docs: clarify doc block insert ordering

2026-07-04 23:15:25 +08:00 · 2026-06-16 11:31:18 +08:00
356 changed files with 4492 additions and 31781 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ on:
 permissions:
  contents: read
  actions: read
+  checks: write
+  pull-requests: write

 jobs:
  # ── Layer 1: Fast Gate ─────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -78,47 +80,10 @@ jobs:
          python-version: '3.x'
      - name: Fetch meta data
        run: python3 scripts/fetch_meta.py
-      - name: Resolve changed-from baseline
-        env:
-          QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha || github.event.before || 'origin/main' }}
-        run: echo "QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM=$(bash scripts/resolve-changed-from.sh)" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
      - name: Run golangci-lint
-        run: go run github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/v2/cmd/golangci-lint@v2.1.6 run --new-from-rev="$QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM"
+        run: go run github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/v2/cmd/golangci-lint@v2.1.6 run --new-from-rev=origin/main
      - name: Run errs/ lint guards (lintcheck)
-        run: go run -C lint . --changed-from "$QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM" ..
-
-  deterministic-gate:
-    needs: fast-gate
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      contents: read
-      actions: read
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6
-        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6
-        with:
-          python-version: '3.x'
-      - name: Fetch meta data
-        run: python3 scripts/fetch_meta.py
-      - name: Resolve changed-from baseline
-        env:
-          QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha || github.event.before || 'origin/main' }}
-        run: echo "QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM=$(bash scripts/resolve-changed-from.sh)" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-      - name: Run CLI deterministic gate
-        run: make quality-gate
-      - name: Upload quality gate facts
-        if: ${{ always() && github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4
-        with:
-          name: quality-gate-facts-${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
-          path: .tmp/quality-gate/facts.json
-          if-no-files-found: error
-          retention-days: 7
+        run: go run -C lint . ..

  coverage:
    needs: fast-gate
@@ -138,7 +103,6 @@ jobs:
          packages=$(go list ./... | grep -v '^github.com/larksuite/cli/tests/cli_e2e$' | grep -v '^github.com/larksuite/cli/tests/cli_e2e/')
          go test -race -coverprofile=coverage.txt -covermode=atomic $packages
      - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
-        if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' || !github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork }}
        uses: codecov/codecov-action@3f20e214133d0983f9a10f3d63b0faf9241a3daa # v6
        with:
          files: coverage.txt
@@ -220,7 +184,7 @@ jobs:

  # ── Layer 3: E2E Gate ──────────────────────────────────────────────
  e2e-dry-run:
-    needs: [unit-test, lint, deterministic-gate]
+    needs: [unit-test, lint]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
@@ -241,12 +205,9 @@ jobs:
        run: go test -v -count=1 -timeout=5m ./tests/cli_e2e/... -run 'DryRun|Regression'

