Merge branch 'main' into feat/shortcut-protocol

Two parity edge cases from a follow-up audit:

- []<named string> element types (type ID string; field []ID) passed parse
  validation but panicked at bind via reflect.Convert([]string -> []ID). Build
  the slice element-by-element with SetString (stringsToSlice) so plain
  []string, named slice types and named element types all bind correctly.
- nil Execute: mountTyped now skips mounting (matching legacy
  Shortcut.MountWithContext) instead of mounting a command that errors only at
  invocation, keeping the command tree identical after migration.

Adds binder_namedslice_nilexec_test.go (4 cases).

cmd/auth/login.go

@@ -527,10 +527,10 @@ func collectScopesForDomains(domains []string, identity string, brand core.LarkB
 
 	// 3. Shortcut scopes matching by Service (only include shortcuts supporting the identity)
 	for _, sc := range shortcuts.AllShortcuts() {
-		if !shortcuts.IsShortcutServiceAvailable(sc.Service, brand) {
+		if !shortcuts.IsShortcutServiceAvailable(sc.GetService(), brand) {
 			continue
 		}
-		if domainSet[sc.Service] && shortcutSupportsIdentity(sc, identity) {
+		if domainSet[sc.GetService()] && shortcutSupportsIdentity(sc, identity) {
 			for _, s := range sc.DeclaredScopesForIdentity(identity) {
 				scopeSet[s] = true
 			}
@@ -557,11 +557,11 @@ func allKnownDomains(brand core.LarkBrand) map[string]bool {
 		}
 	}
 	for _, sc := range shortcuts.AllShortcuts() {
-		if !shortcuts.IsShortcutServiceAvailable(sc.Service, brand) {
+		if !shortcuts.IsShortcutServiceAvailable(sc.GetService(), brand) {
 			continue
 		}
-		if !registry.HasAuthDomain(sc.Service) {
-			domains[sc.Service] = true
+		if !registry.HasAuthDomain(sc.GetService()) {
+			domains[sc.GetService()] = true
 		}
 	}
 	return domains
@@ -580,8 +580,8 @@ func sortedKnownDomains(brand core.LarkBrand) []string {
 
 // shortcutSupportsIdentity checks if a shortcut supports the given identity ("user" or "bot").
 // Empty AuthTypes defaults to ["user"].
-func shortcutSupportsIdentity(sc common.Shortcut, identity string) bool {
-	authTypes := sc.AuthTypes
+func shortcutSupportsIdentity(sc common.ShortcutDescriptor, identity string) bool {
+	authTypes := sc.GetAuthTypes()
 	if len(authTypes) == 0 {
 		authTypes = []string{"user"}
 	}

cmd/auth/login_interactive.go

@@ -64,12 +64,13 @@ func getDomainMetadata(lang string) []domainMeta {
 		shortcutOnlySet[n] = true
 	}
 	for _, sc := range shortcuts.AllShortcuts() {
-		if !seen[sc.Service] {
-			if shortcutOnlySet[sc.Service] && !registry.HasAuthDomain(sc.Service) {
-				dm := buildDomainMeta(sc.Service, lang)
+		svc := sc.GetService()
+		if !seen[svc] {
+			if shortcutOnlySet[svc] && !registry.HasAuthDomain(svc) {
+				dm := buildDomainMeta(svc, lang)
 				domains = append(domains, dm)
 			}
-			seen[sc.Service] = true
+			seen[svc] = true
 		}
 	}
 

cmd/auth/login_test.go

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func TestNormalizeScopeInput(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestShortcutSupportsIdentity_DefaultUser(t *testing.T) {
 	// Empty AuthTypes defaults to ["user"]
-	sc := common.Shortcut{AuthTypes: nil}
+	sc := &common.Shortcut{AuthTypes: nil}
 	if !shortcutSupportsIdentity(sc, "user") {
 		t.Error("expected default to support 'user'")
 	}
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func TestShortcutSupportsIdentity_DefaultUser(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestShortcutSupportsIdentity_ExplicitTypes(t *testing.T) {
-	sc := common.Shortcut{AuthTypes: []string{"user", "bot"}}
+	sc := &common.Shortcut{AuthTypes: []string{"user", "bot"}}
 	if !shortcutSupportsIdentity(sc, "user") {
 		t.Error("expected to support 'user'")
 	}
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func TestShortcutSupportsIdentity_ExplicitTypes(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestShortcutSupportsIdentity_BotOnly(t *testing.T) {
-	sc := common.Shortcut{AuthTypes: []string{"bot"}}
+	sc := &common.Shortcut{AuthTypes: []string{"bot"}}
 	if shortcutSupportsIdentity(sc, "user") {
 		t.Error("expected bot-only to NOT support 'user'")
 	}

cmd/diagnose_scope_test.go

@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ func diagAllKnownDomains() []string {
 		seen[p] = true
 	}
 	for _, s := range shortcuts.AllShortcuts() {
-		if s.Service != "" {
-			seen[s.Service] = true
+		if s.GetService() != "" {
+			seen[s.GetService()] = true
 		}
 	}
 	result := make([]string, 0, len(seen))
@@ -94,17 +94,17 @@ func diagBuild(domains []string) diagOutput {
 			}
 
 			for _, sc := range allSC {
-				if sc.Service != domain || !diagShortcutSupportsIdentity(&sc, identity) {
+				if sc.GetService() != domain || !diagShortcutSupportsIdentity(sc, identity) {
 					continue
 				}
 				for _, scope := range sc.DeclaredScopesForIdentity(identity) {
-					k := methodKey{domain, "shortcut", sc.Command, scope}
+					k := methodKey{domain, "shortcut", sc.GetCommand(), scope}
 					if e, ok := merged[k]; ok {
 						e.Identity = appendUniq(e.Identity, identity)
 					} else {
 						merged[k] = &diagMethodEntry{
 							Domain: domain, Type: "shortcut",
-							Method: sc.Command,
+							Method: sc.GetCommand(),
 							Scope:  scope, Identity: []string{identity},
 						}
 					}
@@ -148,11 +148,12 @@ func diagBuild(domains []string) diagOutput {
 	return diagOutput{Methods: methods, Scopes: scopes}
 }
 
-func diagShortcutSupportsIdentity(sc *shortcutTypes.Shortcut, identity string) bool {
-	if len(sc.AuthTypes) == 0 {
+func diagShortcutSupportsIdentity(sc shortcutTypes.ShortcutDescriptor, identity string) bool {
+	authTypes := sc.GetAuthTypes()
+	if len(authTypes) == 0 {
 		return identity == "user"
 	}
-	for _, a := range sc.AuthTypes {
+	for _, a := range authTypes {
 		if a == identity {
 			return true
 		}

cmd/error_auth_hint.go

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func resolveDeclaredShortcutScopes(cmd *cobra.Command, identity string) []string
 
 	service := cmd.Parent().Name()
 	for _, sc := range shortcuts.AllShortcuts() {
-		if sc.Service != service || sc.Command != cmd.Name() || !shortcutSupportsIdentity(sc, identity) {
+		if sc.GetService() != service || sc.GetCommand() != cmd.Name() || !shortcutSupportsIdentity(sc, identity) {
 			continue
 		}
 		scopes := sc.DeclaredScopesForIdentity(identity)
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ func resolveDeclaredServiceMethodScopes(cmd *cobra.Command, identity string) []s
 
 // shortcutSupportsIdentity reports whether a shortcut supports the requested
 // identity, applying the default user-only behavior when AuthTypes is empty.
-func shortcutSupportsIdentity(sc shortcutcommon.Shortcut, identity string) bool {
-	authTypes := sc.AuthTypes
+func shortcutSupportsIdentity(sc shortcutcommon.ShortcutDescriptor, identity string) bool {
+	authTypes := sc.GetAuthTypes()
 	if len(authTypes) == 0 {
 		authTypes = []string{string(core.AsUser)}
 	}

errs/subtypes_shortcut.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errs
+
+// Subtypes raised by the typed shortcut protocol (shortcuts/common). Only
+// cross-field semantic failures need their own subtype here; per-field
+// failures (required missing / enum invalid / typed-primitive format) reuse
+// SubtypeInvalidArgument.
+const (
+	SubtypeShortcutOneOfMissing    Subtype = "shortcut_oneof_missing"
+	SubtypeShortcutOneOfMultiple   Subtype = "shortcut_oneof_multiple"
+	SubtypeShortcutGroupIncomplete Subtype = "shortcut_group_incomplete"
+)

errs/subtypes_shortcut_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errs
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestShortcutSubtypes_Values(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		got  Subtype
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"OneOfMissing", SubtypeShortcutOneOfMissing, "shortcut_oneof_missing"},
+		{"OneOfMultiple", SubtypeShortcutOneOfMultiple, "shortcut_oneof_multiple"},
+		{"GroupIncomplete", SubtypeShortcutGroupIncomplete, "shortcut_group_incomplete"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if string(tt.got) != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", string(tt.got), tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/argstype/chat_id.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package argstype
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// ChatID is a typed Lark chat identifier with the "oc_" prefix.
+// Satisfies common.Validatable.
+type ChatID string
+
+// ValidateValue checks the oc_ prefix and trims whitespace. Empty values are
+// rejected here even though required-ness is enforced by the binder; this
+// keeps the type safe to call as a standalone validator.
+func (id ChatID) ValidateValue(_ *common.RuntimeContext, flagName string) error {
+	s := strings.TrimSpace(string(id))
+	if s == "" {
+		return &errs.ValidationError{
+			Problem: errs.Problem{
+				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				Message:  "chat ID is required",
+				Hint:     "pass --chat-id oc_xxx",
+			},
+			Param: flagName,
+		}
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(s, "oc_") {
+		return &errs.ValidationError{
+			Problem: errs.Problem{
+				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				Message:  "invalid chat ID format: expected oc_xxx",
+			},
+			Param: flagName,
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

shortcuts/common/argstype/chat_id_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package argstype
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+)
+
+func TestChatID_ValidatePass(t *testing.T) {
+	id := ChatID("oc_abc123")
+	if err := id.ValidateValue(nil, "chat-id"); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("oc_ prefix should pass, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChatID_ValidateReject(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		v    string
+	}{
+		{"empty", ""},
+		{"wrong prefix", "ou_abc"},
+		{"random", "abc123"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := ChatID(tt.v).ValidateValue(nil, "chat-id")
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+			}
+			var ve *errs.ValidationError
+			if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+			}
+			if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+				t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want invalid_argument", ve.Subtype)
+			}
+			if ve.Param != "chat-id" {
+				t.Errorf("Param = %q, want chat-id", ve.Param)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/argstype/media_input.go

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package argstype
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// MediaInput is the tri-state media-field value used by im image/file/video/
+// audio flags: URL, "img_xxx"/"file_xxx" key, or cwd-relative local path.
+// URL and key forms bypass path safety checks; local paths go through the
+// same SafePath rules. Does not emit absolute paths in hints (log safety).
+type MediaInput string
+
+// IsURL reports whether the value looks like an http(s) URL.
+func (m MediaInput) IsURL() bool {
+	s := string(m)
+	return strings.HasPrefix(s, "http://") || strings.HasPrefix(s, "https://")
+}
+
+// IsMediaKey reports whether the value is an already-uploaded media key.
+func (m MediaInput) IsMediaKey() bool {
+	s := string(m)
+	return strings.HasPrefix(s, "img_") || strings.HasPrefix(s, "file_")
+}
+
+func (m MediaInput) ValidateValue(rt *common.RuntimeContext, flagName string) error {
+	if string(m) == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if m.IsURL() || m.IsMediaKey() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return SafePath(m).ValidateValue(rt, flagName)
+}

shortcuts/common/argstype/media_input_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package argstype
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestMediaInput_AcceptURL(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, v := range []string{"https://example.com/x.png", "http://a.b/y"} {
+		if err := MediaInput(v).ValidateValue(nil, "image"); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("URL %q should pass: %v", v, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMediaInput_AcceptKey(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, v := range []string{"img_abc123", "file_xyz"} {
+		if err := MediaInput(v).ValidateValue(nil, "image"); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("key %q should pass: %v", v, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMediaInput_RejectAbsolutePath(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := MediaInput("/etc/passwd").ValidateValue(nil, "image"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("absolute path must be rejected")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMediaInput_AcceptRelativePath(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := MediaInput("./pic.png").ValidateValue(nil, "image"); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("relative path should pass: %v", err)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/argstype/safe_path.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package argstype
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// SafePath is a strict cwd-relative file path. Absolute paths and ".."
+// segments are rejected. Does NOT emit absolute path back to stderr in any
+// hint (log safety).
+type SafePath string
+
+func (p SafePath) ValidateValue(_ *common.RuntimeContext, flagName string) error {
+	s := string(p)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if filepath.IsAbs(s) {
+		return &errs.ValidationError{
+			Problem: errs.Problem{
+				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				Message:  "path must be cwd-relative; absolute paths are rejected",
+				Hint:     "use a relative path like ./file.txt",
+			},
+			Param: flagName,
+		}
+	}
+	// Check the RAW input for ".." segments before filepath.Clean collapses
+	// them — Clean turns "a/../b" into "b", which would otherwise hide a
+	// parent-traversal segment the user actually typed. Split on both
+	// separators so "\.." on Windows-style input is caught too.
+	for _, seg := range strings.FieldsFunc(s, func(r rune) bool { return r == '/' || r == '\\' }) {
+		if seg == ".." {
+			return &errs.ValidationError{
+				Problem: errs.Problem{
+					Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+					Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+					Message:  "path must not contain '..' segments",
+				},
+				Param: flagName,
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	clean := filepath.Clean(s)
+	if strings.HasPrefix(clean, "..") || strings.Contains(clean, "/../") || strings.Contains(clean, `\..\`) {
+		return &errs.ValidationError{
+			Problem: errs.Problem{
+				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				Message:  "path must not contain '..' segments",
+			},
+			Param: flagName,
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

shortcuts/common/argstype/safe_path_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package argstype
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+)
+
+func TestSafePath_AcceptRelative(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, p := range []string{"local.txt", "./sub/dir/x", "a/b/c"} {
+		if err := SafePath(p).ValidateValue(nil, "file"); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%q should pass, got: %v", p, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSafePath_RejectAbsolute(t *testing.T) {
+	err := SafePath("/etc/passwd").ValidateValue(nil, "file")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("absolute path must be rejected")
+	}
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) || ve.Param != "file" {
+		t.Errorf("wrong wrap: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSafePath_RejectDotDot(t *testing.T) {
+	err := SafePath("../leak").ValidateValue(nil, "file")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("'..' segment must be rejected")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSafePath_RejectMidPathDotDot(t *testing.T) {
+	// filepath.Clean collapses "a/../b" to "b"; the raw-segment scan must
+	// still reject it because the user literally typed a parent segment.
+	for _, p := range []string{"a/../b", "sub/../../etc", `win\..\x`} {
+		if err := SafePath(p).ValidateValue(nil, "file"); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%q should be rejected (raw .. segment)", p)
+		}
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/argstype/spreadsheet_ref.go

