name: %v", skills)
+	}
+	if skills[0].Description != "Calendar skill" {
+		t.Errorf("description: got %q, want %q", skills[0].Description, "Calendar skill")
+	}
+	// version is the frontmatter `version:` field, passed through for drift checks.
+	if skills[0].Version != "1.0.0" {
+		t.Errorf("version: got %q, want %q", skills[0].Version, "1.0.0")
+	}
+	// metadata is the frontmatter `metadata:` block, passed through verbatim.
+	if skills[0].Metadata == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected metadata for lark-calendar")
+	}
+	if skills[0].Metadata["cliHelp"] != "lark-cli calendar --help" {
+		t.Errorf("metadata.cliHelp: got %v", skills[0].Metadata["cliHelp"])
+	}
+	// No frontmatter → empty description and nil metadata (omitted from JSON).
+	if skills[1].Description != "" {
+		t.Errorf("lark-im description: got %q, want empty", skills[1].Description)
+	}
+	if skills[1].Metadata != nil {
+		t.Errorf("lark-im metadata: got %v, want nil", skills[1].Metadata)
+	}
+	if skills[1].Version != "" {
+		t.Errorf("lark-im version: got %q, want empty", skills[1].Version)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListPath(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New(testFS())
+
+	// Skill root: direct children only (one layer), each path skill-prefixed.
+	entries, listed, err := r.ListPath("lark-calendar")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ListPath root error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if listed != "lark-calendar" {
+		t.Errorf("listed path: got %q", listed)
+	}
+	want := map[string]bool{ // path → isDir
+		"lark-calendar/SKILL.md":   false,
+		"lark-calendar/references": true,
+		"lark-calendar/assets":     true,
+	}
+	if len(entries) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("root entries: got %v, want %d entries", entries, len(want))
+	}
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		isDir, ok := want[e.Path]
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected entry %q", e.Path)
+			continue
+		}
+		if e.IsDir != isDir {
+			t.Errorf("%q is_dir: got %v, want %v", e.Path, e.IsDir, isDir)
+		}
+	}
+	// Entries are sorted by path.
+	if entries[0].Path != "lark-calendar/SKILL.md" {
+		t.Errorf("entries not sorted: %v", entries)
+	}
+
+	// Subdirectory: one layer under <name>/<subpath>.
+	subEntries, subListed, err := r.ListPath("lark-calendar/references")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ListPath subdir error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if subListed != "lark-calendar/references" {
+		t.Errorf("listed subpath: got %q", subListed)
+	}
+	if len(subEntries) != 2 ||
+		subEntries[0].Path != "lark-calendar/references/agenda.md" ||
+		subEntries[1].Path != "lark-calendar/references/create.md" {
+		t.Errorf("subdir entries: got %v", subEntries)
+	}
+
+	// Unknown skill → typed validation error.
+	if _, _, err := r.ListPath("no-such-skill"); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error for unknown skill")
+	} else {
+		var verr *errs.ValidationError
+		if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+			t.Errorf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Path that points at a file (not a dir) → validation error.
+	if _, _, err := r.ListPath("lark-calendar/SKILL.md"); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error listing a file")
+	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "is a file") {
+		t.Errorf("message: got %q", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	// Nonexistent subpath → validation error.
+	if _, _, err := r.ListPath("lark-calendar/nope"); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected not-found error")
+	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not found") {
+		t.Errorf("message: got %q", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	// Traversal in the subpath is rejected, no listing leaked.
+	for _, bad := range []string{"lark-calendar/../lark-im", "lark-calendar/../../etc", `lark-calendar/..\x`} {
+		entries, _, err := r.ListPath(bad)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("expected rejection for %q", bad)
+		}
+		if entries != nil {
+			t.Errorf("entries leaked for %q: %v", bad, entries)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadSkill(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New(testFS())
+
+	data, err := r.ReadSkill("lark-calendar")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadSkill error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(string(data), "---\nname: lark-calendar") {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected content: %q", string(data))
+	}
+
+	_, err = r.ReadSkill("no-such-skill")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for unknown skill")
+	}
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, `unknown skill "no-such-skill"`) {
+		t.Errorf("message: got %q", verr.Message)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := r.ReadSkill("../etc"); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error for name with separator")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadReference(t *testing.T) {
+	r := New(testFS())
+
+	data, cleaned, err := r.ReadReference("lark-calendar", "references/agenda.md")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadReference error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if string(data) != "# Agenda" {
+		t.Errorf("content: got %q", string(data))
+	}
+	if cleaned != "references/agenda.md" {
+		t.Errorf("cleaned path: got %q", cleaned)
+	}
+
+	if _, _, err := r.ReadReference("lark-calendar", "references/nope.md"); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected not-found error")
+	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not found") {
+		t.Errorf("message: got %q", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	if _, _, err := r.ReadReference("lark-calendar", "references"); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected directory error")
+	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "is a directory") {
+		t.Errorf("message: got %q", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	for _, bad := range []string{"../../etc/passwd", "/etc/passwd", "..", "", "references/../../im/SKILL.md", `..\..\x`} {
+		data, _, err := r.ReadReference("lark-calendar", bad)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("expected rejection for %q", bad)
+		}
+		if data != nil {
+			t.Errorf("content leaked for %q: %q", bad, string(data))
+		}
+		var verr *errs.ValidationError
+		if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+			t.Errorf("expected validation error for %q, got %T", bad, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseFrontmatter(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name        string
+		input       string
+		wantDesc    string
+		wantVer     string
+		wantHasMeta bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "description, version and metadata",
+			input:       "---\ndescription: My skill\nversion: 2.1.0\nmetadata:\n  cliHelp: \"x\"\n---\nbody\n",
+			wantDesc:    "My skill",
+			wantVer:     "2.1.0",
+			wantHasMeta: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "description only, no metadata",
+			input:    "---\ndescription: Plain\n---\nbody\n",
+			wantDesc: "Plain",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "no frontmatter",
+			input: "no frontmatter here\n",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "unclosed frontmatter",
+			input: "---\ndescription: Never closed\n",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "malformed YAML inside frontmatter",
+			input: "---\n: bad: yaml: [\n---\nbody\n",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "CRLF line endings",
+			input:       "---\r\ndescription: CRLF skill\r\nmetadata:\r\n  cliHelp: \"y\"\r\n---\r\nbody\r\n",
+			wantDesc:    "CRLF skill",
+			wantHasMeta: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "empty input",
+			input: "",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			desc, ver, meta := parseFrontmatter([]byte(tc.input))
+			if desc != tc.wantDesc {
+				t.Errorf("description = %q, want %q", desc, tc.wantDesc)
+			}
+			if ver != tc.wantVer {
+				t.Errorf("version = %q, want %q", ver, tc.wantVer)
+			}
+			if (meta != nil) != tc.wantHasMeta {
+				t.Errorf("metadata = %v, wantHasMeta %v", meta, tc.wantHasMeta)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadSkillMissingFile(t *testing.T) {
+	// Use a separate MapFS so testFS() (and TestList) are unaffected.
+	emptyFS := fstest.MapFS{
+		"lark-empty/references/x.md": {Data: []byte("# X")},
+	}
+	r := New(emptyFS)
+	_, err := r.ReadSkill("lark-empty")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error when SKILL.md is absent")
+	}
+	var ierr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ierr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+}

internal/skillscheck/sync.go

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/selfupdate"
 )
 
+const skillsStateUpdatedAtLayout = "2006-01-02T15:04:05"
+
 var (
 	skillNamePattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9_:-]*(@[^\s]+)?$`)
 	ansiPattern      = regexp.MustCompile(`\x1b\[[0-?]*[ -/]*[@-~]`)
@@ -80,6 +82,30 @@ func ParseGlobalSkillsJSON(text string) []string {
 	return sortedKeys(seen)
 }
 
+func ParseOfficialSkillsIndexJSON(text string) ([]string, error) {
+	type officialSkill struct {
+		Name string `json:"name"`
+	}
+	type officialIndex struct {
+		Skills []officialSkill `json:"skills"`
+	}
+
+	var index officialIndex
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(text), &index); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, skill := range index.Skills {
+		candidate := strings.TrimSpace(skill.Name)
+		if skillNamePattern.MatchString(candidate) {
+			seen[candidate] = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return sortedKeys(seen), nil
+}
+
 // parseGlobalSkillsList parses the output of "npx -y skills ls -g"
 func parseGlobalSkillsList(lines []string) []string {
 	seen := map[string]bool{}
@@ -160,8 +186,7 @@ func parseOfficialSkillsList(lines []string) []string {
 
 			if len(parts) > 0 {
 				candidate := parts[0]
-				// Check if it's a valid official skill name
-				if strings.HasPrefix(candidate, "lark-") && skillNamePattern.MatchString(candidate) {
+				if skillNamePattern.MatchString(candidate) {
 					seen[candidate] = true
 				}
 			}
@@ -223,6 +248,7 @@ func PlanSync(input SyncInput) SyncPlan {
 }
 
 type SkillsRunner interface {
+	ListOfficialSkillsIndex() *selfupdate.NpmResult
 	ListOfficialSkills() *selfupdate.NpmResult
 	ListGlobalSkillsJSON() *selfupdate.NpmResult
 	ListGlobalSkills() *selfupdate.NpmResult
@@ -258,14 +284,9 @@ func SyncSkills(opts SyncOptions) *SyncResult {
 	}
 
 	// --- Step 1: List official skills ---
-	officialResult := opts.Runner.ListOfficialSkills()
-	if officialResult == nil || officialResult.Err != nil {
-		return fallbackFullInstall(opts, resultDetail(officialResult), nil)
-	}
-	official := ParseSkillsList(officialResult.Stdout.String())
-
-	if len(official) == 0 && strings.TrimSpace(officialResult.Stdout.String()) != "" {
-		return fallbackFullInstall(opts, "official skills list parsed as empty despite non-empty stdout", nil)
+	official, reason, ok := listOfficialSkills(opts.Runner)
+	if !ok {
+		return fallbackFullInstall(opts, reason, nil)
 	}
 
 	// --- Step 2: List local (installed) skills ---
@@ -316,7 +337,7 @@ func SyncSkills(opts SyncOptions) *SyncResult {
 		UpdatedSkills:        plan.ToUpdate,
 		AddedOfficialSkills:  plan.Added,
 		SkippedDeletedSkills: plan.SkippedDeleted,
-		UpdatedAt:            opts.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		UpdatedAt:            opts.Now().Format(skillsStateUpdatedAtLayout),
 	}
 	if err := WriteState(state); err != nil {
 		result.Action = "failed"
@@ -327,6 +348,40 @@ func SyncSkills(opts SyncOptions) *SyncResult {
 	return result
 }
 
+func listOfficialSkills(runner SkillsRunner) ([]string, string, bool) {
+	reasons := []string{}
+
+	indexResult := runner.ListOfficialSkillsIndex()
+	if indexResult == nil || indexResult.Err != nil {
+		reasons = append(reasons, "official skills index failed: "+resultDetail(indexResult))
+	} else {
+		official, err := ParseOfficialSkillsIndexJSON(indexResult.Stdout.String())
+		if err != nil {
+			reasons = append(reasons, "official skills index JSON invalid: "+err.Error())
+		} else if len(official) > 0 {
+			return official, "", true
+		} else {
+			reasons = append(reasons, "official skills index contains no skills")
+		}
+	}
+
+	officialResult := runner.ListOfficialSkills()
+	if officialResult == nil || officialResult.Err != nil {
+		reasons = append(reasons, "official skills list failed: "+resultDetail(officialResult))
+		return nil, strings.Join(reasons, "; "), false
+	}
+	official := ParseSkillsList(officialResult.Stdout.String())
+	if len(official) > 0 {
+		return official, "", true
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(officialResult.Stdout.String()) != "" {
+		reasons = append(reasons, "official skills list parsed as empty despite non-empty stdout")
+	} else {
+		reasons = append(reasons, "official skills list returned no skills")
+	}
+	return nil, strings.Join(reasons, "; "), false
+}
+
 func listLocalSkills(runner SkillsRunner) ([]string, bool) {
 	jsonResult := runner.ListGlobalSkillsJSON()
 	if jsonResult != nil && jsonResult.Err == nil {
@@ -375,7 +430,7 @@ func fallbackFullInstall(opts SyncOptions, reason string, official []string) *Sy
 		UpdatedSkills:        official,
 		AddedOfficialSkills:  official,
 		SkippedDeletedSkills: []string{},
-		UpdatedAt:            opts.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
+		UpdatedAt:            opts.Now().Format(skillsStateUpdatedAtLayout),
 	}
 	if writeErr := WriteState(state); writeErr != nil {
 		return &SyncResult{

internal/skillscheck/sync_test.go

@@ -30,6 +30,19 @@ lark-cli-harness:dev@0.1.0
 	}
 }
 
+func TestParseOfficialSkillsListAcceptsNonLarkOfficialNames(t *testing.T) {
+	input := `Available Skills
+│    lark-calendar
+│    official-shared
+│    bad/name
+`
+	got := ParseSkillsList(input)
+	want := []string{"lark-calendar", "official-shared"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("ParseSkillsList() (Available Skills) = %#v, want %#v", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestParseGlobalSkillsList(t *testing.T) {
 	input := `Global Skills
 
@@ -110,6 +123,43 @@ func TestParseGlobalSkillsJSONInvalidOrUnsupported(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestParseOfficialSkillsIndexJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	input := `{
+  "skills": [
+    {"name":"lark-calendar","description":"Calendar","files":["SKILL.md"]},
+    {"name":"lark-mail","description":"Mail","files":["SKILL.md","references/lark-mail-search.md"]},
+    {"name":"  lark-base  ","description":"Base","files":[]},
+    {"name":"lark-calendar","description":"duplicate","files":["SKILL.md"]},
+    {"name":"custom-skill","description":"not official","files":["SKILL.md"]},
+    {"name":"bad skill","description":"invalid","files":["SKILL.md"]},
+    {"name":"","description":"empty","files":["SKILL.md"]}
+  ]
+}`
+	got, err := ParseOfficialSkillsIndexJSON(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ParseOfficialSkillsIndexJSON() err = %v, want nil", err)
+	}
+	want := []string{"custom-skill", "lark-base", "lark-calendar", "lark-mail"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("ParseOfficialSkillsIndexJSON() = %#v, want %#v", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseOfficialSkillsIndexJSONInvalidOrUnsupported(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, input := range []string{
+		`not json`,
+		`[{"name":"lark-calendar"}]`,
+		`{"name":"lark-calendar"}`,
+		`{"skills":[]}`,
+		`{"skills":[{"name":"bad skill"}]}`,
+	} {
+		got, err := ParseOfficialSkillsIndexJSON(input)
+		if err == nil && len(got) != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("ParseOfficialSkillsIndexJSON(%q) = %#v, want empty", input, got)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestPlanNormal_WithReadableStatePreservesDeletedAndAddsNew(t *testing.T) {
 	previous := &SkillsState{OfficialSkills: []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"}}
 	got := PlanSync(SyncInput{
@@ -156,9 +206,11 @@ func TestPlanForceRestoresAllOfficial(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 type fakeSkillsRunner struct {
+	officialIndexOut string
 	officialOut      string
 	globalJSONOut    string
 	globalOut        string
+	officialIndexErr error
 	officialErr      error
 	globalJSONErr    error
 	globalErr        error
@@ -166,6 +218,8 @@ type fakeSkillsRunner struct {
 	installAllErr    error
 	installed        [][]string
 	installedAll     int
+	listedIndex      int
+	listedOfficial   int
 	listedGlobalJSON int
 	listedGlobalText int
 }
@@ -181,6 +235,19 @@ func officialSkillsOutput(names ...string) string {
 	return b.String()
 }
 
+func officialSkillsIndexOutput(names ...string) string {
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.WriteString(`{"skills":[`)
+	for i, name := range names {
+		if i > 0 {
+			b.WriteString(",")
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&b, `{"name":%q,"description":"test skill","files":["SKILL.md"]}`, name)
+	}
+	b.WriteString(`]}`)
+	return b.String()
+}
+
 func globalSkillsOutput(names ...string) string {
 	var b strings.Builder
 	b.WriteString("Global Skills\n\n")
@@ -206,7 +273,16 @@ func globalSkillsJSONOutput(names ...string) string {
 	return b.String()
 }
 
+func (f *fakeSkillsRunner) ListOfficialSkillsIndex() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+	f.listedIndex++
+	r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
+	r.Stdout.WriteString(f.officialIndexOut)
+	r.Err = f.officialIndexErr
+	return r
+}
+
 func (f *fakeSkillsRunner) ListOfficialSkills() *selfupdate.NpmResult {
+	f.listedOfficial++
 	r := &selfupdate.NpmResult{}
 	r.Stdout.WriteString(f.officialOut)
 	r.Err = f.officialErr
@@ -255,14 +331,17 @@ func TestSyncSkills_WritesStateAndDoesNotWriteStamp(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail", "lark-new"),
-		globalJSONOut: globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-custom"),
-		globalOut:     globalSkillsOutput("lark-mail"),
+		officialIndexOut: officialSkillsIndexOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail", "lark-new"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail", "lark-new"),
+		globalJSONOut:    globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-custom"),
+		globalOut:        globalSkillsOutput("lark-mail"),
 	}
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{
 		Version: "1.0.33",
 		Runner:  runner,
-		Now:     func() time.Time { return time.Date(2026, 5, 18, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC) },
+		Now: func() time.Time {
+			return time.Date(2026, 5, 18, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.FixedZone("UTC+8", 8*60*60))
+		},
 	})
 
 	if result.Err != nil {
@@ -284,17 +363,127 @@ func TestSyncSkills_WritesStateAndDoesNotWriteStamp(t *testing.T) {
 	assertStrings(t, state.UpdatedSkills, []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-new"})
 	assertStrings(t, state.AddedOfficialSkills, []string{"lark-new"})
 	assertStrings(t, state.SkippedDeletedSkills, []string{"lark-mail"})
+	if state.UpdatedAt != "2026-05-18T12:00:00" {
+		t.Errorf("state.UpdatedAt = %q, want local wall-clock timestamp without timezone", state.UpdatedAt)
+	}
 	if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(dir, "skills.stamp")); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		t.Fatalf("skills.stamp exists or stat failed with unexpected err: %v", err)
 	}
 }
 
+func TestSyncSkills_OfficialIndexSuccessSkipsOfficialListCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
+		officialIndexOut: officialSkillsIndexOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail", "lark-new"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-should-not-be-used"),
+		globalJSONOut:    globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar"),
+		globalOut:        globalSkillsOutput("lark-mail"),
+	}
+
+	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
+	if result.Err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SyncSkills() err = %v, want nil", result.Err)
+	}
+	assertStrings(t, result.Official, []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail", "lark-new"})
+	assertStrings(t, runner.installed[0], []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail", "lark-new"})
+	if runner.listedIndex != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("listedIndex = %d, want 1", runner.listedIndex)
+	}
+	if runner.listedOfficial != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("listedOfficial = %d, want 0 when index succeeds", runner.listedOfficial)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSyncSkills_OfficialIndexFailureFallsBackToOfficialList(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
+		officialIndexErr: fmt.Errorf("index unavailable"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalJSONOut:    globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar"),
+	}
+
+	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
+	if result.Err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SyncSkills() err = %v, want nil", result.Err)
+	}
+	assertStrings(t, result.Official, []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"})
+	if runner.listedIndex != 1 || runner.listedOfficial != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("listed index/official = %d/%d, want 1/1", runner.listedIndex, runner.listedOfficial)
+	}
+	if runner.installedAll != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("installedAll = %d, want 0", runner.installedAll)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSyncSkills_OfficialIndexEmptyFallsBackToOfficialList(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
+		officialIndexOut: `{"skills":[]}`,
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalJSONOut:    globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar"),
+	}
+
+	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
+	if result.Err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SyncSkills() err = %v, want nil", result.Err)
+	}
+	assertStrings(t, result.Official, []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"})
+	if runner.listedIndex != 1 || runner.listedOfficial != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("listed index/official = %d/%d, want 1/1", runner.listedIndex, runner.listedOfficial)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSyncSkills_OfficialDiscoveryFailuresFallBackToFullInstallWithReasons(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
+		officialIndexErr: fmt.Errorf("index unavailable"),
+		officialErr:      fmt.Errorf("list failed"),
+		installAllErr:    nil,
+	}
+
+	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
+	if result.Action != "fallback_synced" {
+		t.Fatalf("SyncSkills() action = %q, want fallback_synced", result.Action)
+	}
+	if runner.installedAll != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("installedAll = %d, want 1", runner.installedAll)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(result.Detail, "official skills index failed") || !strings.Contains(result.Detail, "official skills list failed") {
+		t.Fatalf("SyncSkills() detail = %q, want both discovery failure reasons", result.Detail)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSyncSkills_OfficialDiscoveryEmptyFallsBackToFullInstallWithReasons(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
+		officialIndexOut: `{"skills":[]}`,
+		installAllErr:    nil,
+	}
+
+	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
+	if result.Action != "fallback_synced" {
+		t.Fatalf("SyncSkills() action = %q, want fallback_synced", result.Action)
+	}
+	if runner.installedAll != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("installedAll = %d, want 1", runner.installedAll)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(result.Detail, "official skills index contains no skills") || !strings.Contains(result.Detail, "official skills list returned no skills") {
+		t.Fatalf("SyncSkills() detail = %q, want both empty discovery reasons", result.Detail)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSyncSkills_ListOfficialFailureFallsBackToFullInstall(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialErr:   fmt.Errorf("list failed"),
-		installAllErr: nil,
+		officialIndexErr: fmt.Errorf("index unavailable"),
+		officialErr:      fmt.Errorf("list failed"),
+		installAllErr:    nil,
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -322,8 +511,9 @@ func TestSyncSkills_ListOfficialFailureAndFullInstallFails(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialErr:   fmt.Errorf("list failed"),
-		installAllErr: fmt.Errorf("full install failed"),
+		officialIndexErr: fmt.Errorf("index unavailable"),
+		officialErr:      fmt.Errorf("list failed"),
+		installAllErr:    fmt.Errorf("full install failed"),
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -342,9 +532,10 @@ func TestSyncSkills_GlobalJSONFailureFallsBackToTextList(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalJSONErr: fmt.Errorf("json list failed"),
-		globalOut:     globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar"),
+		officialIndexOut: officialSkillsIndexOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalJSONErr:    fmt.Errorf("json list failed"),
+		globalOut:        globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar"),
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -367,9 +558,10 @@ func TestSyncSkills_LocalListsFailureFallsBackToFullInstall(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalJSONErr: fmt.Errorf("json list failed with /Users/example/.agents/skills/lark-calendar agents Codex"),
-		globalErr:     fmt.Errorf("text list failed with /Users/example/.agents/skills/lark-mail agents Codex"),
+		officialIndexOut: officialSkillsIndexOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalJSONErr:    fmt.Errorf("json list failed with /Users/example/.agents/skills/lark-calendar agents Codex"),
+		globalErr:        fmt.Errorf("text list failed with /Users/example/.agents/skills/lark-mail agents Codex"),
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -391,12 +583,19 @@ func TestSyncSkills_ParseEmptyLocalListsFallBackToFullInstall(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalJSONOut: `[]`,
-		globalOut:     "Some unrecognized output format\n",
+		officialIndexOut: officialSkillsIndexOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalJSONOut:    `[]`,
+		globalOut:        "Some unrecognized output format\n",
 	}
 
-	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
+	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{
+		Version: "1.0.33",
+		Runner:  runner,
+		Now: func() time.Time {
+			return time.Date(2026, 5, 18, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.FixedZone("UTC-7", -7*60*60))
+		},
+	})
 	if result.Action != "fallback_synced" {
 		t.Fatalf("SyncSkills() action = %q, want fallback_synced", result.Action)
 	}
@@ -406,6 +605,13 @@ func TestSyncSkills_ParseEmptyLocalListsFallBackToFullInstall(t *testing.T) {
 	if runner.installedAll != 1 {
 		t.Fatalf("installedAll = %d, want 1", runner.installedAll)
 	}
+	state, readable, err := ReadState()
+	if err != nil || !readable {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadState() = (_, %v, %v), want readable", readable, err)
+	}
+	if state.UpdatedAt != "2026-05-18T12:00:00" {
+		t.Errorf("state.UpdatedAt = %q, want local wall-clock timestamp without timezone", state.UpdatedAt)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestSyncSkills_EmptyToUpdateFallsBackToFullInstall(t *testing.T) {
@@ -420,9 +626,10 @@ func TestSyncSkills_EmptyToUpdateFallsBackToFullInstall(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalOut:     globalSkillsOutput(),
-		installAllErr: nil,
+		officialIndexOut: officialSkillsIndexOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalOut:        globalSkillsOutput(),
+		installAllErr:    nil,
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -445,11 +652,12 @@ func TestSyncSkills_InstallFailureFallsBackToFullInstall(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalJSONOut: globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalOut:     globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		installErr:    fmt.Errorf("incremental boom"),
-		installAllErr: nil,
+		officialIndexOut: officialSkillsIndexOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalJSONOut:    globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalOut:        globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		installErr:       fmt.Errorf("incremental boom"),
+		installAllErr:    nil,
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -477,11 +685,12 @@ func TestSyncSkills_InstallFailureAndFullInstallFails(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalJSONOut: globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalOut:     globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		installErr:    fmt.Errorf("incremental boom"),
-		installAllErr: fmt.Errorf("full install boom"),
+		officialIndexOut: officialSkillsIndexOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalJSONOut:    globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalOut:        globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		installErr:       fmt.Errorf("incremental boom"),
+		installAllErr:    fmt.Errorf("full install boom"),
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -510,8 +719,9 @@ func TestSyncSkills_ParseEmptyWithNonEmptyStdoutFallsBack(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   "Some unrecognized output format\n",
-		installAllErr: nil,
+		officialIndexErr: fmt.Errorf("index unavailable"),
+		officialOut:      "Some unrecognized output format\n",
+		installAllErr:    nil,
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -527,8 +737,9 @@ func TestSyncSkills_ParseEmptyWithNonEmptyStdoutAndFullInstallFails(t *testing.T
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   "Some unrecognized output format\n",
-		installAllErr: fmt.Errorf("full install failed"),
+		officialIndexErr: fmt.Errorf("index unavailable"),
+		officialOut:      "Some unrecognized output format\n",
+		installAllErr:    fmt.Errorf("full install failed"),
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -551,8 +762,9 @@ func TestSyncSkills_FallbackWithUnknownOfficialWritesMinimalState(t *testing.T)
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   "Some unrecognized output format\n",
-		installAllErr: nil,
+		officialIndexErr: fmt.Errorf("index unavailable"),
+		officialOut:      "Some unrecognized output format\n",
+		installAllErr:    nil,
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -576,11 +788,12 @@ func TestSyncSkills_FallbackWithKnownOfficialWritesFullState(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalJSONOut: globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalOut:     globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		installErr:    fmt.Errorf("incremental boom"),
-		installAllErr: nil,
+		officialIndexOut: officialSkillsIndexOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalJSONOut:    globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalOut:        globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		installErr:       fmt.Errorf("incremental boom"),
+		installAllErr:    nil,
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -601,11 +814,12 @@ func TestSyncSkills_FallbackResultContainsMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalJSONOut: globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalOut:     globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		installErr:    fmt.Errorf("incremental boom"),
-		installAllErr: nil,
+		officialIndexOut: officialSkillsIndexOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalJSONOut:    globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalOut:        globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		installErr:       fmt.Errorf("incremental boom"),
+		installAllErr:    nil,
 	}
 
 	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -625,8 +839,9 @@ func TestSyncSkills_FallbackBreaksDegradationLoop(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
 	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialErr:   fmt.Errorf("list failed"),
-		installAllErr: nil,
+		officialIndexErr: fmt.Errorf("index unavailable"),
+		officialErr:      fmt.Errorf("list failed"),
+		installAllErr:    nil,
 	}
 
 	result1 := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
@@ -643,9 +858,10 @@ func TestSyncSkills_FallbackBreaksDegradationLoop(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	runner2 := &fakeSkillsRunner{
-		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalJSONOut: globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
-		globalOut:     globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		officialIndexOut: officialSkillsIndexOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		officialOut:      officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalJSONOut:    globalSkillsJSONOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalOut:        globalSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
 	}
 	result2 := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner2, Now: time.Now})
 	if result2.Action != "synced" {

lint/errscontract/rule_no_legacy_common_helper_call.go

@@ -15,8 +15,13 @@ import (
 // legacy validation/save helpers are forbidden; callers must use the typed
 // common replacements or construct an errs.* typed error directly.
 var migratedCommonHelperPaths = []string{
+	"shortcuts/base/",
+	"shortcuts/calendar/",
 	"shortcuts/drive/",
 	"shortcuts/mail/",
+	"shortcuts/okr/",
+	"shortcuts/task/",
+	"shortcuts/whiteboard/",
 }
 
 const commonImportPath = "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"

lint/errscontract/rule_no_legacy_envelope_literal.go

@@ -16,8 +16,14 @@ import (
 // call sites must return a typed errs.* error instead. Future domains opt in by
 // appending their path prefix here.
 var migratedEnvelopePaths = []string{
+	"shortcuts/base/",
+	"shortcuts/calendar/",
 	"shortcuts/drive/",
 	"shortcuts/mail/",
+	"shortcuts/okr/",
+	"shortcuts/task/",
+	"shortcuts/whiteboard/",
+	"shortcuts/im/",
 }
 
 // legacyOutputImportPath is the import path of the package that declares the

lint/errscontract/rule_no_legacy_runtime_api_call.go

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import (
 // forbidigo's errs-typed-only ban does not see them because they are method
 // calls, not output.Err* identifiers — this AST rule covers that gap.
 //
-// Migrated code must call a typed API wrapper (e.g. drive's driveCallAPI) or use
+// Migrated code must call the domain's typed API wrapper or use
 // runtime.DoAPI + errclass.BuildAPIError directly, so failures classify into
 // typed errs.* errors.
 //
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall(path, src string) []Violation {
 				File:    path,
 				Line:    fset.Position(call.Pos()).Line,
 				Message: "runtime." + name + " emits a legacy output.ExitError api_error envelope and downgrades typed network/auth boundary errors; it is forbidden on migrated paths",
-				Suggestion: "call the domain's typed API wrapper (e.g. driveCallAPI) or runtime.DoAPI + errclass.BuildAPIError " +
+				Suggestion: "call the domain's typed API wrapper (for example driveCallAPI or callTaskAPITyped) or runtime.DoAPI + errclass.BuildAPIError " +
 					"so failures classify into typed errs.* errors",
 			})
 		}

lint/errscontract/rules_test.go

@@ -618,6 +618,35 @@ func boom() error {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsExitErrorLiteralOnMigratedShortcutPaths(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, path := range []string{
+		"shortcuts/okr/okr_image_upload.go",
+		"shortcuts/task/task_update.go",
+		"shortcuts/whiteboard/whiteboard_update.go",
+	} {
+		t.Run(path, func(t *testing.T) {
+			src := `package migrated
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+			v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral(path, src)
+			if len(v) != 1 {
+				t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+			}
+			if v[0].Action != ActionReject {
+				t.Errorf("action = %q, want REJECT", v[0].Action)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "ExitError") {
+				t.Errorf("message should name the legacy type: %s", v[0].Message)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsErrDetailLiteralOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
 	src := `package drive
 
@@ -662,7 +691,7 @@ func boom() error {
 	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
 }
 `
-	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/calendar/foo.go", src)
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/contact/foo.go", src)
 	if len(v) != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("non-migrated path should pass, got: %+v", v)
 	}
@@ -801,6 +830,26 @@ func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_RejectsCallAPIOnTaskPath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package task
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/task/task_update.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if v[0].Action != ActionReject {
+		t.Errorf("action = %q, want REJECT", v[0].Action)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "CallAPI") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy method: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_RejectsDoAPIJSONWithLogIDOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
 	src := `package drive
 
@@ -851,14 +900,14 @@ func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 }
 
 func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_IgnoresNonMigratedPath(t *testing.T) {
-	src := `package im
+	src := `package contact
 
 func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	_, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
 	return err
 }
 `
-	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/im/im_send.go", src)
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/contact/contact_get.go", src)
 	if len(v) != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("non-migrated path must not fire, got: %+v", v)
 	}
@@ -897,6 +946,9 @@ func TestCheckNoLegacyCommonHelperCall_RejectsLegacyHelpersOnMigratedPath(t *tes
 	paths := []string{
 		"shortcuts/drive/drive_search.go",
 		"shortcuts/mail/mail_send.go",
+		"shortcuts/okr/okr_progress_create.go",
+		"shortcuts/task/task_update.go",
+		"shortcuts/whiteboard/whiteboard_query.go",
 	}
 	for _, path := range paths {
 		for _, helper := range helpers {
@@ -924,8 +976,29 @@ common.` + helper + `()
 	}
 }
 