  e2e-live:
-    needs: [unit-test, lint, deterministic-gate]
+    needs: [unit-test, lint]
    if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' || !github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      contents: read
-      checks: write
    env:
      TEST_BOT1_APP_ID: ${{ secrets.TEST_BOT1_APP_ID }}
      TEST_BOT1_APP_SECRET: ${{ secrets.TEST_BOT1_APP_SECRET }}
@@ -293,9 +254,6 @@ jobs:
  # ── Layer 4: Security & Compliance (parallel with L2-L3) ──────────
  security:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      contents: read
-      pull-requests: read
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
        with:
@@ -333,7 +291,7 @@ jobs:
  # ── Results Gate (single required check for branch protection) ─────
  results:
    if: ${{ always() }}
-    needs: [fast-gate, unit-test, lint, deterministic-gate, coverage, deadcode, e2e-dry-run, e2e-live, security, license-header]
+    needs: [fast-gate, unit-test, lint, coverage, deadcode, e2e-dry-run, e2e-live, security, license-header]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Evaluate results
@@ -345,7 +303,6 @@ jobs:
          echo "| L1 | fast-gate | ${{ needs.fast-gate.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
          echo "| L2 | unit-test | ${{ needs.unit-test.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
          echo "| L2 | lint | ${{ needs.lint.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-          echo "| L2 | deterministic-gate | ${{ needs.deterministic-gate.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
          echo "| L2 | coverage | ${{ needs.coverage.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
          echo "| L2 | deadcode | ${{ needs.deadcode.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
          echo "| L3 | e2e-dry-run | ${{ needs.e2e-dry-run.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
@@ -361,7 +318,6 @@ jobs:
            "${{ needs.fast-gate.result }}" \
            "${{ needs.unit-test.result }}" \
            "${{ needs.lint.result }}" \
-            "${{ needs.deterministic-gate.result }}" \
            "${{ needs.coverage.result }}" \
            "${{ needs.deadcode.result }}" \
            "${{ needs.e2e-dry-run.result }}" \
--- a/.github/workflows/semantic-review.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/semantic-review.yml
@@ -1,560 +0,0 @@
-name: Semantic Review
-
-on:
-  workflow_run:
-    workflows: ["CI"]
-    types: [completed]
-
-permissions:
-  actions: read
-  contents: read
-
-jobs:
-  pr-quality-summary:
-    if: github.event.workflow_run.event == 'pull_request'
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
-      issues: write
-      pull-requests: write
-    steps:
-      - name: Verify workflow run and pull request for summary
-        id: pr
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const run = context.payload.workflow_run;
-            if (run.name !== "CI") throw new Error(`unexpected workflow name: ${run.name}`);
-            let workflowPath = run.path || "";
-            if (!workflowPath) {
-              const workflowId = Number(run.workflow_id || 0);
-              if (!Number.isInteger(workflowId) || workflowId <= 0) throw new Error("missing workflow id");
-              const { data: workflow } = await github.rest.actions.getWorkflow({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                workflow_id: workflowId,
-              });
-              workflowPath = workflow.path || "";
-            }
-            if (workflowPath !== ".github/workflows/ci.yml") throw new Error(`unexpected workflow path: ${workflowPath}`);
-            if (run.event !== "pull_request") throw new Error(`unexpected event: ${run.event}`);
-            if (run.repository.id !== context.payload.repository.id) throw new Error("repository id mismatch");
-            if (run.repository.full_name !== context.payload.repository.full_name) throw new Error("repository name mismatch");
-            if (typeof run.head_sha !== "string" || run.head_sha.length !== 40) throw new Error("invalid head sha");
-            const runPRs = Array.isArray(run.pull_requests) ? run.pull_requests : [];
-            if (runPRs.length > 1) {
-              throw new Error(`ambiguous workflow_run pull request bindings: ${runPRs.length}`);
-            }
-            let prNumber = Number(runPRs[0]?.number || 0);
-            let eventBaseSha = runPRs[0]?.base?.sha || "";
-            const eventHeadSha = runPRs[0]?.head?.sha || "";
-            const targetHeadSha = eventHeadSha || run.head_sha;
-            if (!/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(targetHeadSha)) throw new Error("invalid PR head sha");
-
-            const factsArtifactPattern = /^quality-gate-facts-([a-f0-9]{40})-([a-f0-9]{40})$/i;
-            const { data: artifactData } = await github.rest.actions.listWorkflowRunArtifacts({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              run_id: run.id,
-              per_page: 100,
-            });
-            const factsArtifacts = artifactData.artifacts.filter((artifact) => factsArtifactPattern.test(artifact.name));
-            let factsArtifactName = "";
-            let artifactBaseSha = "";
-            let artifactError = "";
-            if (factsArtifacts.length !== 1) {
-              artifactError = `expected exactly one base-bound quality gate facts artifact, got ${factsArtifacts.length}`;
-            } else {
-              factsArtifactName = factsArtifacts[0].name;
-              const [, parsedBaseSha, artifactHeadSha] = factsArtifactName.match(factsArtifactPattern);
-              if (artifactHeadSha.toLowerCase() !== targetHeadSha.toLowerCase()) {
-                artifactError = "facts artifact head sha does not match verified PR head sha";
-                factsArtifactName = "";
-              } else if (eventBaseSha && parsedBaseSha.toLowerCase() !== eventBaseSha.toLowerCase()) {
-                artifactError = "facts artifact base sha does not match workflow_run pull request base sha";
-                factsArtifactName = "";
-              } else {
-                artifactBaseSha = parsedBaseSha;
-              }
-            }
-            if (!prNumber) {
-              const { data: associatedPRs } = await github.rest.repos.listPullRequestsAssociatedWithCommit({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                commit_sha: targetHeadSha,
-              });
-              const candidatePRs = associatedPRs.filter((candidate) =>
-                candidate.state === "open" &&
-                candidate.base?.repo?.id === context.payload.repository.id &&
-                candidate.head?.sha === targetHeadSha
-              );
-              if (candidatePRs.length > 1) {
-                throw new Error(`ambiguous open PRs for workflow_run head ${targetHeadSha}: ${candidatePRs.length}`);
-              }
-              if (candidatePRs.length === 1) {
-                prNumber = candidatePRs[0].number;
-              }
-            }
-            if (!prNumber) {
-              const candidatePRs = await github.paginate(github.rest.pulls.list, {
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                state: "open",
-                per_page: 100,
-              }).then((prs) => prs.filter((candidate) =>
-                candidate.base?.repo?.id === context.payload.repository.id &&
-                candidate.head?.sha === targetHeadSha
-              ));
-              if (candidatePRs.length !== 1) {
-                throw new Error(`expected one open PR from pull list fallback for workflow_run head ${targetHeadSha}, got ${candidatePRs.length}`);
-              }
-              prNumber = candidatePRs[0].number;
-            }
-            if (!Number.isInteger(prNumber) || prNumber <= 0) throw new Error("missing pull request binding");
-            const { data: pr } = await github.rest.pulls.get({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              pull_number: prNumber,
-            });
-            if (pr.base.repo.id !== context.payload.repository.id) throw new Error("PR base repo mismatch");
-            if (pr.head.sha !== targetHeadSha) {
-              core.notice("PR quality summary skipped: workflow_run is stale for this PR head");
-              core.setOutput("stale", "true");
-              return;
-            }
-            const baseSha = eventBaseSha || artifactBaseSha || pr.base.sha;
-            if (!/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(baseSha)) throw new Error("invalid PR base sha");
-            if ((eventBaseSha || artifactBaseSha) && pr.base.sha !== baseSha) {
-              core.notice("PR quality summary skipped: workflow_run is stale for this PR base");
-              core.setOutput("stale", "true");
-              return;
-            }
-            if (artifactError) {
-              core.warning(`quality gate facts artifact binding is unavailable: ${artifactError}`);
-            }
-            core.setOutput("pr_number", String(prNumber));
-            core.setOutput("head_sha", targetHeadSha);
-            core.setOutput("base_sha", baseSha);
-            core.setOutput("run_id", String(run.id));
-            core.setOutput("facts_artifact_name", factsArtifactName);
-            core.setOutput("artifact_error", artifactError);
-            core.setOutput("stale", "false");
-
-      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
-        id: checkout
-        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
-        with:
-          ref: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.base_sha }}
-          persist-credentials: false
-
-      - name: Verify summary facts artifact metadata
-        id: artifact
-        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.pr.outputs.facts_artifact_name != '' }}
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const run = context.payload.workflow_run;
-            const factsArtifactName = "${{ steps.pr.outputs.facts_artifact_name }}";
-            const { data } = await github.rest.actions.listWorkflowRunArtifacts({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              run_id: run.id,
-              per_page: 100,
-            });
-            const artifacts = data.artifacts.filter(a => a.name === factsArtifactName);
-            if (artifacts.length !== 1) throw new Error(`expected exactly one quality-gate-facts artifact, got ${artifacts.length}`);
-            const artifact = artifacts[0];
-            if (artifact.expired) throw new Error("quality-gate-facts artifact expired");
-            if (artifact.size_in_bytes <= 0 || artifact.size_in_bytes > 5 * 1024 * 1024) {
-              throw new Error(`invalid artifact size: ${artifact.size_in_bytes}`);
-            }
-            if (!artifact.digest) throw new Error("facts artifact digest is missing from GitHub API response");
-            core.setOutput("artifact_id", String(artifact.id));
-            core.setOutput("artifact_digest", artifact.digest);
-
-      - name: Download facts artifact zip
-        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.artifact.outputs.artifact_id != '' }}
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        id: download
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const fs = require("fs");
-            const path = require("path");
-            const artifactId = Number("${{ steps.artifact.outputs.artifact_id }}");
-            if (!Number.isInteger(artifactId) || artifactId <= 0) throw new Error("invalid artifact id");
-            const { data } = await github.rest.actions.downloadArtifact({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              artifact_id: artifactId,
-              archive_format: "zip",
-            });
-            const zipPath = path.join(process.env.RUNNER_TEMP, "quality-gate-facts.zip");
-            fs.writeFileSync(zipPath, Buffer.from(data));
-            core.setOutput("zip_path", zipPath);
-
-      - name: Verify and extract summary facts artifact
-        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.download.outputs.zip_path != '' }}
-        env:
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK: ${{ vars.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_DECISION_OUT: decision.json
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_MARKDOWN_OUT: semantic-review.md
-        run: node scripts/semantic-review-verify-artifact.js '${{ steps.download.outputs.zip_path }}' facts.json '${{ steps.artifact.outputs.artifact_digest }}'
-
-      - name: Publish PR quality summary
-        if: ${{ always() && steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success' }}
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        env:
-          CI_QUALITY_SUMMARY_HEAD_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_sha }}
-          CI_QUALITY_SUMMARY_BASE_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.base_sha }}
-          CI_QUALITY_SUMMARY_PR_NUMBER: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.pr_number }}
-          CI_QUALITY_SUMMARY_RUN_ID: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.run_id }}
-          CI_QUALITY_SUMMARY_ARTIFACT_ERROR: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.artifact_error }}
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const { publish } = require("./scripts/ci-quality-summary-publish.js");
-            await publish({ github, context, core });
-
-  semantic-review:
-    needs: pr-quality-summary
-    if: always() && github.event.workflow_run.conclusion == 'success' && github.event.workflow_run.event == 'pull_request'
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      checks: write
-      contents: read
-      issues: write
-      pull-requests: write
-    steps:
-      - name: Verify workflow run and pull request
-        id: pr
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const run = context.payload.workflow_run;
-            if (run.name !== "CI") throw new Error(`unexpected workflow name: ${run.name}`);
-            let workflowPath = run.path || "";
-            if (!workflowPath) {
-              const workflowId = Number(run.workflow_id || 0);
-              if (!Number.isInteger(workflowId) || workflowId <= 0) throw new Error("missing workflow id");
-              const { data: workflow } = await github.rest.actions.getWorkflow({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                workflow_id: workflowId,
-              });
-              workflowPath = workflow.path || "";
-            }
-            if (workflowPath !== ".github/workflows/ci.yml") throw new Error(`unexpected workflow path: ${workflowPath}`);
-            if (run.event !== "pull_request") throw new Error(`unexpected event: ${run.event}`);
-            if (run.conclusion !== "success") throw new Error(`unexpected conclusion: ${run.conclusion}`);
-            if (run.repository.id !== context.payload.repository.id) throw new Error("repository id mismatch");
-            if (run.repository.full_name !== context.payload.repository.full_name) throw new Error("repository name mismatch");
-            if (typeof run.head_sha !== "string" || run.head_sha.length !== 40) throw new Error("invalid head sha");
-            const runPRs = Array.isArray(run.pull_requests) ? run.pull_requests : [];
-            if (runPRs.length > 1) {
-              throw new Error(`ambiguous workflow_run pull request bindings: ${runPRs.length}`);
-            }
-            let prNumber = Number(runPRs[0]?.number || 0);
-            let eventBaseSha = runPRs[0]?.base?.sha || "";
-            const eventHeadSha = runPRs[0]?.head?.sha || "";
-            const targetHeadSha = eventHeadSha || run.head_sha;
-            if (!/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(targetHeadSha)) throw new Error("invalid PR head sha");
-
-            const factsArtifactPattern = /^quality-gate-facts-([a-f0-9]{40})-([a-f0-9]{40})$/i;
-            const { data: artifactData } = await github.rest.actions.listWorkflowRunArtifacts({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              run_id: run.id,