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package argstype
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// SpreadsheetRef is a Lark Sheets reference: either a raw "shtcn..." token
+// or a feishu.cn/larksuite.com URL containing one. Normalize extracts the
+// token from URLs; ValidateValue checks the final token shape. URL→token is
+// a business-canonicalisation hint and is safe to emit to stderr.
+type SpreadsheetRef string
+
+func (s SpreadsheetRef) Normalize(_ context.Context, raw string) (SpreadsheetRef, []string, error) {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(raw)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return "", nil, nil
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(trimmed, "://") {
+		return SpreadsheetRef(trimmed), nil, nil
+	}
+	for _, seg := range strings.Split(trimmed, "/") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(seg, "shtcn") {
+			// Strip any ?query or #fragment suffix so a URL like
+			// .../shtcnXXX?sheet=0#row=5 yields a clean token, not one
+			// polluted by trailing parameters that would later pass the
+			// prefix-only ValidateValue check.
+			token := seg
+			if i := strings.IndexAny(token, "?#"); i >= 0 {
+				token = token[:i]
+			}
+			return SpreadsheetRef(token), []string{"extracted spreadsheet token from URL"}, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return "", nil, &errs.ValidationError{
+		Problem: errs.Problem{
+			Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+			Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			Message:  "URL does not contain a recognisable spreadsheet token",
+		},
+		Param: "",
+	}
+}
+
+func (s SpreadsheetRef) ValidateValue(_ *common.RuntimeContext, flagName string) error {
+	v := strings.TrimSpace(string(s))
+	if v == "" {
+		return &errs.ValidationError{
+			Problem: errs.Problem{
+				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				Message:  "spreadsheet reference is required",
+			},
+			Param: flagName,
+		}
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(v, "shtcn") {
+		return &errs.ValidationError{
+			Problem: errs.Problem{
+				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				Message:  "spreadsheet token must start with 'shtcn'",
+			},
+			Param: flagName,
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

shortcuts/common/argstype/spreadsheet_ref_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package argstype
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestSpreadsheetRef_NormalizeFromURL(t *testing.T) {
+	url := "https://feishu.cn/sheets/shtcnAbCdEf01234567"
+	v, hints, err := SpreadsheetRef(url).Normalize(context.Background(), url)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Normalize error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if string(v) != "shtcnAbCdEf01234567" {
+		t.Errorf("expected extracted token, got %q", v)
+	}
+	if len(hints) == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected at least one hint about URL extraction")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSpreadsheetRef_NormalizeStripsQueryAndFragment(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, url := range []string{
+		"https://feishu.cn/sheets/shtcnAbCdEf01234567?sheet=0",
+		"https://feishu.cn/sheets/shtcnAbCdEf01234567#row=5",
+		"https://feishu.cn/sheets/shtcnAbCdEf01234567?sheet=0#row=5",
+	} {
+		v, _, err := SpreadsheetRef(url).Normalize(context.Background(), url)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Normalize(%q) error: %v", url, err)
+		}
+		if string(v) != "shtcnAbCdEf01234567" {
+			t.Errorf("Normalize(%q): expected clean token, got %q", url, v)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSpreadsheetRef_NormalizePassThroughToken(t *testing.T) {
+	v, hints, err := SpreadsheetRef("shtcnXyz").Normalize(context.Background(), "shtcnXyz")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Normalize error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if string(v) != "shtcnXyz" {
+		t.Errorf("raw token should pass through, got %q", v)
+	}
+	if len(hints) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("no hint expected for raw token, got %v", hints)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSpreadsheetRef_ValidateValueRejectsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := SpreadsheetRef("").ValidateValue(nil, "spreadsheet"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("empty value should fail validation")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSpreadsheetRef_ValidateValueAcceptsToken(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := SpreadsheetRef("shtcnAbCd").ValidateValue(nil, "spreadsheet"); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("token should pass: %v", err)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/argstype/user_open_id.go

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package argstype
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// UserOpenID is a typed Lark user identifier with the "ou_" prefix.
+type UserOpenID string
+
+func (id UserOpenID) ValidateValue(_ *common.RuntimeContext, flagName string) error {
+	s := strings.TrimSpace(string(id))
+	if s == "" {
+		return &errs.ValidationError{
+			Problem: errs.Problem{
+				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				Message:  "user open_id is required",
+				Hint:     "pass --user-id ou_xxx",
+			},
+			Param: flagName,
+		}
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(s, "ou_") {
+		return &errs.ValidationError{
+			Problem: errs.Problem{
+				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				Message:  "invalid user open_id format: expected ou_xxx",
+			},
+			Param: flagName,
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