+func TestCheckNoLegacyCommonHelperCall_RejectsDangerousCharsOnCalendarPath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package calendar
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+
+func boom() {
+	common.RejectDangerousChars("--summary", "x")
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyCommonHelperCall("shortcuts/calendar/calendar_create.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if v[0].Action != ActionReject {
+		t.Errorf("action = %q, want REJECT", v[0].Action)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Suggestion, "common.RejectDangerousCharsTyped") {
+		t.Errorf("suggestion should name typed replacement, got: %s", v[0].Suggestion)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCheckNoLegacyCommonHelperCall_AllowsNonMigratedPath(t *testing.T) {
-	src := `package im
+	src := `package contact
 
 import "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 
@@ -933,7 +1006,7 @@ func boom() {
 	common.FlagErrorf("legacy allowed until domain migrates")
 }
 `
-	v := CheckNoLegacyCommonHelperCall("shortcuts/im/im_send.go", src)
+	v := CheckNoLegacyCommonHelperCall("shortcuts/contact/contact_get.go", src)
 	if len(v) != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("non-migrated path must pass, got: %+v", v)
 	}

shortcuts/base/base_advperm_disable.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ var BaseAdvpermDisable = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -55,6 +55,6 @@ var BaseAdvpermDisable = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 
-		return handleRoleResponse(runtime, apiResp.RawBody, "disable advanced permissions failed")
+		return handleRoleAPIResponse(runtime, apiResp, "disable advanced permissions failed")
 	},
 }

shortcuts/base/base_advperm_enable.go

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ var BaseAdvpermEnable = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -54,6 +54,6 @@ var BaseAdvpermEnable = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 
-		return handleRoleResponse(runtime, apiResp.RawBody, "enable advanced permissions failed")
+		return handleRoleAPIResponse(runtime, apiResp, "enable advanced permissions failed")
 	},
 }

shortcuts/base/base_advperm_test.go

@@ -196,9 +196,7 @@ func TestBaseAdvpermEnableExecuteAPIError(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	args := []string{"+advperm-enable", "--base-token", "app_x"}
-	if err := runShortcut(t, BaseAdvpermEnable, args, factory, stdout); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "190001") {
-		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
-	}
+	assertProblemCode(t, runShortcut(t, BaseAdvpermEnable, args, factory, stdout), 190001, "bad request")
 }
 
 func TestBaseAdvpermDisableExecuteTransportError(t *testing.T) {
@@ -226,7 +224,5 @@ func TestBaseAdvpermDisableExecuteAPIError(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	args := []string{"+advperm-disable", "--base-token", "app_x", "--yes"}
-	if err := runShortcut(t, BaseAdvpermDisable, args, factory, stdout); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "190002") {
-		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
-	}
+	assertProblemCode(t, runShortcut(t, BaseAdvpermDisable, args, factory, stdout), 190002, "permission denied")
 }

shortcuts/base/base_block_ops.go

@@ -55,24 +55,24 @@ func dryRunBaseBlockDelete(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *c
 
 func validateBaseBlockCreate(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("name")) == "" {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--name must not be blank")
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--name must not be blank")
 	}
 	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("type")) == "" {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--type must not be blank")
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--type must not be blank")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 func validateBaseBlockMove(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("before-id")) != "" && strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("after-id")) != "" {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--before-id and --after-id are mutually exclusive")
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--before-id and --after-id are mutually exclusive")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 func validateBaseBlockRename(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("name")) == "" {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--name must not be blank")
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--name must not be blank")
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/base/base_data_query.go

@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ var BaseDataQuery = common.Shortcut{
 		dec := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader([]byte(runtime.Str("dsl"))))
 		dec.UseNumber()
 		if err := dec.Decode(&dsl); err != nil {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--dsl invalid JSON: %v", err)
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--dsl invalid JSON: %v", err)
 		}
 		_, hasDim := dsl["dimensions"]
 		_, hasMeas := dsl["measures"]
 		if !hasDim && !hasMeas {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--dsl must contain at least one of 'dimensions' or 'measures'")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--dsl must contain at least one of 'dimensions' or 'measures'")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/base/base_errors.go

@@ -4,9 +4,13 @@
 package base
 
 import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 )
 
@@ -24,76 +28,198 @@ func handleBaseAPIResult(result interface{}, err error, action string) (map[stri
 // structured ErrAPI, with server-provided message/hint promoted to the top level.
 func handleBaseAPIResultAny(result interface{}, err error, action string) (interface{}, error) {
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "%s: %s", action, err)
+		return nil, baseAPIBoundaryError(err, action)
 	}
 
-	resultMap, _ := result.(map[string]interface{})
-	code, _ := util.ToFloat64(resultMap["code"])
+	resultMap, ok := result.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok || resultMap == nil {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "%s: API returned a malformed response envelope", action)
+	}
+	if _, exists := resultMap["code"]; !exists {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "%s: API response is missing code", action)
+	}
+	code, numeric := util.ToFloat64(resultMap["code"])
+	if !numeric {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "%s: API response code is not numeric", action)
+	}
 	if code == 0 {
 		return resultMap["data"], nil
 	}
 
-	larkCode := int(code)
-	msg := extractDataErrorMessage(resultMap)
-	if strings.TrimSpace(msg) == "" {
-		msg, _ = resultMap["msg"].(string)
-	}
-
-	detail := extractErrorDetail(resultMap)
-	apiErr := output.ErrAPI(larkCode, msg, detail)
-	hint := extractErrorHint(resultMap)
-	if apiErr.Detail != nil && apiErr.Detail.Hint == "" && hint != "" {
-		apiErr.Detail.Hint = hint
-	}
-	if apiErr.Detail != nil {
-		apiErr.Detail.Detail = cleanEmptyBaseErrorDetail(detail)
-	}
-	return nil, apiErr
+	return nil, baseAPIErrorFromResult(resultMap, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
 }
 
-func cleanEmptyBaseErrorDetail(detail interface{}) interface{} {
-	detailMap, ok := detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok {
-		return nil
+// baseFlagErrorf marks flag-usage failures; it shares baseValidationErrorf's
+// typed envelope and exists so call sites read as flag rejections.
+func baseFlagErrorf(format string, args ...any) error {
+	return baseValidationErrorf(format, args...)
+}
+
+func baseValidationErrorf(format string, args ...any) error {
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
+	err := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", msg)
+	if params := flagParams(msg); len(params) > 0 {
+		err = err.WithParam(params[0].Name).WithParams(params...)
 	}
-	for key, value := range detailMap {
-		if value == nil {
-			delete(detailMap, key)
+	if cause := firstErrorArg(args); cause != nil {
+		err = err.WithCause(cause)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func flagParams(msg string) []errs.InvalidParam {
+	reason := msg
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	params := []errs.InvalidParam{}
+	for start := strings.Index(msg, "--"); start >= 0; start = strings.Index(msg, "--") {
+		end := start + 2
+		for end < len(msg) {
+			ch := msg[end]
+			if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') || (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') || ch == '-' {
+				end++
+				continue
+			}
+			break
 		}
+		if end > start+2 {
+			name := msg[start:end]
+			if !seen[name] {
+				seen[name] = true
+				params = append(params, errs.InvalidParam{Name: name, Reason: reason})
+			}
+		}
+		msg = msg[end:]
 	}
-	if len(detailMap) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return detailMap
+	return params
 }
 
-func extractErrorDetail(resultMap map[string]interface{}) interface{} {
-	if detail, ok := nonNilMapValue(resultMap, "error"); ok {
-		return detail
-	}
-	data, _ := resultMap["data"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if detail, ok := nonNilMapValue(data, "error"); ok {
-		return detail
+func firstErrorArg(args []any) error {
+	for _, arg := range args {
+		if err, ok := arg.(error); ok {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func nonNilMapValue(src map[string]interface{}, key string) (interface{}, bool) {
-	if src == nil {
-		return nil, false
+// baseMissingFileIOError reports a broken runtime wiring: a command that needs
+// local file access was constructed without a FileIO provider. The user cannot
+// fix this by changing flags, so it classifies as internal, not validation.
+func baseMissingFileIOError(format string, args ...any) error {
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, format, args...)
+}
+
+func baseInputStatError(err error) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
 	}
-	value, ok := src[key]
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, false
+	if errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation) {
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe file path: %s", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
-	switch value.(type) {
-	case nil:
-		return nil, false
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot read file: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+func baseSaveError(err error) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var me *fileio.MkdirError
+	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation):
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+	case errors.As(err, &me):
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "cannot create parent directory: %s", err).WithCause(err)
 	default:
-		return value, true
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "cannot create file: %s", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 }
 
+func baseAPIBoundaryError(err error, action string) error {
+	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	return errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "%s: %s", action, err).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+func baseUploadAttachmentError(filePath string, err error) error {
+	if p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		p.Message = fmt.Sprintf("failed to upload attachment %s: %s", filePath, p.Message)
+		return err
+	}
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to upload attachment %s: %s", filePath, err).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+func baseAPIErrorFromResult(resultMap map[string]interface{}, cc errclass.ClassifyContext) error {
+	if resultMap == nil {
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "API returned a malformed response envelope")
+	}
+	if msg := extractDataErrorMessage(resultMap); msg != "" {
+		resultMap["msg"] = msg
+	}
+	hint := extractErrorHint(resultMap)
+	if logID := extractBaseErrorLogID(resultMap); logID != "" {
+		resultMap["log_id"] = logID
+	}
+	err := errclass.BuildAPIError(resultMap, cc)
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok && hint != "" {
+		p.Hint = hint
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func enrichBaseAPIErrorFromBody(err error, body []byte, cc errclass.ClassifyContext) error {
+	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); !ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	result, parseErr := decodeBaseV3Response(body)
+	if parseErr != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	enriched := baseAPIErrorFromResult(result, cc)
+	if enriched == nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	src, _ := errs.ProblemOf(enriched)
+	dst, _ := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if src != nil && dst != nil {
+		dst.Message = src.Message
+		dst.Hint = src.Hint
+		// A body without log_id must not erase a header-derived LogID
+		// already carried by err.
+		if src.LogID != "" {
+			dst.LogID = src.LogID
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func extractBaseErrorLogID(resultMap map[string]interface{}) string {
+	for _, key := range []string{"log_id", "logid"} {
+		if logID, _ := resultMap[key].(string); strings.TrimSpace(logID) != "" {
+			return strings.TrimSpace(logID)
+		}
+	}
+	if detail, ok := resultMap["error"].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+		for _, key := range []string{"log_id", "logid"} {
+			if logID, _ := detail[key].(string); strings.TrimSpace(logID) != "" {
+				return strings.TrimSpace(logID)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	data, _ := resultMap["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if detail, ok := data["error"].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+		for _, key := range []string{"log_id", "logid"} {
+			if logID, _ := detail[key].(string); strings.TrimSpace(logID) != "" {
+				return strings.TrimSpace(logID)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 func extractErrorHint(resultMap map[string]interface{}) string {
 	if detail, ok := resultMap["error"].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
 		if hint := consumeStringField(detail, "hint"); hint != "" {

shortcuts/base/base_errors_test.go

@@ -4,30 +4,15 @@
 package base
 
 import (
-	"errors"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
 )
 
 func TestErrorDetailHelpers(t *testing.T) {
-	if value, ok := nonNilMapValue(nil, "error"); ok || value != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("nil map should not return value")
-	}
-	if value, ok := nonNilMapValue(map[string]interface{}{"error": nil}, "error"); ok || value != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("nil entry should not return value")
-	}
 	detail := map[string]interface{}{"message": "boom", "hint": "retry later"}
-	if value, ok := nonNilMapValue(map[string]interface{}{"error": detail}, "error"); !ok || value == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected non-nil detail")
-	}
-	if got := extractErrorDetail(map[string]interface{}{"error": detail}); got == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected root detail")
-	}
-	if got := extractErrorDetail(map[string]interface{}{"data": map[string]interface{}{"error": detail}}); got == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected nested detail")
-	}
 	if got := extractErrorHint(map[string]interface{}{"data": map[string]interface{}{"error": detail}}); got != "retry later" {
 		t.Fatalf("hint=%q", got)
 	}
@@ -53,9 +38,12 @@ func TestHandleBaseAPIResultErrorPaths(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, err := handleBaseAPIResultAny(result, nil, "set filter"); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid filter") {
 		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
 	} else {
-		var exitErr *output.ExitError
-		if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Code != 190001 {
-			t.Fatalf("expected structured code 190001, got %v", err)
+		p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+		if !ok || p.Code != 190001 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected typed code 190001, got %T %v", err, err)
+		}
+		if p.Hint != "check field name" {
+			t.Fatalf("hint=%q", p.Hint)
 		}
 	}
 	if _, err := handleBaseAPIResult(result, nil, "set filter"); err == nil {
@@ -63,7 +51,7 @@ func TestHandleBaseAPIResultErrorPaths(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestHandleBaseAPIResultCleansBaseErrorDetail(t *testing.T) {
+func TestHandleBaseAPIResultPromotesBaseErrorFields(t *testing.T) {
 	result := map[string]interface{}{
 		"code": 800010407,
 		"msg":  "cell value invalid",
@@ -87,55 +75,27 @@ func TestHandleBaseAPIResultCleansBaseErrorDetail(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	_, err := handleBaseAPIResultAny(result, nil, "API call failed")
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T %v", err, err)
 	}
-
-	errDetail := exitErr.Detail
-	if errDetail.Code != 800010407 {
-		t.Fatalf("code=%d", errDetail.Code)
+	if p.Code != 800010407 {
+		t.Fatalf("code=%d", p.Code)
 	}
-	if errDetail.Hint != "Provide a number value." {
-		t.Fatalf("hint=%q", errDetail.Hint)
+	if p.Message != "The cell value does not match the expected input shape." {
+		t.Fatalf("message=%q", p.Message)
 	}
-	detail, _ := errDetail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	if detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected cleaned detail, got %#v", errDetail.Detail)
+	if p.Hint != "Provide a number value." {
+		t.Fatalf("hint=%q", p.Hint)
 	}
-	if _, exists := detail["message"]; exists {
-		t.Fatalf("detail should not repeat message: %#v", detail)
-	}
-	if _, exists := detail["hint"]; exists {
-		t.Fatalf("detail should not repeat hint: %#v", detail)
-	}
-	if _, exists := detail["docs_url"]; exists {
-		t.Fatalf("detail should omit nil docs_url: %#v", detail)
-	}
-	if detail["level"] != "error" {
-		t.Fatalf("detail should preserve non-duplicate fields: %#v", detail)
-	}
-	if detail["extra_context"] != "future detail field" {
-		t.Fatalf("detail should pass through unknown non-nil fields: %#v", detail)
-	}
-	if detail["path"] != "Amount" || detail["value"] != "abc" {
-		t.Fatalf("cleaned detail mismatch: %#v", detail)
-	}
-	if detail["logid"] != "20260508160000000000000000000000" {
-		t.Fatalf("logid=%q", detail["logid"])
-	}
-	if retryable, ok := detail["retryable"].(bool); !ok || retryable {
-		t.Fatalf("retryable=%v", detail["retryable"])
-	}
-	table, _ := detail["table"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if table["id"] != "tbl_1" || table["name"] != "Orders" {
-		t.Fatalf("table=%#v", detail["table"])
+	if p.LogID != "20260508160000000000000000000000" {
+		t.Fatalf("logID=%q", p.LogID)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestHandleBaseAPIResultAlwaysRemovesMessageAndHintFromDetail(t *testing.T) {
+func TestHandleBaseAPIResultClassifiesKnownPermissionCode(t *testing.T) {
 	result := map[string]interface{}{
-		"code": output.LarkErrTokenNoPermission,
+		"code": 99991676,
 		"msg":  "permission denied",
 		"data": map[string]interface{}{
 			"error": map[string]interface{}{
@@ -146,15 +106,15 @@ func TestHandleBaseAPIResultAlwaysRemovesMessageAndHintFromDetail(t *testing.T)
 	}
 
 	_, err := handleBaseAPIResultAny(result, nil, "API call failed")
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Message != "Permission denied [99991676]" {
-		t.Fatalf("message=%q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	if p.Code != 99991676 {
+		t.Fatalf("code=%d", p.Code)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Detail != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("detail should be empty after removing message and hint: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryAuthorization || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeTokenScopeInsufficient {
+		t.Fatalf("category/subtype=%s/%s", p.Category, p.Subtype)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -167,16 +127,91 @@ func TestAttachBaseResponseLogIDFromHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	attachBaseErrorLogID(result, "20260508170000000000000000000000")
 
 	_, err := handleBaseAPIResultAny(result, nil, "API call failed")
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T %v", err, err)
 	}
-	detail, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	if detail["logid"] != "20260508170000000000000000000000" {
-		t.Fatalf("logid=%q", detail["logid"])
+	if p.LogID != "20260508170000000000000000000000" {
+		t.Fatalf("logID=%q", p.LogID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHandleBaseAPIResultRejectsNonNumericCode(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, code := range []interface{}{"oops", map[string]interface{}{}, nil} {
+		result := map[string]interface{}{"code": code, "msg": "weird envelope"}
+		_, err := handleBaseAPIResultAny(result, nil, "list tables")
+		p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("code=%#v: expected typed error, got %T %v", code, err, err)
+		}
+		if p.Category != errs.CategoryInternal || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+			t.Fatalf("code=%#v: category/subtype=%s/%s", code, p.Category, p.Subtype)
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(p.Message, "list tables") {
+			t.Fatalf("code=%#v: message=%q", code, p.Message)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnrichBaseAPIErrorFromBodyLogIDMerge(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("body without log_id keeps header-derived LogID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		outer := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "outer failure").WithCode(190001).WithLogID("header-log-id")
+		err := enrichBaseAPIErrorFromBody(outer, []byte(`{"code":190001,"msg":"boom"}`), errclass.ClassifyContext{})
+		p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T %v", err, err)
+		}
+		if p.Message != "boom" {
+			t.Fatalf("message=%q", p.Message)
+		}
+		if p.LogID != "header-log-id" {
+			t.Fatalf("logID=%q, want header-log-id", p.LogID)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("body log_id overrides header-derived LogID", func(t *testing.T) {
+		outer := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "outer failure").WithCode(190001).WithLogID("header-log-id")
+		body := `{"code":190001,"msg":"boom","data":{"error":{"logid":"body-log-id"}}}`
+		err := enrichBaseAPIErrorFromBody(outer, []byte(body), errclass.ClassifyContext{})
+		p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T %v", err, err)
+		}
+		if p.LogID != "body-log-id" {
+			t.Fatalf("logID=%q, want body-log-id", p.LogID)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestBaseMissingFileIOErrorIsInternal(t *testing.T) {
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(baseMissingFileIOError("file operations require a FileIO provider"))
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("expected typed error")
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryInternal || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFileIO {
+		t.Fatalf("category/subtype=%s/%s", p.Category, p.Subtype)
 	}
 }
 
 type assertErr struct{}
 
 func (assertErr) Error() string { return "network timeout" }
+
+func assertProblemCode(t *testing.T, err error, code int, messageParts ...string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error with code %d", code)
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed problem, got %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Code != code {
+		t.Fatalf("code=%d, want %d; err=%v", p.Code, code, err)
+	}
+	for _, part := range messageParts {
+		if !strings.Contains(p.Message, part) {
+			t.Fatalf("message=%q missing %q", p.Message, part)
+		}
+	}
+}

shortcuts/base/base_execute_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
@@ -513,6 +514,65 @@ func TestBaseBlockExecuteShortcuts(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestBaseBlockValidationReturnsTypedErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	factory, stdout, _ := newExecuteFactory(t)
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		shortcut common.Shortcut
+		args     []string
+		params   []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "create blank name",
+			shortcut: BaseBaseBlockCreate,
+			args:     []string{"+base-block-create", "--base-token", "app_x", "--type", "docx", "--name", " "},
+			params:   []string{"--name"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "move conflicting sibling anchors",
+			shortcut: BaseBaseBlockMove,
+			args:     []string{"+base-block-move", "--base-token", "app_x", "--block-id", "blk_doc", "--before-id", "blk_a", "--after-id", "blk_b"},
+			params:   []string{"--before-id", "--after-id"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "rename blank name",
+			shortcut: BaseBaseBlockRename,
+			args:     []string{"+base-block-rename", "--base-token", "app_x", "--block-id", "blk_doc", "--name", " "},
+			params:   []string{"--name"},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := runShortcut(t, tt.shortcut, tt.args, factory, stdout)
+			p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("expected typed problem, got %T %v", err, err)
+			}
+			if p.Category != errs.CategoryValidation || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+				t.Fatalf("category/subtype=%s/%s", p.Category, p.Subtype)
+			}
+			var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+			if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected ValidationError, got %T %v", err, err)
+			}
+			if validationErr.Param != tt.params[0] {
+				t.Fatalf("param=%q, want %q", validationErr.Param, tt.params[0])
+			}
+			if len(validationErr.Params) != len(tt.params) {
+				t.Fatalf("params=%#v, want %v", validationErr.Params, tt.params)
+			}
+			for i, param := range tt.params {
+				if validationErr.Params[i].Name != param {
+					t.Fatalf("params=%#v, want %v", validationErr.Params, tt.params)
+				}
+				if validationErr.Params[i].Reason == "" {
+					t.Fatalf("params[%d] missing reason: %#v", i, validationErr.Params)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestBaseHistoryExecute(t *testing.T) {
 	factory, stdout, reg := newExecuteFactory(t)
 	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
@@ -871,10 +931,10 @@ func TestBaseTableExecuteReadAndDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("list-http-404", func(t *testing.T) {
 		factory, stdout, reg := newExecuteFactory(t)
 		reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-			Method: "GET",
-			URL:    "/open-apis/base/v3/bases/app_x/tables",
-			Status: 404,
-			Body:   "404 page not found",
+			Method:  "GET",
+			URL:     "/open-apis/base/v3/bases/app_x/tables",
+			Status:  404,
+			RawBody: []byte("404 page not found"),
 			Headers: map[string][]string{
 				"Content-Type": {"text/plain"},
 			},
@@ -2093,6 +2153,9 @@ func TestBaseRecordExecuteReadCreateDelete(t *testing.T) {
 		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "exceeds 2GB limit") {
 			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
 		}
+		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), filepath.Base(tmpFile.Name())) {
+			t.Fatalf("err=%v should name the offending file", err)
+		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("upload attachment rejects deprecated name flag", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -2262,6 +2325,23 @@ func TestBaseRecordExecuteReadCreateDelete(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 
+	t.Run("download surfaces unsafe output path instead of directory hint", func(t *testing.T) {
+		factory, stdout, _ := newExecuteFactory(t)
+		tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+		withBaseWorkingDir(t, tmpDir)
+
+		err := runShortcut(t, BaseRecordDownloadAttachment, []string{
+			"+record-download-attachment",
+			"--base-token", "app_x",
+			"--table-id", "tbl_x",
+			"--record-id", "rec_x",
+			"--output", "../escape",
+		}, factory, stdout)
+		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unsafe output path") {
+			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
+		}
+	})
+
 	t.Run("download all disambiguates duplicate attachment names with file token", func(t *testing.T) {
 		factory, stdout, reg := newExecuteFactory(t)
 		reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
@@ -2458,21 +2538,37 @@ func TestBaseRecordExecuteReadCreateDelete(t *testing.T) {
 			"--record-id", "rec_x",
 			"--output", "downloads",
 		}, factory, stdout)
-		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "download failed after 1 attachment(s) succeeded and 1 failed") {
+		if err == nil {
 			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
 		}
-		var exitErr *output.ExitError
-		if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("expected structured error, got %T %v", err, err)
+		var partialErr *output.PartialFailureError
+		if !errors.As(err, &partialErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected partial failure error, got %T %v", err, err)
 		}
-		detail, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-		downloaded, _ := detail["downloaded"].([]map[string]interface{})
-		failed, _ := detail["failed"].([]map[string]interface{})
-		if len(downloaded) != 1 || downloaded[0]["file_token"] != "box_a" || len(failed) != 1 || failed[0]["file_token"] != "box_b" {
-			t.Fatalf("detail=%#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+
+		var envelope map[string]interface{}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &envelope); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to decode partial failure output: %v\nraw=%s", err, stdout.String())
 		}
-		if detail["log_id"] != "202605270001" {
-			t.Fatalf("detail=%#v, want log_id", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		if envelope["ok"] != false {
+			t.Fatalf("ok=%#v, want false; envelope=%#v", envelope["ok"], envelope)
+		}
+		data, _ := envelope["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+		if msg, _ := data["message"].(string); !strings.Contains(msg, "download failed after 1 attachment(s) succeeded and 1 failed") {
+			t.Fatalf("message=%q", msg)
+		}
+		downloaded, _ := data["downloaded"].([]interface{})
+		failed, _ := data["failed"].([]interface{})
+		if len(downloaded) != 1 || len(failed) != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("data=%#v", data)
+		}
+		downloadedItem, _ := downloaded[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		failedItem, _ := failed[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		if downloadedItem["file_token"] != "box_a" || failedItem["file_token"] != "box_b" {
+			t.Fatalf("data=%#v", data)
+		}
+		if data["log_id"] != "202605270001" {
+			t.Fatalf("data=%#v, want log_id", data)
 		}
 		if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(tmpDir, "downloads", "a.txt")); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("expected first file to remain: %v", err)

shortcuts/base/base_form_questions_create.go

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ var BaseFormQuestionsCreate = common.Shortcut{
 
 		var questions []interface{}
 		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(questionsJSON), &questions); err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "invalid_json", "--questions must be a valid JSON array: %s", err)
+			return baseValidationErrorf("--questions must be a valid JSON array: %s", err)
 		}
 
 		data, err := baseV3Call(runtime, "POST",

shortcuts/base/base_form_questions_delete.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ var BaseFormQuestionsDelete = common.Shortcut{
 
 		var questionIds []string
 		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(questionIdsJSON), &questionIds); err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "invalid_json", "--question-ids must be a valid JSON array of strings: %s", err)
+			return baseValidationErrorf("--question-ids must be a valid JSON array of strings: %s", err)
 		}
 
 		_, err := baseV3Call(runtime, "DELETE",

shortcuts/base/base_form_questions_update.go

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ var BaseFormQuestionsUpdate = common.Shortcut{
 
 		var questions []interface{}
 		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(questionsJSON), &questions); err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "invalid_json", "--questions must be a valid JSON array: %s", err)
+			return baseValidationErrorf("--questions must be a valid JSON array: %s", err)
 		}
 
 		data, err := baseV3Call(runtime, "PATCH",

shortcuts/base/base_form_submit.go

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -62,31 +61,31 @@ func validateFormSubmit(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	attachments, hasAttachments := raw["attachments"]
 
 	if !hasAttachments && fields == nil {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--json must contain at least \"fields\" or \"attachments\"")
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--json must contain at least \"fields\" or \"attachments\"")
 	}
 
 	if hasAttachments {
 		// 有附件时 --base-token 必填（上传附件到 Base Drive Media 需要）
 		if runtime.Str("base-token") == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token is required when --json contains \"attachments\"")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token is required when --json contains \"attachments\"")
 		}
 
 		attMap, ok := attachments.(map[string]interface{})
 		if !ok {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--json.attachments must be a JSON object mapping field names to file path arrays")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--json.attachments must be a JSON object mapping field names to file path arrays")
 		}
 		for fieldName, value := range attMap {
 			paths, ok := value.([]interface{})
 			if !ok {
-				return common.FlagErrorf("--json.attachments.%q must be a file path array, got %T", fieldName, value)
+				return baseFlagErrorf("--json.attachments.%q must be a file path array, got %T", fieldName, value)
 			}
 			for i, item := range paths {
 				if _, ok := item.(string); !ok {
-					return common.FlagErrorf("--json.attachments.%q[%d] must be a file path string, got %T", fieldName, i, item)
+					return baseFlagErrorf("--json.attachments.%q[%d] must be a file path string, got %T", fieldName, i, item)
 				}
 			}
 			if len(paths) == 0 {
-				return common.FlagErrorf("--json.attachments.%q must not be empty; remove it or provide at least one file path", fieldName)
+				return baseFlagErrorf("--json.attachments.%q must not be empty; remove it or provide at least one file path", fieldName)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -111,21 +110,21 @@ func parseFormSubmitJSON(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (map[string]interface{}
 	if attachments, ok := raw["attachments"]; ok {
 		attObj, ok := attachments.(map[string]interface{})
 		if !ok {
-			return nil, nil, common.FlagErrorf(`--json.attachments must be a JSON object mapping field names to file path arrays`)
+			return nil, nil, baseFlagErrorf(`--json.attachments must be a JSON object mapping field names to file path arrays`)
 		}
 		if len(attObj) > 0 {
 			attMap = make(map[string][]string, len(attObj))
 			for fieldName, value := range attObj {
 				paths, ok := value.([]interface{})
 				if !ok {
-					return nil, nil, common.FlagErrorf("--json.attachments.%q must be a file path array, got %T", fieldName, value)
+					return nil, nil, baseFlagErrorf("--json.attachments.%q must be a file path array, got %T", fieldName, value)
 				}
 				filePaths := make([]string, 0, len(paths))
 				for _, item := range paths {
 					if s, ok := item.(string); ok {
 						filePaths = append(filePaths, s)
 					} else {
-						return nil, nil, common.FlagErrorf("--json.attachments.%q must contain file path strings only, got %T", fieldName, item)
+						return nil, nil, baseFlagErrorf("--json.attachments.%q must contain file path strings only, got %T", fieldName, item)
 					}
 				}
 				if len(filePaths) > 0 {
@@ -195,33 +194,33 @@ func executeFormSubmit(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		baseToken := runtime.Str("base-token")
 		fio := runtime.FileIO()
 		if fio == nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("file operations require a FileIO provider (needed for attachments in --json)")
+			return baseMissingFileIOError("file operations require a FileIO provider (needed for attachments in --json)")
 		}
 
 		// Step 1: 收集所有唯一路径（跨字段去重）
 		allPaths := collectUniquePaths(attachmentMap)
 		if len(allPaths) == 0 {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("attachments in --json contains no valid file paths")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("attachments in --json contains no valid file paths")
 		}
 