-              per_page: 100,
-            });
-            const factsArtifacts = artifactData.artifacts.filter((artifact) => factsArtifactPattern.test(artifact.name));
-            let factsArtifactName = "";
-            let artifactBaseSha = "";
-            let artifactError = "";
-            if (factsArtifacts.length !== 1) {
-              artifactError = `expected exactly one base-bound quality gate facts artifact, got ${factsArtifacts.length}`;
-            } else {
-              factsArtifactName = factsArtifacts[0].name;
-              const [, parsedBaseSha, artifactHeadSha] = factsArtifactName.match(factsArtifactPattern);
-              if (artifactHeadSha.toLowerCase() !== targetHeadSha.toLowerCase()) {
-                artifactError = "facts artifact head sha does not match verified PR head sha";
-                factsArtifactName = "";
-              } else if (eventBaseSha && parsedBaseSha.toLowerCase() !== eventBaseSha.toLowerCase()) {
-                artifactError = "facts artifact base sha does not match workflow_run pull request base sha";
-                factsArtifactName = "";
-              } else {
-                artifactBaseSha = parsedBaseSha;
-              }
-            }
-            if (!prNumber) {
-              const { data: associatedPRs } = await github.rest.repos.listPullRequestsAssociatedWithCommit({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                commit_sha: targetHeadSha,
-              });
-              const candidatePRs = associatedPRs.filter((candidate) =>
-                candidate.state === "open" &&
-                candidate.base?.repo?.id === context.payload.repository.id &&
-                candidate.head?.sha === targetHeadSha
-              );
-              if (candidatePRs.length > 1) {
-                throw new Error(`ambiguous open PRs for workflow_run head ${targetHeadSha}: ${candidatePRs.length}`);
-              }
-              if (candidatePRs.length === 1) {
-                prNumber = candidatePRs[0].number;
-              }
-            }
-            if (!prNumber) {
-              const candidatePRs = await github.paginate(github.rest.pulls.list, {
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                state: "open",
-                per_page: 100,
-              }).then((prs) => prs.filter((candidate) =>
-                candidate.base?.repo?.id === context.payload.repository.id &&
-                candidate.head?.sha === targetHeadSha
-              ));
-              if (candidatePRs.length !== 1) {
-                throw new Error(`expected one open PR from pull list fallback for workflow_run head ${targetHeadSha}, got ${candidatePRs.length}`);
-              }
-              prNumber = candidatePRs[0].number;
-            }
-            if (!Number.isInteger(prNumber) || prNumber <= 0) throw new Error("missing pull request binding");
-            const { data: pr } = await github.rest.pulls.get({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              pull_number: prNumber,
-            });
-            if (pr.base.repo.id !== context.payload.repository.id) throw new Error("PR base repo mismatch");
-            if (pr.head.sha !== targetHeadSha) {
-              core.notice("semantic review skipped: workflow_run is stale for this PR head");
-              core.setOutput("stale", "true");
-              return;
-            }
-            const baseSha = eventBaseSha || artifactBaseSha || pr.base.sha;
-            if (!/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(baseSha)) throw new Error("invalid PR base sha");
-            if ((eventBaseSha || artifactBaseSha) && pr.base.sha !== baseSha) {
-              core.notice("semantic review skipped: workflow_run is stale for this PR base");
-              core.setOutput("stale", "true");
-              return;
-            }
-            if (artifactError) {
-              core.warning(`semantic review facts artifact binding is unavailable: ${artifactError}`);
-            }
-            core.setOutput("pr_number", String(prNumber));
-            core.setOutput("head_sha", targetHeadSha);
-            core.setOutput("base_sha", baseSha);
-            core.setOutput("head_owner", pr.head.repo.owner.login);
-            core.setOutput("head_repo", pr.head.repo.name);
-            core.setOutput("head_repo_id", String(pr.head.repo.id));
-            core.setOutput("head_is_base_repo", pr.head.repo.id === context.payload.repository.id ? "true" : "false");
-            core.setOutput("run_id", String(run.id));
-            core.setOutput("facts_artifact_name", factsArtifactName);
-            core.setOutput("artifact_error", artifactError);
-            core.setOutput("stale", "false");
-
-      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
-        id: checkout
-        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
-        with:
-          ref: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.base_sha }}
-          persist-credentials: false
-
-      - name: Publish pre-checkout semantic review failure
-        if: ${{ failure() && steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.checkout.outcome != 'success' && steps.pr.outputs.head_sha != '' && steps.pr.outputs.pr_number != '' }}
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        env:
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK: ${{ vars.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_sha }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BASE_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.base_sha }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_PR_NUMBER: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.pr_number }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_RUN_ID: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.run_id }}
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const runtimeBlockMode = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK === "true";
-            const pr = Number(process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_PR_NUMBER || 0);
-            const headSha = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_SHA || "";
-            const baseSha = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BASE_SHA || "";
-            if (!Number.isInteger(pr) || pr <= 0 || !/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(headSha) || !/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(baseSha)) {
-              throw new Error("missing verified semantic review target");
-            }
-            const { data: pull } = await github.rest.pulls.get({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              pull_number: pr,
-            });
-            if (pull.head.sha !== headSha) {
-              core.notice("semantic review skipped infrastructure failure check: PR head changed");
-              return;
-            }
-            if (pull.base.sha !== baseSha) {
-              core.notice("semantic review skipped infrastructure failure check: PR base changed");
-              return;
-            }
-            if (pull.base.repo.id !== context.payload.repository.id) {
-              throw new Error("PR base repo mismatch before infrastructure failure check");
-            }
-            await github.rest.checks.create({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              name: runtimeBlockMode ? "semantic-review/result" : "semantic-review/observe",
-              head_sha: headSha,
-              status: "completed",
-              conclusion: runtimeBlockMode ? "failure" : "neutral",
-              output: {
-                title: "Semantic review infrastructure failure",
-                summary: "Semantic review could not checkout the verified base commit. Inspect the workflow logs before relying on semantic review output.",
-              },
-            });
-
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6
-        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
-        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
-
-      - name: Verify semantic facts artifact metadata
-        id: artifact
-        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const run = context.payload.workflow_run;
-            const factsArtifactName = "${{ steps.pr.outputs.facts_artifact_name }}";
-            if (!/^quality-gate-facts-[a-f0-9]{40}-[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(factsArtifactName)) {
-              throw new Error("missing verified facts artifact binding");
-            }
-            const { data } = await github.rest.actions.listWorkflowRunArtifacts({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              run_id: run.id,
-              per_page: 100,
-            });
-            const artifacts = data.artifacts.filter(a => a.name === factsArtifactName);
-            if (artifacts.length !== 1) throw new Error(`expected exactly one quality-gate-facts artifact, got ${artifacts.length}`);
-            const artifact = artifacts[0];
-            if (artifact.expired) throw new Error("quality-gate-facts artifact expired");
-            if (artifact.size_in_bytes <= 0 || artifact.size_in_bytes > 5 * 1024 * 1024) {
-              throw new Error(`invalid artifact size: ${artifact.size_in_bytes}`);
-            }
-            if (!artifact.digest) throw new Error("facts artifact digest is missing from GitHub API response");
-            core.setOutput("artifact_id", String(artifact.id));
-            core.setOutput("artifact_digest", artifact.digest);
-
-      - name: Download facts artifact zip
-        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        id: download
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const fs = require("fs");
-            const path = require("path");
-            const artifactId = Number("${{ steps.artifact.outputs.artifact_id }}");
-            if (!Number.isInteger(artifactId) || artifactId <= 0) throw new Error("invalid artifact id");
-            const { data } = await github.rest.actions.downloadArtifact({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              artifact_id: artifactId,
-              archive_format: "zip",
-            });
-            const zipPath = path.join(process.env.RUNNER_TEMP, "quality-gate-facts.zip");
-            fs.writeFileSync(zipPath, Buffer.from(data));
-            core.setOutput("zip_path", zipPath);
-
-      - name: Verify and extract semantic facts artifact
-        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
-        env:
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK: ${{ vars.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_DECISION_OUT: decision.json
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_MARKDOWN_OUT: semantic-review.md
-        run: node scripts/semantic-review-verify-artifact.js '${{ steps.download.outputs.zip_path }}' facts.json '${{ steps.artifact.outputs.artifact_digest }}'
-
-      - name: Download PR semantic waiver config
-        id: waiver_config
-        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        env:
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_sha }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_OWNER: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_owner }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_REPO: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_repo }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_IS_BASE_REPO: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_is_base_repo }}
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const fs = require("fs");
-            const path = require("path");
-            const headSha = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_SHA || "";
-            if (!/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(headSha)) {
-              throw new Error("missing verified semantic review target");
-            }
-            const headOwner = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_OWNER || "";
-            const headRepo = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_REPO || "";
-            if (!headOwner || !headRepo) {
-              throw new Error("missing verified semantic review head repository");
-            }
-            const waiverPath = "internal/qualitygate/config/semantic/waivers.txt";
-            const outPath = path.join(process.env.RUNNER_TEMP, "semantic-review-waivers.txt");
-            const headIsBaseRepo = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_IS_BASE_REPO === "true";
-            if (!headIsBaseRepo) {
-              core.notice("fork PR semantic waiver config is ignored");
-              core.setOutput("path", "");
-              return;
-            }
-            let content = "";
-            try {
-              const { data } = await github.rest.repos.getContent({
-                owner: headOwner,
-                repo: headRepo,
-                path: waiverPath,
-                ref: headSha,
-              });
-              if (Array.isArray(data) || data.type !== "file" || data.encoding !== "base64") {
-                throw new Error(`${waiverPath} is not a base64 file at PR head`);
-              }
-              if (data.size > 256 * 1024) {
-                throw new Error(`${waiverPath} is too large: ${data.size} bytes`);
-              }
-              content = Buffer.from(data.content, "base64").toString("utf8");
-            } catch (err) {
-              if (err.status !== 404) {
-                throw err;
-              }
-            }
-            fs.writeFileSync(outPath, content);
-            core.setOutput("path", outPath);
-
-      - name: Run semantic review
-        id: semantic
-        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
-        env:
-          ARK_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.ARK_API_KEY }}
-          ARK_BASE_URL: ${{ vars.ARK_BASE_URL }}
-          ARK_MODEL: ${{ vars.ARK_MODEL }}
-          ARK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS: ${{ vars.ARK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK: ${{ vars.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK }}
-        run: |
-          args=(
-            --repo .
-            --facts facts.json
-            --decision-out decision.json
-            --markdown-out semantic-review.md
-          )
-          if [ -n "${{ steps.waiver_config.outputs.path }}" ]; then
-            args+=(--waivers-file '${{ steps.waiver_config.outputs.path }}')
-          fi
-          if [ "$SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK" = "true" ]; then
-            args+=(--block)
-          fi
-          go run ./internal/qualitygate/cmd/semantic-review "${args[@]}"
-
-      - name: Publish semantic review
-        if: ${{ always() && steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success' }}
-        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
-        env:
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK: ${{ vars.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_sha }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BASE_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.base_sha }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_PR_NUMBER: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.pr_number }}
-          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_RUN_ID: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.run_id }}
-        with:
-          script: |
-            const { publish } = require("./scripts/semantic-review-publish.js");
-            await publish({ github, context, core });
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ linters:
    - unused          # checks for unused constants, variables, functions and types
    - depguard        # blocks forbidden package imports
    - forbidigo       # forbids specific function calls
-    - errorlint       # enforces error wrapping (%w) and errors.Is/As over == and type asserts