shortcuts/common/argstype/user_open_id_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package argstype
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+)
+
+func TestUserOpenID_ValidatePass(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := UserOpenID("ou_abc").ValidateValue(nil, "user-id"); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("ou_ prefix should pass, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUserOpenID_ValidateReject(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, v := range []string{"", "oc_abc", "abc"} {
+		err := UserOpenID(v).ValidateValue(nil, "user-id")
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("expected error for %q", v)
+			continue
+		}
+		var ve *errs.ValidationError
+		if !errors.As(err, &ve) || ve.Param != "user-id" {
+			t.Errorf("wrong wrap for %q: %v", v, err)
+		}
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/binder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+)
+
+// fieldSpec is the binder's intermediate representation of one Args field.
+// It captures both reflection metadata and the parsed tag values so later
+// binder stages don't repeat the parsing work.
+type fieldSpec struct {
+	GoFieldName  string
+	FlagName     string
+	Description  string
+	DefaultValue string
+	EnumValues   []string
+	Input        []string
+	Required     bool
+	Hidden       bool
+	NoSplit      bool
+	IsOneOfBkt   bool
+	IsGroup      bool
+	IsPtr        bool
+	FieldType    reflect.Type
+	StructType   reflect.Type
+}
+
+// walkArgs reflects an Args struct (must be *T where T is struct) and
+// returns one fieldSpec per top-level field. Duplicate flag tags inside
+// the same Args struct panic at Mount time — cross-shortcut duplicates are
+// not checked (cobra's own per-command Add check covers that).
+func walkArgs(t reflect.Type) ([]fieldSpec, error) {
+	if t.Kind() != reflect.Ptr || t.Elem().Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Args must be *struct, got %s", t)
+	}
+	st := t.Elem()
+	specs := make([]fieldSpec, 0, st.NumField())
+	seen := map[string]string{}
+	for i := 0; i < st.NumField(); i++ {
+		f := st.Field(i)
+		spec, err := parseFieldSpec(f)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if spec.FlagName != "" {
+			if owner, dup := seen[spec.FlagName]; dup {
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("duplicate flag tag %q in Args struct: fields %s and %s",
+					spec.FlagName, owner, f.Name))
+			}
+			seen[spec.FlagName] = f.Name
+		}
+		specs = append(specs, spec)
+	}
+	return specs, nil
+}
+
+// parseFieldSpec extracts the relevant tag values from one struct field.
+// Sub-struct (OneOf bucket / group) detection is delegated to caller stages;
+// here we only set flags about the field shape.
+func parseFieldSpec(f reflect.StructField) (fieldSpec, error) {
+	spec := fieldSpec{
+		GoFieldName:  f.Name,
+		FlagName:     f.Tag.Get("flag"),
+		Description:  f.Tag.Get("desc"),
+		DefaultValue: f.Tag.Get("default"),
+	}
+	if enum := f.Tag.Get("enum"); enum != "" {
+		spec.EnumValues = strings.Split(enum, ",")
+	}
+	if _, has := f.Tag.Lookup("required"); has {
+		spec.Required = true
+	}
+	if input := f.Tag.Get("input"); input != "" {
+		for _, src := range strings.Split(input, ",") {
+			switch src = strings.TrimSpace(src); src {
+			case "":
+				// tolerate stray commas
+			case File, Stdin:
+				spec.Input = append(spec.Input, src)
+			default:
+				return spec, fmt.Errorf("field %s: unknown input source %q (allowed: %q, %q)", f.Name, src, File, Stdin)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if _, has := f.Tag.Lookup("hidden"); has {
+		spec.Hidden = true
+	}
+	switch split := strings.TrimSpace(f.Tag.Get("split")); split {
+	case "", "comma":
+		// default: cobra StringSlice (comma-separated, also repeatable)
+	case "none":
+		spec.NoSplit = true // cobra StringArray: repeatable, no comma split
+	default:
+		return spec, fmt.Errorf("field %s: unknown split mode %q (allowed: comma, none)", f.Name, split)
+	}
+	ft := f.Type
+	spec.FieldType = ft
+	if ft.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		spec.IsPtr = true
+		ft = ft.Elem()
+	}
+	if ft.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+		spec.StructType = ft
+		ptr := reflect.PointerTo(ft)
+		marker := reflect.TypeOf((*OneOfMarker)(nil)).Elem()
+		if ft.Implements(marker) || ptr.Implements(marker) {
+			spec.IsOneOfBkt = true
+		} else {
+			spec.IsGroup = true
+		}
+		return spec, nil
+	}
+	// Leaf field validation. Multi-value flags are []string (cobra
+	// StringSlice / StringArray); any other slice element type is unsupported.
+	// enum / input only make sense on plain string leaves (string or a
+	// string-alias like ChatID); split only on []string. Reject mismatches at
+	// Mount time instead of silently skipping or panicking at runtime.
+	isStringSlice := ft.Kind() == reflect.Slice && ft.Elem().Kind() == reflect.String
+	if ft.Kind() == reflect.Slice && !isStringSlice {
+		return spec, fmt.Errorf("field %s: only []string slices are supported, got %s", f.Name, ft)
+	}
+	if spec.NoSplit && !isStringSlice {
+		return spec, fmt.Errorf("field %s: split tag is only supported on []string fields", f.Name)
+	}
+	if ft.Kind() != reflect.String {
+		if len(spec.EnumValues) > 0 {
+			return spec, fmt.Errorf("field %s: enum tag is only supported on string fields", f.Name)
+		}
+		if len(spec.Input) > 0 {
+			return spec, fmt.Errorf("field %s: input tag is only supported on string fields", f.Name)
+		}
+	}
+	return spec, nil
+}
+
+// registerFlags registers cobra flags for the given specs. Sub-struct fields
+// (OneOf bucket / group) recurse into their inner fields.
+func registerFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, specs []fieldSpec) error {
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		if s.IsOneOfBkt || s.IsGroup {
+			inner, err := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(s.StructType))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := registerFlags(cmd, inner); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := registerLeaf(cmd, s, s.FieldType); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// registerLeaf registers a single primitive flag based on the underlying type.
+func registerLeaf(cmd *cobra.Command, s fieldSpec, t reflect.Type) error {
+	if s.FlagName == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		t = t.Elem()
+	}
+	switch t.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		def := s.DefaultValue == "true"
+		cmd.Flags().Bool(s.FlagName, def, s.Description)
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int64:
+		def := 0
+		if s.DefaultValue != "" {
+			def, _ = strconv.Atoi(s.DefaultValue)
+		}
+		cmd.Flags().Int(s.FlagName, def, s.Description)
+	case reflect.Slice:
+		// []string (validated at parse time). NoSplit → StringArray
+		// (repeatable, literal); default → StringSlice (comma-separated).
+		if s.NoSplit {
+			cmd.Flags().StringArray(s.FlagName, nil, s.Description)
+		} else {
+			cmd.Flags().StringSlice(s.FlagName, nil, s.Description)
+		}
+	default:
+		cmd.Flags().String(s.FlagName, s.DefaultValue, s.Description)
+	}
+	if s.Required {
+		_ = cmd.MarkFlagRequired(s.FlagName)
+	}
+	if s.Hidden {
+		_ = cmd.Flags().MarkHidden(s.FlagName)
+	}
+	if len(s.EnumValues) > 0 {
+		vals := s.EnumValues
+		cmdutil.RegisterFlagCompletion(cmd, s.FlagName, func(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string, _ string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
+			return vals, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
+		})
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// resolveTypedInputs applies @file / stdin resolution to every leaf flag that
+// declared an `input:"file,stdin"` tag, recursing into OneOf buckets and groups
+// (cobra flags are flat, so a nested variant's flag resolves the same way). It
+// runs before bindFlags so the file/stdin content is read back into the cobra
+// flag and then bound into the Args struct. This is the typed counterpart of
+// runShortcut's resolveInputFlags, which only sees the legacy shell's (empty)
+// Flags slice — both ultimately call resolveInputForFlag.
+func resolveTypedInputs(rctx *RuntimeContext, specs []fieldSpec) error {
+	stdinUsed := false
+	return resolveTypedInputsRec(rctx, specs, &stdinUsed)
+}
+
+func resolveTypedInputsRec(rctx *RuntimeContext, specs []fieldSpec, stdinUsed *bool) error {
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		if s.IsOneOfBkt || s.IsGroup {
+			inner, err := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(s.StructType))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := resolveTypedInputsRec(rctx, inner, stdinUsed); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if s.FlagName == "" || len(s.Input) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := resolveInputForFlag(rctx, s.FlagName, s.Input, stdinUsed); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// bindFlags writes cobra-parsed values back into the Args struct. argsVal
+// is a reflect.Value of the struct (not pointer).
+func bindFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSpec) error {
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		if s.IsOneOfBkt || s.IsGroup {
+			continue
+		}
+		if s.FlagName == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := bindLeaf(cmd, argsVal, s); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func bindLeaf(cmd *cobra.Command, argsVal reflect.Value, s fieldSpec) error {
+	fv := argsVal.FieldByName(s.GoFieldName)
+	if !fv.CanSet() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Pointer leaves preserve "nil = not given" semantics: only allocate when
+	// the user explicitly set the flag. This mirrors the OneOf bucket
+	// convention (`Chat *ChatID` — nil means the variant wasn't selected) and
+	// lets typed shortcuts express tri-state bool / int / string flags using
+	// plain Go pointers instead of a separate Maybe[T] wrapper type.
+	if s.IsPtr && !cmd.Flags().Changed(s.FlagName) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	leafType := s.FieldType
+	if leafType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		leafType = leafType.Elem()
+	}
+	switch leafType.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		v, _ := cmd.Flags().GetBool(s.FlagName)
+		setLeaf(fv, reflect.ValueOf(v))
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int64:
+		v, _ := cmd.Flags().GetInt(s.FlagName)
+		setLeaf(fv, reflect.ValueOf(int64(v)).Convert(leafType))
+	case reflect.Slice:
+		var vals []string
+		if s.NoSplit {
+			vals, _ = cmd.Flags().GetStringArray(s.FlagName)
+		} else {
+			vals, _ = cmd.Flags().GetStringSlice(s.FlagName)
+		}
+		setLeaf(fv, stringsToSlice(vals, leafType))
+	default:
+		v, _ := cmd.Flags().GetString(s.FlagName)
+		setLeaf(fv, reflect.ValueOf(v).Convert(leafType))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// stringsToSlice builds a slice value of type t (kind Slice with string-kinded
+// elements) from raw strings, element-by-element via SetString. This handles a
+// plain []string, a named slice type (type IDs []string), AND a named element
+// type (type ID string → []ID) — reflect.Convert would panic on the last case
+// because []string is not convertible to []ID.
+func stringsToSlice(vals []string, t reflect.Type) reflect.Value {
+	out := reflect.MakeSlice(t, len(vals), len(vals))
+	for i, v := range vals {
+		out.Index(i).SetString(v)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func setLeaf(dst reflect.Value, src reflect.Value) {
+	if dst.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		ptr := reflect.New(dst.Type().Elem())
+		ptr.Elem().Set(src.Convert(dst.Type().Elem()))
+		dst.Set(ptr)
+		return
+	}
+	dst.Set(src.Convert(dst.Type()))
+}
+
+// bindBuckets allocates and populates OneOf bucket / group sub-struct fields
+// from cobra flag state. The shared bindFlags() above only writes top-level
+// leaves; this function is the framework's recursion into nested Args structs
+// so future typed shortcuts don't each have to ship a bespoke binder helper.
+//
+// Conventions:
+//   - Pointer-leaf in a bucket (e.g. *string, *argstype.ChatID): set iff
+//     cobra reports the flag was explicitly provided. nil means "variant not
+//     selected" — the framework's runFrameworkRules and runValidateValue
+//     both honor this nil/non-nil split.
+//   - Non-pointer leaf in a group (e.g. a typed-primitive field inside a
+//     paired group struct): always copy the cobra flag value back. Empty
+//     string is a valid "not provided" sentinel for group completeness checks.
+//   - Pointer-to-group / pointer-to-bucket (a nested group/bucket pointer
+//     inside an outer OneOf bucket): allocate iff at least one inner flag was
+//     Changed, then recurse to bind the inner fields.
+func bindBuckets(cmd *cobra.Command, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSpec) error {
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		if !s.IsOneOfBkt {
+			continue
+		}
+		fv := argsVal.FieldByName(s.GoFieldName)
+		if !fv.IsValid() || !fv.CanSet() {
+			continue
+		}
+		target := fv
+		if target.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+			if target.IsNil() {
+				target.Set(reflect.New(s.StructType))
+			}
+			target = target.Elem()
+		}
+		inner, err := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(s.StructType))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := bindBucketInner(cmd, target, inner); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// bindGroups is the top-level counterpart to bindBuckets for IsGroup fields
+// (regular nested structs without an OneOf() marker). A group's inner flags
+// are registered and validated for completeness, but bindFlags above skips
+// the field; this function fills the binding gap so an Args struct can place
+// a group directly at the top level (not just nested inside an OneOf bucket).
+//
+// Conventions mirror bindBuckets / bindBucketInner:
+//   - Value-type group: always populated; inner fields receive cobra flag
+//     values (including defaults).
+//   - Pointer-type group: allocated iff at least one inner flag was Changed,
+//     so a nil group still signals "user did not engage this group at all".
+func bindGroups(cmd *cobra.Command, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSpec) error {
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		if !s.IsGroup {
+			continue
+		}
+		fv := argsVal.FieldByName(s.GoFieldName)
+		if !fv.IsValid() || !fv.CanSet() {
+			continue
+		}
+		inner, err := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(s.StructType))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if fv.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+			anyChanged := false
+			for _, g := range inner {
+				if g.FlagName != "" && cmd.Flags().Changed(g.FlagName) {
+					anyChanged = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !anyChanged {
+				continue
+			}
+			if fv.IsNil() {
+				fv.Set(reflect.New(s.StructType))
+			}
+			if err := bindBucketInner(cmd, fv.Elem(), inner); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		// Value-type group: populate inner fields directly.
+		if err := bindBucketInner(cmd, fv, inner); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func bindBucketInner(cmd *cobra.Command, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSpec) error {
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		if s.IsOneOfBkt || s.IsGroup {
+			grandSpecs, err := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(s.StructType))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			anyChanged := false
+			for _, g := range grandSpecs {
+				if g.FlagName != "" && cmd.Flags().Changed(g.FlagName) {
+					anyChanged = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !anyChanged {
+				continue
+			}
+			fv := argsVal.FieldByName(s.GoFieldName)
+			if !fv.IsValid() || !fv.CanSet() {
+				continue
+			}
+			target := fv
+			if fv.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+				if fv.IsNil() {
+					fv.Set(reflect.New(s.StructType))
+				}
+				target = fv.Elem()
+			}
+			if err := bindBucketInner(cmd, target, grandSpecs); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if s.FlagName == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		fv := argsVal.FieldByName(s.GoFieldName)
+		if !fv.IsValid() || !fv.CanSet() {
+			continue
+		}
+		if s.IsPtr {
+			if !cmd.Flags().Changed(s.FlagName) {
+				continue
+			}
+			elemType := fv.Type().Elem()
+			ptr := reflect.New(elemType)
+			ptr.Elem().Set(bucketLeafValue(cmd, s.FlagName, elemType, s.NoSplit))
+			fv.Set(ptr)
+			continue
+		}
+		fv.Set(bucketLeafValue(cmd, s.FlagName, fv.Type(), s.NoSplit))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// bucketLeafValue reads a single cobra flag and returns it as a reflect.Value
+// convertible to targetType. It dispatches on the underlying kind so nested
+// bucket/group leaves typed as bool or int bind correctly instead of being
+// force-read through GetString (which would panic on reflect conversion of a
+// string into a numeric/bool type).
+func bucketLeafValue(cmd *cobra.Command, flagName string, targetType reflect.Type, noSplit bool) reflect.Value {
+	kind := targetType.Kind()
+	if kind == reflect.Ptr {
+		kind = targetType.Elem().Kind()
+	}
+	switch kind {
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		v, _ := cmd.Flags().GetBool(flagName)
+		return reflect.ValueOf(v).Convert(targetType)
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int64:
+		v, _ := cmd.Flags().GetInt(flagName)
+		return reflect.ValueOf(int64(v)).Convert(targetType)
+	case reflect.Slice:
+		var vals []string
+		if noSplit {
+			vals, _ = cmd.Flags().GetStringArray(flagName)
+		} else {
+			vals, _ = cmd.Flags().GetStringSlice(flagName)
+		}
+		return stringsToSlice(vals, targetType)
+	default:
+		v, _ := cmd.Flags().GetString(flagName)
+		return reflect.ValueOf(v).Convert(targetType)
+	}
+}
+
+// runNormalize invokes the Normalize method (via reflection) on every field
+// whose type implements Normalizable[T]. The canonical value is written back.
+// Plan's static type assertion can't work because Normalizable is generic —
+// the method's return type is the typed T, not any — so we dispatch by
+// reflection on method shape.
+//
+// Local-path normalization hints are dropped at the primitive layer; only
+// non-path hints reach stderr (log safety).
+func runNormalize(ctx context.Context, rt *RuntimeContext, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSpec) error {
+	ctxType := reflect.TypeOf((*context.Context)(nil)).Elem()
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		fv := argsVal.FieldByName(s.GoFieldName)
+		if !fv.IsValid() {
+			continue
+		}
+		m := fv.MethodByName("Normalize")
+		if !m.IsValid() {
+			continue
+		}
+		mt := m.Type()
+		if mt.NumIn() != 2 || mt.NumOut() != 3 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !ctxType.AssignableTo(mt.In(0)) || mt.In(1).Kind() != reflect.String {
+			continue
+		}
+		raw := asString(fv)
+		rets := m.Call([]reflect.Value{reflect.ValueOf(ctx), reflect.ValueOf(raw)})
+		if errRet := rets[2]; !errRet.IsNil() {
+			return errRet.Interface().(error)
+		}
+		canon := rets[0]
+		if fv.CanSet() && canon.Type().AssignableTo(fv.Type()) {
+			fv.Set(canon)
+		}
+		hints, _ := rets[1].Interface().([]string)
+		if len(hints) > 0 && rt != nil && rt.Cmd != nil {
+			for _, h := range hints {
+				_, _ = rt.Cmd.ErrOrStderr().Write([]byte(h + "\n"))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func asString(fv reflect.Value) string {
+	if fv.Kind() == reflect.String {
+		return fv.String()
+	}
+	if fv.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && !fv.IsNil() {
+		return asString(fv.Elem())
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// runValidateValue calls ValidateValue on every Validatable field, recursing
+// into OneOf bucket / group sub-structs so typed-primitive leaves inside
+// nested Args structs (e.g. a typed ID primitive inside a OneOf bucket) still
+// get their format check. Returns the first error to keep error envelopes
+// deterministic.
+func runValidateValue(rt *RuntimeContext, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSpec) error {
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		fv := argsVal.FieldByName(s.GoFieldName)
+		if !fv.IsValid() {
+			continue
+		}
+		if s.IsOneOfBkt || s.IsGroup {
+			structVal := fv
+			if structVal.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+				if structVal.IsNil() {
+					continue
+				}
+				structVal = structVal.Elem()
+			}
+			// Some buckets/groups implement Validatable themselves (e.g. a
+			// raw-JSON variant that checks JSON validity in its ValidateValue).
+			// Call the struct-level check BEFORE recursing into inner fields so
+			// the cross-field rule fires even when none of the inner leaves are
+			// individually Validatable.
+			if fv.CanInterface() {
+				if val, ok := fv.Interface().(Validatable); ok {
+					if err := val.ValidateValue(rt, s.FlagName); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			inner, err := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(s.StructType))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := runValidateValue(rt, structVal, inner); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		// Leaf field. Skip nil pointers (variant not selected).
+		if fv.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && fv.IsNil() {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !fv.CanInterface() {
+			continue
+		}
+		v := fv.Interface()
+		if val, ok := v.(Validatable); ok {
+			if err := val.ValidateValue(rt, s.FlagName); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		// Pointer leaf: dereference and re-check (for value-receiver
+		// ValidateValue methods on the pointee type).
+		if fv.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+			if val, ok := fv.Elem().Interface().(Validatable); ok {
+				if err := val.ValidateValue(rt, s.FlagName); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// runFrameworkRules enforces OneOf / group / required / enum invariants and
+// returns a *errs.ValidationError on the first violation. Each rule's
+// stderr-facing param is the Args field name (not the inner struct type name),
+// so OneOf bucket errors mention the user-visible field (e.g. "Target") rather
+// than the implementation-detail type name behind it.
+//
+// Recurses into OneOf bucket sub-structs so a nested group inside a bucket
+// still gets its checkGroup fire automatically.
+func runFrameworkRules(cmd *cobra.Command, argsVal reflect.Value, specs []fieldSpec) error {
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		fv := argsVal.FieldByName(s.GoFieldName)
+		switch {
+		case s.IsOneOfBkt:
+			if err := checkOneOf(cmd, fv, s); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			structVal := fv
+			if structVal.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+				if structVal.IsNil() {
+					continue
+				}
+				structVal = structVal.Elem()
+			}
+			inner, err := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(s.StructType))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := runFrameworkRules(cmd, structVal, inner); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		case s.IsGroup:
+			if err := checkGroup(cmd, fv, s); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		default:
+			if err := checkEnumAndRequired(cmd, fv, s); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// checkOneOf counts how many variants the user attempted inside the OneOf
+// bucket; exactly one must be attempted. A variant counts as "attempted" if:
+//   - it's a simple pointer leaf (e.g. *string, *ChatID) and its own flag was
+//     explicitly provided, or
+//   - it's a nested group / bucket and ANY of its inner flags was explicitly
+//     provided. No "trigger" field is required — supplying any flag of a
+//     group is enough to mark the variant as attempted, and a follow-up
+//     checkGroup catches the partial-fill case with shortcut_group_incomplete.
+func checkOneOf(cmd *cobra.Command, _ reflect.Value, s fieldSpec) error {
+	inner, err := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(s.StructType))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var triggered []string
+	for _, child := range inner {
+		// Simple pointer leaf variant: its own flag is the signal.
+		if child.IsPtr && !child.IsOneOfBkt && !child.IsGroup {
+			if child.FlagName != "" && cmd.Flags().Changed(child.FlagName) {
+				triggered = append(triggered, "--"+child.FlagName)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		// Nested group / bucket variant: any inner flag Changed counts.
+		if child.IsGroup || child.IsOneOfBkt {
+			grand, _ := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(child.StructType))
+			for _, g := range grand {
+				if g.FlagName != "" && cmd.Flags().Changed(g.FlagName) {
+					triggered = append(triggered, "--"+g.FlagName)
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	switch len(triggered) {
+	case 0:
+		return &errs.ValidationError{
+			Problem: errs.Problem{
+				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeShortcutOneOfMissing,
+				Message:  "exactly one " + s.GoFieldName + " variant must be provided",
+			},
+			Param: s.GoFieldName,
+		}
+	case 1:
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return &errs.ValidationError{
+			Problem: errs.Problem{
+				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeShortcutOneOfMultiple,
+				Message:  "choose only one of " + strings.Join(triggered, ", "),
+			},
+			Param: s.GoFieldName,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// checkGroup ensures all fields of a group sub-struct were provided when
+// the group's trigger (or first field) was set.
+func checkGroup(cmd *cobra.Command, _ reflect.Value, s fieldSpec) error {
+	inner, err := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(s.StructType))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	anySet := false
+	var missing []string
+	for _, child := range inner {
+		if child.FlagName == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if cmd.Flags().Changed(child.FlagName) {
+			anySet = true
+			continue
+		}
+		// Flags with a default value are never "missing" — the default is a
+		// valid implicit value (e.g. an enum flag that defaults to a value).
+		// Only flags without defaults need explicit user input when the
+		// group is partially populated.
+		if child.DefaultValue != "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		missing = append(missing, "--"+child.FlagName)
+	}
+	if anySet && len(missing) > 0 {
+		// Group errors use the inner struct TYPE name (the group struct's own
+		// name), not the Args field name. This matches the spec's
+		// "shortcut_group_incomplete" envelope contract — callers identify
+		// the *kind* of group that is incomplete, which is the type name.
+		// OneOf bucket errors use the field name instead (see checkOneOf).
+		return &errs.ValidationError{
+			Problem: errs.Problem{
+				Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeShortcutGroupIncomplete,
+				Message:  s.StructType.Name() + " requires " + strings.Join(missing, ", "),
+			},
+			Param: s.StructType.Name(),
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// checkEnumAndRequired enforces enum membership. Required-presence is already
+// enforced at cobra level via MarkFlagRequired, so this only adds the enum
+// check.
+func checkEnumAndRequired(cmd *cobra.Command, _ reflect.Value, s fieldSpec) error {
+	if len(s.EnumValues) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	v, _ := cmd.Flags().GetString(s.FlagName)
+	if v == "" && s.DefaultValue == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for _, allowed := range s.EnumValues {
+		if v == allowed {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	return &errs.ValidationError{
+		Problem: errs.Problem{
+			Category: errs.CategoryValidation,
+			Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			Message:  "--" + s.FlagName + ": value must be one of " + strings.Join(s.EnumValues, "|"),
+		},
+		Param: s.FlagName,
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/binder_coverage_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+)
+
+// --- top-level pointer leaf: nil = not given (mirrors OneOf bucket convention) ---
+
+type ptrLeafArgs struct {
+	Notify *bool   `flag:"notify"`
+	Limit  *int    `flag:"limit"`
+	Name   *string `flag:"name"`
+}
+
+func TestBindLeaf_PtrNilWhenAbsent(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&ptrLeafArgs{}))
+	if err := registerFlags(cmd, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("registerFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags(nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ParseFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &ptrLeafArgs{}
+	if err := bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Notify != nil || out.Limit != nil || out.Name != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected all pointer leaves nil when no flag given; got Notify=%v Limit=%v Name=%v",
+			out.Notify, out.Limit, out.Name)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBindLeaf_PtrSetWhenChanged covers the tri-state contract that previously
+// required Maybe[T]: a pointer leaf set to its zero value (e.g. --notify=false)
+// MUST come back non-nil so business code can tell it apart from "not given".
+func TestBindLeaf_PtrSetWhenChanged(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&ptrLeafArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--notify=false", "--limit", "5", "--name", "alice"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ParseFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &ptrLeafArgs{}
+	if err := bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Notify == nil || *out.Notify != false {
+		t.Errorf("Notify = %v, want non-nil false (tri-state: zero value is still 'set')", out.Notify)
+	}
+	if out.Limit == nil || *out.Limit != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("Limit = %v, want non-nil 5", out.Limit)
+	}
+	if out.Name == nil || *out.Name != "alice" {
+		t.Errorf("Name = %v, want non-nil alice", out.Name)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- OneOf bucket binding: bindBuckets / bindBucketInner / bucketLeafValue ----
+
+type bcLeafBucket struct {
+	S     *string `flag:"lb-s"`
+	I     *int    `flag:"lb-i"`
+	B     *bool   `flag:"lb-b"`
+	Plain string  `flag:"lb-plain"` // non-pointer leaf exercises the value branch
+}
+
+func (bcLeafBucket) OneOf() {}
+
+type bcValueBucketArgs struct {
+	Sel bcLeafBucket
+}
+
+func TestBindBuckets_ValueBucketTypedLeaves(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&bcValueBucketArgs{}))
+	if err := registerFlags(cmd, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("registerFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--lb-s", "hi", "--lb-i", "7", "--lb-b", "--lb-plain", "p"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ParseFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &bcValueBucketArgs{}
+	val := reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem()
+	if err := bindFlags(cmd, val, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := bindBuckets(cmd, val, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindBuckets: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Sel.S == nil || *out.Sel.S != "hi" {
+		t.Errorf("Sel.S = %v, want hi", out.Sel.S)
+	}
+	if out.Sel.I == nil || *out.Sel.I != 7 {
+		t.Errorf("Sel.I = %v, want 7", out.Sel.I)
+	}
+	if out.Sel.B == nil || *out.Sel.B != true {
+		t.Errorf("Sel.B = %v, want true", out.Sel.B)
+	}
+	if out.Sel.Plain != "p" {
+		t.Errorf("Sel.Plain = %q, want p", out.Sel.Plain)
+	}
+}
+
+type bcPtrBucketArgs struct {
+	Sel *bcLeafBucket
+}
+
+func TestBindBuckets_PointerBucketAllocates(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&bcPtrBucketArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--lb-s", "x"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ParseFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &bcPtrBucketArgs{}
+	val := reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem()
+	if err := bindBuckets(cmd, val, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindBuckets: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Sel == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Sel pointer was not allocated")
+	}
+	if out.Sel.S == nil || *out.Sel.S != "x" {
+		t.Errorf("Sel.S = %v, want x", out.Sel.S)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- runNormalize / asString --------------------------------------------------
+
+type bcNormField string
+