 		// Step 2: 前置校验所有文件路径安全性与可访问性，同时收集文件大小供上传使用
 		sizeMap := make(map[string]int64, len(allPaths))
 		for _, filePath := range allPaths {
 			if _, err := validate.SafeInputPath(filePath); err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation("unsafe attachment file path: %s: %v", filePath, err)
+				return baseValidationErrorf("unsafe attachment file path: %s: %v", filePath, err)
 			}
 			fileInfo, err := fio.Stat(filePath)
 			if err != nil {
 				if errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation) {
-					return output.ErrValidation("unsafe attachment file path: %s: %v", filePath, err)
+					return baseValidationErrorf("unsafe attachment file path: %s: %v", filePath, err)
 				}
-				return output.ErrValidation("attachment file not accessible: %s: %v", filePath, err)
+				return baseValidationErrorf("attachment file not accessible: %s: %v", filePath, err)
 			}
 			if fileInfo.Size() > baseAttachmentUploadMaxFileSize {
-				return output.ErrValidation("attachment file %s exceeds 2GB limit", filePath)
+				return baseValidationErrorf("attachment file %s exceeds 2GB limit", filePath)
 			}
 			if !fileInfo.Mode().IsRegular() {
-				return output.ErrValidation("attachment file %s is not a regular file", filePath)
+				return baseValidationErrorf("attachment file %s is not a regular file", filePath)
 			}
 			sizeMap[filePath] = fileInfo.Size()
 		}
@@ -328,7 +327,7 @@ func uploadAttachmentsParallel(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, paths []string, t
 func uploadSingleAttachment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePath, fileName string, fileSize int64, target baseAttachmentUploadTarget) (interface{}, error) {
 	att, err := uploadAttachmentToBase(runtime, filePath, fileName, fileSize, target)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to upload attachment %s: %w", filePath, err)
+		return nil, baseUploadAttachmentError(filePath, err)
 	}
 	return att, nil
 }

shortcuts/base/base_role_common.go

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@ package base
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -17,6 +18,14 @@ import (
 //   - Inner: business-level code/message inside the data object
 //
 // The data field may be a JSON object (actual behavior) or a JSON string (per doc).
+func handleRoleAPIResponse(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, apiResp *larkcore.ApiResp, action string) error {
+	if _, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp); err != nil {
+		enriched := enrichBaseAPIErrorFromBody(err, apiResp.RawBody, runtime.APIClassifyContext())
+		return prefixRoleActionError(enriched, action)
+	}
+	return handleRoleResponse(runtime, apiResp.RawBody, action)
+}
+
 func handleRoleResponse(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawBody []byte, action string) error {
 	var resp struct {
 		Code int             `json:"code"`
@@ -24,23 +33,17 @@ func handleRoleResponse(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawBody []byte, action s
 		Data json.RawMessage `json:"data"`
 	}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(rawBody, &resp); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse response: %v", err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "%s: failed to parse response: %v", action, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if resp.Code != 0 {
-		msg := resp.Msg
-		// When outer msg is empty, try to extract error details from data.error.message
-		if msg == "" && len(resp.Data) > 0 {
-			var errData struct {
-				Error struct {
-					Message string `json:"message"`
-					Hint    string `json:"hint"`
-				} `json:"error"`
-			}
-			if json.Unmarshal(resp.Data, &errData) == nil && errData.Error.Message != "" {
-				msg = errData.Error.Message
+		result := map[string]interface{}{"code": resp.Code, "msg": resp.Msg}
+		if len(resp.Data) > 0 {
+			var data interface{}
+			if json.Unmarshal(resp.Data, &data) == nil {
+				result["data"] = data
 			}
 		}
-		return output.ErrAPI(resp.Code, fmt.Sprintf("%s: [%d] %s", action, resp.Code, msg), nil)
+		return baseRoleAPIError(runtime, result, action)
 	}
 
 	if len(resp.Data) == 0 || string(resp.Data) == "null" || string(resp.Data) == `""` {
@@ -75,7 +78,8 @@ func handleRoleResponse(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawBody []byte, action s
 			}
 			if codeInt != 0 {
 				msg, _ := m["message"].(string)
-				return output.ErrAPI(codeInt, fmt.Sprintf("%s: [%d] %s", action, codeInt, msg), nil)
+				result := map[string]interface{}{"code": codeInt, "msg": msg, "data": m}
+				return baseRoleAPIError(runtime, result, action)
 			}
 			// code == 0, extract the inner data if present
 			if innerData, hasInner := m["data"]; hasInner {
@@ -98,3 +102,20 @@ func handleRoleResponse(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawBody []byte, action s
 	runtime.Out(data, nil)
 	return nil
 }
+
+func baseRoleAPIError(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, result map[string]interface{}, action string) error {
+	return prefixRoleActionError(baseAPIErrorFromResult(result, runtime.APIClassifyContext()), action)
+}
+
+// prefixRoleActionError prepends the failed role action ("create role failed",
+// "get role failed", ...) to a typed error's message so both the classified
+// outer-response path and the parsed-body path carry the same context.
+func prefixRoleActionError(err error, action string) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok && action != "" {
+		p.Message = action + ": " + p.Message
+	}
+	return err
+}

shortcuts/base/base_role_create.go

@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ var BaseRoleCreate = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		var body map[string]any
 		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(runtime.Str("json")), &body); err != nil {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--json must be valid JSON: %v", err)
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--json must be valid JSON: %v", err)
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -64,6 +64,6 @@ var BaseRoleCreate = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 
-		return handleRoleResponse(runtime, apiResp.RawBody, "create role failed")
+		return handleRoleAPIResponse(runtime, apiResp, "create role failed")
 	},
 }

shortcuts/base/base_role_delete.go

@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ var BaseRoleDelete = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("role-id")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--role-id must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--role-id must not be blank")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -60,6 +60,6 @@ var BaseRoleDelete = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 
-		return handleRoleResponse(runtime, apiResp.RawBody, "delete role failed")
+		return handleRoleAPIResponse(runtime, apiResp, "delete role failed")
 	},
 }

shortcuts/base/base_role_get.go

@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ var BaseRoleGet = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("role-id")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--role-id must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--role-id must not be blank")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -58,6 +58,6 @@ var BaseRoleGet = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 
-		return handleRoleResponse(runtime, apiResp.RawBody, "get role failed")
+		return handleRoleAPIResponse(runtime, apiResp, "get role failed")
 	},
 }

shortcuts/base/base_role_list.go

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ var BaseRoleList = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -52,6 +52,6 @@ var BaseRoleList = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 
-		return handleRoleResponse(runtime, apiResp.RawBody, "list roles failed")
+		return handleRoleAPIResponse(runtime, apiResp, "list roles failed")
 	},
 }

shortcuts/base/base_role_test.go

@@ -375,9 +375,7 @@ func TestBaseRoleCreateExecuteAPIError(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	args := []string{"+role-create", "--base-token", "app_x", "--json", `{"role_name":"Bad"}`}
-	if err := runShortcut(t, BaseRoleCreate, args, factory, stdout); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "190001") {
-		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
-	}
+	assertProblemCode(t, runShortcut(t, BaseRoleCreate, args, factory, stdout), 190001, "create role failed", "bad request")
 }
 
 func TestBaseRoleListExecuteTransportError(t *testing.T) {
@@ -405,9 +403,7 @@ func TestBaseRoleListExecuteAPIError(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	args := []string{"+role-list", "--base-token", "app_x"}
-	if err := runShortcut(t, BaseRoleList, args, factory, stdout); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "190002") {
-		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
-	}
+	assertProblemCode(t, runShortcut(t, BaseRoleList, args, factory, stdout), 190002, "not found")
 }
 
 func TestBaseRoleDeleteExecuteAPIError(t *testing.T) {
@@ -421,9 +417,7 @@ func TestBaseRoleDeleteExecuteAPIError(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	args := []string{"+role-delete", "--base-token", "app_x", "--role-id", "rol_1", "--yes"}
-	if err := runShortcut(t, BaseRoleDelete, args, factory, stdout); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "190003") {
-		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
-	}
+	assertProblemCode(t, runShortcut(t, BaseRoleDelete, args, factory, stdout), 190003, "forbidden")
 }
 
 func TestBaseRoleUpdateExecuteAPIError(t *testing.T) {
@@ -437,9 +431,7 @@ func TestBaseRoleUpdateExecuteAPIError(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	args := []string{"+role-update", "--base-token", "app_x", "--role-id", "rol_1", "--json", `{"role_name":"X"}`, "--yes"}
-	if err := runShortcut(t, BaseRoleUpdate, args, factory, stdout); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "190004") {
-		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
-	}
+	assertProblemCode(t, runShortcut(t, BaseRoleUpdate, args, factory, stdout), 190004, "invalid params")
 }
 
 func TestBaseRoleGetExecuteBusinessError(t *testing.T) {
@@ -457,9 +449,7 @@ func TestBaseRoleGetExecuteBusinessError(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 	args := []string{"+role-get", "--base-token", "app_x", "--role-id", "rol_bad"}
-	if err := runShortcut(t, BaseRoleGet, args, factory, stdout); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "100001") || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "role not found") {
-		t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
-	}
+	assertProblemCode(t, runShortcut(t, BaseRoleGet, args, factory, stdout), 100001, "role not found")
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -487,9 +477,7 @@ func TestHandleRoleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("outer error code", func(t *testing.T) {
 		rt := newRoleResponseRuntime(t)
-		if err := handleRoleResponse(rt, []byte(`{"code":999,"msg":"outer error"}`), "test"); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "999") {
-			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
-		}
+		assertProblemCode(t, handleRoleResponse(rt, []byte(`{"code":999,"msg":"outer error"}`), "test"), 999, "outer error")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("outer error code with empty msg and data.error.message", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -574,9 +562,7 @@ func TestHandleRoleResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("business code non-zero", func(t *testing.T) {
 		rt := newRoleResponseRuntime(t)
 		body := `{"code":0,"msg":"ok","data":{"code":50001,"message":"permission denied"}}`
-		if err := handleRoleResponse(rt, []byte(body), "test"); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "50001") {
-			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
-		}
+		assertProblemCode(t, handleRoleResponse(rt, []byte(body), "test"), 50001, "permission denied")
 	})
 
 	t.Run("data is array", func(t *testing.T) {

shortcuts/base/base_role_update.go

@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ var BaseRoleUpdate = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("role-id")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--role-id must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--role-id must not be blank")
 		}
 		var body map[string]any
 		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(runtime.Str("json")), &body); err != nil {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--json must be valid JSON: %v", err)
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--json must be valid JSON: %v", err)
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -72,6 +72,6 @@ var BaseRoleUpdate = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 
-		return handleRoleResponse(runtime, apiResp.RawBody, "update role failed")
+		return handleRoleAPIResponse(runtime, apiResp, "update role failed")
 	},
 }

shortcuts/base/base_shortcut_helpers.go

@@ -30,34 +30,34 @@ func baseTableID(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) string {
 func loadJSONInput(pc *parseCtx, raw string, flagName string) (string, error) {
 	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
 	if raw == "" {
-		return "", common.FlagErrorf("--%s cannot be empty", flagName)
+		return "", baseFlagErrorf("--%s cannot be empty", flagName)
 	}
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(raw, "@") {
 		return raw, nil
 	}
 	path := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(raw, "@"))
 	if path == "" {
-		return "", common.FlagErrorf("--%s file path cannot be empty after @", flagName)
+		return "", baseFlagErrorf("--%s file path cannot be empty after @", flagName)
 	}
 	if pc.fio == nil {
-		return "", common.FlagErrorf("--%s @file inputs require a FileIO provider", flagName)
+		return "", baseMissingFileIOError("--%s @file inputs require a FileIO provider", flagName)
 	}
 	f, err := pc.fio.Open(path)
 	if err != nil {
 		var pathErr *fileio.PathValidationError
 		if errors.As(err, &pathErr) {
-			return "", common.FlagErrorf("--%s invalid JSON file path %q: %v", flagName, path, pathErr.Err)
+			return "", baseFlagErrorf("--%s invalid JSON file path %q: %v", flagName, path, pathErr.Err)
 		}
-		return "", common.FlagErrorf("--%s cannot open JSON file %q: %v", flagName, path, err)
+		return "", baseFlagErrorf("--%s cannot open JSON file %q: %v", flagName, path, err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(f)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", common.FlagErrorf("--%s cannot read JSON file %q: %v", flagName, path, err)
+		return "", baseFlagErrorf("--%s cannot read JSON file %q: %v", flagName, path, err)
 	}
 	content := strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
 	if content == "" {
-		return "", common.FlagErrorf("--%s JSON file %q is empty", flagName, path)
+		return "", baseFlagErrorf("--%s JSON file %q is empty", flagName, path)
 	}
 	return content, nil
 }
@@ -68,15 +68,15 @@ func jsonInputTip(flagName string) string {
 
 func formatJSONError(flagName string, target string, err error) error {
 	if syntaxErr, ok := err.(*json.SyntaxError); ok {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--%s invalid JSON %s near byte %d (%v); %s", flagName, target, syntaxErr.Offset, err, jsonInputTip(flagName))
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--%s invalid JSON %s near byte %d (%v); %s", flagName, target, syntaxErr.Offset, err, jsonInputTip(flagName))
 	}
 	if typeErr, ok := err.(*json.UnmarshalTypeError); ok {
 		if typeErr.Field != "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--%s invalid JSON %s at field %q (%v); %s", flagName, target, typeErr.Field, err, jsonInputTip(flagName))
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--%s invalid JSON %s at field %q (%v); %s", flagName, target, typeErr.Field, err, jsonInputTip(flagName))
 		}
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--%s invalid JSON %s (%v); %s", flagName, target, err, jsonInputTip(flagName))
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--%s invalid JSON %s (%v); %s", flagName, target, err, jsonInputTip(flagName))
 	}
-	return common.FlagErrorf("--%s invalid JSON %s (%v); %s", flagName, target, err, jsonInputTip(flagName))
+	return baseFlagErrorf("--%s invalid JSON %s (%v); %s", flagName, target, err, jsonInputTip(flagName))
 }
 
 func baseAction(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, boolFlags []string, stringFlags []string) (string, error) {
@@ -92,14 +92,14 @@ func baseAction(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, boolFlags []string, stringFlags
 		}
 	}
 	if len(active) == 0 {
-		return "", common.FlagErrorf("specify one action")
+		return "", baseFlagErrorf("specify one action")
 	}
 	if len(active) > 1 {
 		flags := make([]string, 0, len(active))
 		for _, item := range active {
 			flags = append(flags, "--"+item)
 		}
-		return "", common.FlagErrorf("actions are mutually exclusive: %s", strings.Join(flags, ", "))
+		return "", baseFlagErrorf("actions are mutually exclusive: %s", strings.Join(flags, ", "))
 	}
 	return active[0], nil
 }
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ func parseObjectList(pc *parseCtx, raw string, flagName string) ([]map[string]in
 		for idx, item := range arr {
 			obj, ok := item.(map[string]interface{})
 			if !ok {
-				return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--%s item %d must be an object", flagName, idx+1)
+				return nil, baseFlagErrorf("--%s item %d must be an object", flagName, idx+1)
 			}
 			items = append(items, obj)
 		}
@@ -150,6 +150,6 @@ func parseJSONValue(pc *parseCtx, raw string, flagName string) (interface{}, err
 	case map[string]interface{}, []interface{}:
 		return value, nil
 	default:
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--%s must be a JSON object or array", flagName)
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf("--%s must be a JSON object or array", flagName)
 	}
 }

shortcuts/base/dashboard_block_create.go

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ package base
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ var BaseDashboardBlockCreate = common.Shortcut{
 		if strings.TrimSpace(raw) == "" {
 			// text 类型必须提供 data-config（含 text 内容）
 			if strings.ToLower(runtime.Str("type")) == "text" {
-				return fmt.Errorf("text 类型组件必须提供 data-config，包含必填字段 text")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "text 类型组件必须提供 data-config，包含必填字段 text").WithParam("--data-config")
 			}
 			return nil
 		}

shortcuts/base/field_ops.go

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func validateFormulaLookupGuideAck(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, command strin
 		if fieldType == "lookup" {
 			guidePath = "skills/lark-base/references/lookup-field-guide.md"
 		}
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--i-have-read-guide is required for %s when --json.type is %q; read %s first, then retry with --i-have-read-guide", command, fieldType, guidePath)
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--i-have-read-guide is required for %s when --json.type is %q; read %s first, then retry with --i-have-read-guide", command, fieldType, guidePath)
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/base/helpers.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -41,10 +42,10 @@ func parseJSONObject(pc *parseCtx, raw string, flagName string) (map[string]inte
 		if errors.As(err, &syntaxErr) {
 			return nil, formatJSONError(flagName, "object", err)
 		}
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--%s must be a JSON object; %s", flagName, jsonInputTip(flagName))
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf("--%s must be a JSON object; %s", flagName, jsonInputTip(flagName))
 	}
 	if result == nil {
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("--%s must be a JSON object; %s", flagName, jsonInputTip(flagName))
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf("--%s must be a JSON object; %s", flagName, jsonInputTip(flagName))
 	}
 	return result, nil
 }
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ func cloneValue(value interface{}) interface{} {
 func resolveFieldTypeSpec(typeName string) (fieldTypeSpec, error) {
 	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(typeName)
 	if trimmed == "" {
-		return fieldTypeSpec{}, fmt.Errorf("field type cannot be empty")
+		return fieldTypeSpec{}, baseValidationErrorf("field type cannot be empty")
 	}
 	switch strings.ToLower(trimmed) {
 	case "text", "phone", "url", "email", "barcode":
@@ -192,7 +193,7 @@ func resolveFieldTypeSpec(typeName string) (fieldTypeSpec, error) {
 	case "modifiedtime", "modified_time", "modified-time":
 		return fieldTypeSpec{Type: "updated_at", Extra: map[string]interface{}{"style": map[string]interface{}{"format": "yyyy/MM/dd"}}}, nil
 	default:
-		return fieldTypeSpec{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported field type %q in base/v3", typeName)
+		return fieldTypeSpec{}, baseValidationErrorf("unsupported field type %q in base/v3", typeName)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -252,10 +253,10 @@ func normalizeSelectOptions(raw interface{}) []interface{} {
 
 func buildFieldBody(fieldName string, typeName string, property map[string]interface{}, uiType string, description string, isPrimary bool, isHidden bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if isPrimary {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("base/v3 does not support setting primary field in field body")
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "base/v3 does not support setting primary field in field body")
 	}
 	if isHidden {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("base/v3 does not support hidden field creation in field body")
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "base/v3 does not support hidden field creation in field body")
 	}
 	spec, err := resolveFieldTypeSpec(typeName)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -354,7 +355,7 @@ func buildTableFieldBodies(rawFields string, rawFieldSpecs string) ([]interface{
 	if rawFields != "" {
 		var fields []interface{}
 		if err := common.ParseJSON([]byte(rawFields), &fields); err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("--fields invalid JSON, must be a field definition array")
+			return nil, baseValidationErrorf("--fields invalid JSON, must be a field definition array")
 		}
 		return fields, nil
 	}
@@ -366,7 +367,7 @@ func buildTableFieldBodies(rawFields string, rawFieldSpecs string) ([]interface{
 	for _, spec := range specs {
 		body, err := buildFieldBody(spec.Name, normalizeFieldTypeName(spec.Type), nil, "", "", false, false)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("field %q: %w", spec.Name, err)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "field %q: %s", spec.Name, err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		fields = append(fields, body)
 	}
@@ -410,20 +411,15 @@ func baseV3Raw(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, method, path string, params map[s
 	h.Set("X-App-Id", runtime.Config.AppID)
 	resp, err := runtime.DoAPI(req, larkcore.WithHeaders(h))
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, baseAPIBoundaryError(err, "API call failed")
+	}
+	if _, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(resp); err != nil {
+		if statusErr := baseHTTPStatusErrorFromInvalidResponse(resp, err); statusErr != nil {
+			return nil, statusErr
+		}
+		return nil, enrichBaseAPIErrorFromBody(err, resp.RawBody, runtime.APIClassifyContext())
 	}
 	result, parseErr := decodeBaseV3Response(resp.RawBody)
-	if parseErr == nil && baseV3ResultCode(result) != 0 {
-		attachBaseErrorLogID(result, baseResponseLogID(resp))
-		return result, nil
-	}
-	if resp.StatusCode >= http.StatusBadRequest {
-		body := strings.TrimSpace(string(resp.RawBody))
-		if body == "" {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
-		}
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
-	}
 	if parseErr != nil {
 		return nil, parseErr
 	}
@@ -435,18 +431,14 @@ func decodeBaseV3Response(body []byte) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	dec := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(body))
 	dec.UseNumber()
 	if err := dec.Decode(&result); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("response parse error: %w", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "API returned an invalid JSON response: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+	}
+	if result == nil {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "API returned a non-object JSON response")
 	}
 	return result, nil
 }
 
-func baseV3ResultCode(result map[string]interface{}) int {
-	if result == nil {
-		return 0
-	}
-	return toInt(result["code"])
-}
-
 func attachBaseErrorLogID(result map[string]interface{}, logID string) {
 	if result == nil || strings.TrimSpace(logID) == "" {
 		return
@@ -480,6 +472,33 @@ func baseResponseLogID(resp *larkcore.ApiResp) string {
 	return strings.TrimSpace(resp.Header.Get("x-tt-logid"))
 }
 
+func baseHTTPStatusErrorFromInvalidResponse(resp *larkcore.ApiResp, classified error) error {
+	if resp == nil || resp.StatusCode < http.StatusBadRequest {
+		return nil
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(classified)
+	if !ok || p.Category != errs.CategoryInternal || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+		return nil
+	}
+	body := strings.TrimSpace(string(resp.RawBody))
+	if resp.StatusCode >= http.StatusInternalServerError {
+		err := errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkServer, "HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, body).WithCode(resp.StatusCode).WithRetryable()
+		if logID := baseResponseLogID(resp); logID != "" {
+			err = err.WithLogID(logID)
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	subtype := errs.SubtypeUnknown
+	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound {
+		subtype = errs.SubtypeNotFound
+	}
+	err := errs.NewAPIError(subtype, "HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, body).WithCode(resp.StatusCode)
+	if logID := baseResponseLogID(resp); logID != "" {
+		err = err.WithLogID(logID)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
 func baseV3Call(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, method, path string, params map[string]interface{}, data interface{}) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	result, err := baseV3Raw(runtime, method, path, params, data)
 	return handleBaseAPIResult(result, err, "API call failed")
@@ -525,7 +544,7 @@ func toStringSlice(v interface{}) []string {
 
 func listAllTables(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, baseToken string, offset, limit int) ([]map[string]interface{}, int, error) {
 	if limit <= 0 {
-		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("limit must be greater than 0")
+		return nil, 0, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "limit must be greater than 0")
 	}
 	data, err := baseV3Call(runtime, "GET", baseV3Path("bases", baseToken, "tables"), map[string]interface{}{"offset": offset, "limit": limit}, nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -555,7 +574,7 @@ func listAllTables(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, baseToken string, offset, lim
 
 func listAllFields(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, baseToken, tableID string, offset, limit int) ([]map[string]interface{}, int, error) {
 	if limit <= 0 {
-		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("limit must be greater than 0")
+		return nil, 0, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "limit must be greater than 0")
 	}
 	data, err := baseV3Call(runtime, "GET", baseV3Path("bases", baseToken, "tables", tableID, "fields"), map[string]interface{}{"offset": offset, "limit": limit}, nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -577,7 +596,7 @@ func listAllFields(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, baseToken, tableID string, of
 
 func listAllViews(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, baseToken, tableID string, offset, limit int) ([]map[string]interface{}, int, error) {
 	if limit <= 0 {
-		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("limit must be greater than 0")
+		return nil, 0, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "limit must be greater than 0")
 	}
 	data, err := baseV3Call(runtime, "GET", baseV3Path("bases", baseToken, "tables", tableID, "views"), map[string]interface{}{"offset": offset, "limit": limit}, nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -603,7 +622,7 @@ func resolveFieldRef(fields []map[string]interface{}, ref string) (map[string]in
 			return field, nil
 		}
 	}
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("field %q not found", ref)
+	return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "field %q not found", ref)
 }
 
 func resolveTableRef(tables []map[string]interface{}, ref string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
@@ -612,7 +631,7 @@ func resolveTableRef(tables []map[string]interface{}, ref string) (map[string]in
 			return table, nil
 		}
 	}
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("table %q not found", ref)
+	return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "table %q not found", ref)
 }
 
 func resolveViewRef(views []map[string]interface{}, ref string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
@@ -621,7 +640,7 @@ func resolveViewRef(views []map[string]interface{}, ref string) (map[string]inte
 			return view, nil
 		}
 	}
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("view %q not found", ref)
+	return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "view %q not found", ref)
 }
 
 func chunkRecords(records []map[string]interface{}, size int) [][]map[string]interface{} {
@@ -738,18 +757,18 @@ func canonicalValue(v interface{}) string {
 func parseNamedTypeSpecs(raw string, flagName string) ([]namedTypeSpec, error) {
 	var tuples []interface{}
 	if err := common.ParseJSON([]byte(raw), &tuples); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("--%s invalid JSON array", flagName)
+		return nil, baseValidationErrorf("--%s invalid JSON array", flagName)
 	}
 	result := make([]namedTypeSpec, 0, len(tuples))
 	for idx, item := range tuples {
 		pair, ok := item.([]interface{})
 		if !ok || len(pair) != 2 {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("--%s item %d must be [name, type]", flagName, idx+1)
+			return nil, baseValidationErrorf("--%s item %d must be [name, type]", flagName, idx+1)
 		}
 		name, ok1 := pair[0].(string)
 		typeName, ok2 := pair[1].(string)
 		if !ok1 || !ok2 {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("--%s item %d must be [string, string]", flagName, idx+1)
+			return nil, baseValidationErrorf("--%s item %d must be [string, string]", flagName, idx+1)
 		}
 		result = append(result, namedTypeSpec{Name: name, Type: typeName})
 	}
@@ -1155,9 +1174,9 @@ func validateBlockDataConfig(blockType string, cfg map[string]interface{}) []str
 	return errs
 }
 
-func formatDataConfigErrors(errs []string) error {
-	if len(errs) == 0 {
+func formatDataConfigErrors(problems []string) error {
+	if len(problems) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return fmt.Errorf("data_config 校验失败:\n- %s\n参考: skills/lark-base/references/dashboard-block-data-config.md", strings.Join(errs, "\n- "))
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "data_config 校验失败:\n- %s\n参考: skills/lark-base/references/dashboard-block-data-config.md", strings.Join(problems, "\n- "))
 }

shortcuts/base/record_markdown.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ func validateRecordReadFormat(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	case "", "json", "markdown":
 		return nil
 	default:
-		return output.ErrValidation("--format must be json or markdown")
+		return baseValidationErrorf("--format must be json or markdown")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ func outputRecordMarkdownWithRenderer(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, data map[s
 			runtime.Out(data, nil)
 			return nil
 		}
-		return output.ErrValidation("--jq and --format markdown are mutually exclusive")
+		return baseValidationErrorf("--jq and --format markdown are mutually exclusive")
 	}
 	rendered, err := renderer(data)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ func outputRecordMarkdownWithRenderer(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, data map[s
 	}
 	scanResult := output.ScanForSafety(runtime.Cmd.CommandPath(), data, runtime.IO().ErrOut)
 	if scanResult.Blocked {
-		return scanResult.BlockErr
+		return baseContentSafetyBlockError(scanResult)
 	}
 	if scanResult.Alert != nil {
 		output.WriteAlertWarning(runtime.IO().ErrOut, scanResult.Alert)
@@ -52,6 +53,20 @@ func outputRecordMarkdownWithRenderer(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, data map[s
 	return nil
 }
 
+func baseContentSafetyBlockError(scanResult output.ScanResult) error {
+	message := "content safety violation detected"
+	var rules []string
+	if scanResult.Alert != nil {
+		rules = scanResult.Alert.MatchedRules
+	}
+	if len(rules) > 0 {
+		message = fmt.Sprintf("content safety violation detected (rules: %s)", strings.Join(rules, ", "))
+	}
+	return errs.NewContentSafetyError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "%s", message).
+		WithRules(rules...).
+		WithCause(scanResult.BlockErr)
+}
+
 func outputRecordGetMarkdown(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, data map[string]interface{}) error {
 	return outputRecordMarkdownWithRenderer(runtime, data, renderRecordGetMarkdown)
 }
@@ -61,7 +76,7 @@ func renderRecordGetMarkdown(data map[string]interface{}) (string, error) {
 	recordIDs := stringSliceValue(data["record_id_list"])
 	rows, ok := data["data"].([]interface{})
 	if len(fields) == 0 || !ok {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("--format markdown requires record matrix response with fields, record_id_list, and data")
+		return "", baseValidationErrorf("--format markdown requires record matrix response with fields, record_id_list, and data")
 	}
 	if len(recordIDs) == 1 && len(rows) == 1 {
 		rowItems, _ := rows[0].([]interface{})
@@ -78,7 +93,7 @@ func renderRecordMarkdown(data map[string]interface{}) (string, error) {
 	recordIDs := stringSliceValue(data["record_id_list"])
 	rows, ok := data["data"].([]interface{})
 	if len(fields) == 0 || !ok {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("--format markdown requires record matrix response with fields, record_id_list, and data")
+		return "", baseValidationErrorf("--format markdown requires record matrix response with fields, record_id_list, and data")
 	}
 
 	var b strings.Builder

shortcuts/base/record_markdown_test.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	extcs "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/contentsafety"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -212,9 +213,12 @@ func TestOutputRecordMarkdownContentSafetyBlockDoesNotWriteStdout(t *testing.T)
 		"record_id_list": []interface{}{"rec_1"},
 		"data":           []interface{}{[]interface{}{"Alice"}},
 	})
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Code != output.ExitContentSafety {
-		t.Fatalf("err=%v, want content safety exit error", err)
+	var csErr *errs.ContentSafetyError
+	if !errors.As(err, &csErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("err=%v, want typed content safety error", err)
+	}
+	if len(csErr.Rules) != 1 || csErr.Rules[0] != "r1" {
+		t.Fatalf("rules=%v", csErr.Rules)
 	}
 	if stdout.Len() > 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("block mode should not write stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())

shortcuts/base/record_ops.go

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func resolveRecordSelection(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (recordSelection, er
 	fieldIDs := runtime.StrArray("field-id")
 	jsonRaw := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("json"))
 	if len(recordIDs) > 0 && jsonRaw != "" {
-		return recordSelection{}, common.FlagErrorf("--record-id and --json are mutually exclusive")
+		return recordSelection{}, baseFlagErrorf("--record-id and --json are mutually exclusive")
 	}
 	if jsonRaw != "" {
 		pc := newParseCtx(runtime)
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ func resolveRecordSelection(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (recordSelection, er
 		}
 		recordIDListValue, ok := body["record_id_list"]
 		if !ok {
-			return recordSelection{}, common.FlagErrorf(`--json must include "record_id_list" as a non-empty string array; %s`, jsonInputTip("json"))
+			return recordSelection{}, baseFlagErrorf(`--json must include "record_id_list" as a non-empty string array; %s`, jsonInputTip("json"))
 		}
 		recordIDItems, ok := recordIDListValue.([]interface{})
 		if !ok {
-			return recordSelection{}, common.FlagErrorf(`--json field "record_id_list" must be a string array; %s`, jsonInputTip("json"))
+			return recordSelection{}, baseFlagErrorf(`--json field "record_id_list" must be a string array; %s`, jsonInputTip("json"))
 		}
 		normalized, err := normalizeRecordIDs(recordIDItems)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -117,14 +117,14 @@ func resolveRecordGetSelectFields(flagFields []string, body map[string]interface
 		return fromFlags, nil
 	}
 	if len(fromFlags) > 0 {
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf(`--field-id and --json field "select_fields" are mutually exclusive`)
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf(`--field-id and --json field "select_fields" are mutually exclusive`)
 	}
 	items, ok := rawJSONFields.([]interface{})
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf(`--json field "select_fields" must be a string array; %s`, jsonInputTip("json"))
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf(`--json field "select_fields" must be a string array; %s`, jsonInputTip("json"))
 	}
 	if len(items) == 0 {
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf(`--json field "select_fields" must not be empty; %s`, jsonInputTip("json"))
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf(`--json field "select_fields" must not be empty; %s`, jsonInputTip("json"))
 	}
 	normalized, err := normalizeRecordGetSelectFields(items)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func normalizeStringList(values interface{}, opts stringListNormalizeOptions) ([
 		if opts.allowNil {
 			return nil, nil
 		}
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf(opts.typeError)
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf(opts.typeError)
 	case []interface{}:
 		rawItems = typed
 	case []string:
@@ -161,30 +161,30 @@ func normalizeStringList(values interface{}, opts stringListNormalizeOptions) ([
 			rawItems = append(rawItems, item)
 		}
 	default:
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf(opts.typeError)
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf(opts.typeError)
 	}
 	if len(rawItems) == 0 {
 		if opts.allowEmpty {
 			return nil, nil
 		}
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf(opts.emptyError)
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf(opts.emptyError)
 	}
 	if opts.max > 0 && len(rawItems) > opts.max {
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("%s exceeds maximum limit of %d (got %d)", opts.limitName, opts.max, len(rawItems))
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf("%s exceeds maximum limit of %d (got %d)", opts.limitName, opts.max, len(rawItems))
 	}
 	seen := make(map[string]int, len(rawItems))
 	result := make([]string, 0, len(rawItems))
 	for index, value := range rawItems {
 		item, ok := value.(string)
 		if !ok {
-			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("%s %d must be a string", opts.itemName, index+1)
+			return nil, baseFlagErrorf("%s %d must be a string", opts.itemName, index+1)
 		}
 		item = strings.TrimSpace(item)
 		if item == "" {
-			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("%s %d must not be empty", opts.itemName, index+1)
+			return nil, baseFlagErrorf("%s %d must not be empty", opts.itemName, index+1)
 		}
 		if first, exists := seen[item]; exists {
-			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("duplicate %s %q at positions %d and %d", opts.duplicateName, item, first, index+1)
+			return nil, baseFlagErrorf("duplicate %s %q at positions %d and %d", opts.duplicateName, item, first, index+1)
 		}
 		seen[item] = index + 1
 		result = append(result, item)
@@ -332,10 +332,10 @@ const maxShareBatchSize = 100
 func validateRecordShareBatch(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	recordIDs := deduplicateRecordIDs(runtime)
 	if len(recordIDs) == 0 {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--record-ids is required and must not be empty")
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--record-ids is required and must not be empty")
 	}
 	if len(recordIDs) > maxShareBatchSize {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--record-ids exceeds maximum limit of %d (got %d)", maxShareBatchSize, len(recordIDs))
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--record-ids exceeds maximum limit of %d (got %d)", maxShareBatchSize, len(recordIDs))
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/base/record_query.go