    # To enable later after fixing existing issues:
    # - errcheck      # checks for unchecked errors
    # - errname       # checks that error types are named XxxError
+    # - errorlint     # checks error wrapping best practices
    # - gosec         # security-oriented linter
    # - misspell      # finds commonly misspelled English words
    # - staticcheck   # comprehensive static analysis
@@ -49,16 +49,9 @@ linters:
          - gocritic
          - depguard
          - forbidigo
-          - errorlint # tests legitimately do identity (==) and concrete type-assert checks
-      # forbidigo runs repo-wide (minus the boundaries below) so errs-no-bare-wrap
-      # has no gap. The framework bans (os/vfs, raw HTTP, fmt.Print, filepath,
-      # log) stay scoped to shortcuts/ + internal/ + config/auth/service via the
-      # next rule; elsewhere only errs-no-bare-wrap fires.
-      - path-except: (shortcuts/|internal/|cmd/|events/)
-        linters:
-          - forbidigo
+      # Paths that run forbidigo. Add an entry when a path joins one of
+      # the rules below.
      - path-except: (shortcuts/|internal/|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/)
-        text: (vfs|IOStreams|ctx\.Out|shortcuts-no-raw-http|filepath functions|os\.Exit|structured error return)
        linters:
          - forbidigo
      - path: internal/vfs/
@@ -72,26 +65,31 @@ linters:
      - path: shortcuts/.*/internal/gen/
        linters:
          - forbidigo
-      # internal/qualitygate/cmd contains standalone CI tools. Their main
-      # entrypoints legitimately own process exit codes and stdio, matching the
-      # old tools/ layout before these packages moved under internal/.
-      - path: internal/qualitygate/cmd/[^/]+/main\.go$
-        linters:
-          - forbidigo
      # shortcuts-no-raw-http is shortcuts-only; internal/ wraps raw HTTP
      # for the client / credential layer.
      - path-except: shortcuts/
        text: shortcuts-no-raw-http
        linters:
          - forbidigo
-      # errs-no-bare-wrap enforced across every command/wire boundary by
-      # structural prefix, so any future business domain or command is covered
-      # without editing an allowlist. Genuine intermediate wraps inside these
-      # paths use //nolint:forbidigo with a reason.
-      - path-except: (cmd/|shortcuts/|events/)
+      # errs-typed-only enforced on paths already migrated to errs.NewXxxError.
+      # Add a path when its migration is complete.
+      - path-except: (internal/auth/|internal/errcompat/|internal/errclass/|internal/client/|internal/cmdutil/factory\.go|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|shortcuts/apps/|shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/contact/|shortcuts/doc/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/im/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/markdown/|shortcuts/minutes/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/sheets/|shortcuts/slides/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/vc/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/wiki/|internal/event/consume/|cmd/event/|events/|shortcuts/event/)
+        text: errs-typed-only
+        linters:
+          - forbidigo
+      # errs-no-bare-wrap enforced on paths fully migrated to typed final
+      # errors. Scoped separately from errs-typed-only because cmd/auth/,
+      # cmd/config/ still have residual fmt.Errorf and must not be caught.
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/apps/|shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/contact/|shortcuts/doc/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/im/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/markdown/|shortcuts/minutes/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/sheets/|shortcuts/slides/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/vc/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/wiki/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|cmd/event/|events/|shortcuts/event/)
        text: errs-no-bare-wrap
        linters:
          - forbidigo
+      # errs-no-legacy-helper enforced on domains whose shared validation/save
+      # helpers have migrated to typed final errors.
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/apps/|shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/contact/|shortcuts/doc/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/im/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/markdown/|shortcuts/minutes/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/sheets/|shortcuts/slides/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/vc/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/wiki/|cmd/event/|events/|shortcuts/event/)
+        text: errs-no-legacy-helper
+        linters:
+          - forbidigo