+func (n bcNormField) Normalize(_ context.Context, raw string) (bcNormField, []string, error) {
+	if raw == "boom" {
+		return "", nil, errors.New("normalize failed")
+	}
+	return bcNormField("c:" + raw), []string{"hint: " + raw}, nil
+}
+
+type bcNormArgs struct {
+	Token    bcNormField  `flag:"token"`
+	TokenPtr *bcNormField `flag:"token-ptr"`
+}
+
+func TestRunNormalize_CanonicalizesAndEmitsHints(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	cmd.SetErr(&buf)
+	rt := &RuntimeContext{Cmd: cmd}
+
+	ptr := bcNormField("xy")
+	args := &bcNormArgs{Token: "raw", TokenPtr: &ptr}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(args))
+
+	if err := runNormalize(context.Background(), rt, reflect.ValueOf(args).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("runNormalize: %v", err)
+	}
+	if args.Token != "c:raw" {
+		t.Errorf("Token = %q, want c:raw", args.Token)
+	}
+	if got := buf.String(); got == "" || !bytes.Contains([]byte(got), []byte("hint: raw")) {
+		t.Errorf("stderr = %q, want it to contain the normalize hint", got)
+	}
+}
+
+type bcBadNormArgs struct {
+	Token bcNormField `flag:"token"`
+}
+
+func TestRunNormalize_PropagatesError(t *testing.T) {
+	args := &bcBadNormArgs{Token: "boom"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(args))
+	err := runNormalize(context.Background(), nil, reflect.ValueOf(args).Elem(), specs)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error from Normalize")
+	}
+}
+
+// --- checkGroup (via runFrameworkRules) ---------------------------------------
+
+type bcGroupBody struct {
+	A string `flag:"g-a"`
+	B string `flag:"g-b"`
+	C string `flag:"g-c" default:"x"` // default means never "missing"
+}
+
+type bcGroupArgs struct {
+	Grp bcGroupBody
+}
+
+func TestCheckGroup_IncompleteReportsMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&bcGroupArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	// Only --g-a set: B is missing (no default), C has a default so it is fine.
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--g-a", "v"})
+	out := &bcGroupArgs{}
+	err := runFrameworkRules(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected group_incomplete error")
+	}
+	ve := mustValidationError(t, err)
+	if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeShortcutGroupIncomplete {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want group_incomplete", ve.Subtype)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckGroup_CompleteAndUntouched(t *testing.T) {
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&bcGroupArgs{}))
+
+	// Complete: A and B provided.
+	cmd1 := &cobra.Command{Use: "t1"}
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd1, specs)
+	_ = cmd1.ParseFlags([]string{"--g-a", "1", "--g-b", "2"})
+	if err := runFrameworkRules(cmd1, reflect.ValueOf(&bcGroupArgs{}).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("complete group should pass, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Untouched: nothing set → group rule does not fire.
+	cmd2 := &cobra.Command{Use: "t2"}
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd2, specs)
+	_ = cmd2.ParseFlags(nil)
+	if err := runFrameworkRules(cmd2, reflect.ValueOf(&bcGroupArgs{}).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("untouched group should pass, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- checkEnumAndRequired (via runFrameworkRules) -----------------------------
+
+type bcEnumArgs struct {
+	Mode string `flag:"mode" enum:"a,b,c"`
+}
+
+func TestCheckEnum(t *testing.T) {
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&bcEnumArgs{}))
+
+	// Invalid value.
+	cmd1 := &cobra.Command{Use: "t1"}
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd1, specs)
+	_ = cmd1.ParseFlags([]string{"--mode", "z"})
+	err := runFrameworkRules(cmd1, reflect.ValueOf(&bcEnumArgs{}).Elem(), specs)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected invalid_argument error for bad enum value")
+	}
+	if ve := mustValidationError(t, err); ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want invalid_argument", ve.Subtype)
+	}
+
+	// Valid value.
+	cmd2 := &cobra.Command{Use: "t2"}
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd2, specs)
+	_ = cmd2.ParseFlags([]string{"--mode", "b"})
+	if err := runFrameworkRules(cmd2, reflect.ValueOf(&bcEnumArgs{}).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("valid enum value should pass, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Empty (no default) → enum check skipped.
+	cmd3 := &cobra.Command{Use: "t3"}
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd3, specs)
+	_ = cmd3.ParseFlags(nil)
+	if err := runFrameworkRules(cmd3, reflect.ValueOf(&bcEnumArgs{}).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("empty enum value should pass, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- runValidateValue recursion into a group sub-struct -----------------------
+
+type bcValGroup struct {
+	ID dummyValidatable `flag:"vg-id"`
+}
+
+type bcValGroupArgs struct {
+	Grp bcValGroup
+}
+
+func TestRunValidateValue_RecursesIntoGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	args := &bcValGroupArgs{}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(args))
+	rt := &RuntimeContext{}
+	if err := runValidateValue(rt, reflect.ValueOf(args).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("runValidateValue into group: %v", err)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/binder_input_enum_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	_ "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs/localfileio"
+)
+
+// newTypedInputRuntime registers the given specs on a fresh cobra command,
+// parses argv, and returns a RuntimeContext wired with a fake stdin — the
+// typed-binder analogue of newTestRuntimeWithStdin in runner_input_test.go.
+func newTypedInputRuntime(t *testing.T, specs []fieldSpec, argv []string, stdin string) *RuntimeContext {
+	t.Helper()
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	if err := registerFlags(cmd, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("registerFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags(argv); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ParseFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	return &RuntimeContext{
+		Cmd: cmd,
+		Factory: &cmdutil.Factory{
+			IOStreams: &cmdutil.IOStreams{In: strings.NewReader(stdin)},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// --- @file / stdin on typed shortcuts -------------------------------------
+
+type fileInputArgs struct {
+	Content string `flag:"content" input:"file,stdin"`
+}
+
+func TestResolveTypedInputs_File(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	cmdutil.TestChdir(t, dir)
+	body := "## Title\n\nbody from a file\n"
+	if err := os.WriteFile("body.md", []byte(body), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	specs, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&fileInputArgs{}))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("walkArgs: %v", err)
+	}
+	rt := newTypedInputRuntime(t, specs, []string{"--content", "@body.md"}, "")
+	if err := resolveTypedInputs(rt, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveTypedInputs: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &fileInputArgs{}
+	if err := bindFlags(rt.Cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Content != body {
+		t.Errorf("Content = %q, want file body %q", out.Content, body)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveTypedInputs_Stdin(t *testing.T) {
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&fileInputArgs{}))
+	rt := newTypedInputRuntime(t, specs, []string{"--content", "-"}, "piped stdin body")
+	if err := resolveTypedInputs(rt, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveTypedInputs: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &fileInputArgs{}
+	_ = bindFlags(rt.Cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if out.Content != "piped stdin body" {
+		t.Errorf("Content = %q, want stdin body", out.Content)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveTypedInputs_PlainValueUnchanged(t *testing.T) {
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&fileInputArgs{}))
+	rt := newTypedInputRuntime(t, specs, []string{"--content", "literal text"}, "")
+	if err := resolveTypedInputs(rt, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveTypedInputs: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &fileInputArgs{}
+	_ = bindFlags(rt.Cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if out.Content != "literal text" {
+		t.Errorf("Content = %q, want unchanged literal", out.Content)
+	}
+}
+
+// A OneOf variant flag that declares @file/stdin must resolve too — the binder
+// recurses into buckets because cobra flags are flat regardless of nesting.
+type nestedInputVariant struct {
+	Body *string `flag:"body" input:"file,stdin"`
+	Raw  *string `flag:"raw"`
+}
+
+func (nestedInputVariant) OneOf() {}
+
+type nestedInputArgs struct {
+	Content nestedInputVariant
+}
+
+func TestResolveTypedInputs_NestedInOneOf(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	cmdutil.TestChdir(t, dir)
+	body := "nested variant body\n"
+	if err := os.WriteFile("v.md", []byte(body), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	specs, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&nestedInputArgs{}))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("walkArgs: %v", err)
+	}
+	rt := newTypedInputRuntime(t, specs, []string{"--body", "@v.md"}, "")
+	if err := resolveTypedInputs(rt, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveTypedInputs: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &nestedInputArgs{}
+	if err := bindBuckets(rt.Cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindBuckets: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Content.Body == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Content.Body is nil — variant not bound")
+	}
+	if *out.Content.Body != body {
+		t.Errorf("Content.Body = %q, want file body %q", *out.Content.Body, body)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- Mount-time validation: enum / input only on string leaves ------------
+
+type enumOnIntArgs struct {
+	Level int `flag:"level" enum:"1,2,3"`
+}
+
+func TestWalkArgs_EnumOnNonStringErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&enumOnIntArgs{}))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for enum on int field")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "enum tag is only supported on string") {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+type inputOnBoolArgs struct {
+	Flag bool `flag:"flag" input:"file"`
+}
+
+func TestWalkArgs_InputOnNonStringErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&inputOnBoolArgs{}))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for input on bool field")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "input tag is only supported on string") {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+type unknownInputSrcArgs struct {
+	Content string `flag:"content" input:"bogus"`
+}
+
+func TestWalkArgs_UnknownInputSource(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&unknownInputSrcArgs{}))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for unknown input source")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unknown input source") {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// A string-alias enum field (e.g. an argstype primitive) must be accepted.
+type enumOnStringArgs struct {
+	Priority string `flag:"priority" enum:"low,normal,high"`
+}
+
+func TestWalkArgs_EnumOnStringOK(t *testing.T) {
+	specs, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&enumOnStringArgs{}))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(specs) != 1 || len(specs[0].EnumValues) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("enum not parsed: %+v", specs)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- enum shell completion + help candidate rendering ---------------------
+
+func TestRegisterLeaf_EnumCompletion(t *testing.T) {
+	prev := cmdutil.FlagCompletionsEnabled()
+	cmdutil.SetFlagCompletionsEnabled(true)
+	defer cmdutil.SetFlagCompletionsEnabled(prev)
+
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&enumOnStringArgs{}))
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	if err := registerFlags(cmd, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("registerFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn, ok := cmd.GetFlagCompletionFunc("priority")
+	if !ok || fn == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected a completion func registered for --priority")
+	}
+	vals, _ := fn(cmd, nil, "")
+	want := map[string]bool{"low": true, "normal": true, "high": true}
+	if len(vals) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("completion candidates = %v, want low/normal/high", vals)
+	}
+	for _, v := range vals {
+		if !want[v] {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected completion candidate %q", v)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFormatLeafLine_EnumCandidates(t *testing.T) {
+	s := fieldSpec{FlagName: "priority", Description: "the priority", EnumValues: []string{"low", "normal", "high"}}
+	line := formatLeafLine("  ", s)
+	if !strings.Contains(line, "(one of: low|normal|high)") {
+		t.Errorf("help line missing enum candidates: %q", line)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFormatLeafLine_EnumAndDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	s := fieldSpec{FlagName: "priority", Description: "the priority", EnumValues: []string{"low", "high"}, DefaultValue: "low"}
+	line := formatLeafLine("  ", s)
+	if !strings.Contains(line, "(one of: low|high)") || !strings.Contains(line, `(default "low")`) {
+		t.Errorf("help line missing enum or default: %q", line)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/binder_namedslice_nilexec_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+)
+
+// --- []<named string> and named slice types bind without panicking --------
+// Regression guard: reflect.Convert([]string -> []myID) panics, so the binder
+// must build the slice element-by-element via SetString instead.
+
+type myID string
+
+type namedElemArgs struct {
+	Xs []myID `flag:"xs"`
+}
+
+func TestSliceFlag_NamedElementType(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&namedElemArgs{}))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("walkArgs: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := registerFlags(cmd, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("registerFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--xs", "a,b"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &namedElemArgs{}
+	if err := bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bind: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(out.Xs, []myID{"a", "b"}) {
+		t.Errorf("Xs = %#v, want []myID{a b}", out.Xs)
+	}
+}
+
+type myIDList []string
+
+type namedSliceArgs struct {
+	Ids myIDList `flag:"ids"`
+}
+
+func TestSliceFlag_NamedSliceType(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&namedSliceArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--ids", "x,y,z"})
+	out := &namedSliceArgs{}
+	if err := bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bind: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(out.Ids, myIDList{"x", "y", "z"}) {
+		t.Errorf("Ids = %#v, want myIDList{x y z}", out.Ids)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- nil Execute → not mounted (parity with legacy Shortcut) ---------------
+
+type nilExecArgs struct {
+	Name string `flag:"name"`
+}
+
+func TestMountTyped_NilExecuteNotMounted(t *testing.T) {
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	ts := TypedShortcut[*nilExecArgs]{
+		Service: "x", Command: "+noexec", AuthTypes: []string{"user"}, Risk: "read",
+		// Execute intentionally nil — legacy skips mounting such shortcuts.
+	}
+	ts.MountWithContext(context.Background(), root, &cmdutil.Factory{})
+	if sub, _, _ := root.Find([]string{"+noexec"}); sub != nil && sub.Name() == "+noexec" {
+		t.Error("nil-Execute typed shortcut must NOT be mounted (parity with legacy)")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMountTyped_WithExecuteMounted(t *testing.T) {
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	ts := TypedShortcut[*nilExecArgs]{
+		Service: "x", Command: "+yesexec", AuthTypes: []string{"user"}, Risk: "read",
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, args *nilExecArgs, rt *RuntimeContext) error { return nil },
+	}
+	ts.MountWithContext(context.Background(), root, &cmdutil.Factory{})
+	if sub, _, _ := root.Find([]string{"+yesexec"}); sub == nil || sub.Name() != "+yesexec" {
+		t.Error("typed shortcut with Execute should be mounted")
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/binder_slice_hidden_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// --- multi-value ([]string) flags -----------------------------------------
+
+type sliceArgs struct {
+	Ids  []string `flag:"ids"`               // default → StringSlice (comma-split)
+	Tags []string `flag:"tags" split:"none"` // StringArray (repeatable, no split)
+}
+
+func TestSliceFlag_StringSliceDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&sliceArgs{}))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("walkArgs: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := registerFlags(cmd, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("registerFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--ids", "a,b,c"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &sliceArgs{}
+	if err := bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bind: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(out.Ids, []string{"a", "b", "c"}) {
+		t.Errorf("Ids = %#v, want [a b c] (comma-split)", out.Ids)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSliceFlag_StringArrayNoSplit(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&sliceArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	// repeated; a value containing a comma must NOT be split (StringArray)
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--tags", "a,b", "--tags", "c"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &sliceArgs{}
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(out.Tags, []string{"a,b", "c"}) {
+		t.Errorf("Tags = %#v, want [\"a,b\" \"c\"] (no split, repeatable)", out.Tags)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSliceFlag_UnsetIsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&sliceArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags(nil)
+	out := &sliceArgs{}
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if len(out.Ids) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Ids = %#v, want empty when unset", out.Ids)
+	}
+}
+
+type sliceGroup struct {
+	Items []string `flag:"items"`
+	Note  string   `flag:"note"`
+}
+
+type groupSliceArgs struct {
+	G sliceGroup
+}
+
+func TestSliceFlag_InGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&groupSliceArgs{}))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("walkArgs: %v", err)
+	}
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--items", "x,y", "--note", "hi"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := &groupSliceArgs{}
+	if err := bindGroups(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindGroups: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(out.G.Items, []string{"x", "y"}) {
+		t.Errorf("G.Items = %#v, want [x y]", out.G.Items)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- Mount-time validation for slices / split -----------------------------
+
+type splitOnStringArgs struct {
+	S string `flag:"s" split:"none"`
+}
+
+func TestWalkArgs_SplitOnNonSliceErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&splitOnStringArgs{}))
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "split tag is only supported on []string") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected split-on-non-slice error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+type intSliceArgs struct {
+	N []int `flag:"n"`
+}
+
+func TestWalkArgs_NonStringSliceErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&intSliceArgs{}))
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "only []string slices are supported") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected []int error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+type unknownSplitArgs struct {
+	S []string `flag:"s" split:"bogus"`
+}
+
+func TestWalkArgs_UnknownSplitMode(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&unknownSplitArgs{}))
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unknown split mode") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected unknown split mode error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- per-flag hidden ------------------------------------------------------
+
+type hiddenArgs struct {
+	Visible string `flag:"visible"`
+	Secret  string `flag:"secret" hidden:"true"`
+}
+
+func TestHiddenFlag_RegisteredButHidden(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&hiddenArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	f := cmd.Flags().Lookup("secret")
+	if f == nil {
+		t.Fatal("secret flag not registered")
+	}
+	if !f.Hidden {
+		t.Error("secret flag should be marked hidden")
+	}
+	// hidden does not mean disabled — it still binds.
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--secret", "shh", "--visible", "v"})
+	out := &hiddenArgs{}
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if out.Secret != "shh" {
+		t.Errorf("Secret = %q, want shh (hidden but functional)", out.Secret)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHiddenFlag_SkippedInHelp(t *testing.T) {
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&hiddenArgs{}))
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.SetOut(&buf)
+	buildTypedHelp(specs, nil)(cmd, nil)
+	out := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "--visible") {
+		t.Errorf("help should show --visible:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, "--secret") {
+		t.Errorf("help must NOT show hidden --secret:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- @file / stdin help hint ----------------------------------------------
+
+func TestFormatLeafLine_InputHintBoth(t *testing.T) {
+	s := fieldSpec{FlagName: "content", Description: "the content", Input: []string{File, Stdin}}
+	line := formatLeafLine("  ", s)
+	if !strings.Contains(line, "(supports @file, - for stdin)") {
+		t.Errorf("missing input hint: %q", line)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFormatLeafLine_InputHintFileOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	s := fieldSpec{FlagName: "content", Description: "c", Input: []string{File}}
+	line := formatLeafLine("  ", s)
+	if !strings.Contains(line, "(supports @file)") || strings.Contains(line, "stdin") {
+		t.Errorf("file-only hint wrong: %q", line)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/binder_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+)
+
+type simpleArgs struct {
+	Name  string `flag:"name" desc:"a name"`
+	Count int    `flag:"count" default:"3"`
+}
+
+func TestWalkArgs_Simple(t *testing.T) {
+	specs, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&simpleArgs{}))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("walkArgs: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(specs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 field specs, got %d", len(specs))
+	}
+	if specs[0].FlagName != "name" || specs[1].FlagName != "count" {
+		t.Errorf("flag names: %+v", specs)
+	}
+}
+
+type dupTagArgs struct {
+	A string `flag:"x"`
+	B string `flag:"x"`
+}
+
+func TestWalkArgs_DuplicateTagPanics(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected panic for duplicate flag tag")
+		}
+	}()
+	_, _ = walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&dupTagArgs{}))
+}
+
+type bindArgs struct {
+	Name  string `flag:"name"`
+	Count int    `flag:"count" default:"7"`
+}
+
+func TestRegisterAndBind_StringInt(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&bindArgs{}))
+	if err := registerFlags(cmd, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("registerFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--name", "alice", "--count", "12"})
+	out := &bindArgs{}
+	if err := bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindFlags: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Name != "alice" {
+		t.Errorf("Name = %q, want alice", out.Name)
+	}
+	if out.Count != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("Count = %d, want 12", out.Count)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRegister_DefaultApplies(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&bindArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags(nil)
+	out := &bindArgs{}
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if out.Count != 7 {
+		t.Errorf("default not applied: Count = %d, want 7", out.Count)
+	}
+}
+
+type withValidatable struct {
+	ID dummyValidatable `flag:"id"`
+}
+
+func TestRunValidateValue_CallsValidatable(t *testing.T) {
+	v := &withValidatable{}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(v))
+	rt := &RuntimeContext{}
+	if err := runValidateValue(rt, reflect.ValueOf(v).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("runValidateValue: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+type oneOfArgs struct {
+	A *string `flag:"a"`
+	B *string `flag:"b"`
+}
+
+func (oneOfArgs) OneOf() {}
+
+type bucketArgs struct {
+	Bucket oneOfArgs
+}
+
+func TestFrameworkRules_OneOfMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&bucketArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags(nil)
+	out := &bucketArgs{}
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	err := runFrameworkRules(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected oneof_missing error")
+	}
+	ve := mustValidationError(t, err)
+	if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeShortcutOneOfMissing {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q", ve.Subtype)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFrameworkRules_OneOfMultiple(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&bucketArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--a", "1", "--b", "2"})
+	out := &bucketArgs{}
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	err := runFrameworkRules(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected oneof_multiple error")
+	}
+	ve := mustValidationError(t, err)
+	if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeShortcutOneOfMultiple {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q", ve.Subtype)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- top-level group binding (bindGroups) ---
+
+type dateRange struct {
+	From string `flag:"from"`
+	To   string `flag:"to"`
+}
+type groupValueArgs struct {
+	Range dateRange
+}
+
+func TestBindGroups_TopLevelValueGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&groupValueArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--from", "2026-01-01", "--to", "2026-12-31"})
+	out := &groupValueArgs{}
+	argsVal := reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem()
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, argsVal, specs)
+	if err := bindGroups(cmd, argsVal, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindGroups: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Range.From != "2026-01-01" || out.Range.To != "2026-12-31" {
+		t.Errorf("Range = %+v", out.Range)
+	}
+}
+
+type defaultedGroup struct {
+	Port string `flag:"port" default:"8080"`
+	Host string `flag:"host" default:"localhost"`
+}
+type groupDefaultArgs struct {
+	Conf defaultedGroup
+}
+
+func TestBindGroups_TopLevelValueGroup_AppliesDefaults(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&groupDefaultArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags(nil)
+	out := &groupDefaultArgs{}
+	argsVal := reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem()
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, argsVal, specs)
+	if err := bindGroups(cmd, argsVal, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindGroups: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Conf.Port != "8080" || out.Conf.Host != "localhost" {
+		t.Errorf("defaults not applied: Conf = %+v", out.Conf)
+	}
+}
+
+type proxyConf struct {
+	Host string `flag:"proxy-host"`
+	Port string `flag:"proxy-port"`
+}
+type groupPtrArgs struct {
+	Proxy *proxyConf
+}
+
+func TestBindGroups_TopLevelPtrGroup_AllocatedWhenChanged(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&groupPtrArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--proxy-host", "p.example.com"})
+	out := &groupPtrArgs{}
+	argsVal := reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem()
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, argsVal, specs)
+	if err := bindGroups(cmd, argsVal, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindGroups: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Proxy == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected Proxy to be allocated when an inner flag was changed")
+	}
+	if out.Proxy.Host != "p.example.com" {
+		t.Errorf("Proxy.Host = %q", out.Proxy.Host)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBindGroups_TopLevelPtrGroup_NilWhenAbsent(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&groupPtrArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags(nil)
+	out := &groupPtrArgs{}
+	argsVal := reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem()
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, argsVal, specs)
+	if err := bindGroups(cmd, argsVal, specs); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bindGroups: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Proxy != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected Proxy nil when no inner flag set, got %+v", out.Proxy)
+	}
+}
+
+// --- OneOf with a nested group variant (no oneof_trigger; any inner flag
+// counts as attempting that variant) ---
+
+type vidGroup struct {
+	File  string `flag:"vid-file"`
+	Cover string `flag:"vid-cover"`
+}
+type contentBucket struct {
+	Text  *string `flag:"ct"`
+	Video *vidGroup
+}
+
+func (contentBucket) OneOf() {}
+
+type contentBucketArgs struct {
+	Bucket contentBucket
+}
+
+func TestCheckOneOf_GroupCompanionAloneTriggersVariant(t *testing.T) {
+	// Companion --vid-cover alone (no --vid-file) should count as attempting
+	// the Video variant; OneOf check passes (1 variant attempted) and the
+	// group completeness check then surfaces shortcut_group_incomplete with
+	// the specific missing flag, not a misleading shortcut_oneof_missing.
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&contentBucketArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--vid-cover", "c.png"})
+	out := &contentBucketArgs{}
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	err := runFrameworkRules(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected group_incomplete error")
+	}
+	ve := mustValidationError(t, err)
+	if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeShortcutGroupIncomplete {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want shortcut_group_incomplete", ve.Subtype)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckOneOf_GroupVariantBothFieldsOK(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&contentBucketArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--vid-file", "v.mp4", "--vid-cover", "c.png"})
+	out := &contentBucketArgs{}
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if err := runFrameworkRules(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected OK, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckOneOf_SimpleAndGroupBothAttempted_Multiple(t *testing.T) {
+	// Text variant set AND Video group's companion set → both variants are
+	// attempted; expect shortcut_oneof_multiple.
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	specs, _ := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&contentBucketArgs{}))
+	_ = registerFlags(cmd, specs)
+	_ = cmd.ParseFlags([]string{"--ct", "hi", "--vid-cover", "c.png"})
+	out := &contentBucketArgs{}
+	_ = bindFlags(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	err := runFrameworkRules(cmd, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem(), specs)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected oneof_multiple error")
+	}
+	ve := mustValidationError(t, err)
+	if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeShortcutOneOfMultiple {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want shortcut_oneof_multiple", ve.Subtype)
+	}
+}
+
+func mustValidationError(t *testing.T, err error) *errs.ValidationError {
+	t.Helper()
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	return ve
+}