@@ -71,18 +71,18 @@ func normalizeRecordSortValue(value interface{}, label string) ([]interface{}, e
 	} else if obj, ok := value.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
 		rawSortConfig, ok := obj["sort_config"]
 		if !ok {
-			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("%s must be a JSON array or an object with sort_config array", label)
+			return nil, baseFlagErrorf("%s must be a JSON array or an object with sort_config array", label)
 		}
 		parsed, ok := rawSortConfig.([]interface{})
 		if !ok {
-			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("%s.sort_config must be a JSON array", label)
+			return nil, baseFlagErrorf("%s.sort_config must be a JSON array", label)
 		}
 		sortConfig = parsed
 	} else {
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("%s must be a JSON array or an object with sort_config array", label)
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf("%s must be a JSON array or an object with sort_config array", label)
 	}
 	if len(sortConfig) > recordSortMaxCount {
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("sort supports at most %d sort conditions; got %d", recordSortMaxCount, len(sortConfig))
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf("sort supports at most %d sort conditions; got %d", recordSortMaxCount, len(sortConfig))
 	}
 	return sortConfig, nil
 }
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func normalizeRecordSortValue(value interface{}, label string) ([]interface{}, e
 func marshalRecordQueryFlag(flagName string, value interface{}) (string, error) {
 	data, err := json.Marshal(value)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", common.FlagErrorf("--%s cannot encode JSON: %v", flagName, err)
+		return "", baseFlagErrorf("--%s cannot encode JSON: %v", flagName, err)
 	}
 	return string(data), nil
 }
@@ -220,16 +220,16 @@ func validateRecordSearchFlags(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	jsonRaw := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("json"))
 	if jsonRaw != "" {
 		if recordSearchHasJSONExclusiveFlagInputs(runtime) {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--json is mutually exclusive with keyword/search/projection/pagination flags; put those fields inside --json, or omit --json")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--json is mutually exclusive with keyword/search/projection/pagination flags; put those fields inside --json, or omit --json")
 		}
 		_, err := recordSearchJSONBody(runtime)
 		return err
 	}
 	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("keyword")) == "" {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--keyword is required unless --json is used")
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--keyword is required unless --json is used")
 	}
 	if len(runtime.StrArray("search-field")) == 0 {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--search-field is required unless --json is used")
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--search-field is required unless --json is used")
 	}
 	return validateRecordQueryOptions(runtime)
 }

shortcuts/base/record_upload_attachment.go

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ func dryRunRecordRemoveAttachment(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeCont
 
 func validateRecordUploadAttachment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	if runtime.Changed("name") {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--name is no longer supported; uploaded attachment names are derived from local file basenames")
+		return baseFlagErrorf("--name is no longer supported; uploaded attachment names are derived from local file basenames")
 	}
 	files, err := normalizeAttachmentFiles(runtime.StrArray("file"))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -245,9 +244,16 @@ func validateRecordDownloadAttachment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if len(tokens) != 1 {
+		const outputDirRequired = "--output must be an existing directory when downloading multiple attachments or when --file-token is omitted"
 		info, statErr := runtime.FileIO().Stat(runtime.Str("output"))
-		if statErr != nil || !info.IsDir() {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--output must be an existing directory when downloading multiple attachments or when --file-token is omitted")
+		if statErr != nil {
+			if errors.Is(statErr, fileio.ErrPathValidation) {
+				return baseValidationErrorf("unsafe output path: %s", statErr)
+			}
+			return baseFlagErrorf(outputDirRequired)
+		}
+		if !info.IsDir() {
+			return baseFlagErrorf(outputDirRequired)
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -269,7 +275,7 @@ func executeRecordUploadAttachment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if normalized := normalizeFieldTypeName(fieldTypeName(field)); normalized != "attachment" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("field %q is type %q, expected attachment", fieldName(field), normalized)
+		return baseValidationErrorf("field %q is type %q, expected attachment", fieldName(field), normalized)
 	}
 	resolvedFieldID := fieldID(field)
 	if resolvedFieldID == "" {
@@ -316,7 +322,7 @@ func executeRecordRemoveAttachment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if normalized := normalizeFieldTypeName(fieldTypeName(field)); normalized != "attachment" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("field %q is type %q, expected attachment", fieldName(field), normalized)
+		return baseValidationErrorf("field %q is type %q, expected attachment", fieldName(field), normalized)
 	}
 	resolvedFieldID := fieldID(field)
 	if resolvedFieldID == "" {
@@ -353,7 +359,7 @@ func executeRecordDownloadAttachment(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.Runtim
 		saved, err := downloadBaseAttachment(ctx, runtime, target.Item, target.TargetPath, runtime.Bool("overwrite"))
 		if err != nil {
 			failed := attachmentDownloadFailure(target, err)
-			return attachmentDownloadProgressError(err, downloaded, []map[string]interface{}{failed})
+			return attachmentDownloadProgressError(runtime, err, downloaded, []map[string]interface{}{failed})
 		}
 		downloaded = append(downloaded, saved)
 	}
@@ -364,20 +370,20 @@ func executeRecordDownloadAttachment(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.Runtim
 func validateAttachmentInputFile(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePath string) (fileio.FileInfo, error) {
 	fio := runtime.FileIO()
 	if fio == nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("file operations require a FileIO provider")
+		return nil, baseValidationErrorf("file operations require a FileIO provider")
 	}
 	fileInfo, err := fio.Stat(filePath)
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation) {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("unsafe file path: %s", err)
+			return nil, baseValidationErrorf("unsafe file path: %s", err)
 		}
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("file not accessible: %s: %v", filePath, err)
+		return nil, baseValidationErrorf("file not accessible: %s: %v", filePath, err)
 	}
 	if fileInfo.IsDir() {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("file path is a directory: %s", filePath)
+		return nil, baseValidationErrorf("file path is a directory: %s", filePath)
 	}
 	if fileInfo.Size() > baseAttachmentUploadMaxFileSize {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("file %s exceeds 2GB limit", common.FormatSize(fileInfo.Size()))
+		return nil, baseValidationErrorf("file %s exceeds 2GB limit (size: %s)", filePath, common.FormatSize(fileInfo.Size()))
 	}
 	return fileInfo, nil
 }
@@ -412,13 +418,13 @@ func normalizeOptionalDownloadAttachmentFileTokens(tokens []string) ([]string, e
 	for index, token := range tokens {
 		token = strings.TrimSpace(token)
 		if token == "" {
-			return nil, common.FlagErrorf("attachment file token %d must not be empty", index+1)
+			return nil, baseFlagErrorf("attachment file token %d must not be empty", index+1)
 		}
 		normalized = append(normalized, token)
 	}
 	normalized = dedupeStringsPreserveOrder(normalized)
 	if len(normalized) > baseAttachmentMaxBatchSize {
-		return nil, common.FlagErrorf("attachment file token count exceeds maximum limit of %d (got %d)", baseAttachmentMaxBatchSize, len(normalized))
+		return nil, baseFlagErrorf("attachment file token count exceeds maximum limit of %d (got %d)", baseAttachmentMaxBatchSize, len(normalized))
 	}
 	return normalized, nil
 }
@@ -453,10 +459,10 @@ func fetchBaseField(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, baseToken, tableIDValue, fie
 
 func fetchBaseAttachments(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, baseToken, tableIDValue string, recordIDs []string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if len(recordIDs) == 0 {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("provide at least one record id")
+		return nil, baseValidationErrorf("provide at least one record id")
 	}
 	if len(recordIDs) > baseAttachmentGetMaxRecords {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("get attachments record selection exceeds maximum limit of %d (got %d)", baseAttachmentGetMaxRecords, len(recordIDs))
+		return nil, baseValidationErrorf("get attachments record selection exceeds maximum limit of %d (got %d)", baseAttachmentGetMaxRecords, len(recordIDs))
 	}
 	data, err := baseV3Call(runtime, "POST", baseV3Path("bases", baseToken, "tables", tableIDValue, "get_attachments"), nil, map[string]interface{}{
 		"record_id_list": recordIDs,
@@ -560,14 +566,14 @@ func detectAttachmentMIMEType(fio fileio.FileIO, filePath, fileName string) (str
 
 	f, err := fio.Open(filePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return "", baseInputStatError(err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 
 	buf := make([]byte, 512)
 	n, readErr := f.Read(buf)
 	if readErr != nil && !errors.Is(readErr, io.EOF) {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("cannot read file: %s", readErr)
+		return "", baseValidationErrorf("cannot read file: %s", readErr)
 	}
 	return detectAttachmentMIMEFromContent(buf[:n]), nil
 }
@@ -617,11 +623,11 @@ type baseAttachmentDownloadTarget struct {
 func selectAttachmentDownloadItems(attachments map[string]interface{}, recordID string, tokens []string) ([]baseAttachmentDownloadItem, error) {
 	recordRaw, ok := attachments[recordID]
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("record %q has no attachment metadata; verify the record-id", recordID)
+		return nil, baseValidationErrorf("record %q has no attachment metadata; verify the record-id", recordID)
 	}
 	fields, ok := recordRaw.(map[string]interface{})
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("record %q attachment metadata has unexpected type %T", recordID, recordRaw)
+		return nil, baseValidationErrorf("record %q attachment metadata has unexpected type %T", recordID, recordRaw)
 	}
 	byToken := map[string]baseAttachmentDownloadItem{}
 	fieldIDs := make([]string, 0, len(fields))
@@ -633,12 +639,12 @@ func selectAttachmentDownloadItems(attachments map[string]interface{}, recordID
 		rawList := fields[currentFieldID]
 		items, ok := rawList.([]interface{})
 		if !ok {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("record %q field %q attachment metadata has unexpected type %T", recordID, currentFieldID, rawList)
+			return nil, baseValidationErrorf("record %q field %q attachment metadata has unexpected type %T", recordID, currentFieldID, rawList)
 		}
 		for _, rawItem := range items {
 			item, ok := rawItem.(map[string]interface{})
 			if !ok {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("record %q field %q contains unexpected attachment item type %T", recordID, currentFieldID, rawItem)
+				return nil, baseValidationErrorf("record %q field %q contains unexpected attachment item type %T", recordID, currentFieldID, rawItem)
 			}
 			fileToken, _ := item["file_token"].(string)
 			if fileToken == "" {
@@ -668,7 +674,7 @@ func selectAttachmentDownloadItems(attachments map[string]interface{}, recordID
 			result = append(result, item)
 		}
 		if len(result) == 0 {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("record %q has no attachments to download", recordID)
+			return nil, baseValidationErrorf("record %q has no attachments to download", recordID)
 		}
 		sort.SliceStable(result, func(i, j int) bool {
 			leftName := strings.ToLower(baseAttachmentDownloadName(result[i]))
@@ -683,7 +689,7 @@ func selectAttachmentDownloadItems(attachments map[string]interface{}, recordID
 	for _, token := range tokens {
 		item, ok := byToken[token]
 		if !ok {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("attachment file_token %q not found in record %q; verify the record-id/file-token pair", token, recordID)
+			return nil, baseValidationErrorf("attachment file_token %q not found in record %q; verify the record-id/file-token pair", token, recordID)
 		}
 		result = append(result, item)
 	}
@@ -702,15 +708,15 @@ func planAttachmentDownloadTargets(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, items []baseA
 		}
 		resolved, err := runtime.ResolveSavePath(targetPath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("unsafe output path: %s", err)
+			return nil, baseValidationErrorf("unsafe output path: %s", err)
 		}
 		if previous, exists := seen[resolved]; exists {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("multiple attachments resolve to the same output path %q (%s and %s); download them separately or choose a different directory", resolved, previous.FileToken, item.FileToken)
+			return nil, baseValidationErrorf("multiple attachments resolve to the same output path %q (%s and %s); download them separately or choose a different directory", resolved, previous.FileToken, item.FileToken)
 		}
 		seen[resolved] = item
 		if !overwrite {
 			if _, statErr := runtime.FileIO().Stat(targetPath); statErr == nil {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", targetPath)
+				return nil, baseValidationErrorf("output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", targetPath)
 			}
 		}
 		targets = append(targets, baseAttachmentDownloadTarget{
@@ -776,7 +782,7 @@ func safeAttachmentFileTokenSuffix(fileToken string) string {
 
 func downloadBaseAttachment(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, item baseAttachmentDownloadItem, targetPath string, overwrite bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if _, err := runtime.ResolveSavePath(targetPath); err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("unsafe output path: %s", err)
+		return nil, baseValidationErrorf("unsafe output path: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	query := larkcore.QueryParams{}
@@ -795,7 +801,7 @@ func downloadBaseAttachment(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 
 	if !overwrite {
 		if _, statErr := runtime.FileIO().Stat(targetPath); statErr == nil {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", targetPath)
+			return nil, baseValidationErrorf("output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", targetPath)
 		}
 	}
 	result, err := runtime.FileIO().Save(targetPath, fileio.SaveOptions{
@@ -803,7 +809,7 @@ func downloadBaseAttachment(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 		ContentLength: resp.ContentLength,
 	}, resp.Body)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, common.WrapSaveErrorByCategory(err, "io")
+		return nil, baseSaveError(err)
 	}
 	savedPath, _ := runtime.ResolveSavePath(targetPath)
 	if savedPath == "" {
@@ -822,7 +828,7 @@ func downloadBaseAttachment(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 }
 
 func attachmentDownloadFailure(target baseAttachmentDownloadTarget, err error) map[string]interface{} {
-	return map[string]interface{}{
+	failure := map[string]interface{}{
 		"record_id":     target.Item.RecordID,
 		"field_id":      target.Item.FieldID,
 		"file_token":    target.Item.FileToken,
@@ -831,72 +837,45 @@ func attachmentDownloadFailure(target baseAttachmentDownloadTarget, err error) m
 		"resolved_path": target.ResolvedPath,
 		"error":         err.Error(),
 	}
+	if p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		failure["type"] = string(p.Category)
+		failure["subtype"] = string(p.Subtype)
+		if p.Code != 0 {
+			failure["code"] = p.Code
+		}
+		if p.LogID != "" {
+			failure["log_id"] = p.LogID
+		}
+	}
+	return failure
 }
 
-func attachmentDownloadProgressError(err error, downloaded []map[string]interface{}, failed []map[string]interface{}) error {
+func attachmentDownloadProgressError(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, err error, downloaded []map[string]interface{}, failed []map[string]interface{}) error {
 	msg := fmt.Sprintf("download failed after %d attachment(s) succeeded and %d failed: %v", len(downloaded), len(failed), err)
-	detail := map[string]interface{}{
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"message":    msg,
 		"downloaded": downloaded,
 		"failed":     failed,
 	}
+	const hint = "Some files may already have been saved. Inspect downloaded before retrying, or rerun with --overwrite if the failed target now exists."
+	payload["hint"] = hint
+	if p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		payload["type"] = string(p.Category)
+		payload["subtype"] = string(p.Subtype)
+		if p.Code != 0 {
+			payload["code"] = p.Code
+		}
+	}
 	if logID := baseAttachmentDownloadLogID(err); logID != "" {
-		detail["log_id"] = logID
-	}
-	const hint = "Some files may already have been saved. Inspect error.detail.downloaded before retrying, or rerun with --overwrite if the failed target now exists."
-
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
-		return &output.ExitError{
-			Code: exitErr.Code,
-			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-				Type:    exitErr.Detail.Type,
-				Code:    exitErr.Detail.Code,
-				Message: msg,
-				Hint:    hint,
-				Detail:  detail,
-			},
-			Err: err,
-		}
-	}
-	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
-	if errors.As(err, &netErr) {
-		return &output.ExitError{
-			Code: output.ExitNetwork,
-			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-				Type:    "network",
-				Code:    netErr.Code,
-				Message: msg,
-				Hint:    hint,
-				Detail:  detail,
-			},
-			Err: err,
-		}
-	}
-	return &output.ExitError{
-		Code: output.ExitInternal,
-		Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "io",
-			Message: msg,
-			Hint:    hint,
-			Detail:  detail,
-		},
-		Err: err,
+		payload["log_id"] = logID
 	}
+	return runtime.OutPartialFailure(payload, nil)
 }
 
 func baseAttachmentDownloadLogID(err error) string {
-	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
-	if errors.As(err, &netErr) {
-		if id := strings.TrimSpace(netErr.LogID); id != "" {
-			return id
-		}
-	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
-		if detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
-			if logID, _ := detail["log_id"].(string); logID != "" {
-				return strings.TrimSpace(logID)
-			}
+	if p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		if logID := strings.TrimSpace(p.LogID); logID != "" {
+			return logID
 		}
 	}
 	return ""

shortcuts/base/table_ops.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package base
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ func executeTableCreate(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		for idx, item := range fieldItems {
 			body, ok := item.(map[string]interface{})
 			if !ok {
-				return fmt.Errorf("--fields item %d must be an object", idx+1)
+				return baseValidationErrorf("--fields item %d must be an object", idx+1)
 			}
 			if idx == 0 && len(defaultFields) > 0 {
 				fieldData, err := baseV3Call(runtime, "PUT", baseV3Path("bases", baseToken, "tables", tableIDValue, "fields", fieldID(defaultFields[0])), nil, body)

shortcuts/base/workflow_create.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ var BaseWorkflowCreate = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		pc := newParseCtx(runtime)
 		raw, err := loadJSONInput(pc, runtime.Str("json"), "json")

shortcuts/base/workflow_disable.go

@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ var BaseWorkflowDisable = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("workflow-id")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--workflow-id must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--workflow-id must not be blank")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/base/workflow_enable.go

@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ var BaseWorkflowEnable = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("workflow-id")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--workflow-id must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--workflow-id must not be blank")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/base/workflow_get.go

@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ var BaseWorkflowGet = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("workflow-id")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--workflow-id must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--workflow-id must not be blank")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/base/workflow_list.go

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ var BaseWorkflowList = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/base/workflow_update.go

@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ var BaseWorkflowUpdate = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("base-token")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--base-token must not be blank")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("workflow-id")) == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--workflow-id must not be blank")
+			return baseFlagErrorf("--workflow-id must not be blank")
 		}
 		pc := newParseCtx(runtime)
 		if _, err := parseJSONObject(pc, runtime.Str("json"), "json"); err != nil {

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_agenda.go

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ const (
 
 func fetchInstanceViewRange(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, calendarId string, startTime, endTime int64, depth int) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if depth > 10 {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "recursion_limit", "too many splits for instance_view")
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "too many splits for instance_view")
 	}
 	if startTime > endTime {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -48,68 +48,67 @@ func fetchInstanceViewRange(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 		return append(left, right...), nil
 	}
 
-	result, err := runtime.RawAPI("GET",
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("GET",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/calendar/v4/calendars/%s/events/instance_view", validate.EncodePathSegment(calendarId)),
 		map[string]interface{}{
 			"start_time": fmt.Sprintf("%d", startTime),
 			"end_time":   fmt.Sprintf("%d", endTime),
 		}, nil)
-	err = wrapPredefinedError(err)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "API call failed: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	resultMap, _ := result.(map[string]interface{})
-	code, _ := util.ToFloat64(resultMap["code"])
-
-	if code == 0 {
-		data, _ := resultMap["data"].(map[string]interface{})
-		items, _ := data["items"].([]interface{})
-		var events []map[string]interface{}
-		for _, item := range items {
-			if m, ok := item.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
-				events = append(events, m)
+		// CallAPITyped returns a typed error for any non-zero API code. The two
+		// calendar instance_view limits (193103 time-range, 193104 too-many) are
+		// recoverable by narrowing the window, so inspect the typed code and
+		// recurse instead of treating them as fatal. Any other code falls through
+		// to return the typed error unchanged.
+		p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		switch p.Code {
+		case larkErrCalendarTimeRangeExceeded:
+			mid := startTime + span/2
+			if mid <= startTime {
+				return nil, errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeInvalidParameters,
+					"query failed: time range exceeds 40-day limit, please narrow the range").
+					WithCode(larkErrCalendarTimeRangeExceeded)
 			}
+			return fetchInstanceViewSplit(ctx, runtime, calendarId, startTime, mid, endTime, depth)
+		case larkErrCalendarTooManyInstances:
+			if span <= minSplitWindowSeconds {
+				return nil, errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeInvalidParameters,
+					"query failed: more than 1000 instances in the time range, please narrow the range").
+					WithCode(larkErrCalendarTooManyInstances)
+			}
+			mid := startTime + span/2
+			return fetchInstanceViewSplit(ctx, runtime, calendarId, startTime, mid, endTime, depth)
+		default:
+			return nil, err
 		}
-		return events, nil
 	}
 
-	// Error 193103: time range exceeds limit -> split
-	if int(code) == larkErrCalendarTimeRangeExceeded {
-		mid := startTime + span/2
-		if mid <= startTime {
-			return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "query failed: time range exceeds 40-day limit, please narrow the range")
+	items, _ := data["items"].([]interface{})
+	var events []map[string]interface{}
+	for _, item := range items {
+		if m, ok := item.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+			events = append(events, m)
 		}
-		left, err := fetchInstanceViewRange(ctx, runtime, calendarId, startTime, mid, depth+1)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		right, err := fetchInstanceViewRange(ctx, runtime, calendarId, mid+1, endTime, depth+1)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		return append(left, right...), nil
 	}
+	return events, nil
+}
 
-	// Error 193104: too many instances -> split
-	if int(code) == larkErrCalendarTooManyInstances {
-		if span <= minSplitWindowSeconds {
-			return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "query failed: more than 1000 instances in the time range, please narrow the range")
-		}
-		mid := startTime + span/2
-		left, err := fetchInstanceViewRange(ctx, runtime, calendarId, startTime, mid, depth+1)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		right, err := fetchInstanceViewRange(ctx, runtime, calendarId, mid+1, endTime, depth+1)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		return append(left, right...), nil
+// fetchInstanceViewSplit halves [startTime, endTime] at mid and concatenates the
+// results of the two recursive sub-range queries. Shared by the 193103/193104
+// split paths.
+func fetchInstanceViewSplit(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, calendarId string, startTime, mid, endTime int64, depth int) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	left, err := fetchInstanceViewRange(ctx, runtime, calendarId, startTime, mid, depth+1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
-
-	msg, _ := resultMap["msg"].(string)
-	return nil, output.ErrAPI(int(code), msg, resultMap["error"])
+	right, err := fetchInstanceViewRange(ctx, runtime, calendarId, mid+1, endTime, depth+1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return append(left, right...), nil
 }
 
 func dedupeAndSortItems(items []map[string]interface{}) []map[string]interface{} {
@@ -147,20 +146,20 @@ func parseTimeRange(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (int64, int64, error) {
 
 	startTime, err := common.ParseTime(startInput)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, 0, output.ErrValidation("--start: %v", err)
+		return 0, 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--start: %v", err).WithParam("--start")
 	}
 	endTime, err := common.ParseTime(endInput, "end")
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, 0, output.ErrValidation("--end: %v", err)
+		return 0, 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--end: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 	}
 
 	startInt, err := strconv.ParseInt(startTime, 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, 0, output.ErrValidation("invalid start time: %v", err)
+		return 0, 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid start time: %v", err).WithParam("--start")
 	}
 	endInt, err := strconv.ParseInt(endTime, 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, 0, output.ErrValidation("invalid end time: %v", err)
+		return 0, 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid end time: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 	}
 
 	return startInt, endInt, nil

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_create.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ func parseAttendees(attendeesStr string, currentUserId string) ([]map[string]str
 		case strings.HasPrefix(id, "ou_"):
 			attendees = append(attendees, map[string]string{"type": "user", "user_id": id})
 		default:
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported attendee id format: %s", id)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported attendee id format: %s", id)
 		}
 	}
 	return attendees, nil
@@ -89,8 +90,8 @@ var CalendarCreate = common.Shortcut{
 		}
 		for _, flag := range []string{"summary", "description", "rrule", "calendar-id"} {
 			if val := runtime.Str(flag); val != "" {
-				if err := common.RejectDangerousChars("--"+flag, val); err != nil {
-					return output.ErrValidation(err.Error())
+				if err := common.RejectDangerousCharsTyped("--"+flag, val); err != nil {
+					return err
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -102,35 +103,35 @@ var CalendarCreate = common.Shortcut{
 					continue
 				}
 				if !strings.HasPrefix(id, "ou_") && !strings.HasPrefix(id, "oc_") && !strings.HasPrefix(id, "omm_") {
-					return output.ErrValidation("invalid attendee id format %q: should start with 'ou_', 'oc_', or 'omm_'", id)
+					return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid attendee id format %q: should start with 'ou_', 'oc_', or 'omm_'", id).WithParam("--attendee-ids")
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		if runtime.Str("start") == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("specify --start (e.g. '2026-03-12T14:00+08:00')")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "specify --start (e.g. '2026-03-12T14:00+08:00')").WithParam("--start")
 		}
 		if runtime.Str("end") == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("specify --end (e.g. '2026-03-12T15:00+08:00')")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "specify --end (e.g. '2026-03-12T15:00+08:00')").WithParam("--end")
 		}
 		startTs, err := common.ParseTime(runtime.Str("start"))
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--start: %v", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--start: %v", err).WithParam("--start")
 		}
 		endTs, err := common.ParseTime(runtime.Str("end"), "end")
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--end: %v", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--end: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 		}
 		s, err := strconv.ParseInt(startTs, 10, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("invalid start time: %v", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid start time: %v", err).WithParam("--start")
 		}
 		e, err := strconv.ParseInt(endTs, 10, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("invalid end time: %v", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid end time: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 		}
 		if e <= s {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("end time must be after start time")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "end time must be after start time")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -183,27 +184,26 @@ var CalendarCreate = common.Shortcut{
 
 		startTs, err := common.ParseTime(runtime.Str("start"))
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--start: %v", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--start: %v", err).WithParam("--start")
 		}
 		endTs, err := common.ParseTime(runtime.Str("end"), "end")
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--end: %v", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--end: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 		}
 
 		eventData := buildEventData(runtime, startTs, endTs)
 
 		// Create event
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST",
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST",
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/calendar/v4/calendars/%s/events", validate.EncodePathSegment(calendarId)),
 			nil, eventData)
-		err = wrapPredefinedError(err)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		event, _ := data["event"].(map[string]interface{})
 		eventId, _ := event["event_id"].(string)
 		if eventId == "" {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "failed to create event: no event_id returned")
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "failed to create event: no event_id returned")
 		}
 
 		// Add attendees if specified
@@ -214,27 +214,25 @@ var CalendarCreate = common.Shortcut{
 			}
 			attendees, err := parseAttendees(attendeesStr, currentUserId)
 			if err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation("invalid attendee id: %v", err)
+				return withParam(err, "--attendee-ids")
 			}
 
-			_, err = runtime.CallAPI("POST",
+			_, err = runtime.CallAPITyped("POST",
 				fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/calendar/v4/calendars/%s/events/%s/attendees", validate.EncodePathSegment(calendarId), validate.EncodePathSegment(eventId)),
 				map[string]interface{}{"user_id_type": "open_id"},
 				map[string]interface{}{
 					"attendees":         attendees,
 					"need_notification": true,
 				})
-			err = wrapPredefinedError(err)
 			if err != nil {
 				// Rollback: delete the event
-				_, rollbackErr := runtime.RawAPI("DELETE",
+				_, rollbackErr := runtime.CallAPITyped("DELETE",
 					fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/calendar/v4/calendars/%s/events/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(calendarId), validate.EncodePathSegment(eventId)),
 					map[string]interface{}{"need_notification": false}, nil)
-				rollbackErr = wrapPredefinedError(rollbackErr)
 				if rollbackErr != nil {
-					return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "failed to add attendees: %v; rollback also failed, orphan event_id=%s needs manual cleanup", rollbackErr, eventId)
+					return withStepContext(err, "rollback also failed (%v); orphan event_id=%s needs manual cleanup", rollbackErr, eventId)
 				}
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "failed to add attendees: %v; event rolled back successfully", err)
+				return withStepContext(err, "event rolled back successfully")
 			}
 		}
 

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_freebusy.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -20,20 +21,20 @@ func parseFreebusyTimeRange(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (string, string, err
 
 	startTs, err := common.ParseTime(startInput)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("--start: %v", err)
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--start: %v", err).WithParam("--start")
 	}
 	endTs, err := common.ParseTime(endInput, "end")
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("--end: %v", err)
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--end: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 	}
 
 	startSec, err := strconv.ParseInt(startTs, 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("invalid start timestamp: %v", err)
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid start timestamp: %v", err)
 	}
 	endSec, err := strconv.ParseInt(endTs, 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("invalid end timestamp: %v", err)
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid end timestamp: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	timeMin := time.Unix(startSec, 0).Format(time.RFC3339)
@@ -73,13 +74,13 @@ var CalendarFreebusy = common.Shortcut{
 		}
 		userId := runtime.Str("user-id")
 		if userId == "" && runtime.IsBot() {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--user-id is required for bot identity")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--user-id is required for bot identity").WithParam("--user-id")
 		}
 		if userId == "" && runtime.UserOpenId() == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("cannot determine user ID, specify --user-id or ensure you are logged in")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot determine user ID, specify --user-id or ensure you are logged in").WithParam("--user-id")
 		}
 		if userId != "" {
-			if _, err := common.ValidateUserID(userId); err != nil {
+			if _, err := common.ValidateUserIDTyped("--user-id", userId); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
@@ -93,16 +94,17 @@ var CalendarFreebusy = common.Shortcut{
 
 		timeMin, timeMax, err := parseFreebusyTimeRange(runtime)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--start/--end: %v", err)
+			// parseFreebusyTimeRange already returns a typed *errs.ValidationError
+			// carrying the offending flag in .Param; pass it through unchanged.
+			return err
 		}
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/calendar/v4/freebusy/list", nil, map[string]interface{}{
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/calendar/v4/freebusy/list", nil, map[string]interface{}{
 			"time_min":         timeMin,
 			"time_max":         timeMax,
 			"user_id":          userId,
 			"need_rsvp_status": true,
 		})
-		err = wrapPredefinedError(err)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_room_find.go

@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"net/http"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
@@ -126,40 +126,40 @@ func collectRoomFindResults(slots []roomFindSlot, limit int, fetch func(roomFind
 func parseRoomFindSlots(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) ([]roomFindSlot, error) {
 	rawSlots := runtime.StrArray(flagSlot)
 	if len(rawSlots) == 0 {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("specify at least one --slot")
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "specify at least one --slot").WithParam("--slot")
 	}
 	slots := make([]roomFindSlot, 0, len(rawSlots))
 	for _, raw := range rawSlots {
 		parts := strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(raw), "~")
 		if len(parts) != 2 {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid --slot format %q, expected start~end", raw)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --slot format %q, expected start~end", raw).WithParam("--slot")
 		}
 		startTs, err := common.ParseTime(parts[0])
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid slot start time %q: %v", parts[0], err)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid slot start time %q: %v", parts[0], err).WithParam("--slot")
 		}
 		endTs, err := common.ParseTime(parts[1])
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid slot end time %q: %v", parts[1], err)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid slot end time %q: %v", parts[1], err).WithParam("--slot")
 		}
 		startSec, err := strconv.ParseInt(startTs, 10, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid slot start timestamp %q: %v", startTs, err)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid slot start timestamp %q: %v", startTs, err).WithParam("--slot")
 		}
 		endSec, err := strconv.ParseInt(endTs, 10, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid slot end timestamp %q: %v", endTs, err)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid slot end timestamp %q: %v", endTs, err).WithParam("--slot")
 		}
 		if endSec <= startSec {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--slot end time must be after start time: %q", raw)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--slot end time must be after start time: %q", raw).WithParam("--slot")
 		}
 		startRFC3339, err := unixStringToRFC3339(startTs)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid slot start timestamp %q: %v", startTs, err)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid slot start timestamp %q: %v", startTs, err).WithParam("--slot")
 		}
 		endRFC3339, err := unixStringToRFC3339(endTs)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid slot end timestamp %q: %v", endTs, err)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid slot end timestamp %q: %v", endTs, err).WithParam("--slot")
 		}
 		slots = append(slots, roomFindSlot{Start: startRFC3339, End: endRFC3339})
 	}
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ func parseRoomFindAttendees(attendeesStr string, currentUserID string) ([]string
 				seenChats[id] = true
 			}
 		default:
-			return nil, nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid attendee id format %q: should start with 'ou_' or 'oc_'", id)
+			return nil, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid attendee id format %q: should start with 'ou_' or 'oc_'", id).WithParam("--" + flagAttendees)
 		}
 	}
 	if currentUserID != "" && !seenUsers[currentUserID] {
@@ -249,20 +249,19 @@ func callRoomFind(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, req *roomFindRequest) ([]*room
 		Body:       req,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return nil, errs.WrapInternal(err)
 	}
 
-	if apiResp.StatusCode < http.StatusOK || apiResp.StatusCode >= http.StatusMultipleChoices {
-		return nil, output.ErrAPI(apiResp.StatusCode, "", string(apiResp.RawBody))
+	if _, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	var resp = &OpenAPIResponse[*roomFindData]{}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &resp); err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitInternal, "validation", "unmarshal response fail", err.Error())
-	}
-
-	if resp.Code != 0 {
-		return nil, output.ErrAPI(resp.Code, resp.Msg, resp.Data)
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "unmarshal response fail").WithCause(err)
 	}
 
 	if resp.Data != nil {
@@ -317,8 +316,8 @@ var CalendarRoomFind = common.Shortcut{
 		}
 		for _, flag := range []string{flagCity, flagBuilding, flagFloor, flagEventRrule, flagTimezone} {
 			if val := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(flag)); val != "" {
-				if err := common.RejectDangerousChars("--"+flag, val); err != nil {
-					return output.ErrValidation(err.Error())
+				if err := common.RejectDangerousCharsTyped("--"+flag, val); err != nil {
+					return err
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -327,8 +326,8 @@ var CalendarRoomFind = common.Shortcut{
 			if name == "" {
 				continue
 			}
-			if err := common.RejectDangerousChars("--"+flagRoomName, name); err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation(err.Error())
+			if err := common.RejectDangerousCharsTyped("--"+flagRoomName, name); err != nil {
+				return err
 			}
 		}
 		if _, err := parseRoomFindSlots(runtime); err != nil {
@@ -338,13 +337,13 @@ var CalendarRoomFind = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 		if minCapacity := runtime.Int(flagMinCapacity); minCapacity < 0 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--min-capacity must be >= 0")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--min-capacity must be >= 0").WithParam("--min-capacity")
 		}
 		if maxCapacity := runtime.Int(flagMaxCapacity); maxCapacity < 0 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--max-capacity must be >= 0")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--max-capacity must be >= 0").WithParam("--max-capacity")
 		}
 		if minCapacity, maxCapacity := runtime.Int(flagMinCapacity), runtime.Int(flagMaxCapacity); minCapacity > 0 && maxCapacity > 0 && minCapacity > maxCapacity {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--min-capacity must be <= --max-capacity")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--min-capacity must be <= --max-capacity").WithParam("--min-capacity")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_rsvp.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -51,15 +51,15 @@ var CalendarRsvp = common.Shortcut{
 		}
 		for _, flag := range []string{"calendar-id", "event-id", "rsvp-status"} {
 			if val := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str(flag)); val != "" {
-				if err := common.RejectDangerousChars("--"+flag, val); err != nil {
-					return output.ErrValidation(err.Error())
+				if err := common.RejectDangerousCharsTyped("--"+flag, val); err != nil {
+					return err
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		eventId := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("event-id"))
 		if eventId == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("event-id cannot be empty")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "event-id cannot be empty").WithParam("--event-id")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ var CalendarRsvp = common.Shortcut{
 		eventId := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("event-id"))
 		status := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("rsvp-status"))
 
-		_, err := runtime.DoAPIJSON("POST",
+		_, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST",
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/calendar/v4/calendars/%s/events/%s/reply",
 				validate.EncodePathSegment(calendarId),
 				validate.EncodePathSegment(eventId)),

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_suggestion.go

@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ func buildSuggestionRequest(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (*SuggestionRequest,
 
 	timeMin, err := common.ParseTime(startInput)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid --start: %v", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --start: %v", err).WithParam("--start")
 	}
 	minSec, err := strconv.ParseInt(timeMin, 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid start timestamp: %v", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid start timestamp: %v", err)
 	}
 	startTime := time.Unix(minSec, 0)
 