  settings:
    depguard:
@@ -110,6 +108,22 @@ linters:
                Use runtime.FileIO() for file operations or runtime.ValidatePath() for path validation.
    forbidigo:
      forbid:
+        # ── legacy output.Err* helpers banned on migrated paths ──
+        # output.ErrBare is intentionally not listed — it is the predicate-
+        # command silent-exit signal, outside the typed envelope contract.
+        - pattern: output\.(ErrValidation|ErrAuth|ErrNetwork|ErrAPI|ErrWithHint|Errorf)\b
+          msg: >-
+            [errs-typed-only] use errs.NewXxxError(...) builder
+            (see errs/types.go).
+        # ── legacy shared error helpers banned on migrated domains ──
+        # These helpers emit legacy output.Err* / bare error shapes or drop
+        # typed metadata such as Param/Cause. Migrated domains must use typed
+        # common replacements or local typed helpers instead.
+        - pattern: (common\.FlagErrorf|common\.RejectDangerousChars|common\.WrapInputStatError|common\.WrapSaveErrorByCategory)\b
+          msg: >-
+            [errs-no-legacy-helper] these shared helpers emit legacy or
+            metadata-poor error shapes. Use typed common replacements, typed
+            errs.NewXxxError builders, or domain-local typed helpers.
        # ── bare error wraps banned on fully-typed paths ──
        - pattern: (fmt\.Errorf|errors\.New)\b
          msg: >-
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,20 +2,6 @@