shortcuts/common/protocol.go

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// ShortcutDescriptor exposes the read-only metadata that auth, scope-hint,
+// shortcuts.json generation, and diagnose-scope consumers need. Both legacy
+// Shortcut and the new TypedShortcut[T] satisfy it (see types.go and
+// typed_shortcut.go for the implementations).
+type ShortcutDescriptor interface {
+	GetService() string
+	GetCommand() string
+	GetDescription() string
+	GetAuthTypes() []string
+	GetRisk() string
+	ScopesForIdentity(identity string) []string
+	ConditionalScopesForIdentity(identity string) []string
+	DeclaredScopesForIdentity(identity string) []string
+}
+
+// Mountable is the registration contract for register.go. ShortcutDescriptor
+// is embedded so a single interface slice covers both metadata reads and
+// cobra mounting.
+type Mountable interface {
+	ShortcutDescriptor
+	MountWithContext(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory)
+}
+
+// OneOfMarker is the opt-in marker for "exactly one variant" sub-structs.
+// Variant fields must be pointers; the binder treats a non-nil pointer as
+// "this variant was selected by user-set trigger flag". See spec §"OneOf
+// trigger semantics" for the trigger rule.
+type OneOfMarker interface {
+	OneOf()
+}
+
+// Validatable is implemented by typed primitives (and may be by sub-structs
+// that validate a composite value, e.g. a raw JSON body) that own their
+// format check. The binder calls
+// ValidateValue per field after Normalize. Returning an error must produce
+// a *errs.ValidationError so the stderr envelope carries type/subtype/param.
+type Validatable interface {
+	ValidateValue(rt *RuntimeContext, flagName string) error
+}
+
+// Normalizable[T] is implemented by typed primitives that canonicalize raw
+// user input (e.g. SpreadsheetRef extracting token from URL). The binder
+// calls Normalize before ValidateValue and writes the canonical value back.
+// hints, if any, are written to stderr once during the Validate phase.
+//
+// Local-path Normalize MUST NOT emit absolute paths in hints (log safety).
+type Normalizable[T any] interface {
+	Normalize(ctx context.Context, raw string) (value T, hints []string, err error)
+}
+
+// ArgsValidator is the cross-field escape hatch. An Args struct may opt in
+// by adding this method; the binder calls it after framework-derived
+// validation (required / enum / OneOf / group), before the user-defined
+// TypedShortcut.Validate hook.
+type ArgsValidator interface {
+	Validate(ctx context.Context, rt *RuntimeContext) error
+}
+
+// HelpExample appears in TypedShortcut.Examples and is rendered by
+// typed_help under an "EXAMPLES:" section.
+type HelpExample struct {
+	Title string
+	Cmd   string
+}