@@ -87,12 +87,12 @@ func buildSuggestionRequest(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (*SuggestionRequest,
 
 	timeMax, err := common.ParseTime(endInput, "end")
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid --end: %v", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --end: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 	}
 	// Convert Unix timestamp string back to RFC3339 since the API requires RFC3339
 	maxSec, err := strconv.ParseInt(timeMax, 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid end timestamp: %v", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid end timestamp: %v", err)
 	}
 	req.SearchStartTime = startTime.Format(time.RFC3339)
 	req.SearchEndTime = time.Unix(maxSec, 0).Format(time.RFC3339)
@@ -157,23 +157,23 @@ func buildSuggestionRequest(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (*SuggestionRequest,
 			}
 			parts := strings.Split(r, "~")
 			if len(parts) != 2 {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid --exclude format %q, expected 'start~end'", r)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --exclude format %q, expected 'start~end'", r).WithParam("--exclude")
 			}
 			startTsStr, err := common.ParseTime(parts[0])
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid start time in --exclude: %q (%v)", parts[0], err)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid start time in --exclude: %q (%v)", parts[0], err).WithParam("--exclude")
 			}
 			endTsStr, err := common.ParseTime(parts[1], "end")
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid end time in --exclude: %q (%v)", parts[1], err)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid end time in --exclude: %q (%v)", parts[1], err).WithParam("--exclude")
 			}
 			startSec, err := strconv.ParseInt(startTsStr, 10, 64)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid start timestamp in --exclude: %v", err)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid start timestamp in --exclude: %v", err).WithParam("--exclude")
 			}
 			endSec, err := strconv.ParseInt(endTsStr, 10, 64)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid end timestamp in --exclude: %v", err)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid end timestamp in --exclude: %v", err).WithParam("--exclude")
 			}
 			excludedTimes = append(excludedTimes, &EventTime{
 				EventStartTime: time.Unix(startSec, 0).Format(time.RFC3339),
@@ -219,13 +219,13 @@ var CalendarSuggestion = common.Shortcut{
 		}
 		durationMinutes := runtime.Int(flagDurationMinutes)
 		if durationMinutes != 0 && (durationMinutes < 1 || durationMinutes > 1440) {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--duration-minutes must be between 1 and 1440")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--duration-minutes must be between 1 and 1440").WithParam("--duration-minutes")
 		}
 
 		for _, flag := range []string{flagEventRrule, flagTimezone} {
 			if val := runtime.Str(flag); val != "" {
-				if err := common.RejectDangerousChars("--"+flag, val); err != nil {
-					return output.ErrValidation(err.Error())
+				if err := common.RejectDangerousCharsTyped("--"+flag, val); err != nil {
+					return err
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ var CalendarSuggestion = common.Shortcut{
 					continue
 				}
 				if !strings.HasPrefix(id, "ou_") && !strings.HasPrefix(id, "oc_") {
-					return output.ErrValidation("invalid attendee id format %q: should start with 'ou_' or 'oc_'", id)
+					return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid attendee id format %q: should start with 'ou_' or 'oc_'", id).WithParam("--" + flagAttendees)
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -245,14 +245,14 @@ var CalendarSuggestion = common.Shortcut{
 		startInput := runtime.Str(flagStart)
 		if startInput != "" {
 			if _, err := common.ParseTime(startInput); err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation("invalid start time: %v", err)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid start time: %v", err).WithParam("--start")
 			}
 		}
 
 		endInput := runtime.Str(flagEnd)
 		if endInput != "" {
 			if _, err := common.ParseTime(endInput, "end"); err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation("invalid end time: %v", err)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid end time: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -267,13 +267,13 @@ var CalendarSuggestion = common.Shortcut{
 				}
 				parts := strings.Split(r, "~")
 				if len(parts) != 2 {
-					return output.ErrValidation("invalid range format in --exclude: %q, expect start~end", r)
+					return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid range format in --exclude: %q, expect start~end", r).WithParam("--exclude")
 				}
 				if _, err := common.ParseTime(parts[0]); err != nil {
-					return output.ErrValidation("invalid start time in --exclude: %q (%v)", parts[0], err)
+					return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid start time in --exclude: %q (%v)", parts[0], err).WithParam("--exclude")
 				}
 				if _, err := common.ParseTime(parts[1], "end"); err != nil {
-					return output.ErrValidation("invalid end time in --exclude: %q (%v)", parts[1], err)
+					return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid end time in --exclude: %q (%v)", parts[1], err).WithParam("--exclude")
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -292,20 +292,19 @@ var CalendarSuggestion = common.Shortcut{
 			Body:       req,
 		})
 		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+				return err
+			}
+			return errs.WrapInternal(err)
 		}
 
-		if apiResp.StatusCode < http.StatusOK || apiResp.StatusCode >= http.StatusMultipleChoices {
-			return output.ErrAPI(apiResp.StatusCode, "", string(apiResp.RawBody))
+		if _, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
 
 		var resp = &OpenAPIResponse[*SuggestionResponse]{}
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &resp); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitInternal, "validation", "unmarshal response fail", err.Error())
-		}
-
-		if resp.Code != 0 {
-			return output.ErrAPI(resp.Code, resp.Msg, resp.Data)
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "unmarshal response fail").WithCause(err)
 		}
 
 		data := resp.Data

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_update.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -53,14 +54,14 @@ func validateCalendarUpdate(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	}
 	for _, flag := range []string{"event-id", "summary", "description", "rrule", "calendar-id", "start", "end", "add-attendee-ids", "remove-attendee-ids"} {
 		if val := runtime.Str(flag); val != "" {
-			if err := common.RejectDangerousChars("--"+flag, val); err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation(err.Error())
+			if err := common.RejectDangerousCharsTyped("--"+flag, val); err != nil {
+				return err
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("event-id")) == "" {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("specify --event-id")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "specify --event-id").WithParam("--event-id")
 	}
 	if _, _, err := buildCalendarUpdateEventData(runtime); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ func validateCalendarUpdate(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if !hasCalendarUpdateOperation(runtime) {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("nothing to update: specify at least one of --summary, --description, --start/--end, --rrule, --add-attendee-ids, or --remove-attendee-ids")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "nothing to update: specify at least one of --summary, --description, --start/--end, --rrule, --add-attendee-ids, or --remove-attendee-ids")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -77,11 +78,11 @@ func validateCalendarUpdate(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 func validateCalendarUpdateAttendees(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	addIDs, err := parseCalendarAttendeeIDs(runtime.Str("add-attendee-ids"))
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return withParam(err, "--add-attendee-ids")
 	}
 	removeIDs, err := parseCalendarAttendeeIDs(runtime.Str("remove-attendee-ids"))
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return withParam(err, "--remove-attendee-ids")
 	}
 	removeSet := make(map[string]struct{}, len(removeIDs))
 	for _, id := range removeIDs {
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ func validateCalendarUpdateAttendees(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	}
 	for _, id := range addIDs {
 		if _, ok := removeSet[id]; ok {
-			return output.ErrValidation("attendee id %q appears in both --add-attendee-ids and --remove-attendee-ids", id)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "attendee id %q appears in both --add-attendee-ids and --remove-attendee-ids", id)
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -124,27 +125,27 @@ func buildCalendarUpdateEventData(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (map[string]in
 	startChanged := runtime.Cmd.Flags().Changed("start")
 	endChanged := runtime.Cmd.Flags().Changed("end")
 	if startChanged != endChanged {
-		return nil, false, common.FlagErrorf("--start and --end must be specified together when updating event time")
+		return nil, false, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--start and --end must be specified together when updating event time")
 	}
 	if startChanged {
 		startTs, err := common.ParseTime(runtime.Str("start"))
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, false, common.FlagErrorf("--start: %v", err)
+			return nil, false, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--start: %v", err).WithParam("--start")
 		}
 		endTs, err := common.ParseTime(runtime.Str("end"), "end")
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, false, common.FlagErrorf("--end: %v", err)
+			return nil, false, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--end: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 		}
 		s, err := strconv.ParseInt(startTs, 10, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, false, common.FlagErrorf("invalid start time: %v", err)
+			return nil, false, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid start time: %v", err).WithParam("--start")
 		}
 		e, err := strconv.ParseInt(endTs, 10, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, false, common.FlagErrorf("invalid end time: %v", err)
+			return nil, false, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid end time: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 		}
 		if e <= s {
-			return nil, false, common.FlagErrorf("end time must be after start time")
+			return nil, false, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "end time must be after start time")
 		}
 		body["start_time"] = map[string]string{"timestamp": startTs}
 		body["end_time"] = map[string]string{"timestamp": endTs}
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ func parseCalendarAttendeeIDs(attendeesStr string) ([]string, error) {
 			continue
 		}
 		if !strings.HasPrefix(id, "ou_") && !strings.HasPrefix(id, "oc_") && !strings.HasPrefix(id, "omm_") {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid attendee id format %q: should start with 'ou_', 'oc_', or 'omm_'", id)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid attendee id format %q: should start with 'ou_', 'oc_', or 'omm_'", id)
 		}
 		if _, ok := seen[id]; ok {
 			continue
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ func attendeeDeleteIDs(attendeesStr string) ([]map[string]string, error) {
 		case strings.HasPrefix(id, "ou_"):
 			deleteIDs = append(deleteIDs, map[string]string{"type": "user", "user_id": id})
 		default:
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid attendee id format %q: should start with 'ou_', 'oc_', or 'omm_'", id)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid attendee id format %q: should start with 'ou_', 'oc_', or 'omm_'", id).WithParam("--remove-attendee-ids")
 		}
 	}
 	return deleteIDs, nil
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ func dryRunCalendarUpdate(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
 func executeCalendarUpdate(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	calendarID, eventID := calendarUpdateIDs(runtime)
 	if eventID == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("specify --event-id")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "specify --event-id").WithParam("--event-id")
 	}
 
 	body, hasEventFields, err := buildCalendarUpdateEventData(runtime)
@@ -291,10 +292,9 @@ func executeCalendarUpdate(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) er
 	completed := []string{}
 	event := map[string]interface{}{}
 	if hasEventFields {
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("PATCH", calendarUpdateEventPath(calendarID, eventID), map[string]interface{}{"user_id_type": "open_id"}, body)
-		err = wrapPredefinedError(err)
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("PATCH", calendarUpdateEventPath(calendarID, eventID), map[string]interface{}{"user_id_type": "open_id"}, body)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "failed to update event %s: %v", eventID, err)
+			return withStepContext(err, "failed to update event %s after completed steps %v", eventID, completed)
 		}
 		if v, _ := data["event"].(map[string]interface{}); v != nil {
 			event = v
@@ -308,12 +308,11 @@ func executeCalendarUpdate(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) er
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		_, err = runtime.CallAPI("POST", calendarUpdateAttendeesPath(calendarID, eventID)+"/batch_delete",
+		_, err = runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", calendarUpdateAttendeesPath(calendarID, eventID)+"/batch_delete",
 			map[string]interface{}{"user_id_type": "open_id"},
 			map[string]interface{}{"delete_ids": deleteIDs, "need_notification": runtime.Bool("notify")})
-		err = wrapPredefinedError(err)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "failed to remove attendees from event %s after completed steps %v: %v", eventID, completed, err)
+			return withStepContext(err, "failed to remove attendees from event %s after completed steps %v", eventID, completed)
 		}
 		removedCount = len(deleteIDs)
 		completed = append(completed, "remove_attendees")
@@ -323,14 +322,13 @@ func executeCalendarUpdate(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) er
 	if addStr := runtime.Str("add-attendee-ids"); strings.TrimSpace(addStr) != "" {
 		attendees, err := parseAttendees(addStr, "")
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("invalid attendee id: %v", err)
+			return withParam(err, "--add-attendee-ids")
 		}
-		_, err = runtime.CallAPI("POST", calendarUpdateAttendeesPath(calendarID, eventID),
+		_, err = runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", calendarUpdateAttendeesPath(calendarID, eventID),
 			map[string]interface{}{"user_id_type": "open_id"},
 			map[string]interface{}{"attendees": attendees, "need_notification": runtime.Bool("notify")})
-		err = wrapPredefinedError(err)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "failed to add attendees to event %s after completed steps %v: %v", eventID, completed, err)
+			return withStepContext(err, "failed to add attendees to event %s after completed steps %v", eventID, completed)
 		}
 		addedCount = len(attendees)
 	}

shortcuts/calendar/errors.go

@@ -6,68 +6,39 @@ package calendar
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 )
 
-const (
-	errCodeInvalidParamsWithDetail = 190014
-)
-
-// getErrorDetailValue extracts the first detail value from the output.ErrDetail.
-// It assumes Detail is a map containing a "details" array of objects with "value" string fields.
-// For example: {"details": [{"value": "error message 1"}, {"value": "error message 2"}]}
-// Returns an empty string if the structure doesn't match or the array is empty.
-//
-// Deprecated: getErrorDetailValue reads from the legacy *output.ErrDetail
-// that predates the typed error contract introduced by errs/. New code MUST
-// NOT use it — typed errs.* errors expose Message, Hint, and extension
-// fields directly on the typed struct via errors.As / errs.ProblemOf. This
-// helper is retained only while existing call sites are migrated; it will
-// be removed once they have moved to the typed surface.
-func getErrorDetailValue(e *output.ErrDetail) string {
-	if e == nil || e.Detail == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	errMap, ok := e.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	details, ok := errMap["details"].([]interface{})
-	if !ok || len(details) == 0 {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	detailObj, ok := details[0].(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	val, _ := detailObj["value"].(string)
-	return val
-}
-
-// wrapPredefinedError wraps an error into *output.ExitError if it matches predefined error codes.
-// Currently handles error code 190014 (invalid params with detail), extracting the detail value into the message.
-// If the error is nil or doesn't match predefined codes, returns the original error.
-func wrapPredefinedError(err error) error {
+// withStepContext annotates err with multi-step context (e.g. which steps
+// already completed, or that a rollback ran) while preserving the underlying
+// failure's classification. An already-typed error keeps its own
+// category/subtype/code/log_id; we only append the formatted context to its
+// Hint so the top-level envelope still tells the truth about what failed.
+// Only an unclassified error falls back to a typed internal wrap.
+func withStepContext(err error, format string, args ...any) error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	extra := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
+	if p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(p.Hint) != "" {
+			p.Hint = p.Hint + "\n" + extra
+		} else {
+			p.Hint = extra
+		}
 		return err
 	}
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%s", err.Error()).WithHint(extra).WithCause(err)
+}
 
-	if exitErr.Detail.Code == errCodeInvalidParamsWithDetail {
-		if val := getErrorDetailValue(exitErr.Detail); val != "" {
-			fullMsg := fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", exitErr.Detail.Message, val)
-			return output.ErrAPI(exitErr.Detail.Code, fullMsg, exitErr.Detail.Detail)
-		}
+// withParam attaches the offending flag to a typed validation error, preserving
+// the original error instead of re-wrapping it. Non-validation errors pass through.
+func withParam(err error, flag string) error {
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		return ve.WithParam(flag)
 	}
-
 	return err
 }

shortcuts/calendar/errors_attribution_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package calendar
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// newAttendeeValidateRuntime builds a RuntimeContext with the add/remove
+// attendee-id flags set, for exercising validateCalendarUpdateAttendees.
+func newAttendeeValidateRuntime(t *testing.T, add, remove string) *common.RuntimeContext {
+	t.Helper()
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	cmd.Flags().String("add-attendee-ids", "", "")
+	cmd.Flags().String("remove-attendee-ids", "", "")
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags(nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ParseFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	if add != "" {
+		_ = cmd.Flags().Set("add-attendee-ids", add)
+	}
+	if remove != "" {
+		_ = cmd.Flags().Set("remove-attendee-ids", remove)
+	}
+	return &common.RuntimeContext{Cmd: cmd}
+}
+
+// assertValidationParam asserts err is a *errs.ValidationError whose Param
+// equals wantParam, and returns it for any further message assertions.
+func assertValidationParam(t *testing.T, err error, wantParam string) *errs.ValidationError {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
+	}
+	if ve.Param != wantParam {
+		t.Errorf("Param = %q, want %q", ve.Param, wantParam)
+	}
+	return ve
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// withStepContext helper
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func TestWithStepContext_Nil(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := withStepContext(nil, "step %d", 1); got != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("withStepContext(nil) = %v, want nil", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWithStepContext_AppendsToTypedHint(t *testing.T) {
+	// A typed error keeps its classification; the context is appended to Hint.
+	inner := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "boom").WithHint("first")
+	got := withStepContext(inner, "after steps %v", []string{"event"})
+	var ae *errs.APIError
+	if !errors.As(got, &ae) {
+		t.Fatalf("want *errs.APIError, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if ae.Hint == "" || !strings.Contains(ae.Hint, "first") || !strings.Contains(ae.Hint, "after steps") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should append context, got %q", ae.Hint)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWithStepContext_SetsHintWhenEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	inner := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "boom")
+	got := withStepContext(inner, "after steps %v", []string{"event"})
+	var ae *errs.APIError
+	if !errors.As(got, &ae) {
+		t.Fatalf("want *errs.APIError, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ae.Hint, "after steps") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should be set, got %q", ae.Hint)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWithStepContext_UnclassifiedFallsBackToInternal(t *testing.T) {
+	// A plain, unclassified error is wrapped into a typed internal error so the
+	// envelope still tells the truth.
+	got := withStepContext(errors.New("raw failure"), "after steps %v", []string{"event"})
+	var ie *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(got, &ie) {
+		t.Fatalf("want *errs.InternalError, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if ie.Subtype != errs.SubtypeSDKError {
+		t.Errorf("subtype=%q, want sdk_error", ie.Subtype)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ie.Message, "raw failure") {
+		t.Errorf("message should preserve original, got %q", ie.Message)
+	}
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// withParam helper
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func TestWithParam_AttachesToValidationError(t *testing.T) {
+	inner := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "boom")
+	got := withParam(inner, "--attendee-ids")
+	ve := assertValidationParam(t, got, "--attendee-ids")
+	if ve != inner {
+		t.Errorf("withParam should return the same underlying error, got a different pointer")
+	}
+	if ve.Message != "boom" {
+		t.Errorf("message mutated: got %q, want %q", ve.Message, "boom")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWithParam_NonValidationPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
+	inner := errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "io failure")
+	got := withParam(inner, "--attendee-ids")
+	if got != inner {
+		t.Fatalf("non-validation error should pass through unchanged, got %v", got)
+	}
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if errors.As(got, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("non-validation error must not become a ValidationError")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWithParam_NilPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := withParam(nil, "--attendee-ids"); got != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("withParam(nil) = %v, want nil", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Part A — re-wrap sites: the parseAttendees error, attributed by the caller's
+// flag, must be the inner typed error (not a re-wrapped nesting).
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func TestParseAttendees_AttributedToCreateFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := parseAttendees("bad-id", "")
+	// create's add path: withParam(err, "--attendee-ids")
+	got := withParam(err, "--attendee-ids")
+	assertValidationParam(t, got, "--attendee-ids")
+}
+
+func TestParseAttendees_AttributedToAddFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := parseAttendees("bad-id", "")
+	// update's add path: withParam(err, "--add-attendee-ids")
+	got := withParam(err, "--add-attendee-ids")
+	assertValidationParam(t, got, "--add-attendee-ids")
+}
+
+func TestParseAttendees_InnerStaysFlagAgnostic(t *testing.T) {
+	// The shared inner parser must not pre-attribute a flag; callers do.
+	_, err := parseAttendees("bad-id", "")
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if ve.Param != "" {
+		t.Errorf("inner parseAttendees should stay flag-agnostic, got Param = %q", ve.Param)
+	}
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Part B — direct attendee-id format validations carry their flag.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func TestParseRoomFindAttendees_FormatErrorParam(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := parseRoomFindAttendees("bad-id", "")
+	assertValidationParam(t, err, "--"+flagAttendees)
+}
+
+func TestParseRoomFindAttendees_RejectsRoomID(t *testing.T) {
+	// room find only supports ou_/oc_; omm_ rooms are not valid attendees.
+	_, _, err := parseRoomFindAttendees("omm_room", "")
+	assertValidationParam(t, err, "--"+flagAttendees)
+}
+
+func TestParseCalendarAttendeeIDs_StaysFlagAgnostic(t *testing.T) {
+	// parseCalendarAttendeeIDs serves BOTH --add-attendee-ids and
+	// --remove-attendee-ids, so it must not pre-attribute a flag.
+	_, err := parseCalendarAttendeeIDs("bad-id")
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if ve.Param != "" {
+		t.Errorf("shared parser should stay flag-agnostic, got Param = %q", ve.Param)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateCalendarUpdateAttendees_RemoveFormatParam(t *testing.T) {
+	// The remove path attributes its parser error to --remove-attendee-ids.
+	rt := newAttendeeValidateRuntime(t, "", "bad-id")
+	err := validateCalendarUpdateAttendees(rt)
+	assertValidationParam(t, err, "--remove-attendee-ids")
+}
+
+func TestValidateCalendarUpdateAttendees_AddFormatParam(t *testing.T) {
+	// The add path attributes its parser error to --add-attendee-ids.
+	rt := newAttendeeValidateRuntime(t, "bad-id", "")
+	err := validateCalendarUpdateAttendees(rt)
+	assertValidationParam(t, err, "--add-attendee-ids")
+}
+
+// attendeeDeleteIDs's switch default is defensive: parseCalendarAttendeeIDs
+// already rejects any non-ou_/oc_/omm_ id, so only a well-formed id reaches the
+// switch and the valid branches map it. This asserts the happy path maps types.
+func TestAttendeeDeleteIDs_MapsKnownTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	got, err := attendeeDeleteIDs("ou_a,oc_b,omm_c")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(got) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 3 delete ids, got %d: %v", len(got), got)
+	}
+	wantTypes := map[string]string{"user": "user_id", "chat": "chat_id", "resource": "room_id"}
+	for _, m := range got {
+		key, ok := wantTypes[m["type"]]
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected type %q in %v", m["type"], m)
+			continue
+		}
+		if m[key] == "" {
+			t.Errorf("missing %s for type %q in %v", key, m["type"], m)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseCalendarAttendeeIDs_Valid(t *testing.T) {
+	ids, err := parseCalendarAttendeeIDs(" ou_a , oc_b , ou_a ")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(ids) != 2 || ids[0] != "ou_a" || ids[1] != "oc_b" {
+		t.Errorf("dedup/trim failed: got %v", ids)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/call_api_typed_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
@@ -198,3 +199,58 @@ func TestCallAPITyped_NonObjectJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", intErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestDoAPIJSONTyped_Success returns the data object on code 0, confirming the
+// typed DoAPIJSON replacement preserves the success contract of DoAPIJSON.
+func TestDoAPIJSONTyped_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "GET",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/x/z",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": float64(0), "data": map[string]interface{}{"id": "z1"}},
+	})
+
+	data, err := rt.DoAPIJSONTyped("GET", "/open-apis/x/z", nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if data["id"] != "z1" {
+		t.Errorf("data[id] = %v, want z1", data["id"])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDoAPIJSONTyped_RawClientErrorBecomesTypedInternal(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := TestNewRuntimeContextForAPI(context.Background(), &cobra.Command{Use: "+x"}, &core.CliConfig{}, nil, core.AsUser)
+	rt.apiClientFunc = func() (*client.APIClient, error) {
+		return nil, errors.New("raw client construction error")
+	}
+
+	_, err := rt.DoAPIJSONTyped("GET", "/open-apis/x/z", nil, nil)
+	var internalErr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &internalErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected raw client errors to be lifted to typed internal errors, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if internalErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeUnknown {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", internalErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeUnknown)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDoAPIJSONTyped_NonZeroCode classifies a non-zero API code into a typed
+// errs.* error (carrying log_id), never a legacy output.ExitError envelope.
+func TestDoAPIJSONTyped_NonZeroCode(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/x/z",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": float64(1061044), "msg": "boom", "log_id": "lz"},
+	})
+
+	_, err := rt.DoAPIJSONTyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/z", nil, map[string]any{})
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.LogID != "lz" {
+		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want lz", p.LogID)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/runner.go

@@ -492,6 +492,28 @@ func (ctx *RuntimeContext) DoAPIJSONWithLogID(method, apiPath string, query lark
 	return ctx.doAPIJSON(method, apiPath, query, body, true)
 }
 
+// DoAPIJSONTyped is the typed-only replacement for DoAPIJSON: it issues the same
+// larkcore.ApiReq request (identical method / path / query / body model) but
+// classifies failures into typed errs.* errors via ClassifyAPIResponse instead
+// of emitting a legacy output.ExitError "api_error" envelope. A transport / auth
+// error from the client boundary is already typed and passes through unchanged;
+// a non-zero API code is classified with subtype / code / log_id.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) DoAPIJSONTyped(method, apiPath string, query larkcore.QueryParams, body any) (map[string]any, error) {
+	req := &larkcore.ApiReq{
+		HttpMethod:  method,
+		ApiPath:     apiPath,
+		QueryParams: query,
+	}
+	if body != nil {
+		req.Body = body
+	}
+	resp, err := ctx.DoAPI(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, typedOrInternal(err)
+	}
+	return ctx.ClassifyAPIResponse(resp)
+}
+
 func (ctx *RuntimeContext) doAPIJSON(method, apiPath string, query larkcore.QueryParams, body any, includeLogID bool) (map[string]any, error) {
 	req := &larkcore.ApiReq{
 		HttpMethod:  method,
@@ -603,27 +625,6 @@ func (ctx *RuntimeContext) ResolveSavePath(path string) (string, error) {
 	return resolved, nil
 }
 
-// WrapSaveError matches a FileIO.Save error against known categories and wraps
-// it with the caller-provided message prefix, preserving backward-compatible
-// error text per shortcut.
-func WrapSaveError(err error, pathMsg, mkdirMsg, writeMsg string) error {
-	if err == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var me *fileio.MkdirError
-	var we *fileio.WriteError
-	switch {
-	case errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", pathMsg, err)
-	case errors.As(err, &me):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", mkdirMsg, err)
-	case errors.As(err, &we):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", writeMsg, err)
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", writeMsg, err)
-	}
-}
-
 // WrapOpenError matches a FileIO.Open/Stat error and wraps it with the
 // caller-provided message prefix.
 func WrapOpenError(err error, pathMsg, readMsg string) error {
@@ -703,6 +704,9 @@ func WrapSaveErrorTyped(err error) error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
+	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		return err
+	}
 	var me *fileio.MkdirError
 	switch {
 	case errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation):

shortcuts/common/validate.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 package common
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -177,25 +176,6 @@ func ValidateSafePathTyped(fio fileio.FileIO, path string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// RejectDangerousChars returns an error if value contains ASCII control
-// characters or dangerous Unicode code points.
-//
-// Deprecated: use RejectDangerousCharsTyped for typed error envelopes.
-func RejectDangerousChars(paramName, value string) error {
-	for _, r := range value {
-		if r < 0x20 && r != '\t' && r != '\n' {
-			return fmt.Errorf("parameter %q contains control character U+%04X", paramName, r)
-		}
-		if r == 0x7F {
-			return fmt.Errorf("parameter %q contains DEL character", paramName)
-		}
-		if IsDangerousUnicode(r) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("parameter %q contains dangerous Unicode character U+%04X", paramName, r)
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 // RejectDangerousCharsTyped returns an error if value contains ASCII control
 // characters or dangerous Unicode code points.
 func RejectDangerousCharsTyped(paramName, value string) error {

shortcuts/common/validate_ids.go

@@ -9,18 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
-// ValidateChatID checks if a chat ID has valid format (oc_ prefix).
-// Also extracts token from URL if provided.
-//
-// Deprecated: use ValidateChatIDTyped for typed error envelopes.
-func ValidateChatID(input string) (string, error) {
-	chatID, msg := normalizeChatID(input)
-	if msg != "" {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("%s", msg)
-	}
-	return chatID, nil
-}
-
 // ValidateChatIDTyped checks if a chat ID has valid format (oc_ prefix).
 // Also extracts token from URL if provided. param names the flag being
 // validated (e.g. "--chat-ids") and is recorded on the typed error.

shortcuts/common/validate_test.go

@@ -194,6 +194,21 @@ func TestWrapSaveErrorTyped_ClassifiesPathAndFileIO(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestWrapSaveErrorTyped_PreservesTypedWriteCause(t *testing.T) {
+	typed := errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkServer, "HTTP 500: chunk failed").
+		WithCode(500)
+	err := WrapSaveErrorTyped(&fileio.WriteError{Err: typed})
+
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed problem, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryNetwork || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkServer || p.Code != 500 {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = category %q subtype %q code %d, want network/%s/500",
+			p.Category, p.Subtype, p.Code, errs.SubtypeNetworkServer)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAtLeastOne(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string

shortcuts/drive/drive_secure_label.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	secureLabelReadScope   = "drive:file.meta.sec_label.read_only"
+	secureLabelReadScope   = "docs:secure_label:readonly"
 	secureLabelUpdateScope = "docs:secure_label:write_only"
 )
 

shortcuts/drive/drive_secure_label_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,17 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
 )
 
+func TestDriveSecureLabelScopes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	if len(DriveSecureLabelList.Scopes) != 1 || DriveSecureLabelList.Scopes[0] != "docs:secure_label:readonly" {
+		t.Fatalf("list scopes = %v, want docs:secure_label:readonly", DriveSecureLabelList.Scopes)
+	}
+	if len(DriveSecureLabelUpdate.Scopes) != 1 || DriveSecureLabelUpdate.Scopes[0] != "docs:secure_label:write_only" {
+		t.Fatalf("update scopes = %v, want docs:secure_label:write_only", DriveSecureLabelUpdate.Scopes)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestDriveSecureLabelList_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, driveTestConfig())

shortcuts/im/convert_lib/helpers.go

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ func batchResolveByBasicContact(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, missingIDs []str
 		}
 		batch := missingIDs[i:end]
 
-		data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSON(http.MethodPost,
+		data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped(http.MethodPost,
 			"/open-apis/contact/v3/users/basic_batch",
 			larkcore.QueryParams{"user_id_type": []string{"open_id"}},
 			map[string]interface{}{"user_ids": batch},
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ func batchResolveUsers(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, missingIDs []string, name
 		}
 		apiURL := "/open-apis/contact/v3/users/batch?" + strings.Join(parts, "&")
 
-		data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSON(http.MethodGet, apiURL, nil, nil)
+		data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped(http.MethodGet, apiURL, nil, nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			break
 		}

shortcuts/im/convert_lib/merge.go

@@ -200,20 +200,20 @@ func batchResolveMergeForwardSenders(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, prefetch ma
 // container via a single API call. Returns a flat list of raw message items
 // with upper_message_id for tree reconstruction.
 //
-// Uses DoAPIJSON so the response envelope's code/msg are checked and surfaced
+// Uses DoAPIJSONTyped so the response envelope's code/msg are checked and surfaced
 // — earlier this used the low-level DoAPI and reported every non-zero code
 // as a generic "empty data" error, hiding the real failure (e.g. a server
 // "code: 2200 Internal Error" with its log_id would show up as just "empty
 // data" in the output).
 func fetchMergeForwardSubMessages(messageID string, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSON(http.MethodGet, mergeForwardMessagesPath(messageID), larkcore.QueryParams{
+	data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped(http.MethodGet, mergeForwardMessagesPath(messageID), larkcore.QueryParams{
 		"user_id_type":          []string{"open_id"},
 		"card_msg_content_type": []string{"raw_card_content"},
 	}, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	// DoAPIJSON returns the envelope's `data` field; when the server's JSON
+	// DoAPIJSONTyped returns the envelope's `data` field; when the server's JSON
 	// has `code: 0` but omits `data` entirely, that field comes back as nil.
 	// Reading from a nil map in Go is safe (returns the zero value, never
 	// panics), but guarding explicitly makes the "successful empty

shortcuts/im/convert_lib/reactions.go

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func fetchReactionsBatch(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, batchIDs []string, idIn
 		queries = append(queries, map[string]interface{}{"message_id": id})
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSON(http.MethodPost,
+	data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped(http.MethodPost,
 		"/open-apis/im/v1/messages/reactions/batch_query",
 		nil,
 		map[string]interface{}{"queries": queries},

shortcuts/im/convert_lib/thread.go

@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ func ExpandThreadReplies(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, messages []map[string]i
 // Returns the raw message items, whether more replies exist beyond the limit,
 // and a non-nil error when the API call fails.
 func fetchThreadReplies(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, threadID string, limit int) ([]map[string]interface{}, bool, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSON(http.MethodGet, "/open-apis/im/v1/messages", larkcore.QueryParams{
+	data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped(http.MethodGet, "/open-apis/im/v1/messages", larkcore.QueryParams{
 		"container_id_type":     []string{"thread"},
 		"container_id":          []string{threadID},
 		"sort_type":             []string{"ByCreateTimeAsc"},
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ func fetchThreadReplies(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, threadID string, limit i
 		"card_msg_content_type": []string{"raw_card_content"},
 	}, nil)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("fetch thread replies for %s: %w", threadID, err)
+		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("fetch thread replies for %s: %w", threadID, err) //nolint:forbidigo // best-effort internal thread fetch; never surfaced as a final shortcut error (ExpandThreadReplies is void)
 	}
 	hasMore, _ := data["has_more"].(bool)
 	rawItems, _ := data["items"].([]interface{})

shortcuts/im/helpers.go

@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ var messageIDRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^om_`)
 func flagMessageID(rt *common.RuntimeContext) (string, error) {
 	id := strings.TrimSpace(rt.Str("message-id"))
 	if id == "" {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("--message-id is required")
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--message-id is required").WithParam("--message-id")
 	}
 	if strings.HasPrefix(id, "omt_") {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation(
-			"invalid message ID %q: omt_ prefix is a thread ID, not a message ID; flag operations require om_ message IDs", id)
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"invalid message ID %q: omt_ prefix is a thread ID, not a message ID; flag operations require om_ message IDs", id).WithParam("--message-id")
 	}
 	return validateMessageID(id)
 }
@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ func buildMGetURL(ids []string) string {
 func validateMessageID(input string) (string, error) {
 	input = strings.TrimSpace(input)
 	if input == "" {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("message ID cannot be empty")
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "message ID cannot be empty").WithParam("--message-id")
 	}
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(input, "om_") {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("invalid message ID %q: must start with om_", input)
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid message ID %q: must start with om_", input).WithParam("--message-id")
 	}
 	return input, nil
 }
@@ -173,14 +173,16 @@ func sanitizeURLForDisplay(rawURL string) string {
 // startURLDownload performs URL validation, creates an HTTP client, and sends a
 // GET request. It returns the response (with Body still open) and the file
 // extension inferred from the URL. The caller must close resp.Body.
-func startURLDownload(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawURL string) (*http.Response, string, error) {
+func startURLDownload(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawURL, param string) (*http.Response, string, error) {
 	if err := validate.ValidateDownloadSourceURL(ctx, rawURL); err != nil {
-		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("blocked URL: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "blocked URL: %v", err).
+			WithParam(param).
+			WithCause(err)
 	}
 
 	httpClient, err := runtime.Factory.HttpClient()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("http client: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "http client: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	httpClient = validate.NewDownloadHTTPClient(httpClient, validate.DownloadHTTPClientOptions{
 		AllowHTTP: true,
@@ -188,17 +190,19 @@ func startURLDownload(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawUR
 