 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.

-## [v1.0.55] - 2026-06-16
-
-### Features
-
- **vc**: Support agent meeting event workflows (#1483)
- **drive**: Support exporting Base structure snapshots (#1481)
- **doc**: Add docx cover resource commands (#1468)
- **doc**: Support `lang` for docx fetch v2 (#1459)
- **event**: Optimize subscription precheck, links, and consumer guard (#1447)
-
-### Bug Fixes
-
- **drive**: Validate drive import folder target (#1485)
-
 ## [v1.0.54] - 2026-06-15

 ### Features
@@ -1189,7 +1175,6 @@ Bundled AI agent skills for intelligent assistance:
 - Bilingual documentation (English & Chinese).
 - CI/CD pipelines: linting, testing, coverage reporting, and automated releases.

-[v1.0.55]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.55
 [v1.0.54]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.54
 [v1.0.53]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.53
 [v1.0.52]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.52
--- a/40
+++ b/40
@@ -5,13 +5,6 @@ BINARY   := lark-cli
 MODULE   := github.com/larksuite/cli
 VERSION  := $(shell git describe --tags --always --dirty 2>/dev/null || echo dev)
 DATE     := $(shell date +%Y-%m-%d)
-NODE     ?= node
-QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM ?= $(shell bash scripts/resolve-changed-from.sh)
-QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM_RESOLVED = $(if $(strip $(QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM)),$(QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM),$(shell bash scripts/resolve-changed-from.sh))
-QUALITY_GATE_DIR ?= .tmp/quality-gate
-QUALITY_GATE_MANIFEST_OUT ?= $(QUALITY_GATE_DIR)/command-manifest.json
-QUALITY_GATE_COMMAND_INDEX_OUT ?= $(QUALITY_GATE_DIR)/command-index.json
-QUALITY_GATE_FACTS_OUT ?= $(QUALITY_GATE_DIR)/facts.json
 LDFLAGS  := -s -w -X $(MODULE)/internal/build.Version=$(VERSION) -X $(MODULE)/internal/build.Date=$(DATE)
 PREFIX   ?= /usr/local

@@ -22,7 +15,7 @@ PREFIX   ?= /usr/local
 TEST_GOARCH := $(or $(GOARCH),$(shell go env GOARCH))
 RACE_FLAG := $(if $(filter riscv64,$(TEST_GOARCH)),,-race)

-.PHONY: all build vet fmt-check script-test test unit-test integration-test examples-build quality-gate install uninstall clean fetch_meta gitleaks
+.PHONY: all build vet fmt-check test unit-test integration-test examples-build install uninstall clean fetch_meta gitleaks

 all: test

@@ -46,12 +39,6 @@ fmt-check:
 		exit 1; \
 	fi

-script-test:
-	bash scripts/resolve-changed-from.test.sh
-	bash scripts/ci-workflow.test.sh
-	bash scripts/semantic-review-workflow.test.sh
-	$(NODE) --test scripts/semantic-review-verify-artifact.test.js scripts/pr-quality-summary.test.js scripts/semantic-review-publish.test.js scripts/ci-quality-summary-publish.test.js
-
 # ./extension/... keeps the public plugin SDK in the default test matrix.
 unit-test: fetch_meta
 	go test $(RACE_FLAG) -gcflags="all=-N -l" -count=1 \
@@ -66,30 +53,7 @@ examples-build:
 integration-test: build
 	go test -v -count=1 ./tests/...

-test: vet fmt-check script-test unit-test examples-build integration-test
-
-quality-gate: build
-	mkdir -p $(QUALITY_GATE_DIR) $(dir $(QUALITY_GATE_FACTS_OUT))
-	LARKSUITE_CLI_REMOTE_META=off \
-	LARKSUITE_CLI_NO_UPDATE_NOTIFIER=1 \
-	LARKSUITE_CLI_NO_SKILLS_NOTIFIER=1 \
-	go run ./internal/qualitygate/cmd/manifest-export \
-		--manifest-out $(QUALITY_GATE_MANIFEST_OUT) \
-		--command-index-out $(QUALITY_GATE_COMMAND_INDEX_OUT)
-	LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID=dry-run \
-	LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_SECRET=dry-run \
-	LARKSUITE_CLI_BRAND=feishu \
-	LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR=$${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/quality-gate-cli-config \
-	LARKSUITE_CLI_REMOTE_META=off \
-	LARKSUITE_CLI_NO_UPDATE_NOTIFIER=1 \
-	LARKSUITE_CLI_NO_SKILLS_NOTIFIER=1 \
-	go run ./internal/qualitygate/cmd/quality-gate check \
-		--repo . \
-		--cli-bin ./$(BINARY) \
-		--changed-from $(QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM_RESOLVED) \
-		--manifest $(QUALITY_GATE_MANIFEST_OUT) \
-		--command-index $(QUALITY_GATE_COMMAND_INDEX_OUT) \
-		--facts-out $(QUALITY_GATE_FACTS_OUT)
+test: vet fmt-check unit-test examples-build integration-test

 install: build
 	install -d $(PREFIX)/bin
--- a/cmd/api/api.go
+++ b/cmd/api/api.go
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -124,13 +123,7 @@ func buildAPIRequest(opts *APIOptions) (client.RawApiRequest, *cmdutil.FileUploa

 	// stdin conflict: --params and --data cannot both read from stdin, regardless of --file.
 	if opts.Params == "-" && opts.Data == "-" {
-		return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			"--params and --data cannot both read from stdin (-)").
-			WithHint("pass at most one flag as '-'; give the other inline JSON or @file").
-			WithParams(
-				errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--params", Reason: "reads from stdin (-)"},
-				errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--data", Reason: "reads from stdin (-)"},
-			)
+		return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, output.ErrValidation("--params and --data cannot both read from stdin (-)")
 	}

 	params, err := cmdutil.ParseJSONMap(opts.Params, "--params", stdin, fileIO)
@@ -160,10 +153,7 @@ func buildAPIRequest(opts *APIOptions) (client.RawApiRequest, *cmdutil.FileUploa
 				return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, err
 			}
 			if _, ok := dataFields.(map[string]any); !ok {
-				return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-					"--data must be a JSON object when used with --file").
-					WithHint(`with --file, --data carries multipart form fields, e.g. --data '{"image_type":"message"}'`).
-					WithParam("--data")
+				return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, output.ErrValidation("--data must be a JSON object when used with --file")
 			}
 		}