shortcuts/common/protocol_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// dummyOneOf demonstrates how a sub-struct opts into OneOfMarker by adding
+// the empty OneOf() method.
+type dummyOneOf struct{ A, B *string }
+
+func (dummyOneOf) OneOf() {}
+
+func TestOneOfMarker_Detection(t *testing.T) {
+	var v interface{} = dummyOneOf{}
+	if _, ok := v.(OneOfMarker); !ok {
+		t.Fatal("dummyOneOf should satisfy OneOfMarker")
+	}
+}
+
+// dummyValidatable implements Validatable.
+type dummyValidatable struct{}
+
+func (dummyValidatable) ValidateValue(rt *RuntimeContext, flag string) error { return nil }
+
+func TestValidatable_InterfaceShape(t *testing.T) {
+	var _ Validatable = dummyValidatable{}
+}
+
+// dummyNormalizable implements Normalizable[string].
+type dummyNormalizable struct{}
+
+func (dummyNormalizable) Normalize(ctx context.Context, raw string) (string, []string, error) {
+	return raw, nil, nil
+}
+
+func TestNormalizable_InterfaceShape(t *testing.T) {
+	var n Normalizable[string] = dummyNormalizable{}
+	got, hints, err := n.Normalize(context.Background(), "x")
+	if err != nil || got != "x" || hints != nil {
+		t.Errorf("dummy Normalize round-trip: got=%q hints=%v err=%v", got, hints, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHelpExample_Fields(t *testing.T) {
+	ex := HelpExample{Title: "send text", Cmd: "--chat-id oc_x --text hi"}
+	if ex.Title != "send text" || ex.Cmd != "--chat-id oc_x --text hi" {
+		t.Errorf("HelpExample: got %+v", ex)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/runner.go

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ type RuntimeContext struct {
 	apiClientFunc func() (*client.APIClient, error) // sync.OnceValues; initialized in newRuntimeContext
 	botInfoFunc   func() (*BotInfo, error)          // sync.OnceValues; lazy bot identity from /bot/v3/info
 	larkSDK       *lark.Client                      // eagerly initialized in mountDeclarative
+	typedArgs     any                               // per-run typed Args, set by binder; consumed by DryRun/Execute
 }
 
 // ── Identity ──
@@ -1017,56 +1018,69 @@ func newRuntimeContext(cmd *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory, s *Shortcut, conf
 func resolveInputFlags(rctx *RuntimeContext, flags []Flag) error {
 	stdinUsed := false
 	for _, fl := range flags {
-		if len(fl.Input) == 0 {
-			continue
+		if err := resolveInputForFlag(rctx, fl.Name, fl.Input, &stdinUsed); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
-		raw, err := rctx.Cmd.Flags().GetString(fl.Name)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// resolveInputForFlag applies @file / stdin / @@-escape resolution to a single
+// string flag. sources lists the accepted inputs (File / Stdin); empty sources
+// or an empty/plain flag value is a no-op. stdinUsed is shared across all flags
+// of one invocation so stdin (-) is consumed by at most one flag. Both the
+// legacy resolveInputFlags loop and the typed binder (resolveTypedInputs) call
+// through here, so @file / stdin behaves identically on TypedShortcut[T].
+func resolveInputForFlag(rctx *RuntimeContext, name string, sources []string, stdinUsed *bool) error {
+	if len(sources) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	raw, err := rctx.Cmd.Flags().GetString(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return FlagErrorf("--%s: Input is only supported for string flags", name)
+	}
+	if raw == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// stdin: -
+	if raw == "-" {
+		if !slices.Contains(sources, Stdin) {
+			return FlagErrorf("--%s does not support stdin (-)", name)
+		}
+		if *stdinUsed {
+			return FlagErrorf("--%s: stdin (-) can only be used by one flag", name)
+		}
+		*stdinUsed = true
+		data, err := io.ReadAll(rctx.IO().In)
 		if err != nil {
-			return FlagErrorf("--%s: Input is only supported for string flags", fl.Name)
-		}
-		if raw == "" {
-			continue
+			return FlagErrorf("--%s: failed to read from stdin: %v", name, err)
 		}
+		rctx.Cmd.Flags().Set(name, string(data))
+		return nil
+	}
 
-		// stdin: -
-		if raw == "-" {
-			if !slices.Contains(fl.Input, Stdin) {
-				return FlagErrorf("--%s does not support stdin (-)", fl.Name)
-			}
-			if stdinUsed {
-				return FlagErrorf("--%s: stdin (-) can only be used by one flag", fl.Name)
-			}
-			stdinUsed = true
-			data, err := io.ReadAll(rctx.IO().In)
-			if err != nil {
-				return FlagErrorf("--%s: failed to read from stdin: %v", fl.Name, err)
-			}
-			rctx.Cmd.Flags().Set(fl.Name, string(data))
-			continue
-		}
+	// escape: @@ → literal @
+	if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "@@") {
+		rctx.Cmd.Flags().Set(name, raw[1:]) // strip first @
+		return nil
+	}
 
-		// escape: @@ → literal @
-		if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "@@") {
-			rctx.Cmd.Flags().Set(fl.Name, raw[1:]) // strip first @
-			continue
+	// file: @path
+	if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "@") {
+		if !slices.Contains(sources, File) {
+			return FlagErrorf("--%s does not support file input (@path)", name)
 		}
-
-		// file: @path
-		if strings.HasPrefix(raw, "@") {
-			if !slices.Contains(fl.Input, File) {
-				return FlagErrorf("--%s does not support file input (@path)", fl.Name)
-			}
-			path := strings.TrimSpace(raw[1:])
-			if path == "" {
-				return FlagErrorf("--%s: file path cannot be empty after @", fl.Name)
-			}
-			data, err := cmdutil.ReadInputFile(rctx.FileIO(), path)
-			if err != nil {
-				return FlagErrorf("--%s: %v", fl.Name, err)
-			}
-			rctx.Cmd.Flags().Set(fl.Name, string(data))
-			continue
+		path := strings.TrimSpace(raw[1:])
+		if path == "" {
+			return FlagErrorf("--%s: file path cannot be empty after @", name)
 		}
+		data, err := cmdutil.ReadInputFile(rctx.FileIO(), path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return FlagErrorf("--%s: %v", name, err)
+		}
+		rctx.Cmd.Flags().Set(name, string(data))
+		return nil
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -1183,3 +1197,12 @@ func registerShortcutFlagsWithContext(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command, f
 	cmd.Flags().StringP("jq", "q", "", "jq expression to filter JSON output")
 	cmdutil.AddShortcutIdentityFlag(ctx, cmd, f, s.AuthTypes)
 }
+
+// TypedArgs returns the per-run Args struct populated by the binder. Returns
+// nil for runs that didn't go through TypedShortcut[T]. Callers should
+// type-assert to the concrete *Args type.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) TypedArgs() any { return ctx.typedArgs }
+
+// SetTypedArgs stores the per-run Args struct. Called once by the binder
+// after bind + Normalize complete. Must not be called by user hooks.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) SetTypedArgs(v any) { ctx.typedArgs = v }

shortcuts/common/runner_args_test.go

@@ -56,3 +56,17 @@ func TestRejectPositionalArgs_NoArgs(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected no error for empty args, got: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRuntimeContext_TypedArgs_RoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	type sample struct{ X int }
+	rt := &RuntimeContext{}
+	if got := rt.TypedArgs(); got != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("fresh RuntimeContext.TypedArgs() = %v, want nil", got)
+	}
+	in := &sample{X: 42}
+	rt.SetTypedArgs(in)
+	out, ok := rt.TypedArgs().(*sample)
+	if !ok || out != in {
+		t.Errorf("round-trip failed: got %v ok=%v", rt.TypedArgs(), ok)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/typed_help.go

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+)
+
+// buildTypedHelp returns a cobra.HelpFunc that renders typed shortcuts in
+// sections (CHOOSE ONE <FIELD> / OPTIONAL / EXAMPLES / GLOBAL FLAGS / Risk: /
+// Tips:). Cobra's default HelpFunc is preserved for all non-typed commands;
+// we only override per-command via cmd.SetHelpFunc.
+//
+// Section titles use the Args struct's field name (e.g. "TARGET", "CONTENT"),
+// not the inner Go type name behind the field, so the help mirrors the
+// user-visible variable name rather than an implementation detail.
+func buildTypedHelp(specs []fieldSpec, examples []HelpExample) func(*cobra.Command, []string) {
+	return func(cmd *cobra.Command, _ []string) {
+		w := cmd.OutOrStdout()
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s — %s\n\n", cmd.Use, cmd.Short)
+		rendered := map[string]struct{}{}
+		renderOneOfSections(w, specs, rendered)
+		renderRequiredSection(w, specs, rendered)
+		renderOptionalSection(w, specs, rendered)
+		renderExamples(w, examples)
+		renderGlobalFlags(w, cmd, rendered)
+		if r, ok := cmdutil.GetRisk(cmd); ok && r != "" {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Risk: %s\n\n", r)
+		}
+		for _, tip := range cmdutil.GetTips(cmd) {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Tips: %s\n", tip)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// formatLeafLine renders one leaf flag line — "--name    description" with an
+// optional `(default "x")` suffix when the field declares a default. Reused by
+// every section renderer so REQUIRED / OPTIONAL / CHOOSE ONE all surface the
+// same information density as cobra's legacy default help.
+func formatLeafLine(indent string, s fieldSpec) string {
+	line := fmt.Sprintf("%s--%s    %s", indent, s.FlagName, s.Description)
+	if len(s.EnumValues) > 0 {
+		line += fmt.Sprintf(" (one of: %s)", strings.Join(s.EnumValues, "|"))
+	}
+	if len(s.Input) > 0 {
+		var srcs []string
+		for _, src := range s.Input {
+			switch src {
+			case File:
+				srcs = append(srcs, "@file")
+			case Stdin:
+				srcs = append(srcs, "- for stdin")
+			}
+		}
+		line += fmt.Sprintf(" (supports %s)", strings.Join(srcs, ", "))
+	}
+	if s.DefaultValue != "" {
+		line += fmt.Sprintf(" (default %q)", s.DefaultValue)
+	}
+	return line
+}
+
+// renderOneOfSections walks each OneOf bucket and prints "CHOOSE ONE <FIELD>:"
+// followed by every flag inside the bucket — including flags inside nested
+// groups (a paired group's companion flag under its trigger) and nested
+// raw-content variants (a raw-JSON variant's body + msg-type flags).
+func renderOneOfSections(w io.Writer, specs []fieldSpec, rendered map[string]struct{}) {
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		if !s.IsOneOfBkt {
+			continue
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "CHOOSE ONE %s:\n", strings.ToUpper(s.GoFieldName))
+		inner, _ := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(s.StructType))
+		renderFlagsInBucket(w, inner, "  ", rendered)
+		fmt.Fprintln(w)
+	}
+}
+
+// renderFlagsInBucket renders bucket inner flags, recursing into nested group
+// / OneOf sub-structs. The structure is FLATTENED — every leaf flag of an
+// inner variant renders at the parent's indent. The framework treats any
+// inner flag of a group variant equally (providing any of them counts as
+// selecting that variant), so the help no longer visually distinguishes a
+// "trigger" from a "companion".
+func renderFlagsInBucket(w io.Writer, specs []fieldSpec, indent string, rendered map[string]struct{}) {
+	for _, child := range specs {
+		if child.IsGroup || child.IsOneOfBkt {
+			inner, _ := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(child.StructType))
+			for _, leaf := range inner {
+				if leaf.IsGroup || leaf.IsOneOfBkt {
+					grand, _ := walkArgs(reflect.PointerTo(leaf.StructType))
+					renderFlagsInBucket(w, grand, indent+"  ", rendered)
+					continue
+				}
+				if leaf.FlagName == "" || leaf.Hidden {
+					continue
+				}
+				fmt.Fprintln(w, formatLeafLine(indent, leaf))
+				rendered[leaf.FlagName] = struct{}{}
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if child.FlagName == "" || child.Hidden {
+			continue
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintln(w, formatLeafLine(indent, child))
+		rendered[child.FlagName] = struct{}{}
+	}
+}
+
+// renderRequiredSection prints top-level leaf flags that carry the `required`
+// tag under a "REQUIRED:" header so users can see at a glance which flags they
+// must supply. Sub-struct fields are skipped here because they're surfaced
+// under the CHOOSE ONE sections above.
+func renderRequiredSection(w io.Writer, specs []fieldSpec, rendered map[string]struct{}) {
+	anyFlag := false
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		if s.IsOneOfBkt || s.IsGroup {
+			continue
+		}
+		if s.FlagName == "" || !s.Required || s.Hidden {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !anyFlag {
+			fmt.Fprintln(w, "REQUIRED:")
+			anyFlag = true
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintln(w, formatLeafLine("  ", s))
+		rendered[s.FlagName] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	if anyFlag {
+		fmt.Fprintln(w)
+	}
+}
+
+// renderOptionalSection prints top-level leaf flags that don't belong to any
+// OneOf bucket and aren't tagged required (those are handled by
+// renderRequiredSection above). Sub-struct fields are skipped here because
+// they live under CHOOSE ONE sections above.
+func renderOptionalSection(w io.Writer, specs []fieldSpec, rendered map[string]struct{}) {
+	anyFlag := false
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		if s.IsOneOfBkt || s.IsGroup {
+			continue
+		}
+		if s.FlagName == "" || s.Required || s.Hidden {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !anyFlag {
+			fmt.Fprintln(w, "OPTIONAL:")
+			anyFlag = true
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintln(w, formatLeafLine("  ", s))
+		rendered[s.FlagName] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	if anyFlag {
+		fmt.Fprintln(w)
+	}
+}
+
+func renderExamples(w io.Writer, examples []HelpExample) {
+	if len(examples) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(w, "EXAMPLES:")
+	for _, e := range examples {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %-20s %s\n", e.Title+":", e.Cmd)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(w)
+}
+
+// renderGlobalFlags prints framework-injected and cobra-inherited flags
+// (--as / --dry-run / --jq / --format / -h / --help) that the typed Args
+// struct does NOT define. The `rendered` set captures every flag name we
+// already emitted under CHOOSE ONE / OPTIONAL — anything else surfaced by
+// cmd.Flags() or cmd.InheritedFlags() falls under GLOBAL FLAGS.
+func renderGlobalFlags(w io.Writer, cmd *cobra.Command, rendered map[string]struct{}) {
+	type globalFlag struct {
+		Name      string
+		Shorthand string
+		Usage     string
+	}
+	var globals []globalFlag
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	collect := func(fs *pflag.FlagSet) {
+		fs.VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
+			if f.Hidden {
+				return
+			}
+			if _, alreadyRendered := rendered[f.Name]; alreadyRendered {
+				return
+			}
+			if seen[f.Name] {
+				return
+			}
+			seen[f.Name] = true
+			globals = append(globals, globalFlag{Name: f.Name, Shorthand: f.Shorthand, Usage: f.Usage})
+		})
+	}
+	collect(cmd.Flags())
+	collect(cmd.InheritedFlags())
+	// Cobra auto-injects --help on every command, but it does not appear in
+	// LocalFlags or InheritedFlags until the command has been resolved at
+	// invocation time. Ensure it is always documented.
+	if !seen["help"] {
+		globals = append(globals, globalFlag{Name: "help", Shorthand: "h", Usage: "show help"})
+	}
+	if len(globals) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(w, "GLOBAL FLAGS:")
+	for _, g := range globals {
+		if g.Shorthand != "" {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "  -%s, --%s    %s\n", g.Shorthand, g.Name, g.Usage)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "  --%s    %s\n", g.Name, g.Usage)
+		}
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(w)
+}