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, rawURL, nil)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid URL: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid URL: %v", err).
+			WithParam(param).
+			WithCause(err)
 	}
 
 	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("download failed: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", wrapIMNetworkErr(err, "download failed")
 	}
 
 	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
 		resp.Body.Close()
-		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("download failed: HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
+		return nil, "", errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "download failed: HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
 	}
 
 	ext := filepath.Ext(fileNameFromURL(rawURL))
@@ -208,8 +212,8 @@ func startURLDownload(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawUR
 // downloadURLToReader returns a size-limited io.ReadCloser for the URL content
 // and the file extension inferred from the URL. The caller must close the
 // returned ReadCloser. No temp file is created and the content is not buffered.
-func downloadURLToReader(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawURL string, maxSize int64) (io.ReadCloser, string, error) {
-	resp, ext, err := startURLDownload(ctx, runtime, rawURL) //nolint:bodyclose // resp.Body is closed by the returned limitedReadCloser
+func downloadURLToReader(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawURL string, maxSize int64, param string) (io.ReadCloser, string, error) {
+	resp, ext, err := startURLDownload(ctx, runtime, rawURL, param) //nolint:bodyclose // resp.Body is closed by the returned limitedReadCloser
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, "", err
 	}
@@ -233,7 +237,7 @@ func (l *limitedReadCloser) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	n, err := l.r.Read(p)
 	l.n += int64(n)
 	if l.n > l.max {
-		return n, fmt.Errorf("download exceeds size limit (max %s)", common.FormatSize(l.max))
+		return n, fmt.Errorf("download exceeds size limit (max %s)", common.FormatSize(l.max)) //nolint:forbidigo // io.Reader.Read contract returns a plain error; classified by the download caller
 	}
 	return n, err
 }
@@ -314,7 +318,7 @@ func resolveURLMedia(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, s medi
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "downloading %s: %s\n", s.flagName, sanitizeURLForDisplay(s.value))
 
 	if s.kind == mediaKindImage {
-		rc, _, err := downloadURLToReader(ctx, runtime, s.value, s.maxSize)
+		rc, _, err := downloadURLToReader(ctx, runtime, s.value, s.maxSize, s.flagName)
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
@@ -324,7 +328,7 @@ func resolveURLMedia(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, s medi
 	}
 
 	// File-kind: buffer in memory for possible duration parsing.
-	mb, err := newMediaBuffer(ctx, runtime, s.value, s.maxSize)
+	mb, err := newMediaBuffer(ctx, runtime, s.value, s.maxSize, s.flagName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
@@ -341,7 +345,7 @@ func resolveLocalMedia(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, s me
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "uploading %s: %s\n", s.mediaType, filepath.Base(s.value))
 
 	if s.kind == mediaKindImage {
-		return uploadImageToIM(ctx, runtime, s.value, "message")
+		return uploadImageToIM(ctx, runtime, s.value, "message", s.flagName)
 	}
 
 	ft := detectIMFileType(s.value)
@@ -349,7 +353,7 @@ func resolveLocalMedia(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, s me
 	if s.withDuration {
 		dur = parseMediaDuration(runtime, s.value, ft)
 	}
-	return uploadFileToIM(ctx, runtime, s.value, ft, dur)
+	return uploadFileToIM(ctx, runtime, s.value, ft, dur, s.flagName)
 }
 
 // resolveVideoContent handles the video case which needs both a file_key and
@@ -370,7 +374,7 @@ func resolveVideoContent(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, vi
 	}
 	coverKey, err := resolveOneMedia(ctx, runtime, coverSpec)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("cover image upload failed: %w", err)
+		return "", "", wrapIMNetworkErr(err, "cover image upload failed")
 	}
 
 	jsonBytes, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]string{"file_key": fKey, "image_key": coverKey})
@@ -386,13 +390,13 @@ func mediaFallbackOrError(originalValue, mediaType string, uploadErr error) (str
 		jsonBytes, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]string{"text": fallbackText})
 		return "text", string(jsonBytes), nil
 	}
-	return "", "", fmt.Errorf("%s upload failed: %w", mediaType, uploadErr)
+	return "", "", wrapIMNetworkErr(uploadErr, "%s upload failed", mediaType)
 }
 
 // resolveP2PChatID resolves user open_id to P2P chat_id.
 func resolveP2PChatID(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, openID string) (string, error) {
 	if runtime.IsBot() {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "validation", "--user-id requires user identity (--as user); use --chat-id when calling with bot identity")
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--user-id requires user identity (--as user); use --chat-id when calling with bot identity").WithParam("--user-id")
 	}
 	apiResp, err := runtime.DoAPI(&larkcore.ApiReq{
 		HttpMethod: http.MethodPost,
@@ -405,11 +409,10 @@ func resolveP2PChatID(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, openID string) (string, er
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	var result map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &result); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse chat_p2p response: %w", err)
+	data, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
 	}
-	data, _ := result["data"].(map[string]interface{})
 
 	chats, _ := data["p2p_chats"].([]interface{})
 	for _, item := range chats {
@@ -420,7 +423,7 @@ func resolveP2PChatID(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, openID string) (string, er
 		}
 	}
 
-	return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "not_found", "P2P chat not found for this user")
+	return "", errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeNotFound, "P2P chat not found for this user")
 }
 
 // resolveThreadID normalizes a message ID to its thread ID when possible.
@@ -429,7 +432,7 @@ func resolveThreadID(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, id string) (string, error)
 		return id, nil
 	}
 	if !messageIDRe.MatchString(id) {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "validation", "invalid thread ID format: must start with om_ or omt_")
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid thread ID format: must start with om_ or omt_").WithParam("--thread")
 	}
 
 	apiResp, err := runtime.DoAPI(&larkcore.ApiReq{
@@ -439,11 +442,10 @@ func resolveThreadID(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, id string) (string, error)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	var result map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &result); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse message response: %w", err)
+	data, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
 	}
-	data, _ := result["data"].(map[string]interface{})
 
 	items, _ := data["items"].([]interface{})
 	for _, item := range items {
@@ -454,7 +456,7 @@ func resolveThreadID(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, id string) (string, error)
 		}
 	}
 
-	return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "not_found", "thread ID not found for this message")
+	return "", errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeNotFound, "thread ID not found for this message")
 }
 
 // parseOggOpusDuration parses the duration in milliseconds from an OGG/Opus
@@ -612,8 +614,8 @@ type mediaBuffer struct {
 }
 
 // newMediaBuffer downloads URL content into memory via downloadURLToReader.
-func newMediaBuffer(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawURL string, maxSize int64) (*mediaBuffer, error) {
-	rc, ext, err := downloadURLToReader(ctx, runtime, rawURL, maxSize)
+func newMediaBuffer(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawURL string, maxSize int64, param string) (*mediaBuffer, error) {
+	rc, ext, err := downloadURLToReader(ctx, runtime, rawURL, maxSize, param)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -621,7 +623,7 @@ func newMediaBuffer(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, rawURL
 
 	data, err := io.ReadAll(rc)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("download failed: %w", err)
+		return nil, wrapIMNetworkErr(err, "download failed")
 	}
 	return newMediaBufferFromBytes(data, ext, rawURL), nil
 }
@@ -927,7 +929,7 @@ func resolveMarkdownImageURLs(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContex
 		}
 		imgURL := sub[1]
 
-		rc, _, err := downloadURLToReader(ctx, runtime, imgURL, maxImageUploadSize)
+		rc, _, err := downloadURLToReader(ctx, runtime, imgURL, maxImageUploadSize, "--markdown")
 		if err != nil {
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "warning: failed to download image %s: %v\n", sanitizeURLForDisplay(imgURL), err)
 			return ""
@@ -1049,14 +1051,14 @@ func detectIMFileType(filePath string) string {
 const maxImageUploadSize = 5 * 1024 * 1024  // 5MB — Lark API limit for images
 const maxFileUploadSize = 100 * 1024 * 1024 // 100MB — Lark API limit for files
 
-func uploadImageToIM(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePath, imageType string) (string, error) {
+func uploadImageToIM(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePath, imageType, param string) (string, error) {
 	if info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(filePath); err == nil && info.Size() > maxImageUploadSize {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("image size %s exceeds limit (max 5MB)", common.FormatSize(info.Size()))
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "image size %s exceeds limit (max 5MB)", common.FormatSize(info.Size())).WithParam(param)
 	}
 
 	f, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(filePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+		return "", withIMValidationParam(common.WrapInputStatErrorTyped(err), param)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 
@@ -1073,27 +1075,25 @@ func uploadImageToIM(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePa
 		return "", err
 	}
 
-	var result map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &result); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse error: %w", err)
+	data, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
 	}
-
-	data, _ := result["data"].(map[string]interface{})
 	imageKey, _ := data["image_key"].(string)
 	if imageKey == "" {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("image_key not found in response (code: %v, msg: %v)", result["code"], result["msg"])
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "image_key missing from a successful upload response")
 	}
 	return imageKey, nil
 }
 
-func uploadFileToIM(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePath, fileType, duration string) (string, error) {
+func uploadFileToIM(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePath, fileType, duration, param string) (string, error) {
 	if info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(filePath); err == nil && info.Size() > maxFileUploadSize {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("file size %s exceeds limit (max 100MB)", common.FormatSize(info.Size()))
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "file size %s exceeds limit (max 100MB)", common.FormatSize(info.Size())).WithParam(param)
 	}
 
 	f, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(filePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+		return "", withIMValidationParam(common.WrapInputStatErrorTyped(err), param)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 
@@ -1114,15 +1114,13 @@ func uploadFileToIM(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePat
 		return "", err
 	}
 
-	var result map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &result); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse error: %w", err)
+	data, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
 	}
-
-	data, _ := result["data"].(map[string]interface{})
 	fileKey, _ := data["file_key"].(string)
 	if fileKey == "" {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("file_key not found in response (code: %v, msg: %v)", result["code"], result["msg"])
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "file_key missing from a successful upload response")
 	}
 	return fileKey, nil
 }
@@ -1142,15 +1140,13 @@ func uploadImageFromReader(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 		return "", err
 	}
 
-	var result map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &result); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse error: %w", err)
+	data, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
 	}
-
-	data, _ := result["data"].(map[string]interface{})
 	imageKey, _ := data["image_key"].(string)
 	if imageKey == "" {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("image_key not found in response (code: %v, msg: %v)", result["code"], result["msg"])
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "image_key missing from a successful upload response")
 	}
 	return imageKey, nil
 }
@@ -1174,15 +1170,13 @@ func uploadFileFromReader(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, r
 		return "", err
 	}
 
-	var result map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &result); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("parse error: %w", err)
+	data, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
 	}
-
-	data, _ := result["data"].(map[string]interface{})
 	fileKey, _ := data["file_key"].(string)
 	if fileKey == "" {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("file_key not found in response (code: %v, msg: %v)", result["code"], result["msg"])
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "file_key missing from a successful upload response")
 	}
 	return fileKey, nil
 }
@@ -1237,9 +1231,9 @@ func checkFlagRequiredScopes(ctx context.Context, rt *common.RuntimeContext, req
 	}
 	result, err := rt.Factory.Credential.ResolveToken(ctx, credential.NewTokenSpec(rt.As(), rt.Config.AppID))
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAuth, "auth",
-			fmt.Sprintf("cannot verify required scope(s): %v", err),
-			flagScopeLoginHint(required))
+		return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing, "cannot verify required scope(s): %v", err).
+			WithHint("%s", flagScopeLoginHint(required)).
+			WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if result == nil || result.Scopes == "" {
 		fmt.Fprintf(rt.IO().ErrOut,
@@ -1248,9 +1242,9 @@ func checkFlagRequiredScopes(ctx context.Context, rt *common.RuntimeContext, req
 		return nil
 	}
 	if missing := auth.MissingScopes(result.Scopes, required); len(missing) > 0 {
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAuth, "missing_scope",
-			fmt.Sprintf("missing required scope(s): %s", strings.Join(missing, ", ")),
-			flagScopeLoginHint(missing))
+		return errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope, "missing required scope(s): %s", strings.Join(missing, ", ")).
+			WithMissingScopes(missing...).
+			WithHint("%s", flagScopeLoginHint(missing))
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -1276,11 +1270,11 @@ func parseItemID(id string) (ItemType, FlagType, error) {
 	case strings.HasPrefix(id, "om_"):
 		return ItemTypeDefault, FlagTypeMessage, nil
 	case id == "":
-		return 0, 0, output.ErrValidation("--message-id cannot be empty")
+		return 0, 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--message-id cannot be empty").WithParam("--message-id")
 	default:
-		return 0, 0, output.ErrValidation(
+		return 0, 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
 			"cannot infer item type from id %q: expected om_ (message) prefix; "+
-				"pass --item-type and --flag-type explicitly if you are using a different id format", id)
+				"pass --item-type and --flag-type explicitly if you are using a different id format", id).WithParam("--message-id")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1294,7 +1288,7 @@ func parseItemType(s string) (ItemType, error) {
 	case "msg_thread":
 		return ItemTypeMsgThread, nil
 	}
-	return 0, output.ErrValidation("invalid --item-type %q: expected one of default|thread|msg_thread", s)
+	return 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --item-type %q: expected one of default|thread|msg_thread", s).WithParam("--item-type")
 }
 
 // parseFlagType converts a user-facing string to the server enum.
@@ -1305,7 +1299,7 @@ func parseFlagType(s string) (FlagType, error) {
 	case "feed":
 		return FlagTypeFeed, nil
 	}
-	return 0, output.ErrValidation("invalid --flag-type %q: expected one of message|feed", s)
+	return 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --flag-type %q: expected one of message|feed", s).WithParam("--flag-type")
 }
 
 // isValidCombo checks if the (ItemType, FlagType) pair is accepted by the server.
@@ -1363,24 +1357,24 @@ func newFlagItem(itemID string, it ItemType, ft FlagType) flagItem {
 // getMessageChatID queries the message API to get the chat_id.
 // Used by flag-create to determine the chat type for feed-layer flags.
 func getMessageChatID(rt *common.RuntimeContext, messageID string) (string, error) {
-	data, err := rt.DoAPIJSON("GET", "/open-apis/im/v1/messages/"+validate.EncodePathSegment(messageID), nil, nil)
+	data, err := rt.DoAPIJSONTyped("GET", "/open-apis/im/v1/messages/"+validate.EncodePathSegment(messageID), nil, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
 	items, ok := data["items"].([]any)
 	if !ok || len(items) == 0 {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("message not found or unexpected API response format")
+		return "", errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeNotFound, "message not found")
 	}
 
 	msg, ok := items[0].(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("unexpected message format in API response")
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "unexpected message format in API response")
 	}
 
 	chatID, ok := msg["chat_id"].(string)
 	if !ok {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("message response missing chat_id field")
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "message response missing chat_id field")
 	}
 	return chatID, nil
 }
@@ -1393,15 +1387,324 @@ func getMessageChatID(rt *common.RuntimeContext, messageID string) (string, erro
 // Returns an error if the chat query fails, since guessing the wrong item_type
 // can cause silent failures in flag operations.
 func resolveThreadFeedItemType(rt *common.RuntimeContext, chatID string) (ItemType, error) {
-	data, err := rt.DoAPIJSON("GET", "/open-apis/im/v1/chats/"+validate.EncodePathSegment(chatID), nil, nil)
+	data, err := rt.DoAPIJSONTyped("GET", "/open-apis/im/v1/chats/"+validate.EncodePathSegment(chatID), nil, nil)
 	if err != nil {
-		return ItemTypeDefault, fmt.Errorf("failed to query chat_mode for chat %s: %w", chatID, err)
+		return ItemTypeDefault, wrapIMNetworkErr(err, "failed to query chat_mode for chat %s", chatID)
 	}
 
-	// DoAPIJSON returns envelope.Data, so chat_mode is at the top level
+	// DoAPIJSONTyped returns envelope.Data, so chat_mode is at the top level
 	chatMode, _ := data["chat_mode"].(string)
 	if chatMode == "topic" {
 		return ItemTypeThread, nil
 	}
 	return ItemTypeMsgThread, nil
 }
+
+// ShortcutType enumerates the OpenAPI feed-shortcut types.
+// Currently the server only opens CHAT (1) externally; other internal values
+// (DOC, OPENAPP, etc.) are not yet whitelisted on the OAPI gateway.
+type ShortcutType int
+
+const (
+	ShortcutTypeUnknown ShortcutType = 0
+	ShortcutTypeChat    ShortcutType = 1
+)
+
+const (
+	feedShortcutBatchLimit = 10
+	feedShortcutWriteScope = "im:feed.shortcut:write"
+	feedShortcutReadScope  = "im:feed.shortcut:read"
+)
+
+// shortcutItem is one entry in the feed_shortcuts API body.
+type shortcutItem struct {
+	FeedCardID string `json:"feed_card_id"`
+	Type       int    `json:"type"`
+}
+
+// collectChatIDs reads --chat-id values (repeatable + comma-split) and
+// returns deduped, validated oc_ IDs. The server batch limit is 10.
+func collectChatIDs(rt *common.RuntimeContext) ([]string, error) {
+	raw := rt.StrSlice("chat-id")
+	if len(raw) == 0 {
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--chat-id is required (oc_xxx); repeat the flag or pass comma-separated values").WithParam("--chat-id")
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(raw))
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(raw))
+	for _, v := range raw {
+		v = strings.TrimSpace(v)
+		if v == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(v, "oc_") {
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				"invalid --chat-id %q: must be an open_chat_id starting with oc_", v).WithParam("--chat-id")
+		}
+		if _, ok := seen[v]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[v] = struct{}{}
+		out = append(out, v)
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--chat-id is required (oc_xxx)").WithParam("--chat-id")
+	}
+	if len(out) > feedShortcutBatchLimit {
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"too many --chat-id values (%d); the server accepts up to %d per request",
+			len(out), feedShortcutBatchLimit).WithParam("--chat-id")
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// buildShortcutItems converts chat IDs to API payload entries (type=CHAT).
+func buildShortcutItems(ids []string) []shortcutItem {
+	items := make([]shortcutItem, 0, len(ids))
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		items = append(items, shortcutItem{FeedCardID: id, Type: int(ShortcutTypeChat)})
+	}
+	return items
+}
+
+// shortcutFailedReasonString converts the numeric failed-reason enum returned
+// by the server into a human-readable label. Used to enrich the response
+// when the API reports per-item failures.
+func shortcutFailedReasonString(reason int) string {
+	switch reason {
+	case 0:
+		return "unknown"
+	case 1:
+		return "no_permission"
+	case 2:
+		return "invalid_item"
+	case 3:
+		return "has_pending_delete"
+	case 4:
+		return "type_not_support"
+	case 5:
+		return "internal_error"
+	}
+	return "unknown"
+}
+
+// chatBatchQueryScope is the scope required by im.chats.batch_query, which
+// the CHAT detail resolver depends on. Surfaced as a conditional scope on
+// +feed-shortcut-list so the framework's scope diagnostics know about it.
+const chatBatchQueryScope = "im:chat:read"
+
+// chatBatchQuerySize matches the server-side limit on /im/v1/chats/batch_query.
+const chatBatchQuerySize = 50
+
+// shortcutTypeFromValue parses the type field as returned by the v2
+// feed_shortcuts API. JSON numbers come back as float64 after generic
+// unmarshal; we also tolerate the int form for forward-compat.
+func shortcutTypeFromValue(v any) ShortcutType {
+	switch n := v.(type) {
+	case float64:
+		return ShortcutType(int(n))
+	case int:
+		return ShortcutType(n)
+	case json.Number:
+		i, err := n.Int64()
+		if err == nil {
+			return ShortcutType(i)
+		}
+	}
+	return ShortcutTypeUnknown
+}
+
+// queryChatBatch fetches one im.chats.batch_query page (at most
+// chatBatchQuerySize ids) and merges the full chat objects into dst keyed by
+// chat_id. Shared by feed-shortcut detail enrichment and message-search chat
+// context lookup, which apply their own per-chunk error policies.
+func queryChatBatch(rt *common.RuntimeContext, batch []string, dst map[string]map[string]any) error {
+	res, err := rt.DoAPIJSONTyped(http.MethodPost, "/open-apis/im/v1/chats/batch_query",
+		larkcore.QueryParams{"user_id_type": []string{"open_id"}},
+		map[string]any{"chat_ids": batch})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	items, _ := res["items"].([]any)
+	for _, ci := range items {
+		cm, _ := ci.(map[string]any)
+		if cm == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if id := asString(cm["chat_id"]); id != "" {
+			dst[id] = cm
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// resolveChatDetail batch-fetches the full chat object via
+// im.chats.batch_query (50 ids per request — server limit) and returns the
+// objects keyed by chat_id, verbatim, so the caller can decide which fields
+// to surface. The server's `name` field is empty for p2p chats (client UI
+// shows the partner's display name there), but the full object still carries
+// `chat_mode`, `p2p_target_id`, `description`, etc., so callers can render
+// p2p entries however they want.
+func resolveChatDetail(rt *common.RuntimeContext, ids []string) (map[string]map[string]any, error) {
+	out := map[string]map[string]any{}
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return out, nil
+	}
+	if err := checkFlagRequiredScopes(rt.Ctx(), rt, []string{chatBatchQueryScope}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, batch := range chunkStrings(ids, chatBatchQuerySize) {
+		if err := queryChatBatch(rt, batch, out); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// enrichFeedShortcutDetail walks the list response and attaches the full chat
+// object under `detail` for CHAT-type entries — the only type the OpenAPI
+// gateway exposes today. Mutates data in place.
+//
+// Failures are returned to the caller so it can decide whether to hard-fail
+// the command or downgrade to a warning. Listing the shortcuts succeeds even
+// if enrichment is unavailable (missing scope, network error, etc.).
+func enrichFeedShortcutDetail(rt *common.RuntimeContext, data map[string]any) error {
+	items, _ := data["shortcuts"].([]any)
+	if len(items) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := map[string]struct{}{}
+	ids := make([]string, 0, len(items))
+	for _, it := range items {
+		m, _ := it.(map[string]any)
+		if m == nil || shortcutTypeFromValue(m["type"]) != ShortcutTypeChat {
+			continue
+		}
+		id := asString(m["feed_card_id"])
+		if id == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, ok := seen[id]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[id] = struct{}{}
+		ids = append(ids, id)
+	}
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	details, err := resolveChatDetail(rt, ids)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Missing items (server didn't return one for an id we asked about) are
+	// left untouched, so the presence of `detail` signals a successful lookup.
+	for _, it := range items {
+		m, _ := it.(map[string]any)
+		if m == nil || shortcutTypeFromValue(m["type"]) != ShortcutTypeChat {
+			continue
+		}
+		if info, ok := details[asString(m["feed_card_id"])]; ok {
+			m["detail"] = info
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// annotateFailedShortcuts walks the API response and attaches a
+// reason_label string next to each numeric reason. Mutates data in place.
+func annotateFailedShortcuts(data map[string]any) {
+	items, ok := data["failed_shortcuts"].([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, it := range items {
+		m, _ := it.(map[string]any)
+		if m == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		// reason is serialized as a JSON number → float64 after generic unmarshal.
+		switch r := m["reason"].(type) {
+		case float64:
+			m["reason_label"] = shortcutFailedReasonString(int(r))
+		case int:
+			m["reason_label"] = shortcutFailedReasonString(r)
+		case json.Number:
+			i, err := r.Int64()
+			if err == nil {
+				m["reason_label"] = shortcutFailedReasonString(int(i))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// emitFeedShortcutWriteResult preserves the server payload while adding a
+// batch ledger. A feed-shortcut write can return HTTP/API success with
+// failed_shortcuts populated; callers still need a complete account of which
+// requested entries succeeded and which failed.
+func emitFeedShortcutWriteResult(rt *common.RuntimeContext, requested []shortcutItem, data map[string]any) error {
+	// A fully-successful write can come back as code:0 with data:null, in
+	// which case DoAPIJSON hands us a nil map; the caller is still owed a
+	// ledger, so start from an empty object instead of panicking on write.
+	if data == nil {
+		data = map[string]any{}
+	}
+	annotateFailedShortcuts(data)
+	addFeedShortcutWriteLedger(data, requested)
+	if hasFailedShortcuts(data) {
+		return rt.OutPartialFailure(data, nil)
+	}
+	rt.Out(data, nil)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func addFeedShortcutWriteLedger(data map[string]any, requested []shortcutItem) {
+	failed := failedShortcutItems(data)
+	// Failed entries are matched back to requested items by feed_card_id
+	// alone: every requested item is CHAT-type, so the id is the identity,
+	// and a failed echo with a missing or zero type still excludes its item
+	// from the success list.
+	failedIDs := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, it := range failed {
+		m, _ := it.(map[string]any)
+		if m == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		shortcut, _ := m["shortcut"].(map[string]any)
+		if shortcut == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if id := asString(shortcut["feed_card_id"]); id != "" {
+			failedIDs[id] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	succeeded := make([]shortcutItem, 0, len(requested))
+	for _, it := range requested {
+		if _, isFailed := failedIDs[it.FeedCardID]; isFailed {
+			continue
+		}
+		succeeded = append(succeeded, it)
+	}
+
+	// Counts are derived from the requested-item accounting alone so the
+	// success+failure==total invariant holds even if the server echoes a
+	// failed entry twice or reports one we never asked about;
+	// failed_shortcuts still carries the raw server report.
+	data["total"] = len(requested)
+	data["success_count"] = len(succeeded)
+	data["failure_count"] = len(requested) - len(succeeded)
+	data["succeeded_shortcuts"] = succeeded
+}
+
+func hasFailedShortcuts(data map[string]any) bool {
+	return len(failedShortcutItems(data)) > 0
+}
+
+func failedShortcutItems(data map[string]any) []any {
+	items, _ := data["failed_shortcuts"].([]any)
+	return items
+}

shortcuts/im/helpers_network_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/md5"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	lark "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3"
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -445,8 +447,15 @@ func TestDownloadIMResourceToPathRetryContextCanceled(t *testing.T) {
 	cmdutil.TestChdir(t, t.TempDir())
 	target := "out.bin"
 	_, _, err := downloadIMResourceToPath(ctx, runtime, "om_cancel", "file_cancel", "file", target, true)
-	if err != context.Canceled {
-		t.Fatalf("downloadIMResourceToPath() error = %v, want context.Canceled", err)
+	if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		t.Fatalf("downloadIMResourceToPath() error = %v, want errors.Is(context.Canceled)", err)
+	}
+	var ne *errs.NetworkError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ne) {
+		t.Fatalf("downloadIMResourceToPath() error = %T, want *errs.NetworkError", err)
+	}
+	if ne.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport {
+		t.Fatalf("network subtype = %q, want %q", ne.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport)
 	}
 	// First attempt is made, then retry checks ctx.Err() and returns
 	if attempts != 1 {
@@ -600,6 +609,14 @@ func TestDownloadIMResourceToPathRangeChunkFailureCleansOutput(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "HTTP 500: chunk failed") {
 		t.Fatalf("downloadIMResourceToPath() error = %v", err)
 	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("downloadIMResourceToPath() error = %T, want typed problem", err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryNetwork || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkServer || p.Code != http.StatusInternalServerError {
+		t.Fatalf("network problem = subtype %q code %d, want subtype %q code %d",
+			p.Subtype, p.Code, errs.SubtypeNetworkServer, http.StatusInternalServerError)
+	}
 	if _, statErr := os.Stat(target); !os.IsNotExist(statErr) {
 		t.Fatalf("output file exists after failed download, stat error = %v", statErr)
 	}
@@ -716,7 +733,7 @@ func TestUploadImageToIMSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("WriteFile() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	got, err := uploadImageToIM(context.Background(), runtime, path, "message")
+	got, err := uploadImageToIM(context.Background(), runtime, path, "message", "--image")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("uploadImageToIM() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -754,7 +771,7 @@ func TestUploadFileToIMSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("WriteFile() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	got, err := uploadFileToIM(context.Background(), runtime, path, "stream", "1200")
+	got, err := uploadFileToIM(context.Background(), runtime, path, "stream", "1200", "--file")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("uploadFileToIM() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -784,10 +801,14 @@ func TestUploadImageToIMSizeLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := newBotShortcutRuntime(t, shortcutRoundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected")
 	}))
-	_, err = uploadImageToIM(context.Background(), rt, path, "message")
+	_, err = uploadImageToIM(context.Background(), rt, path, "message", "--image")
 	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "exceeds limit") {
 		t.Fatalf("uploadImageToIM() error = %v", err)
 	}
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) || ve.Param != "--image" {
+		t.Fatalf("uploadImageToIM() size error must carry Param=--image, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestUploadFileToIMSizeLimit(t *testing.T) {
@@ -805,13 +826,21 @@ func TestUploadFileToIMSizeLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := newBotShortcutRuntime(t, shortcutRoundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected")
 	}))
-	_, err = uploadFileToIM(context.Background(), rt, path, "stream", "")
+	_, err = uploadFileToIM(context.Background(), rt, path, "stream", "", "--file")
 	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "exceeds limit") {
 		t.Fatalf("uploadFileToIM() error = %v", err)
 	}
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) || ve.Param != "--file" {
+		t.Fatalf("uploadFileToIM() size error must carry Param=--file, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	}
 }
 
-func TestResolveMediaContentWrapsUploadError(t *testing.T) {
+// TestResolveMediaContentMissingLocalFileIsValidation pins that a missing local
+// media path is a typed validation error (bad --image input), not a network or
+// internal error: the file never opened, so there is no transport failure to
+// classify as network.
+func TestResolveMediaContentMissingLocalFileIsValidation(t *testing.T) {
 	runtime := &common.RuntimeContext{
 		Factory: &cmdutil.Factory{
 			FileIOProvider: fileio.GetProvider(),
@@ -826,8 +855,49 @@ func TestResolveMediaContentWrapsUploadError(t *testing.T) {
 
 	missing := "missing.png"
 	_, _, err := resolveMediaContent(context.Background(), runtime, "", missing, "", "", "", "")
-	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "image upload failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("resolveMediaContent() error = %v", err)
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("missing local media file must be a validation error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if ve.Param != "--image" {
+		t.Fatalf("missing local media file Param = %q, want --image", ve.Param)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "cannot read file") {
+		t.Fatalf("error should explain the unreadable file, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUploadFileToIMMissingLocalFileCarriesParam(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := &common.RuntimeContext{
+		Factory: &cmdutil.Factory{
+			FileIOProvider: fileio.GetProvider(),
+			IOStreams: &cmdutil.IOStreams{
+				Out:    &bytes.Buffer{},
+				ErrOut: &bytes.Buffer{},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	cmdutil.TestChdir(t, t.TempDir())
+
+	_, err := uploadFileToIM(context.Background(), runtime, "missing.bin", "stream", "", "--file")
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("missing local file must be a validation error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if ve.Param != "--file" {
+		t.Fatalf("missing local file Param = %q, want --file", ve.Param)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStartURLDownloadBlockedURLCarriesParam(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := startURLDownload(context.Background(), nil, "http://127.0.0.1/image.png", "--image")
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("blocked URL must be a validation error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if ve.Param != "--image" {
+		t.Fatalf("blocked URL Param = %q, want --image", ve.Param)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -920,7 +990,7 @@ func TestUploadFileToIMPreservesLocalFileName(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("WriteFile() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if _, err := uploadFileToIM(context.Background(), runtime, "./"+localName, "pdf", ""); err != nil {
+	if _, err := uploadFileToIM(context.Background(), runtime, "./"+localName, "pdf", "", "--file"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("uploadFileToIM() error = %v", err)
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(gotBody, `name="file_name"`) || !strings.Contains(gotBody, localName) {

shortcuts/im/helpers_test.go

@@ -606,6 +606,12 @@ func TestShortcuts(t *testing.T) {
 		"+flag-create",
 		"+flag-cancel",
 		"+flag-list",
+		"+feed-shortcut-create",
+		"+feed-shortcut-remove",
+		"+feed-shortcut-list",
+		"+feed-group-list",
+		"+feed-group-list-item",
+		"+feed-group-query-item",
 	}
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(commands, want) {
 		t.Fatalf("Shortcuts() commands = %#v, want %#v", commands, want)

shortcuts/im/im_chat_create.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ var ImChatCreate = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if runtime.Bool("set-bot-manager") && !runtime.IsBot() {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--set-bot-manager is only supported with bot identity (--as bot)")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--set-bot-manager is only supported with bot identity (--as bot)").WithParam("--set-bot-manager")
 		}
 
 		name := runtime.Str("name")
@@ -60,25 +61,25 @@ var ImChatCreate = common.Shortcut{
 
 		// Public groups must have a name with at least 2 characters.
 		if chatType == "public" && len([]rune(name)) < 2 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--name is required for public groups and must be at least 2 characters")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--name is required for public groups and must be at least 2 characters").WithParam("--name")
 		}
 		// Group name length must not exceed 60 characters.
 		if len([]rune(name)) > 60 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--name exceeds the maximum of 60 characters (got %d)", len([]rune(name)))
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--name exceeds the maximum of 60 characters (got %d)", len([]rune(name))).WithParam("--name")
 		}
 		// Description length must not exceed 100 characters.
 		if desc := runtime.Str("description"); len([]rune(desc)) > 100 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--description exceeds the maximum of 100 characters (got %d)", len([]rune(desc)))
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--description exceeds the maximum of 100 characters (got %d)", len([]rune(desc))).WithParam("--description")
 		}
 