@@ -206,13 +196,7 @@ func apiRun(opts *APIOptions) error {
 	}

 	if opts.PageAll && opts.Output != "" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			"--output and --page-all are mutually exclusive").
-			WithHint("drop --page-all to save a binary response, or drop --output to paginate JSON").
-			WithParams(
-				errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--output", Reason: "conflicts with --page-all"},
-				errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--page-all", Reason: "conflicts with --output"},
-			)
+		return output.ErrValidation("--output and --page-all are mutually exclusive")
 	}
 	if err := output.ValidateJqFlags(opts.JqExpr, opts.Output, opts.Format); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -249,7 +233,7 @@ func apiRun(opts *APIOptions) error {
 	}

 	if opts.PageAll {
-		return apiPaginate(opts.Ctx, ac, request, format, opts.JqExpr, out, f.IOStreams.ErrOut, opts.Cmd.CommandPath(),
+		return apiPaginate(opts.Ctx, ac, request, format, opts.JqExpr, out, f.IOStreams.ErrOut,
 			client.PaginationOptions{PageLimit: opts.PageLimit, PageDelay: opts.PageDelay})
 	}

@@ -259,7 +243,7 @@ func apiRun(opts *APIOptions) error {
 		// pass on *output.ExitError values. Typed *errs.* errors that flow
 		// through here keep their canonical message / hint from BuildAPIError;
 		// MarkRaw is a no-op on those (it only flips a flag on *ExitError).
-		return errs.MarkRaw(err)
+		return output.MarkRaw(err)
 	}
 	err = client.HandleResponse(resp, client.ResponseOptions{
 		OutputPath:  opts.Output,
@@ -279,7 +263,7 @@ func apiRun(opts *APIOptions) error {
 	// MarkRaw: see comment above on the DoAPI path. Skips legacy
 	// *ExitError enrichment; typed errors flow through unchanged.
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.MarkRaw(err)
+		return output.MarkRaw(err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -288,76 +272,46 @@ func apiDryRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, request client.RawApiRequest, config *core.Cl
 	return cmdutil.PrintDryRun(f.IOStreams.Out, request, config, format)
 }

-func apiPaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.RawApiRequest, format output.Format, jqExpr string, out, errOut io.Writer, commandPath string, pagOpts client.PaginationOptions) error {
+func apiPaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.RawApiRequest, format output.Format, jqExpr string, out, errOut io.Writer, pagOpts client.PaginationOptions) error {
 	if pagOpts.Identity == "" {
 		pagOpts.Identity = request.As
 	}
 	// When jq is set, always aggregate all pages then filter.
 	if jqExpr != "" {
-		result, err := ac.PaginateAll(ctx, request, pagOpts)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errs.MarkRaw(err)
+		if err := client.PaginateWithJq(ctx, ac, request, jqExpr, out, pagOpts, ac.CheckResponse); err != nil {
+			return output.MarkRaw(err)
 		}
-		if apiErr := ac.CheckResponse(result, pagOpts.Identity); apiErr != nil {
-			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
-			return errs.MarkRaw(apiErr)
-		}
-		return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
-			CommandPath: commandPath,
-			Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
-			JqExpr:      jqExpr,
-			Out:         out,
-			ErrOut:      errOut,
-		})
+		return nil
 	}

 	switch format {
 	case output.FormatNDJSON, output.FormatTable, output.FormatCSV:
 		pf := output.NewPaginatedFormatter(out, format)
-		result, hasItems, err := ac.StreamPages(ctx, request, func(items []interface{}) error {
-			// Streaming formats intentionally emit each page after that page has
-			// passed safety scanning. A later page may still fail, so callers
-			// must use the exit code to distinguish complete vs partial output.
-			scanResult := output.ScanForSafety(commandPath, items, errOut)
-			if scanResult.Blocked {
-				return scanResult.BlockErr
-			}
-			if scanResult.Alert != nil {
-				output.WriteAlertWarning(errOut, scanResult.Alert)
-			}
+		result, hasItems, err := ac.StreamPages(ctx, request, func(items []interface{}) {
 			pf.FormatPage(items)
-			return nil
 		}, pagOpts)
 		if err != nil {
-			return errs.MarkRaw(err)
+			return output.MarkRaw(err)
 		}
 		if apiErr := ac.CheckResponse(result, pagOpts.Identity); apiErr != nil {
-			return errs.MarkRaw(apiErr)
+			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
+			return output.MarkRaw(apiErr)
 		}
 		if !hasItems {
 			fmt.Fprintf(errOut, "warning: this API does not return a list, format %q is not supported, falling back to json\n", format)
-			return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
-				CommandPath: commandPath,
-				Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
-				Out:         out,
-				ErrOut:      errOut,
-			})
+			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
 		}
 		return nil
 	default:
 		result, err := ac.PaginateAll(ctx, request, pagOpts)
 		if err != nil {
-			return errs.MarkRaw(err)
+			return output.MarkRaw(err)
 		}
 		if apiErr := ac.CheckResponse(result, pagOpts.Identity); apiErr != nil {
 			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
-			return errs.MarkRaw(apiErr)
+			return output.MarkRaw(apiErr)
 		}
-		return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
-			CommandPath: commandPath,
-			Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
-			Out:         out,
-			ErrOut:      errOut,
-		})
+		output.FormatValue(out, result, format)
+		return nil
 	}
 }
--- a/cmd/api/api_test.go
+++ b/cmd/api/api_test.go
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
 package api

 import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"sort"
@@ -13,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	extcs "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/contentsafety"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
@@ -104,19 +101,8 @@ func TestApiCmd_BotMode(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
-	var got map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	if got["ok"] != true || got["identity"] != "bot" {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected envelope: %#v", got)
-	}
-	if _, hasCode := got["code"]; hasCode {
-		t.Fatalf("success envelope leaked outer code: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	data, ok := got["data"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok || data["result"] != "success" {
-		t.Fatalf("data = %#v, want result=success", got["data"])
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "success") {
+		t.Error("expected 'success' in output")
 	}
 }