shortcuts/common/typed_help_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+)
+
+type helpDemoTarget struct {
+	Chat *string `flag:"chat-id"`
+	User *string `flag:"user-id"`
+}
+
+func (helpDemoTarget) OneOf() {}
+
+type helpDemoArgs struct {
+	Target helpDemoTarget
+	Idemp  string `flag:"idempotency-key"`
+}
+
+func TestTypedHelp_RendersSections(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "+demo", Short: "demo command"}
+	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "high-risk-write")
+	cmdutil.SetTips(cmd, []string{"call carefully"})
+	specs, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&helpDemoArgs{}))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("walkArgs: %v", err)
+	}
+	cmd.SetHelpFunc(buildTypedHelp(specs, []HelpExample{{Title: "demo", Cmd: "--chat-id oc_x"}}))
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.SetOut(&buf)
+	cmd.SetErr(&buf)
+	cmd.HelpFunc()(cmd, nil)
+	out := buf.String()
+	for _, section := range []string{"CHOOSE ONE", "OPTIONAL", "EXAMPLES", "Risk:", "Tips:"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(out, section) {
+			t.Errorf("help missing %q section; got:\n%s", section, out)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// helpReqDefaultsArgs covers two cases the renderer previously botched:
+//
+//  1. A required flag (--limit) should land under "REQUIRED:" instead of
+//     being silently glued into "OPTIONAL:".
+//  2. A flag with default (--page-size) should display (default "20").
+type helpReqDefaultsArgs struct {
+	Limit    string `flag:"limit" required:"true" desc:"max items"`
+	PageSize string `flag:"page-size" default:"20" desc:"page size"`
+	Verbose  string `flag:"verbose" desc:"output mode"`
+}
+
+func TestTypedHelp_RequiredSectionAndDefaults(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "+demo", Short: "demo command"}
+	specs, err := walkArgs(reflect.TypeOf(&helpReqDefaultsArgs{}))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("walkArgs: %v", err)
+	}
+	cmd.SetHelpFunc(buildTypedHelp(specs, nil))
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.SetOut(&buf)
+	cmd.SetErr(&buf)
+	cmd.HelpFunc()(cmd, nil)
+	out := buf.String()
+
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "REQUIRED:") {
+		t.Errorf("expected REQUIRED: section, got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	// --limit must be under REQUIRED, NOT under OPTIONAL.
+	reqIdx := strings.Index(out, "REQUIRED:")
+	optIdx := strings.Index(out, "OPTIONAL:")
+	limitIdx := strings.Index(out, "--limit")
+	if reqIdx < 0 || optIdx < 0 || limitIdx < 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("layout markers missing: REQUIRED@%d OPTIONAL@%d --limit@%d\n%s", reqIdx, optIdx, limitIdx, out)
+	}
+	if !(reqIdx < limitIdx && limitIdx < optIdx) {
+		t.Errorf("--limit should appear under REQUIRED before OPTIONAL; got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+
+	// Default value must be surfaced for --page-size.
+	if !strings.Contains(out, `(default "20")`) {
+		t.Errorf("expected default value rendering for --page-size; got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+
+	// Plain flag without default or required tag must NOT carry a (default …) suffix.
+	verboseLine := ""
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(out, "\n") {
+		if strings.Contains(line, "--verbose") {
+			verboseLine = line
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if verboseLine == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected --verbose flag to be rendered; got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(verboseLine, "(default") {
+		t.Errorf("--verbose has no default, should not carry default suffix: %q", verboseLine)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/typed_shortcut.go

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// TypedShortcut is the generic counterpart of the legacy Shortcut struct.
+// Args must be a pointer to a struct (e.g. *MyArgs). Mounting reflects the
+// struct, registers cobra flags, then delegates to a synthesized Shortcut
+// shell so the existing run pipeline (identity / scopes / @file / stdin /
+// jq / dry-run / high-risk gate) is reused verbatim.
+type TypedShortcut[T any] struct {
+	Service, Command, Description string
+	Risk                          string
+	Scopes, UserScopes, BotScopes []string
+	ConditionalScopes             []string
+	ConditionalUserScopes         []string
+	ConditionalBotScopes          []string
+	AuthTypes                     []string
+	HasFormat                     bool
+	Tips                          []string
+	Hidden                        bool
+
+	Examples []HelpExample
+
+	DryRun   func(ctx context.Context, args T, rt *RuntimeContext) *DryRunAPI
+	Validate func(ctx context.Context, args T, rt *RuntimeContext) error
+	Execute  func(ctx context.Context, args T, rt *RuntimeContext) error
+
+	PostMount func(cmd *cobra.Command)
+}
+
+func (s TypedShortcut[T]) GetService() string     { return s.Service }
+func (s TypedShortcut[T]) GetCommand() string     { return s.Command }
+func (s TypedShortcut[T]) GetDescription() string { return s.Description }
+func (s TypedShortcut[T]) GetAuthTypes() []string { return s.AuthTypes }
+func (s TypedShortcut[T]) GetRisk() string        { return s.Risk }
+
+func (s TypedShortcut[T]) ScopesForIdentity(identity string) []string {
+	switch identity {
+	case "user":
+		if len(s.UserScopes) > 0 {
+			return s.UserScopes
+		}
+	case "bot":
+		if len(s.BotScopes) > 0 {
+			return s.BotScopes
+		}
+	}
+	return s.Scopes
+}
+
+func (s TypedShortcut[T]) ConditionalScopesForIdentity(identity string) []string {
+	switch identity {
+	case "user":
+		if len(s.ConditionalUserScopes) > 0 {
+			return s.ConditionalUserScopes
+		}
+	case "bot":
+		if len(s.ConditionalBotScopes) > 0 {
+			return s.ConditionalBotScopes
+		}
+	}
+	return s.ConditionalScopes
+}
+
+func (s TypedShortcut[T]) DeclaredScopesForIdentity(identity string) []string {
+	base := s.ScopesForIdentity(identity)
+	extra := s.ConditionalScopesForIdentity(identity)
+	if len(base) == 0 && len(extra) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(base)+len(extra))
+	seen := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, scope := range append(base, extra...) {
+		if scope == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, ok := seen[scope]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[scope] = struct{}{}
+		out = append(out, scope)
+	}
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// Mount registers the typed shortcut on a parent command, mirroring the legacy
+// Shortcut.Mount API so migrating common.Shortcut → common.TypedShortcut[T]
+// does not force existing callers (or their tests) to also rewrite the Mount
+// call site. Delegates to MountWithContext with a background context.
+func (s TypedShortcut[T]) Mount(parent *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
+	s.MountWithContext(context.Background(), parent, f)
+}
+
+// MountWithContext is implemented in Task 16's adapter section.
+func (s TypedShortcut[T]) MountWithContext(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
+	mountTyped[T](ctx, parent, f, s)
+}
+
+// mountTyped synthesizes a legacy *Shortcut shell that delegates back to the
+// typed hooks. The shell's Validate/DryRun/Execute closures read or write
+// the per-run typed args via RuntimeContext.{TypedArgs,SetTypedArgs}.
+//
+// Pipeline order inside the shell (matches runShortcut at runner.go:748):
+//
+//  1. identity / scopes / runtime    — handled by Shortcut.runShortcut
+//  2. validateEnumFlags              — Shortcut machinery
+//  3. resolveInputFlags              — @file / stdin (legacy shell only; the
+//     synthesized shell's Flags slice is empty, so this is a no-op for typed —
+//     typed flags declare inputs via the `input` tag, resolved in step 5)
+//  4. ValidateJqFlags                — --jq
+//  5. shell.Validate                 — resolveTypedInputs (@file / stdin for
+//     `input`-tagged flags), binds T, runs Normalize / ValidateValue /
+//     framework rules / ArgsValidator / user-typed Validate
+//  6. --dry-run gate                 — shell.DryRun reads typed args from rt
+//  7. high-risk-write confirmation   — when Risk == "high-risk-write"
+//  8. shell.Execute                  — reads typed args from rt
+func mountTyped[T any](ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory, s TypedShortcut[T]) {
+	// Mirror legacy Shortcut.MountWithContext: a shortcut with no Execute is
+	// not a runnable command, so it is not mounted at all (rather than mounted
+	// and erroring at invocation time). Keeps the command tree identical to
+	// legacy after migration.
+	if s.Execute == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	var zero T
+	argsType := reflect.TypeOf(zero)
+	if argsType == nil || argsType.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+		panic("TypedShortcut[T]: T must be a pointer to a struct, got " + fmt.Sprintf("%T", zero))
+	}
+	specs, err := walkArgs(argsType)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic("TypedShortcut[T].Mount: " + err.Error())
+	}
+
+	shell := Shortcut{
+		Service:               s.Service,
+		Command:               s.Command,
+		Description:           s.Description,
+		Risk:                  s.Risk,
+		Scopes:                s.Scopes,
+		UserScopes:            s.UserScopes,
+		BotScopes:             s.BotScopes,
+		ConditionalScopes:     s.ConditionalScopes,
+		ConditionalUserScopes: s.ConditionalUserScopes,
+		ConditionalBotScopes:  s.ConditionalBotScopes,
+		AuthTypes:             s.AuthTypes,
+		HasFormat:             s.HasFormat,
+		Tips:                  s.Tips,
+		Hidden:                s.Hidden,
+		PostMount: func(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+			if err := registerFlags(cmd, specs); err != nil {
+				panic("TypedShortcut[T] registerFlags: " + err.Error())
+			}
+			cmd.SetHelpFunc(buildTypedHelp(specs, s.Examples))
+			if s.PostMount != nil {
+				s.PostMount(cmd)
+			}
+		},
+		Validate: func(c context.Context, rt *RuntimeContext) error {
+			// @file / stdin resolution for flags that declared an `input` tag.
+			// Runs before bindFlags so the resolved file/stdin content is what
+			// gets bound into the Args struct.
+			if err := resolveTypedInputs(rt, specs); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			args := reflect.New(argsType.Elem()).Interface().(T)
+			argsVal := reflect.ValueOf(args).Elem()
+			if err := bindFlags(rt.Cmd, argsVal, specs); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := bindBuckets(rt.Cmd, argsVal, specs); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := bindGroups(rt.Cmd, argsVal, specs); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := runNormalize(c, rt, argsVal, specs); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := runValidateValue(rt, argsVal, specs); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := runFrameworkRules(rt.Cmd, argsVal, specs); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if av, ok := any(args).(ArgsValidator); ok {
+				if err := av.Validate(c, rt); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+			rt.SetTypedArgs(args)
+			if s.Validate != nil {
+				return s.Validate(c, args, rt)
+			}
+			return nil
+		},
+		Execute: func(c context.Context, rt *RuntimeContext) error {
+			if s.Execute == nil {
+				return &errs.InternalError{
+					Problem: errs.Problem{
+						Category: errs.CategoryInternal,
+						Message:  "shortcut " + s.Service + " " + s.Command + " has no Execute handler",
+					},
+				}
+			}
+			args, _ := rt.TypedArgs().(T)
+			return s.Execute(c, args, rt)
+		},
+	}
+	if s.DryRun != nil {
+		shell.DryRun = func(c context.Context, rt *RuntimeContext) *DryRunAPI {
+			args, _ := rt.TypedArgs().(T)
+			return s.DryRun(c, args, rt)
+		}
+	}
+	shell.MountWithContext(ctx, parent, f)
+}