 		// Validate users.
 		if users := runtime.Str("users"); users != "" {
 			ids := common.SplitCSV(users)
 			if len(ids) > 50 {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--users exceeds the maximum of 50 (got %d)", len(ids))
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--users exceeds the maximum of 50 (got %d)", len(ids)).WithParam("--users")
 			}
 			for _, id := range ids {
-				if _, err := common.ValidateUserID(id); err != nil {
+				if _, err := common.ValidateUserIDTyped("--users", id); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
 			}
@@ -88,18 +89,18 @@ var ImChatCreate = common.Shortcut{
 		if bots := runtime.Str("bots"); bots != "" {
 			ids := common.SplitCSV(bots)
 			if len(ids) > 5 {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--bots exceeds the maximum of 5 (got %d)", len(ids))
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--bots exceeds the maximum of 5 (got %d)", len(ids)).WithParam("--bots")
 			}
 			for _, id := range ids {
 				if !strings.HasPrefix(id, "cli_") {
-					return output.ErrValidation("invalid bot id %q: expected app ID (cli_xxx)", id)
+					return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid bot id %q: expected app ID (cli_xxx)", id).WithParam("--bots")
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Validate owner.
 		if owner := runtime.Str("owner"); owner != "" {
-			if _, err := common.ValidateUserID(owner); err != nil {
+			if _, err := common.ValidateUserIDTyped("--owner", owner); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ var ImChatCreate = common.Shortcut{
 		if runtime.Bool("set-bot-manager") {
 			qp["set_bot_manager"] = []string{"true"}
 		}
-		resData, err := runtime.DoAPIJSON(http.MethodPost, "/open-apis/im/v1/chats", qp, body)
+		resData, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped(http.MethodPost, "/open-apis/im/v1/chats", qp, body)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ var ImChatCreate = common.Shortcut{
 
 		// Try to fetch the group share link without blocking on failure.
 		if chatID, ok := resData["chat_id"].(string); ok && chatID != "" {
-			linkData, err := runtime.DoAPIJSON(http.MethodPost,
+			linkData, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped(http.MethodPost,
 				fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/im/v1/chats/%s/link", validate.EncodePathSegment(chatID)),
 				nil, nil)
 			if err == nil {

shortcuts/im/im_chat_list.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -71,15 +72,15 @@ var ImChatList = common.Shortcut{
 	// enum, and the bot + single-p2p rejection (mixed types degrade in Execute).
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if n := runtime.Int("page-size"); n < 1 || n > 100 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--page-size must be an integer between 1 and 100")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--page-size must be an integer between 1 and 100").WithParam("--page-size")
 		}
 		parts, err := normalizeTypes(runtime.StrSlice("types"))
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		if len(parts) == 1 && parts[0] == "p2p" && runtime.IsBot() {
-			return output.ErrValidation(
-				`--types=p2p (single chats) is only supported with user identity (--as user). To protect user privacy, bot identity cannot list p2p chats. Use --as user, or include "group" in --types.`)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				`--types=p2p (single chats) is only supported with user identity (--as user). To protect user privacy, bot identity cannot list p2p chats. Use --as user, or include "group" in --types.`).WithParam("--types")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ var ImChatList = common.Shortcut{
 			writeBotStripP2pWarning(runtime.IO().ErrOut)
 		}
 		params := buildChatListParams(runtime, effective)
-		resData, err := runtime.CallAPI("GET", imChatListPath, params, nil)
+		resData, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("GET", imChatListPath, params, nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -211,10 +212,10 @@ func normalizeTypes(raw []string) ([]string, error) {
 	for _, p := range raw {
 		p = strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(p))
 		if p == "" {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--types must contain at least one of p2p, group")
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--types must contain at least one of p2p, group").WithParam("--types")
 		}
 		if p != "p2p" && p != "group" {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--types contains invalid value %q: expected one of p2p, group", p)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--types contains invalid value %q: expected one of p2p, group", p).WithParam("--types")
 		}
 		if _, dup := seen[p]; dup {
 			continue

shortcuts/im/im_chat_messages_list.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 	convertlib "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/im/convert_lib"
@@ -66,15 +67,15 @@ var ImChatMessageList = common.Shortcut{
 		// Under bot identity, --user-id is not supported; require --chat-id only.
 		if runtime.IsBot() {
 			if runtime.Str("user-id") != "" {
-				return common.FlagErrorf("--user-id requires user identity (--as user); use --chat-id when calling with bot identity")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--user-id requires user identity (--as user); use --chat-id when calling with bot identity").WithParam("--user-id")
 			}
 			if runtime.Str("chat-id") == "" {
-				return common.FlagErrorf("specify --chat-id (bot identity does not support --user-id)")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "specify --chat-id (bot identity does not support --user-id)").WithParam("--chat-id")
 			}
 		} else {
-			if err := common.ExactlyOne(runtime, "chat-id", "user-id"); err != nil {
+			if err := common.ExactlyOneTyped(runtime, "chat-id", "user-id"); err != nil {
 				if runtime.Str("chat-id") == "" && runtime.Str("user-id") == "" {
-					return common.FlagErrorf("specify at least one of --chat-id or --user-id")
+					return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "specify at least one of --chat-id or --user-id")
 				}
 				return err
 			}
@@ -82,12 +83,12 @@ var ImChatMessageList = common.Shortcut{
 
 		// Validate ID formats
 		if chatFlag := runtime.Str("chat-id"); chatFlag != "" {
-			if _, err := common.ValidateChatID(chatFlag); err != nil {
+			if _, err := common.ValidateChatIDTyped("--chat-id", chatFlag); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
 		if userFlag := runtime.Str("user-id"); userFlag != "" {
-			if _, err := common.ValidateUserID(userFlag); err != nil {
+			if _, err := common.ValidateUserIDTyped("--user-id", userFlag); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ var ImChatMessageList = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 
-		data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSON(http.MethodGet, "/open-apis/im/v1/messages", params, nil)
+		data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped(http.MethodGet, "/open-apis/im/v1/messages", params, nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -205,14 +206,14 @@ func buildChatMessageListRequest(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, chatId string)
 	if startFlag := runtime.Str("start"); startFlag != "" {
 		startTime, err := common.ParseTime(startFlag)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--start: %v", err)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--start: %v", err).WithParam("--start")
 		}
 		params["start_time"] = []string{startTime}
 	}
 	if endFlag := runtime.Str("end"); endFlag != "" {
 		endTime, err := common.ParseTime(endFlag, "end")
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--end: %v", err)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--end: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 		}
 		params["end_time"] = []string{endTime}
 	}
@@ -236,7 +237,7 @@ func resolveChatIDForMessagesList(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, dryRun bool) (
 		return "", err
 	}
 	if chatId == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "not_found", "P2P chat not found for this user")
+		return "", errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeNotFound, "P2P chat not found for this user")
 	}
 	return chatId, nil
 }

shortcuts/im/im_chat_search.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -53,10 +54,10 @@ var ImChatSearch = common.Shortcut{
 		query := runtime.Str("query")
 		memberIDs := runtime.Str("member-ids")
 		if query == "" && memberIDs == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--query and --member-ids cannot both be empty; provide at least one (e.g. --query \"team-name\" or --member-ids \"ou_xxx\")")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--query and --member-ids cannot both be empty; provide at least one (e.g. --query \"team-name\" or --member-ids \"ou_xxx\")")
 		}
 		if query != "" && len([]rune(query)) > 64 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--query exceeds the maximum of 64 characters (got %d)", len([]rune(query)))
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--query exceeds the maximum of 64 characters (got %d)", len([]rune(query))).WithParam("--query")
 		}
 		if st := runtime.Str("search-types"); st != "" {
 			allowed := map[string]struct{}{
@@ -67,23 +68,23 @@ var ImChatSearch = common.Shortcut{
 			}
 			for _, item := range common.SplitCSV(st) {
 				if _, ok := allowed[item]; !ok {
-					return output.ErrValidation("invalid --search-types value %q: expected one of private, external, public_joined, public_not_joined", item)
+					return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --search-types value %q: expected one of private, external, public_joined, public_not_joined", item).WithParam("--search-types")
 				}
 			}
 		}
 		if mi := runtime.Str("member-ids"); mi != "" {
 			ids := common.SplitCSV(mi)
 			if len(ids) > 50 {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--member-ids exceeds the maximum of 50 (got %d)", len(ids))
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--member-ids exceeds the maximum of 50 (got %d)", len(ids)).WithParam("--member-ids")
 			}
 			for _, id := range ids {
-				if _, err := common.ValidateUserID(id); err != nil {
+				if _, err := common.ValidateUserIDTyped("--member-ids", id); err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
 			}
 		}
 		if n := runtime.Int("page-size"); n < 1 || n > 100 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--page-size must be an integer between 1 and 100")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--page-size must be an integer between 1 and 100").WithParam("--page-size")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ var ImChatSearch = common.Shortcut{
 	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		body := buildSearchChatBody(runtime)
 		params := buildSearchChatParams(runtime)
-		resData, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/im/v2/chats/search", params, body)
+		resData, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/im/v2/chats/search", params, body)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

shortcuts/im/im_chat_update.go

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
@@ -38,25 +38,25 @@ var ImChatUpdate = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		chat := runtime.Str("chat-id")
-		if _, err := common.ValidateChatID(chat); err != nil {
+		if _, err := common.ValidateChatIDTyped("--chat-id", chat); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
 		// Validate --name length.
 		name := runtime.Str("name")
 		if name != "" && len([]rune(name)) > 60 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--name exceeds the maximum of 60 characters (got %d)", len([]rune(name)))
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--name exceeds the maximum of 60 characters (got %d)", len([]rune(name))).WithParam("--name")
 		}
 
 		// Validate --description length.
 		if desc := runtime.Str("description"); desc != "" && len([]rune(desc)) > 100 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--description exceeds the maximum of 100 characters (got %d)", len([]rune(desc)))
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--description exceeds the maximum of 100 characters (got %d)", len([]rune(desc))).WithParam("--description")
 		}
 
 		// At least one field must be provided for update.
 		body := buildUpdateChatBody(runtime)
 		if len(body) == 0 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("at least one field must be specified to update")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "at least one field must be specified to update")
 		}
 
 		return nil
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ var ImChatUpdate = common.Shortcut{
 		chatID := runtime.Str("chat-id")
 		body := buildUpdateChatBody(runtime)
 
-		_, err := runtime.DoAPIJSON(http.MethodPut,
+		_, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped(http.MethodPut,
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/im/v1/chats/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(chatID)),
 			larkcore.QueryParams{"user_id_type": []string{"open_id"}},
 			body,

shortcuts/im/im_errors.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+)
+
+// wrapIMNetworkErr returns err unchanged when it is already a typed errs.*
+// error (preserving its subtype / code / log_id from the runtime boundary),
+// and only wraps a raw, unclassified error as a transport-level network error.
+func wrapIMNetworkErr(err error, format string, args ...any) error {
+	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	return errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, format, args...).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+func imContextError(err error) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	subtype := errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport
+	if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+		subtype = errs.SubtypeNetworkTimeout
+	}
+	return errs.NewNetworkError(subtype, "%s", err.Error()).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+func withIMValidationParam(err error, param string) error {
+	if err == nil || param == "" {
+		return err
+	}
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if errors.As(err, &ve) && ve.Param == "" {
+		ve.WithParam(param)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// appendIMRecoveryHint attaches a recovery hint to err. A typed error keeps its
+// classification (category/subtype/code/log_id); only the hint is appended to
+// p.Hint (newline-joined when a hint already exists), and err is returned
+// unchanged. An unclassified error falls back to a typed internal error.
+func appendIMRecoveryHint(err error, hint string) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(p.Hint) != "" {
+			p.Hint = p.Hint + "\n" + hint
+		} else {
+			p.Hint = hint
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%s", err.Error()).WithHint(hint).WithCause(err)
+}

shortcuts/im/im_errors_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+)
+
+func TestWrapIMNetworkErr_PassthroughTyped(t *testing.T) {
+	typed := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "bad input")
+	got := wrapIMNetworkErr(typed, "download failed")
+	if got != error(typed) {
+		t.Fatalf("typed error must be passed through unchanged, got %v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWrapIMNetworkErr_WrapsRaw(t *testing.T) {
+	raw := errors.New("dial tcp: i/o timeout")
+	got := wrapIMNetworkErr(raw, "download failed: %s", "x")
+	var ne *errs.NetworkError
+	if !errors.As(got, &ne) {
+		t.Fatalf("raw error must become *errs.NetworkError, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if ne.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", ne.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(got, raw) {
+		t.Errorf("cause must be chained for errors.Is")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppendIMRecoveryHint_TypedPreservedHintAppended(t *testing.T) {
+	typed := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeNotFound, "message not found")
+	got := appendIMRecoveryHint(typed, "specify --item-type explicitly")
+	if got != error(typed) {
+		t.Fatalf("typed error must be returned unchanged, got %T", got)
+	}
+	var ae *errs.APIError
+	if !errors.As(got, &ae) {
+		t.Fatalf("typed classification must be preserved, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if ae.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotFound {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", ae.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNotFound)
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(got)
+	if !ok || p.Hint != "specify --item-type explicitly" {
+		t.Errorf("hint = %q (ok=%v), want %q", p.Hint, ok, "specify --item-type explicitly")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppendIMRecoveryHint_RawBecomesInternal(t *testing.T) {
+	got := appendIMRecoveryHint(errors.New("boom"), "specify --item-type explicitly")
+	var ie *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(got, &ie) {
+		t.Fatalf("raw error must become *errs.InternalError, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if ie.Hint != "specify --item-type explicitly" {
+		t.Errorf("hint = %q, want %q", ie.Hint, "specify --item-type explicitly")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppendIMRecoveryHint_Nil(t *testing.T) {
+	if appendIMRecoveryHint(nil, "hint") != nil {
+		t.Errorf("nil in -> nil out")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppendIMRecoveryHint_AppendsExistingHint(t *testing.T) {
+	typed := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeNotFound, "message not found").WithHint("first")
+	got := appendIMRecoveryHint(typed, "second")
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(got)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed problem, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if p.Hint != "first\nsecond" {
+		t.Errorf("hint = %q, want %q", p.Hint, "first\nsecond")
+	}
+}

shortcuts/im/im_feed_group_item_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,713 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// recordedFGRequest captures one outbound request for assertion.
+type recordedFGRequest struct {
+	method string
+	path   string
+	query  map[string][]string
+	body   map[string]interface{}
+}
+
+// fgResponder maps a URL path suffix to a JSON response body.
+type fgResponder func(path string, page int) (int, interface{})
+
+// newFGCmd builds a cobra command carrying the shortcut's flags, applying the
+// provided overrides.
+func newFGCmd(t *testing.T, sc common.Shortcut, flags map[string]string) *cobra.Command {
+	t.Helper()
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: sc.Command}
+	for _, fl := range sc.Flags {
+		switch fl.Type {
+		case "bool":
+			cmd.Flags().Bool(fl.Name, fl.Default == "true", fl.Desc)
+		case "int":
+			def := 0
+			if fl.Default != "" {
+				n, _ := strconv.Atoi(fl.Default)
+				def = n
+			}
+			cmd.Flags().Int(fl.Name, def, fl.Desc)
+		default:
+			cmd.Flags().String(fl.Name, fl.Default, fl.Desc)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags(nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ParseFlags() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	for name, val := range flags {
+		if err := cmd.Flags().Set(name, val); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("set flag %s=%s: %v", name, val, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// newFGRuntime wires a user-identity runtime with the shortcut's flags and an
+// httpmock transport that records requests and replies via the responder.
+func newFGRuntime(t *testing.T, sc common.Shortcut, flags map[string]string, recorded *[]recordedFGRequest, responder fgResponder) *common.RuntimeContext {
+	t.Helper()
+	pageByPath := map[string]int{}
+	rt := shortcutRoundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+		rec := recordedFGRequest{
+			method: req.Method,
+			path:   req.URL.Path,
+			query:  req.URL.Query(),
+		}
+		if req.Body != nil {
+			data, _ := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
+			if len(data) > 0 {
+				_ = json.Unmarshal(data, &rec.body)
+			}
+		}
+		if recorded != nil {
+			*recorded = append(*recorded, rec)
+		}
+		pageByPath[req.URL.Path]++
+		status, body := 200, interface{}(map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{}})
+		if responder != nil {
+			status, body = responder(req.URL.Path, pageByPath[req.URL.Path])
+		}
+		return shortcutJSONResponse(status, body), nil
+	})
+
+	runtime := newUserShortcutRuntime(t, rt)
+	runtime.Cmd = newFGCmd(t, sc, flags)
+	runtime.Format = "json"
+	return runtime
+}
+
+func wrapData(d map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
+	return map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": d}
+}
+
+func findFGRequest(reqs []recordedFGRequest, pathSuffix string) *recordedFGRequest {
+	for i := range reqs {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(reqs[i].path, pathSuffix) {
+			return &reqs[i]
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func firstQueryValue(q map[string][]string, key string) string {
+	if v := q[key]; len(v) > 0 {
+		return v[0]
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// dryRunJSON marshals a DryRunAPI to its wire shape so tests can assert against
+// the public JSON (calls/extra are unexported on the struct).
+func dryRunJSON(t *testing.T, d *common.DryRunAPI) map[string]interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	b, err := json.Marshal(d)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("marshal dry-run: %v", err)
+	}
+	var m map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &m); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal dry-run: %v", err)
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+func dryRunCalls(t *testing.T, d *common.DryRunAPI) []map[string]interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	m := dryRunJSON(t, d)
+	raw, _ := m["api"].([]interface{})
+	calls := make([]map[string]interface{}, 0, len(raw))
+	for _, c := range raw {
+		cm, _ := c.(map[string]interface{})
+		calls = append(calls, cm)
+	}
+	return calls
+}
+
+func countFGRequests(reqs []recordedFGRequest, pathSuffix string) int {
+	n := 0
+	for i := range reqs {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(reqs[i].path, pathSuffix) {
+			n++
+		}
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// ── list-item: happy path with enrichment of items + deleted_items ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupListItemEnrichesBothLists(t *testing.T) {
+	var reqs []recordedFGRequest
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x"}, &reqs,
+		func(path string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+			switch {
+			case strings.HasSuffix(path, "/list_item"):
+				return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+					"items":         []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"feed_id": "oc_abc", "feed_type": "chat", "update_time": "1767196800000"}},
+					"deleted_items": []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"feed_id": "oc_def", "feed_type": "chat", "update_time": "1767196800000"}},
+					"page_token":    "",
+					"has_more":      false,
+				})
+			case strings.HasSuffix(path, "/chats/batch_query"):
+				return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{"items": []interface{}{
+					map[string]interface{}{"chat_id": "oc_abc", "name": "Release Team"},
+					map[string]interface{}{"chat_id": "oc_def", "name": "Old Channel"},
+				}})
+			}
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{})
+		})
+
+	if err := ImFeedGroupListItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	list := findFGRequest(reqs, "/list_item")
+	if list == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected list_item request")
+	}
+	if list.method != http.MethodGet {
+		t.Errorf("list_item method = %s, want GET", list.method)
+	}
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(list.path, "/open-apis/im/v1/groups/ofg_x/list_item") {
+		t.Errorf("list_item path = %s", list.path)
+	}
+	if findFGRequest(reqs, "/chats/batch_query") == nil {
+		t.Error("expected chats/batch_query enrichment request")
+	}
+}
+
+// ── list-item: empty items skips enrichment ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupListItemEmptySkipsEnrichment(t *testing.T) {
+	var reqs []recordedFGRequest
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x"}, &reqs,
+		func(path string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+			if strings.HasSuffix(path, "/list_item") {
+				return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+					"items": []interface{}{}, "deleted_items": []interface{}{},
+					"page_token": "", "has_more": false,
+				})
+			}
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{})
+		})
+	if err := ImFeedGroupListItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if findFGRequest(reqs, "/chats/batch_query") != nil {
+		t.Error("did not expect batch_query when there are no items")
+	}
+}
+
+// ── list-item: page-all merges across 2 pages, empty deleted serializes as [] ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupListItemPageAllMerges(t *testing.T) {
+	var reqs []recordedFGRequest
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "page-all": "true"}, &reqs,
+		func(path string, page int) (int, interface{}) {
+			if strings.HasSuffix(path, "/list_item") {
+				if page == 1 {
+					return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+						"items":         []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"feed_id": "oc_a", "feed_type": "chat", "update_time": "1"}},
+						"deleted_items": []interface{}{},
+						"page_token":    "TKN", "has_more": true,
+					})
+				}
+				return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+					"items":         []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"feed_id": "oc_b", "feed_type": "chat", "update_time": "2"}},
+					"deleted_items": []interface{}{},
+					"page_token":    "", "has_more": false,
+				})
+			}
+			if strings.HasSuffix(path, "/chats/batch_query") {
+				return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{"items": []interface{}{
+					map[string]interface{}{"chat_id": "oc_a", "name": "A"},
+					map[string]interface{}{"chat_id": "oc_b", "name": "B"},
+				}})
+			}
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{})
+		})
+	if err := ImFeedGroupListItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := countFGRequests(reqs, "/list_item"); got != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 2 list_item requests, got %d", got)
+	}
+	// Second list_item page must carry the continuation token.
+	var second *recordedFGRequest
+	n := 0
+	for i := range reqs {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(reqs[i].path, "/list_item") {
+			n++
+			if n == 2 {
+				second = &reqs[i]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if second == nil || firstQueryValue(second.query, "page_token") != "TKN" {
+		t.Errorf("second page token = %q, want TKN", firstQueryValue(second.query, "page_token"))
+	}
+}
+
+// ── list-item: explicit page-token ignores page-all (single page) ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupListItemPageTokenIgnoresPageAll(t *testing.T) {
+	var reqs []recordedFGRequest
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{
+		"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "page-all": "true", "page-token": "SOMETOKEN",
+	}, &reqs, func(path string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(path, "/list_item") {
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+				"items": []interface{}{}, "deleted_items": []interface{}{},
+				"page_token": "NEXT", "has_more": true,
+			})
+		}
+		return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{})
+	})
+	if err := ImFeedGroupListItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := countFGRequests(reqs, "/list_item"); got != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1 list_item request (page-token wins), got %d", got)
+	}
+	req := findFGRequest(reqs, "/list_item")
+	if got := firstQueryValue(req.query, "page_token"); got != "SOMETOKEN" {
+		t.Errorf("page_token query = %q, want SOMETOKEN", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// ── query-item: builds correct body and enriches ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupQueryItemBuildsBody(t *testing.T) {
+	var reqs []recordedFGRequest
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupQueryItem, map[string]string{
+		"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "feed-id": "oc_a,oc_b",
+	}, &reqs, func(path string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+		switch {
+		case strings.HasSuffix(path, "/batch_query_item"):
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":         []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"feed_id": "oc_a", "feed_type": "chat", "update_time": "1"}},
+				"deleted_items": []interface{}{},
+			})
+		case strings.HasSuffix(path, "/chats/batch_query"):
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{"items": []interface{}{
+				map[string]interface{}{"chat_id": "oc_a", "name": "Team A"},
+			}})
+		}
+		return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{})
+	})
+	if err := ImFeedGroupQueryItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute error: %v", err)
+	}
+	req := findFGRequest(reqs, "/batch_query_item")
+	if req == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected batch_query_item request")
+	}
+	if req.method != http.MethodPost {
+		t.Errorf("method = %s, want POST", req.method)
+	}
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(req.path, "/open-apis/im/v1/groups/ofg_x/batch_query_item") {
+		t.Errorf("path = %s", req.path)
+	}
+	items, ok := req.body["items"].([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(items) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("body items = %#v, want 2 entries", req.body["items"])
+	}
+	first, _ := items[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if first["feed_id"] != "oc_a" || first["feed_type"] != "chat" {
+		t.Errorf("first item = %#v", first)
+	}
+}
+
+// ── table output: renders feed_id / chat_name / update_time + summary lines ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupListItemTableOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x"}, nil,
+		func(path string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+			switch {
+			case strings.HasSuffix(path, "/list_item"):
+				return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+					"items":         []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"feed_id": "oc_abc", "feed_type": "chat", "update_time": "1767196800000"}},
+					"deleted_items": []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"feed_id": "oc_def", "feed_type": "chat", "update_time": "1767196800000"}},
+					"page_token":    "TKN", "has_more": true,
+				})
+			case strings.HasSuffix(path, "/chats/batch_query"):
+				return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{"items": []interface{}{
+					map[string]interface{}{"chat_id": "oc_abc", "name": "Release Team"},
+				}})
+			}
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{})
+		})
+	runtime.Format = "pretty"
+
+	if err := ImFeedGroupListItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out, _ := runtime.Factory.IOStreams.Out.(*bytes.Buffer)
+	if out == nil {
+		t.Fatal("stdout buffer missing")
+	}
+	got := out.String()
+	for _, want := range []string{"feed_id", "chat_name", "update_time", "oc_abc", "Release Team", "1 item(s)", "more available", "(1 deleted)"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
+			t.Errorf("table output missing %q; got:\n%s", want, got)
+		}
+	}
+	// update_time must be rendered human-readable (RFC3339), not as raw Unix millis.
+	if strings.Contains(got, "1767196800000") {
+		t.Errorf("table output should not contain raw millis timestamp; got:\n%s", got)
+	}
+	wantTime := time.UnixMilli(1767196800000).Local().Format(time.RFC3339)
+	if !strings.Contains(got, wantTime) {
+		t.Errorf("table output should contain formatted update_time %q; got:\n%s", wantTime, got)
+	}
+}
+
+// ── enrichment graceful degradation: unresolved feed_id keeps no chat_name ──
+
+func TestEnrichFeedGroupItemsGracefulDegradation(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupQueryItem, map[string]string{
+		"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "feed-id": "oc_known",
+	}, nil, func(path string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(path, "/chats/batch_query") {
+			// Only oc_known resolves; oc_gone is absent.
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{"items": []interface{}{
+				map[string]interface{}{"chat_id": "oc_known", "name": "Known"},
+			}})
+		}
+		return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{})
+	})
+	data := map[string]any{
+		"items": []any{
+			map[string]any{"feed_id": "oc_known", "feed_type": "chat"},
+			map[string]any{"feed_id": "oc_gone", "feed_type": "chat"},
+		},
+		"deleted_items": []any{},
+	}
+	enrichFeedGroupItemsChatName(runtime, data)
+	items := data["items"].([]any)
+	known := items[0].(map[string]any)
+	gone := items[1].(map[string]any)
+	if known["chat_name"] != "Known" {
+		t.Errorf("oc_known chat_name = %v, want Known", known["chat_name"])
+	}
+	if _, present := gone["chat_name"]; present {
+		t.Errorf("oc_gone should not have chat_name, got %v", gone["chat_name"])
+	}
+}
+
+// ── validation errors ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		sc    common.Shortcut
+		flags map[string]string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"list missing feed-group-id", ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{}, "--feed-group-id is required"},
+		{"list bad page-size", ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "page-size": "0"}, "--page-size must be an integer between 1 and 50"},
+		{"list bad page-limit", ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "page-limit": "2000"}, "--page-limit must be an integer between 1 and 1000"},
+		{"list bad start-time", ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "start-time": "notnum"}, "--start-time must be Unix milliseconds"},
+		{"list bad end-time", ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "end-time": "notnum"}, "--end-time must be Unix milliseconds"},
+		{"query missing feed-group-id", ImFeedGroupQueryItem, map[string]string{"feed-id": "oc_a"}, "--feed-group-id is required"},
+		{"query missing feed-id", ImFeedGroupQueryItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x"}, "--feed-id is required (comma-separated chat IDs)"},
+		{"query blank feed-id tokens", ImFeedGroupQueryItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "feed-id": ", ,"}, "--feed-id is required (comma-separated chat IDs)"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			runtime := newFGRuntime(t, tc.sc, tc.flags, nil, nil)
+			err := tc.sc.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected validation error %q, got nil", tc.want)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tc.want) {
+				t.Errorf("error = %q, want contains %q", err.Error(), tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// ── dry-run shapes ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupListItemDryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{
+		"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "page-size": "10", "page-token": "TKN", "start-time": "100", "end-time": "200",
+	}, nil, nil)
+	d := ImFeedGroupListItem.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime)
+	calls := dryRunCalls(t, d)
+	if len(calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 call, got %d", len(calls))
+	}
+	if calls[0]["method"] != "GET" {
+		t.Errorf("method = %v, want GET", calls[0]["method"])
+	}
+	if url, _ := calls[0]["url"].(string); !strings.HasSuffix(url, "/groups/ofg_x/list_item") {
+		t.Errorf("url = %s", url)
+	}
+	params, _ := calls[0]["params"].(map[string]interface{})
+	for key, want := range map[string]string{
+		"page_size": "10", "page_token": "TKN", "start_time": "100", "end_time": "200",
+	} {
+		if params[key] != want {
+			t.Errorf("params %s = %v, want %s", key, params[key], want)
+		}
+	}
+	if desc, _ := calls[0]["desc"].(string); !strings.Contains(desc, "im:chat:read") {
+		t.Errorf("desc = %q, want chat_name enrichment note", desc)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFeedGroupListItemDryRunValidationError(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{}, nil, nil)
+	d := ImFeedGroupListItem.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime)
+	m := dryRunJSON(t, d)
+	errMsg, _ := m["error"].(string)
+	if errMsg == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error in dry-run output, got %#v", m)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(errMsg, "--feed-group-id is required") {
+		t.Errorf("error = %v", errMsg)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFeedGroupQueryItemDryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupQueryItem, map[string]string{
+		"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "feed-id": "oc_a,oc_b",
+	}, nil, nil)
+	d := ImFeedGroupQueryItem.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime)
+	calls := dryRunCalls(t, d)
+	if len(calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 call, got %d", len(calls))
+	}
+	if calls[0]["method"] != "POST" {
+		t.Errorf("method = %v, want POST", calls[0]["method"])
+	}
+	if url, _ := calls[0]["url"].(string); !strings.HasSuffix(url, "/groups/ofg_x/batch_query_item") {
+		t.Errorf("url = %s", url)
+	}
+	body, _ := calls[0]["body"].(map[string]interface{})
+	items, _ := body["items"].([]interface{})
+	if len(items) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("dry-run body items = %#v, want 2", body["items"])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFeedGroupQueryItemDryRunValidationError(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupQueryItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x"}, nil, nil)
+	d := ImFeedGroupQueryItem.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime)
+	m := dryRunJSON(t, d)
+	if errMsg, _ := m["error"].(string); errMsg == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error in dry-run output, got %#v", m)
+	}
+}
+
+// ── list-item: time-window flags reach the query ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupListItemTimeWindowQueryParams(t *testing.T) {
+	var reqs []recordedFGRequest
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{
+		"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "start-time": "100", "end-time": "200",
+	}, &reqs, func(path string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(path, "/list_item") {
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+				"items": []interface{}{}, "deleted_items": []interface{}{},
+				"page_token": "", "has_more": false,
+			})
+		}
+		return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{})
+	})
+	if err := ImFeedGroupListItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute error: %v", err)
+	}
+	req := findFGRequest(reqs, "/list_item")
+	if req == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected list_item request")
+	}
+	if got := firstQueryValue(req.query, "start_time"); got != "100" {
+		t.Errorf("start_time query = %q, want 100", got)
+	}
+	if got := firstQueryValue(req.query, "end_time"); got != "200" {
+		t.Errorf("end_time query = %q, want 200", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// ── list-item: infinite-loop guard + defensive page-limit clamping ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupListItemPageAllStopsOnRepeatedToken(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name      string
+		pageLimit string
+	}{
+		{"limit clamped up from 0", "0"},
+		{"limit clamped down from 1001", "1001"},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var reqs []recordedFGRequest
+			runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupListItem, map[string]string{
+				"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "page-all": "true", "page-limit": tc.pageLimit,
+				"start-time": "100", "end-time": "200",
+			}, &reqs, func(path string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+				if strings.HasSuffix(path, "/list_item") {
+					return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+						"items":         []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"feed_id": "oc_a", "feed_type": "chat", "update_time": "1"}},
+						"deleted_items": []interface{}{},
+						"page_token":    "SAME", "has_more": true,
+					})
+				}
+				return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{})
+			})
+			runtime.Format = "pretty" // exercise the page-all table-render path too
+			if err := ImFeedGroupListItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Execute error: %v", err)
+			}
+			if got := countFGRequests(reqs, "/list_item"); got != 2 {
+				t.Errorf("expected 2 list_item requests (stop on repeated token), got %d", got)
+			}
+			errOut, _ := runtime.Factory.IOStreams.ErrOut.(*bytes.Buffer)
+			if !strings.Contains(errOut.String(), "page_token did not change") {
+				t.Errorf("stderr missing loop warning; got:\n%s", errOut.String())
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// ── list-item: API errors surface from both Execute paths ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupListItemAPIError(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name  string
+		flags map[string]string
+	}{
+		{"single page", map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x"}},
+		{"page-all", map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "page-all": "true"}},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupListItem, tc.flags, nil,
+				func(_ string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+					return 200, map[string]interface{}{"code": 99999, "msg": "boom"}
+				})
+			if err := ImFeedGroupListItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err == nil {
+				t.Fatal("expected API error, got nil")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// ── enrichment: total resolution failure warns on stderr, nil data is a no-op ──
+
+func TestEnrichFeedGroupItemsWarnsWhenResolutionFails(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupQueryItem, map[string]string{}, nil,
+		func(path string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+			if strings.HasSuffix(path, "/chats/batch_query") {
+				return 200, map[string]interface{}{"code": 99999, "msg": "boom"}
+			}
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{})
+		})
+
+	// nil data must not panic.
+	enrichFeedGroupItemsChatName(runtime, nil)
+
+	data := map[string]any{
+		"items":         []any{map[string]any{"feed_id": "oc_a", "feed_type": "chat"}},
+		"deleted_items": []any{},
+	}
+	enrichFeedGroupItemsChatName(runtime, data)
+
+	item := data["items"].([]any)[0].(map[string]any)
+	if _, present := item["chat_name"]; present {
+		t.Errorf("chat_name should be absent when resolution fails, got %v", item["chat_name"])
+	}
+	errOut, _ := runtime.Factory.IOStreams.ErrOut.(*bytes.Buffer)
+	if !strings.Contains(errOut.String(), "could not resolve chat names") {
+		t.Errorf("stderr missing resolution warning; got:\n%s", errOut.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// ── query-item: Execute error paths ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupQueryItemExecuteErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("invalid flags", func(t *testing.T) {
+		runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupQueryItem, map[string]string{"feed-group-id": "ofg_x"}, nil, nil)
+		if err := ImFeedGroupQueryItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected validation error from Execute, got nil")
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("api error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupQueryItem, map[string]string{
+			"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "feed-id": "oc_a",
+		}, nil, func(_ string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+			return 200, map[string]interface{}{"code": 99999, "msg": "boom"}
+		})
+		if err := ImFeedGroupQueryItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected API error, got nil")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// ── formatFeedGroupUpdateTime: empty / non-numeric inputs pass through ──
+
+func TestFormatFeedGroupUpdateTime(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := formatFeedGroupUpdateTime(""); got != "" {
+		t.Errorf("empty input = %q, want empty passthrough", got)
+	}
+	if got := formatFeedGroupUpdateTime("not-millis"); got != "not-millis" {
+		t.Errorf("non-numeric input = %q, want raw passthrough", got)
+	}
+	want := time.UnixMilli(1767196800000).Local().Format(time.RFC3339)
+	if got := formatFeedGroupUpdateTime("1767196800000"); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("millis input = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// ── query-item: pretty table output renders enriched items ──
+
+func TestFeedGroupQueryItemTableOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupQueryItem, map[string]string{
+		"feed-group-id": "ofg_x", "feed-id": "oc_a",
+	}, nil, func(path string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+		switch {
+		case strings.HasSuffix(path, "/batch_query_item"):
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":         []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"feed_id": "oc_a", "feed_type": "chat", "update_time": "1767196800000"}},
+				"deleted_items": []interface{}{},
+			})
+		case strings.HasSuffix(path, "/chats/batch_query"):
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{"items": []interface{}{
+				map[string]interface{}{"chat_id": "oc_a", "name": "Team A"},
+			}})
+		}
+		return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{})
+	})
+	runtime.Format = "pretty"
+
+	if err := ImFeedGroupQueryItem.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out, _ := runtime.Factory.IOStreams.Out.(*bytes.Buffer)
+	if out == nil {
+		t.Fatal("stdout buffer missing")
+	}
+	got := out.String()
+	for _, want := range []string{"oc_a", "Team A", "1 item(s)"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
+			t.Errorf("table output missing %q; got:\n%s", want, got)
+		}
+	}
+}

shortcuts/im/im_feed_group_items.go

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+const (
+	// feedGroupReadScope is required to read feed-group items.
+	feedGroupReadScope = "im:feed_group_v1:read"
+	// chatReadScope is required to resolve chat_name from feed_id via chats/batch_query.
+	chatReadScope = "im:chat:read"
+)
+
+// enrichFeedGroupItemsChatName resolves a human-readable chat_name for each feed
+// card in data["items"] and data["deleted_items"] using chats/batch_query.
+//
+// The feed_id of a v1 feed card is always a chat ID (oc_xxx), so the chat's name
+// is the natural display label. Resolution degrades gracefully: any feed_id that
+// cannot be resolved simply keeps no chat_name key, and the function never returns
+// an error or alters the exit code.
+//
+// NOTE: This mutates the item maps in place by adding a "chat_name" key.
+func enrichFeedGroupItemsChatName(rt *common.RuntimeContext, data map[string]any) {
+	if data == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	items, _ := data["items"].([]any)
+	deletedItems, _ := data["deleted_items"].([]any)
+
+	// Collect deduped, ordered feed_id strings from both lists.
+	ids := make([]string, 0, len(items)+len(deletedItems))
+	seen := make(map[string]bool)
+	collect := func(list []any) {
+		for _, it := range list {
+			m, _ := it.(map[string]any)
+			if m == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			id, _ := m["feed_id"].(string)
+			if id == "" || seen[id] {
+				continue
+			}
+			seen[id] = true
+			ids = append(ids, id)
+		}
+	}
+	collect(items)
+	collect(deletedItems)
+
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	contexts := batchQueryChatContexts(rt, ids)
+	if len(contexts) == 0 {
+		// We had feed_ids to resolve but got nothing back — most likely the
+		// chats/batch_query call failed (it degrades silently). Tell the user so
+		// an empty chat_name column is not mistaken for chats that simply have no name.
+		fmt.Fprintf(rt.IO().ErrOut, "warning: could not resolve chat names for %d feed(s); chat_name will be empty\n", len(ids))
+		return
+	}
+
+	apply := func(list []any) {
+		for _, it := range list {
+			m, _ := it.(map[string]any)
+			if m == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			id, _ := m["feed_id"].(string)
+			if id == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if ctx, ok := contexts[id]; ok {
+				if name, _ := ctx["name"].(string); name != "" {
+					m["chat_name"] = name
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	apply(items)
+	apply(deletedItems)
+}
+
+// renderFeedGroupItemsTable prints the active items[] as a table (feed_id /
+// chat_name / update_time), followed by a summary line. When hasMore is true a
+// pagination hint is appended; when there are deleted items their count is noted.
+func renderFeedGroupItemsTable(w io.Writer, data map[string]any, hasMore bool) {
+	items, _ := data["items"].([]any)
+	rows := make([]map[string]interface{}, 0, len(items))
+	for _, it := range items {
+		m, _ := it.(map[string]any)
+		if m == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		chatName, _ := m["chat_name"].(string)
+		updateTime, _ := m["update_time"].(string)
+		feedID, _ := m["feed_id"].(string)
+		rows = append(rows, map[string]interface{}{
+			"feed_id":     feedID,
+			"chat_name":   chatName,
+			"update_time": formatFeedGroupUpdateTime(updateTime),
+		})
+	}
+	output.PrintTable(w, rows)
+
+	moreHint := ""
+	if hasMore {
+		moreHint = " (more available, use --page-token to fetch next page)"
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n%d item(s)%s\n", len(items), moreHint)
+
+	if deleted, _ := data["deleted_items"].([]any); len(deleted) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "(%d deleted)\n", len(deleted))
+	}
+}
+
+// formatFeedGroupUpdateTime renders a Unix-millisecond timestamp string as a
+// human-readable local time for the pretty table. The raw value is returned
+// unchanged when it is empty or not a valid millisecond integer, so JSON output
+// (which never calls this) keeps the original wire value.
+func formatFeedGroupUpdateTime(raw string) string {
+	if raw == "" {
+		return raw
+	}
+	ms, err := strconv.ParseInt(raw, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return raw
+	}
+	return time.UnixMilli(ms).Local().Format(time.RFC3339)
+}

shortcuts/im/im_feed_group_list.go

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
+)
+
+const feedGroupListPath = "/open-apis/im/v1/groups"
+
+// ImFeedGroupList provides the +feed-group-list shortcut: it lists the caller's
+// feed groups (tags) with auto-pagination that correctly merges BOTH the live
+// (groups) and soft-deleted (deleted_groups) lists across pages.
+//
+// The raw `feed.groups list --page-all` goes through the generic paginator,
+// which follows only one array field and silently drops the other list's later
+// pages; this shortcut paginates the dual-list response itself.
+var ImFeedGroupList = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "im",
+	Command:     "+feed-group-list",
+	Description: "List the caller's feed groups (tags); user-only; supports `--page-all` auto-pagination",
+	Risk:        "read",
+	UserScopes:  []string{feedGroupReadScope},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags: []common.Flag{
+		{Name: "page-size", Type: "int", Default: "50", Desc: "page size (1-50)"},
+		{Name: "page-token", Desc: "pagination token for next page"},
+		{Name: "page-all", Type: "bool", Desc: "automatically paginate through all pages"},
+		{Name: "page-limit", Type: "int", Default: "20", Desc: "max pages when auto-pagination is enabled (default 20, max 1000)"},
+		{Name: "start-time", Desc: "update-time window start (Unix milliseconds as a decimal string)"},
+		{Name: "end-time", Desc: "update-time window end (Unix milliseconds as a decimal string)"},
+	},
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		return validateFeedGroupListPageOptions(runtime)
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		if err := validateFeedGroupListPageOptions(runtime); err != nil {
+			return common.NewDryRunAPI().Set("error", err.Error())
+		}
+		return common.NewDryRunAPI().
+			GET(feedGroupListPath).
+			Params(feedGroupListGroupsDryRunParams(runtime))
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		// When --page-token is explicitly provided, the user wants a specific
+		// page — no auto-pagination regardless of --page-all.
+		if runtime.Bool("page-all") && !runtime.Cmd.Flags().Changed("page-token") {
+			return executeFeedGroupListGroupsAllPages(runtime)
+		}
+
+		data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped("GET", feedGroupListPath, feedGroupListGroupsQuery(runtime), nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		hasMore, _ := data["has_more"].(bool)
+		runtime.OutFormat(data, nil, func(w io.Writer) {
+			renderFeedGroupsTable(w, data, hasMore)
+		})
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func validateFeedGroupListPageOptions(rt *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	if n := rt.Int("page-size"); n < 1 || n > 50 {
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--page-size must be an integer between 1 and 50").WithParam("--page-size")
+	}
+	if n := rt.Int("page-limit"); n < 1 || n > 1000 {
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--page-limit must be an integer between 1 and 1000").WithParam("--page-limit")
+	}
+	if v := rt.Str("start-time"); v != "" {
+		if _, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64); err != nil {
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--start-time must be Unix milliseconds (a decimal integer string)").WithParam("--start-time")
+		}
+	}
+	if v := rt.Str("end-time"); v != "" {
+		if _, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64); err != nil {
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--end-time must be Unix milliseconds (a decimal integer string)").WithParam("--end-time")
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// feedGroupListGroupsQuery builds the query parameters. page_token is always
+// sent (empty string = first page) because the groups endpoint rejects requests
+// that omit it (HTTP 400 "Missing required parameter: page_token").
+func feedGroupListGroupsQuery(rt *common.RuntimeContext) larkcore.QueryParams {
+	params := larkcore.QueryParams{
+		"page_size":  []string{strconv.Itoa(rt.Int("page-size"))},
+		"page_token": []string{rt.Str("page-token")},
+	}
+	if start := rt.Str("start-time"); start != "" {
+		params["start_time"] = []string{start}
+	}
+	if end := rt.Str("end-time"); end != "" {
+		params["end_time"] = []string{end}
+	}
+	return params
+}
+
+// feedGroupListGroupsDryRunParams mirrors feedGroupListGroupsQuery for dry-run display.
+func feedGroupListGroupsDryRunParams(rt *common.RuntimeContext) map[string]any {
+	params := map[string]any{
+		"page_size":  strconv.Itoa(rt.Int("page-size")),
+		"page_token": rt.Str("page-token"),
+	}
+	if start := rt.Str("start-time"); start != "" {
+		params["start_time"] = start
+	}
+	if end := rt.Str("end-time"); end != "" {
+		params["end_time"] = end
+	}
+	return params
+}
+
+// executeFeedGroupListGroupsAllPages fetches all pages and merges both the live
+// (groups) and soft-deleted (deleted_groups) lists into a single response. It
+// merges each array independently so neither list loses its later pages.
+func executeFeedGroupListGroupsAllPages(rt *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	maxPages := rt.Int("page-limit")
+	if maxPages < 1 {
+		maxPages = 20
+	}
+	if maxPages > 1000 {
+		maxPages = 1000
+	}
+
+	// Use make([]any, 0) so empty arrays serialize as [] not null.
+	allGroups := make([]any, 0)
+	allDeletedGroups := make([]any, 0)
+	var lastHasMore bool
+	var lastPageToken string
+	prevPageToken := "__START__"
+
+	for page := 0; page < maxPages; page++ {
+		// page_token is always sent (empty on the first page) — the groups
+		// endpoint rejects requests that omit it.
+		params := larkcore.QueryParams{
+			"page_size":  []string{strconv.Itoa(rt.Int("page-size"))},
+			"page_token": []string{""},
+		}
+		if page > 0 {
+			params["page_token"] = []string{lastPageToken}
+		}
+		if start := rt.Str("start-time"); start != "" {
+			params["start_time"] = []string{start}
+		}
+		if end := rt.Str("end-time"); end != "" {
+			params["end_time"] = []string{end}
+		}
+
+		data, err := rt.DoAPIJSONTyped("GET", feedGroupListPath, params, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if v, ok := data["groups"].([]any); ok {
+			allGroups = append(allGroups, v...)
+		}
+		if v, ok := data["deleted_groups"].([]any); ok {
+			allDeletedGroups = append(allDeletedGroups, v...)
+		}
+
+		lastHasMore, _ = data["has_more"].(bool)
+		lastPageToken, _ = data["page_token"].(string)
+
+		fmt.Fprintf(rt.IO().ErrOut, "page %d: %d groups, %d deleted\n",
+			page+1, len(allGroups), len(allDeletedGroups))
+
+		if !lastHasMore || lastPageToken == "" {
+			break
+		}
+		if lastPageToken == prevPageToken {
+			fmt.Fprintf(rt.IO().ErrOut, "warning: page_token did not change, stopping pagination to avoid infinite loop\n")
+			break
+		}
+		prevPageToken = lastPageToken
+	}
+
+	merged := map[string]any{
+		"groups":         allGroups,
+		"deleted_groups": allDeletedGroups,
+		"has_more":       lastHasMore,
+		"page_token":     lastPageToken,
+	}
+
+	rt.OutFormat(merged, nil, func(w io.Writer) {
+		renderFeedGroupsTable(w, merged, lastHasMore)
+	})
+	return nil
+}
+
+// renderFeedGroupsTable prints the active groups[] as a table (group_id / name /
+// type), followed by a summary line. When hasMore is true a pagination hint is
+// appended; when there are deleted groups their count is noted.
+func renderFeedGroupsTable(w io.Writer, data map[string]any, hasMore bool) {
+	groups, _ := data["groups"].([]any)
+	rows := make([]map[string]interface{}, 0, len(groups))
+	for _, g := range groups {
+		m, _ := g.(map[string]any)
+		if m == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		id, _ := m["group_id"].(string)
+		name, _ := m["name"].(string)
+		typ, _ := m["type"].(string)
+		rows = append(rows, map[string]interface{}{
+			"group_id": id,
+			"name":     name,
+			"type":     typ,
+		})
+	}
+	output.PrintTable(w, rows)
+
+	moreHint := ""
+	if hasMore {
+		moreHint = " (more available, use --page-token to fetch next page)"
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n%d group(s)%s\n", len(groups), moreHint)
+
+	if deleted, _ := data["deleted_groups"].([]any); len(deleted) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "(%d deleted)\n", len(deleted))
+	}
+}

shortcuts/im/im_feed_group_list_item.go

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
+)
+
+// ImFeedGroupListItem provides the +feed-group-list-item shortcut: it lists the
+// feed cards inside one feed group and enriches each item with chat_name resolved
+// from its feed_id.
+var ImFeedGroupListItem = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "im",
+	Command:     "+feed-group-list-item",
+	Description: "List feed cards in a feed group (tag); user-only; enriches each item with chat_name resolved from feed_id; supports --page-all auto-pagination",
+	Risk:        "read",
+	UserScopes:  []string{feedGroupReadScope, chatReadScope},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags: []common.Flag{
+		{Name: "feed-group-id", Desc: "feed group ID (ofg_xxx); path parameter (required)"},
+		{Name: "page-size", Type: "int", Default: "50", Desc: "page size (1-50)"},
+		{Name: "page-token", Desc: "pagination token for next page"},
+		{Name: "page-all", Type: "bool", Desc: "automatically paginate through all pages"},
+		{Name: "page-limit", Type: "int", Default: "20", Desc: "max pages when auto-pagination is enabled (default 20, max 1000)"},
+		{Name: "start-time", Desc: "update-time window start (Unix milliseconds as a decimal string)"},
+		{Name: "end-time", Desc: "update-time window end (Unix milliseconds as a decimal string)"},
+	},
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		return validateFeedGroupListOptions(runtime)
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		if err := validateFeedGroupListOptions(runtime); err != nil {
+			return common.NewDryRunAPI().Set("error", err.Error())
+		}
+		return common.NewDryRunAPI().
+			GET(feedGroupListItemPath(runtime)).
+			Params(feedGroupListDryRunParams(runtime)).
+			Desc("will also POST /open-apis/im/v1/chats/batch_query to resolve chat_name from feed_id; requires im:chat:read")
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		// When --page-token is explicitly provided, the user wants a specific page —
+		// no auto-pagination regardless of --page-all.
+		if runtime.Bool("page-all") && !runtime.Cmd.Flags().Changed("page-token") {
+			return executeFeedGroupListAllPages(runtime)
+		}
+
+		data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped("GET", feedGroupListItemPath(runtime), feedGroupListQuery(runtime), nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		enrichFeedGroupItemsChatName(runtime, data)
+
+		hasMore, _ := data["has_more"].(bool)
+		runtime.OutFormat(data, nil, func(w io.Writer) {
+			renderFeedGroupItemsTable(w, data, hasMore)
+		})
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+func validateFeedGroupListOptions(rt *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	if rt.Str("feed-group-id") == "" {
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--feed-group-id is required").WithParam("--feed-group-id")
+	}
+	if n := rt.Int("page-size"); n < 1 || n > 50 {
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--page-size must be an integer between 1 and 50").WithParam("--page-size")
+	}
+	if n := rt.Int("page-limit"); n < 1 || n > 1000 {
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--page-limit must be an integer between 1 and 1000").WithParam("--page-limit")
+	}
+	if v := rt.Str("start-time"); v != "" {
+		if _, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64); err != nil {
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--start-time must be Unix milliseconds (a decimal integer string)").WithParam("--start-time")
+		}
+	}
+	if v := rt.Str("end-time"); v != "" {
+		if _, err := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64); err != nil {
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--end-time must be Unix milliseconds (a decimal integer string)").WithParam("--end-time")
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// feedGroupListItemPath builds the list_item endpoint path with the feed_group_id
+// segment safely encoded.
+func feedGroupListItemPath(rt *common.RuntimeContext) string {
+	return "/open-apis/im/v1/groups/" + validate.EncodePathSegment(rt.Str("feed-group-id")) + "/list_item"
+}
+
+// feedGroupListQuery builds the query parameters, sending only non-empty values.
+func feedGroupListQuery(rt *common.RuntimeContext) larkcore.QueryParams {
+	params := larkcore.QueryParams{
+		"page_size": []string{strconv.Itoa(rt.Int("page-size"))},
+	}
+	if token := rt.Str("page-token"); token != "" {
+		params["page_token"] = []string{token}
+	}
+	if start := rt.Str("start-time"); start != "" {
+		params["start_time"] = []string{start}
+	}
+	if end := rt.Str("end-time"); end != "" {
+		params["end_time"] = []string{end}
+	}
+	return params
+}
+
+// feedGroupListDryRunParams mirrors feedGroupListQuery for dry-run display.
+func feedGroupListDryRunParams(rt *common.RuntimeContext) map[string]any {
+	params := map[string]any{
+		"page_size": strconv.Itoa(rt.Int("page-size")),
+	}
+	if token := rt.Str("page-token"); token != "" {
+		params["page_token"] = token
+	}
+	if start := rt.Str("start-time"); start != "" {
+		params["start_time"] = start
+	}
+	if end := rt.Str("end-time"); end != "" {
+		params["end_time"] = end
+	}
+	return params
+}
+
+// executeFeedGroupListAllPages fetches all pages and merges items/deleted_items
+// into a single response, then enriches the merged result.
+func executeFeedGroupListAllPages(rt *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	maxPages := rt.Int("page-limit")
+	if maxPages < 1 {
+		maxPages = 20
+	}
+	if maxPages > 1000 {
+		maxPages = 1000
+	}
+
+	// Use make([]any, 0) so empty arrays serialize as [] not null.
+	allItems := make([]any, 0)
+	allDeletedItems := make([]any, 0)
+	var lastHasMore bool
+	var lastPageToken string
+	prevPageToken := "__START__"
+
+	for page := 0; page < maxPages; page++ {
+		params := larkcore.QueryParams{
+			"page_size": []string{strconv.Itoa(rt.Int("page-size"))},
+		}
+		if page > 0 {
+			params["page_token"] = []string{lastPageToken}
+		}
+		if start := rt.Str("start-time"); start != "" {
+			params["start_time"] = []string{start}
+		}
+		if end := rt.Str("end-time"); end != "" {
+			params["end_time"] = []string{end}
+		}
+
+		data, err := rt.DoAPIJSONTyped("GET", feedGroupListItemPath(rt), params, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if v, ok := data["items"].([]any); ok {
+			allItems = append(allItems, v...)
+		}
+		if v, ok := data["deleted_items"].([]any); ok {
+			allDeletedItems = append(allDeletedItems, v...)
+		}
+
+		lastHasMore, _ = data["has_more"].(bool)
+		lastPageToken, _ = data["page_token"].(string)
+
+		fmt.Fprintf(rt.IO().ErrOut, "page %d: %d items, %d deleted\n",
+			page+1, len(allItems), len(allDeletedItems))
+
+		if !lastHasMore || lastPageToken == "" {
+			break
+		}
+		if lastPageToken == prevPageToken {
+			fmt.Fprintf(rt.IO().ErrOut, "warning: page_token did not change, stopping pagination to avoid infinite loop\n")
+			break
+		}
+		prevPageToken = lastPageToken
+	}
+
+	merged := map[string]any{
+		"items":         allItems,
+		"deleted_items": allDeletedItems,
+		"has_more":      lastHasMore,
+		"page_token":    lastPageToken,
+	}
+
+	enrichFeedGroupItemsChatName(rt, merged)
+
+	rt.OutFormat(merged, nil, func(w io.Writer) {
+		renderFeedGroupItemsTable(w, merged, lastHasMore)
+	})
+	return nil
+}

shortcuts/im/im_feed_group_list_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func fgGroup(id string) map[string]interface{} {
+	return map[string]interface{}{"group_id": id, "name": id, "type": "normal"}
+}
+
+// TestFeedGroupListPageAllMergesBothLists is the core regression for the
+// +feed-group-list shortcut: a dual-list response (groups + deleted_groups) must
+// have BOTH lists merged across pages — including active groups that appear only
+// on a later page. This is what the raw `feed.groups list --page-all` gets wrong.
+func TestFeedGroupListPageAllMergesBothLists(t *testing.T) {
+	var reqs []recordedFGRequest
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupList, map[string]string{"page-all": "true", "page-size": "5"}, &reqs,
+		func(_ string, page int) (int, interface{}) {
+			if page == 1 {
+				// page 1 fills up with mostly deleted groups; the active groups
+				// g1/g2 here plus one more (g3) on page 2.
+				return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+					"groups":         []interface{}{fgGroup("g1"), fgGroup("g2")},
+					"deleted_groups": []interface{}{fgGroup("d1"), fgGroup("d2"), fgGroup("d3")},
+					"page_token":     "TKN", "has_more": true,
+				})
+			}
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+				"groups":         []interface{}{fgGroup("g3")},
+				"deleted_groups": []interface{}{fgGroup("d4")},
+				"page_token":     "", "has_more": false,
+			})
+		})
+
+	if err := ImFeedGroupList.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if got := countFGRequests(reqs, "/groups"); got != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 groups requests, got %d", got)
+	}
+	if got := firstQueryValue(reqs[1].query, "page_token"); got != "TKN" {
+		t.Errorf("second page token = %q, want TKN", got)
+	}
+
+	out, _ := runtime.Factory.IOStreams.Out.(*bytes.Buffer)
+	if out == nil {
+		t.Fatal("stdout buffer missing")
+	}
+	var parsed map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(out.Bytes(), &parsed); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("output not JSON: %v\n%s", err, out.String())
+	}
+	data, _ := parsed["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if got := len(data["groups"].([]interface{})); got != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("merged groups = %d, want 3 (active list must include later pages)", got)
+	}
+	if got := len(data["deleted_groups"].([]interface{})); got != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("merged deleted_groups = %d, want 4 (secondary list must also merge)", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFeedGroupListAlwaysSendsPageToken locks the fix for the groups endpoint's
+// requirement that page_token be present even on the first page (HTTP 400
+// "Missing required parameter: page_token" otherwise).
+func TestFeedGroupListAlwaysSendsPageToken(t *testing.T) {
+	var reqs []recordedFGRequest
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupList, map[string]string{"page-size": "10"}, &reqs,
+		func(_ string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+			return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+				"groups": []interface{}{}, "deleted_groups": []interface{}{},
+				"page_token": "", "has_more": false,
+			})
+		})
+
+	if err := ImFeedGroupList.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute: %v", err)
+	}
+	req := findFGRequest(reqs, "/groups")
+	if req == nil {
+		t.Fatal("no /groups request recorded")
+	}
+	if _, ok := req.query["page_token"]; !ok {
+		t.Errorf("first request must carry page_token query param (empty = first page); query=%v", req.query)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFeedGroupListValidation checks flag validation surfaces clear errors.
+func TestFeedGroupListValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		flags map[string]string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"page-size too small", map[string]string{"page-size": "0"}, "--page-size"},
+		{"page-size too large", map[string]string{"page-size": "51"}, "--page-size"},
+		{"page-limit too large", map[string]string{"page-limit": "1001"}, "--page-limit"},
+		{"bad start-time", map[string]string{"start-time": "notnum"}, "--start-time"},
+		{"bad end-time", map[string]string{"end-time": "notnum"}, "--end-time"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupList, tc.flags, nil, nil)
+			err := ImFeedGroupList.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected validation error containing %q, got nil", tc.want)
+			}
+			if !bytes.Contains([]byte(err.Error()), []byte(tc.want)) {
+				t.Errorf("error = %q, want substring %q", err.Error(), tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFeedGroupListSinglePageTableOutput covers the non-page-all Execute path:
+// time-window params must reach the query, and the pretty table must render
+// group_id / name / type with the summary, pagination hint and deleted count.
+func TestFeedGroupListSinglePageTableOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	var reqs []recordedFGRequest
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupList, map[string]string{
+		"start-time": "100", "end-time": "200",
+	}, &reqs, func(_ string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+		return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+			"groups":         []interface{}{fgGroup("g1"), fgGroup("g2")},
+			"deleted_groups": []interface{}{fgGroup("d1")},
+			"page_token":     "TKN", "has_more": true,
+		})
+	})
+	runtime.Format = "pretty"
+
+	if err := ImFeedGroupList.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := countFGRequests(reqs, "/groups"); got != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 groups request, got %d", got)
+	}
+	if got := firstQueryValue(reqs[0].query, "start_time"); got != "100" {
+		t.Errorf("start_time query = %q, want 100", got)
+	}
+	if got := firstQueryValue(reqs[0].query, "end_time"); got != "200" {
+		t.Errorf("end_time query = %q, want 200", got)
+	}
+
+	out, _ := runtime.Factory.IOStreams.Out.(*bytes.Buffer)
+	if out == nil {
+		t.Fatal("stdout buffer missing")
+	}
+	got := out.String()
+	for _, want := range []string{"group_id", "g1", "g2", "2 group(s)", "more available", "(1 deleted)"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
+			t.Errorf("table output missing %q; got:\n%s", want, got)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFeedGroupListDryRun locks the dry-run shape: GET /groups with page_size,
+// page_token (always present) and the optional time-window params.
+func TestFeedGroupListDryRun(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupList, map[string]string{
+		"page-size": "10", "page-token": "TKN", "start-time": "100", "end-time": "200",
+	}, nil, nil)
+	d := ImFeedGroupList.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime)
+	calls := dryRunCalls(t, d)
+	if len(calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 call, got %d", len(calls))
+	}
+	if calls[0]["method"] != "GET" {
+		t.Errorf("method = %v, want GET", calls[0]["method"])
+	}
+	if url, _ := calls[0]["url"].(string); !strings.HasSuffix(url, "/open-apis/im/v1/groups") {
+		t.Errorf("url = %s", url)
+	}
+	params, _ := calls[0]["params"].(map[string]interface{})
+	for key, want := range map[string]string{
+		"page_size": "10", "page_token": "TKN", "start_time": "100", "end_time": "200",
+	} {
+		if params[key] != want {
+			t.Errorf("params %s = %v, want %s", key, params[key], want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFeedGroupListDryRunValidationError(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupList, map[string]string{"page-size": "0"}, nil, nil)
+	d := ImFeedGroupList.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime)
+	m := dryRunJSON(t, d)
+	errMsg, _ := m["error"].(string)
+	if !strings.Contains(errMsg, "--page-size") {
+		t.Errorf("dry-run error = %q, want --page-size validation message", errMsg)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFeedGroupListPageAllStopsOnRepeatedToken locks the infinite-loop guard:
+// when the server keeps returning the same page_token with has_more=true,
+// pagination must stop after the repeat and warn on stderr. Also exercises the
+// defensive page-limit clamping (Execute is called directly, bypassing Validate).
+func TestFeedGroupListPageAllStopsOnRepeatedToken(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name      string
+		pageLimit string
+	}{
+		{"limit clamped up from 0", "0"},
+		{"limit clamped down from 1001", "1001"},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var reqs []recordedFGRequest
+			runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupList, map[string]string{
+				"page-all": "true", "page-limit": tc.pageLimit, "start-time": "100", "end-time": "200",
+			}, &reqs, func(_ string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+				return 200, wrapData(map[string]interface{}{
+					"groups":         []interface{}{fgGroup("g1")},
+					"deleted_groups": []interface{}{},
+					"page_token":     "SAME", "has_more": true,
+				})
+			})
+			runtime.Format = "pretty" // exercise the page-all table-render path too
+			if err := ImFeedGroupList.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Execute: %v", err)
+			}
+			if got := countFGRequests(reqs, "/groups"); got != 2 {
+				t.Errorf("expected 2 requests (stop on repeated token), got %d", got)
+			}
+			errOut, _ := runtime.Factory.IOStreams.ErrOut.(*bytes.Buffer)
+			if !strings.Contains(errOut.String(), "page_token did not change") {
+				t.Errorf("stderr missing loop warning; got:\n%s", errOut.String())
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFeedGroupListAPIError checks both Execute paths surface API errors.
+func TestFeedGroupListAPIError(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name  string
+		flags map[string]string
+	}{
+		{"single page", map[string]string{}},
+		{"page-all", map[string]string{"page-all": "true"}},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			runtime := newFGRuntime(t, ImFeedGroupList, tc.flags, nil,
+				func(_ string, _ int) (int, interface{}) {
+					return 200, map[string]interface{}{"code": 99999, "msg": "boom"}
+				})
+			if err := ImFeedGroupList.Execute(context.Background(), runtime); err == nil {
+				t.Fatal("expected API error, got nil")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

shortcuts/im/im_feed_group_query_item.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ImFeedGroupQueryItem provides the +feed-group-query-item shortcut: it looks up
+// specific feed cards in a feed group by ID and enriches each item with chat_name
+// resolved from its feed_id.
+var ImFeedGroupQueryItem = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "im",
+	Command:     "+feed-group-query-item",
+	Description: "Look up specific feed cards in a feed group (tag) by ID; user-only; enriches each item with chat_name resolved from feed_id",
+	Risk:        "read",
+	UserScopes:  []string{feedGroupReadScope, chatReadScope},
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user"},
+	HasFormat:   true,
+	Flags: []common.Flag{
+		{Name: "feed-group-id", Desc: "feed group ID (ofg_xxx); path parameter (required)"},
+		{Name: "feed-id", Desc: "comma-separated chat IDs (oc_xxx); feed_type is fixed to chat (required)"},
+	},
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		_, err := buildFeedGroupQueryItemBody(runtime)
+		return err
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		body, err := buildFeedGroupQueryItemBody(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.NewDryRunAPI().Set("error", err.Error())
+		}
+		return common.NewDryRunAPI().
+			POST(feedGroupQueryItemPath(runtime)).
+			Body(body).
+			Desc("will also POST /open-apis/im/v1/chats/batch_query to resolve chat_name from feed_id; requires im:chat:read")
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		body, err := buildFeedGroupQueryItemBody(runtime)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped("POST", feedGroupQueryItemPath(runtime), nil, body)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		enrichFeedGroupItemsChatName(runtime, data)
+
+		runtime.OutFormat(data, nil, func(w io.Writer) {
+			renderFeedGroupItemsTable(w, data, false)
+		})
+		return nil
+	},
+}
+
+// feedGroupQueryItemPath builds the batch_query_item endpoint path with the
+// feed_group_id segment safely encoded.
+func feedGroupQueryItemPath(rt *common.RuntimeContext) string {
+	return "/open-apis/im/v1/groups/" + validate.EncodePathSegment(rt.Str("feed-group-id")) + "/batch_query_item"
+}
+
+// buildFeedGroupQueryItemBody validates the flags and constructs the request body
+// {"items":[{"feed_id":"<tok>","feed_type":"chat"}, ...]}.
+func buildFeedGroupQueryItemBody(rt *common.RuntimeContext) (map[string]any, error) {
+	if rt.Str("feed-group-id") == "" {
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--feed-group-id is required").WithParam("--feed-group-id")
+	}
+	tokens := common.SplitCSV(rt.Str("feed-id"))
+	items := make([]any, 0, len(tokens))
+	for _, tok := range tokens {
+		if tok == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		items = append(items, map[string]any{
+			"feed_id":   tok,
+			"feed_type": "chat",
+		})
+	}
+	if len(items) == 0 {
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--feed-id is required (comma-separated chat IDs)").WithParam("--feed-id")
+	}
+	return map[string]any{"items": items}, nil
+}