shortcuts/common/typed_shortcut_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"slices"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+)
+
+type stubArgs struct{}
+
+func newTypedFixture() TypedShortcut[*stubArgs] {
+	return TypedShortcut[*stubArgs]{
+		Service:     "im",
+		Command:     "+demo",
+		Description: "demo",
+		AuthTypes:   []string{"user"},
+		Risk:        "write",
+		Scopes:      []string{"x"},
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypedShortcut_Descriptors(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := newTypedFixture()
+	if ts.GetService() != "im" {
+		t.Errorf("GetService=%q", ts.GetService())
+	}
+	if ts.GetCommand() != "+demo" {
+		t.Errorf("GetCommand=%q", ts.GetCommand())
+	}
+	if ts.GetDescription() != "demo" {
+		t.Errorf("GetDescription=%q", ts.GetDescription())
+	}
+	if ts.GetRisk() != "write" {
+		t.Errorf("GetRisk=%q", ts.GetRisk())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypedShortcut_SatisfiesMountable(t *testing.T) {
+	var _ Mountable = newTypedFixture()
+}
+
+type adapterArgs struct {
+	Name string `flag:"name"`
+}
+
+// TestMountTyped_RegistersFlags verifies the mountTyped adapter wires the
+// binder-registered flag into cobra. Full Validate/Execute integration is
+// covered by tests_e2e/shortcuts/ (out of unit-test scope — runShortcut
+// needs a fully-initialized Factory with auth/config).
+func TestMountTyped_RegistersFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	ts := TypedShortcut[*adapterArgs]{
+		Service: "x", Command: "+demo", AuthTypes: []string{"user"},
+		Risk: "read",
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, args *adapterArgs, rt *RuntimeContext) error {
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+	ts.MountWithContext(context.Background(), root, &cmdutil.Factory{})
+	sub, _, err := root.Find([]string{"+demo"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("find subcommand: %v", err)
+	}
+	if sub.Flag("name") == nil {
+		t.Error("expected --name flag to be registered via binder")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMountTyped_HelpFuncInstalled(t *testing.T) {
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	ts := TypedShortcut[*adapterArgs]{
+		Service: "x", Command: "+demo", AuthTypes: []string{"user"},
+		Risk:     "read",
+		Examples: []HelpExample{{Title: "demo", Cmd: "--name alice"}},
+		Execute:  func(ctx context.Context, args *adapterArgs, rt *RuntimeContext) error { return nil },
+	}
+	ts.MountWithContext(context.Background(), root, &cmdutil.Factory{})
+	sub, _, _ := root.Find([]string{"+demo"})
+	if sub == nil || sub.HelpFunc() == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected typed help func installed on subcommand")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTypedShortcut_Mount verifies the no-context convenience Mount API still
+// works after migration, mirroring legacy Shortcut.Mount so existing tests of
+// migrated shortcuts don't need to switch to MountWithContext.
+func TestTypedShortcut_Mount(t *testing.T) {
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	ts := TypedShortcut[*adapterArgs]{
+		Service: "x", Command: "+demo", AuthTypes: []string{"user"},
+		Risk:    "read",
+		Execute: func(ctx context.Context, args *adapterArgs, rt *RuntimeContext) error { return nil },
+	}
+	ts.Mount(root, &cmdutil.Factory{})
+	sub, _, err := root.Find([]string{"+demo"})
+	if err != nil || sub == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("find subcommand: %v (sub=%v)", err, sub)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypedShortcut_GetAuthTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := TypedShortcut[*stubArgs]{AuthTypes: []string{"user", "bot"}}
+	if got := ts.GetAuthTypes(); !slices.Equal(got, []string{"user", "bot"}) {
+		t.Errorf("GetAuthTypes=%v", got)
+	}
+	if got := (TypedShortcut[*stubArgs]{}).GetAuthTypes(); got != nil {
+		t.Errorf("empty GetAuthTypes=%v, want nil", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypedShortcut_ScopesForIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := TypedShortcut[*stubArgs]{
+		Scopes:     []string{"base"},
+		UserScopes: []string{"u"},
+		BotScopes:  []string{"b"},
+	}
+	cases := []struct {
+		identity string
+		want     []string
+	}{
+		{"user", []string{"u"}},
+		{"bot", []string{"b"}},
+		{"other", []string{"base"}},
+		{"", []string{"base"}},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if got := ts.ScopesForIdentity(c.identity); !slices.Equal(got, c.want) {
+			t.Errorf("ScopesForIdentity(%q)=%v, want %v", c.identity, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+	// Falls back to Scopes when the identity-specific list is empty.
+	fallback := TypedShortcut[*stubArgs]{Scopes: []string{"base"}}
+	if got := fallback.ScopesForIdentity("user"); !slices.Equal(got, []string{"base"}) {
+		t.Errorf("fallback user=%v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypedShortcut_ConditionalScopesForIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	ts := TypedShortcut[*stubArgs]{
+		ConditionalScopes:     []string{"cbase"},
+		ConditionalUserScopes: []string{"cu"},
+		ConditionalBotScopes:  []string{"cb"},
+	}
+	cases := []struct {
+		identity string
+		want     []string
+	}{
+		{"user", []string{"cu"}},
+		{"bot", []string{"cb"}},
+		{"other", []string{"cbase"}},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if got := ts.ConditionalScopesForIdentity(c.identity); !slices.Equal(got, c.want) {
+			t.Errorf("ConditionalScopesForIdentity(%q)=%v, want %v", c.identity, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypedShortcut_DeclaredScopesForIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	// Merges base + conditional, dedupes overlap, drops empty strings.
+	ts := TypedShortcut[*stubArgs]{
+		UserScopes:            []string{"a", "b", ""},
+		ConditionalUserScopes: []string{"b", "c"},
+	}
+	if got := ts.DeclaredScopesForIdentity("user"); !slices.Equal(got, []string{"a", "b", "c"}) {
+		t.Errorf("merge+dedupe got %v", got)
+	}
+	// Returns nil when nothing is declared on either side.
+	if got := (TypedShortcut[*stubArgs]{}).DeclaredScopesForIdentity("user"); got != nil {
+		t.Errorf("empty got %v, want nil", got)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/types.go

@@ -125,3 +125,23 @@ func (s *Shortcut) DeclaredScopesForIdentity(identity string) []string {
 	}
 	return out
 }
+
+// GetService returns the parent cobra command name (e.g. "im"). Trivial
+// accessor so *Shortcut satisfies ShortcutDescriptor alongside the existing
+// pointer-receiver scope methods.
+func (s *Shortcut) GetService() string { return s.Service }
+
+// GetCommand returns the shortcut subcommand name (e.g. "+messages-send").
+func (s *Shortcut) GetCommand() string { return s.Command }
+
+// GetDescription returns the short help text.
+func (s *Shortcut) GetDescription() string { return s.Description }
+
+// GetAuthTypes returns the supported identities. Defaults to ["user"] is
+// applied at mount time, not here, to preserve the existing field semantics.
+func (s *Shortcut) GetAuthTypes() []string { return s.AuthTypes }
+
+// GetRisk returns the static risk level ("read" / "write" / "high-risk-write").
+// Empty string defaults to "read" by convention; callers must handle that
+// case (same convention as the existing cobra annotation logic).
+func (s *Shortcut) GetRisk() string { return s.Risk }

shortcuts/common/types_test.go

@@ -105,3 +105,32 @@ func TestDeclaredScopesForIdentity_ConditionalOnly(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("expected conditional-only declared scopes, got %v", got)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestShortcut_DescriptorAccessors(t *testing.T) {
+	s := &Shortcut{
+		Service:     "im",
+		Command:     "+messages-send",
+		Description: "Send a message",
+		AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+		Risk:        "write",
+	}
+	if s.GetService() != "im" {
+		t.Errorf("GetService = %q", s.GetService())
+	}
+	if s.GetCommand() != "+messages-send" {
+		t.Errorf("GetCommand = %q", s.GetCommand())
+	}
+	if s.GetDescription() != "Send a message" {
+		t.Errorf("GetDescription = %q", s.GetDescription())
+	}
+	if got := s.GetAuthTypes(); len(got) != 2 || got[0] != "user" || got[1] != "bot" {
+		t.Errorf("GetAuthTypes = %v", got)
+	}
+	if s.GetRisk() != "write" {
+		t.Errorf("GetRisk = %q", s.GetRisk())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShortcut_SatisfiesShortcutDescriptor(t *testing.T) {
+	var _ ShortcutDescriptor = &Shortcut{}
+}

shortcuts/register.go

@@ -53,35 +53,55 @@ func IsShortcutServiceAvailable(service string, brand core.LarkBrand) bool {
 	return slices.Contains(allowed, brand)
 }
 
-// allShortcuts aggregates shortcuts from all domain packages.
-var allShortcuts []common.Shortcut
+// allShortcuts aggregates shortcuts from all domain packages. Each entry is a
+// Mountable: both legacy common.Shortcut (via *Shortcut after the descriptor
+// accessor methods landed) and the new generic common.TypedShortcut[T] satisfy
+// it. The slice element type is ShortcutDescriptor so read-only consumers
+// (auth login, scope hint, shortcuts.json generator) can read metadata without
+// caring about which concrete implementation backs each entry.
+//
+// Only legacy shortcuts are registered today; the typed track stays wired
+// (ShortcutDescriptor / Mountable dispatch + buildTypedHelp) but currently has
+// no domain caller.
+var allShortcuts []common.ShortcutDescriptor
 
-func init() {
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, apps.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, calendar.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, doc.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, drive.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, im.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, contact_shortcuts.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, sheets.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, base.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, event.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, mail.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, markdown.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, slides.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, minutes.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, task.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, vc.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, whiteboard.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, wiki.Shortcuts()...)
-	allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, okr.Shortcuts()...)
+// addLegacy boxes a legacy []common.Shortcut into the descriptor slice. We use
+// pointer-valued elements because the pointer-receiver scope methods
+// (ScopesForIdentity / ConditionalScopesForIdentity / DeclaredScopesForIdentity)
+// are required by ShortcutDescriptor — value receivers don't satisfy them.
+func addLegacy(list []common.Shortcut) {
+	for i := range list {
+		allShortcuts = append(allShortcuts, &list[i])
+	}
 }
 
-// AllShortcuts returns a copy of all registered shortcuts (for dump-shortcuts).
+func init() {
+	addLegacy(apps.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(calendar.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(doc.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(drive.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(im.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(contact_shortcuts.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(sheets.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(base.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(event.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(mail.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(markdown.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(slides.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(minutes.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(task.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(vc.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(whiteboard.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(wiki.Shortcuts())
+	addLegacy(okr.Shortcuts())
+}
+
+// AllShortcuts returns a copy of all registered shortcut descriptors (for
+// dump-shortcuts and auth/scope-hint consumers).
 //
 //go:noinline
-func AllShortcuts() []common.Shortcut {
-	return append([]common.Shortcut(nil), allShortcuts...)
+func AllShortcuts() []common.ShortcutDescriptor {
+	return append([]common.ShortcutDescriptor(nil), allShortcuts...)
 }
 
 // RegisterShortcuts registers all +shortcut commands on the program.
@@ -98,10 +118,15 @@ func RegisterShortcutsWithContext(ctx context.Context, program *cobra.Command, f
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Group by service
-	byService := make(map[string][]common.Shortcut)
-	for _, s := range allShortcuts {
-		byService[s.Service] = append(byService[s.Service], s)
+	// Group by service. Each entry is a Mountable so MountWithContext works
+	// uniformly across legacy *Shortcut and TypedShortcut[T].
+	byService := make(map[string][]common.Mountable)
+	for _, d := range allShortcuts {
+		m, ok := d.(common.Mountable)
+		if !ok {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("shortcut %s/%s missing Mountable", d.GetService(), d.GetCommand()))
+		}
+		byService[d.GetService()] = append(byService[d.GetService()], m)
 	}
 
 	for service, shortcuts := range byService {
@@ -140,8 +165,8 @@ func RegisterShortcutsWithContext(ctx context.Context, program *cobra.Command, f
 			doc.ConfigureServiceHelp(svc)
 		}
 
-		for _, shortcut := range shortcuts {
-			shortcut.MountWithContext(ctx, svc, f)
+		for _, m := range shortcuts {
+			m.MountWithContext(ctx, svc, f)
 		}
 		if service == "mail" {
 			mail.InstallOnMail(svc)

shortcuts/register_test.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
@@ -47,10 +48,16 @@ func newRegisterTestProgramWithTipsHelp() *cobra.Command {
 }
 
 func TestAllShortcutsScopesNotNil(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, s := range allShortcuts {
-		hasScopes := s.Scopes != nil || s.UserScopes != nil || s.BotScopes != nil
-		if !hasScopes {
-			t.Errorf("shortcut %s/%s: Scopes is nil (must be explicitly set, use []string{} if no scopes needed)", s.Service, s.Command)
+	for _, d := range allShortcuts {
+		legacy, ok := d.(*common.Shortcut)
+		if !ok {
+			// Typed shortcuts enforce scope-presence at their own test layer
+			// (TypedShortcut[T] integration tests); the descriptor interface
+			// doesn't expose the raw fields needed for the nil-vs-empty check.
+			continue
+		}
+		if legacy.Scopes == nil && legacy.UserScopes == nil && legacy.BotScopes == nil {
+			t.Errorf("shortcut %s/%s: Scopes is nil (must be explicitly set, use []string{} if no scopes needed)", legacy.Service, legacy.Command)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -62,8 +69,8 @@ func TestAllShortcutsReturnsCopyAndIncludesBase(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	hasBaseGet := false
-	for _, shortcut := range shortcuts {
-		if shortcut.Service == "base" && shortcut.Command == "+base-get" {
+	for _, d := range shortcuts {
+		if d.GetService() == "base" && d.GetCommand() == "+base-get" {
 			hasBaseGet = true
 			break
 		}
@@ -72,9 +79,29 @@ func TestAllShortcutsReturnsCopyAndIncludesBase(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("AllShortcuts does not include base/+base-get")
 	}
 
-	shortcuts[0].Service = "mutated"
-	if AllShortcuts()[0].Service == "mutated" {
-		t.Fatal("AllShortcuts should return a copy")
+	// Returned slice is a defensive copy of the descriptor references;
+	// appending to it must not affect the canonical registry. (Element
+	// identity is shared by design — mutation through pointers is the
+	// caller's responsibility to avoid, same as any interface slice.)
+	got := AllShortcuts()
+	got = append(got, &common.Shortcut{Service: "synthetic"})
+	if len(AllShortcuts()) >= len(got) {
+		t.Fatal("AllShortcuts should return a copy that callers can append to without affecting the registry")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAllShortcuts_ReturnsShortcutDescriptors(t *testing.T) {
+	list := AllShortcuts()
+	if len(list) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("AllShortcuts returned empty slice")
+	}
+	for _, d := range list {
+		if d.GetService() == "" {
+			t.Errorf("shortcut missing service: %T", d)
+		}
+		if d.GetCommand() == "" {
+			t.Errorf("shortcut %q missing command", d.GetService())
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -451,10 +478,10 @@ func TestGenerateShortcutsJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	grouped := make(map[string][]entry)
 	for _, s := range shortcuts {
-		verb := strings.TrimPrefix(s.Command, "+")
-		grouped[s.Service] = append(grouped[s.Service], entry{
+		verb := strings.TrimPrefix(s.GetCommand(), "+")
+		grouped[s.GetService()] = append(grouped[s.GetService()], entry{
 			Verb:        verb,
-			Description: s.Description,
+			Description: s.GetDescription(),
 			Scopes:      s.DeclaredScopesForIdentity("user"),
 		})
 	}