@@ -342,16 +328,8 @@ func TestApiCmd_PageAll_NonBatchAPI_FallbackToJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("expected 'falling back to json' in stderr")
 	}
 	// Should output JSON result to stdout
-	var got map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	data, ok := got["data"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if got["ok"] != true || got["identity"] != "bot" || !ok || data["user_id"] != "u123" {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected fallback envelope: %#v", got)
-	}
-	if _, hasCode := got["code"]; hasCode {
-		t.Fatalf("fallback success envelope leaked outer code: %s", stdout.String())
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "u123") {
+		t.Error("expected user_id in JSON output")
 	}
 }

@@ -364,7 +342,7 @@ func TestApiCmd_PageAll_NonBatchAPI_ErrorStillOutputsJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
 		URL: "/open-apis/im/v1/chats/oc_xxx/announcement",
 		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 230027, "msg": "user not authorized",
+			"code": 230001, "msg": "no permission",
 		},
 	})

@@ -376,20 +354,12 @@ func TestApiCmd_PageAll_NonBatchAPI_ErrorStillOutputsJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected an error for non-zero code")
 	}
 	// Should still output the response body so user can see the error details
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "230027") {
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "230001") {
 		t.Errorf("expected error response in stdout, got: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "user not authorized") {
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "no permission") {
 		t.Errorf("expected error message in stdout, got: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	if strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok": true`) || strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok":true`) {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected success envelope on error path: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
-	var permErr *errs.PermissionError
-	if !errors.As(err, &permErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected PermissionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
 }

 func TestApiCmd_PageAll_BatchAPI_StreamsItems(t *testing.T) {
@@ -425,274 +395,6 @@ func TestApiCmd_PageAll_BatchAPI_StreamsItems(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestApiCmd_PageAll_StreamBusinessErrorDoesNotDumpJSON(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-pageall-stream-err", AppSecret: "test-secret-pageall-stream-err", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":      []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "safe-page"}},
-				"has_more":   true,
-				"page_token": "next",
-			},
-		},
-	})
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 230027, "msg": "user not authorized",
-		},
-	})
-
-	cmd := NewCmdApi(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"GET", "/open-apis/contact/v3/users", "--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
-	err := cmd.Execute()
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for non-zero code on later page")
-	}
-	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
-	out := stdout.String()
-	if !strings.Contains(out, "safe-page") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected earlier successful page to remain streamed, got: %s", out)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(out, "230027") || strings.Contains(out, "user not authorized") {
-		t.Fatalf("streaming stdout should not contain raw error JSON, got: %s", out)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(out, "\n  \"code\"") {
-		t.Fatalf("streaming stdout should not contain indented JSON error dump, got: %s", out)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestApiCmd_PageAll_BatchAPI_DefaultJSONEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-pageall-json", AppSecret: "test-secret-pageall-json", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "1"}},
-				"has_more": false,
-			},
-		},
-	})
-
-	cmd := NewCmdApi(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"GET", "/open-apis/contact/v3/users", "--as", "bot", "--page-all"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	var got map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	data, ok := got["data"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if got["ok"] != true || got["identity"] != "bot" || !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected envelope: %#v", got)
-	}
-	if _, hasCode := got["code"]; hasCode {
-		t.Fatalf("success envelope leaked outer code: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	items, ok := data["items"].([]interface{})
-	if !ok || len(items) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("data.items = %#v, want one item", data["items"])
-	}
-}
-
-type apiContentSafetyProvider struct {
-	called bool
-	path   string
-	data   interface{}
-	match  string
-}
-
-func (p *apiContentSafetyProvider) Name() string { return "api-test" }
-
-func (p *apiContentSafetyProvider) Scan(_ context.Context, req extcs.ScanRequest) (*extcs.Alert, error) {
-	p.called = true
-	p.path = req.Path
-	p.data = req.Data
-	if p.match != "" {
-		b, _ := json.Marshal(req.Data)
-		if !strings.Contains(string(b), p.match) {
-			return nil, nil
-		}
-	}
-	return &extcs.Alert{Provider: "api-test", MatchedRules: []string{"pagination"}}, nil
-}
-
-func TestApiCmd_PageAll_DefaultJSONRunsContentSafety(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "warn")
-	provider := &apiContentSafetyProvider{}
-	extcs.Register(provider)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
-
-	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-pageall-safety", AppSecret: "test-secret-pageall-safety", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "1"}},
-				"has_more": false,
-			},
-		},
-	})
-
-	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
-	root.AddCommand(NewCmdApi(f, nil))
-	root.SetArgs([]string{"api", "GET", "/open-apis/contact/v3/users", "--as", "bot", "--page-all"})
-	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !provider.called {
-		t.Fatal("expected content safety provider to scan paginated output")
-	}
-	if provider.path != "api" {
-		t.Fatalf("scan path = %q, want api", provider.path)
-	}
-	data, ok := provider.data.(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("scanned data type = %T, want map", provider.data)
-	}
-	if _, hasCode := data["code"]; hasCode {
-		t.Fatalf("scanned data should be business data only, got %#v", data)
-	}
-
-	var got map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	alert, ok := got["_content_safety_alert"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok || alert["provider"] != "api-test" {
-		t.Fatalf("missing content safety alert in envelope: %#v", got)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestApiCmd_PageAll_StreamFormatRunsContentSafety(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "warn")
-	provider := &apiContentSafetyProvider{}
-	extcs.Register(provider)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
-
-	f, stdout, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-pageall-stream-safety", AppSecret: "test-secret-pageall-stream-safety", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "1"}},
-				"has_more": false,
-			},
-		},
-	})
-
-	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
-	root.AddCommand(NewCmdApi(f, nil))
-	root.SetArgs([]string{"api", "GET", "/open-apis/contact/v3/users", "--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
-	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !provider.called {
-		t.Fatal("expected content safety provider to scan streamed paginated output")
-	}
-	if provider.path != "api" {
-		t.Fatalf("scan path = %q, want api", provider.path)
-	}
-	items, ok := provider.data.([]interface{})
-	if !ok || len(items) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("scanned data = %#v, want one streamed item", provider.data)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "warning: content safety alert from api-test") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected content safety warning on stderr, got: %s", stderr.String())
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"id":"1"`) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected streamed ndjson output, got: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-}
-
-func TestApiCmd_PageAll_StreamFormatBlockSkipsBlockedPage(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "block")
-	provider := &apiContentSafetyProvider{match: "blocked"}
-	extcs.Register(provider)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
-
-	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-pageall-stream-block", AppSecret: "test-secret-pageall-stream-block", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":      []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "safe-page"}},
-				"has_more":   true,
-				"page_token": "next",
-			},
-		},
-	})
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "blocked-page"}},
-				"has_more": false,
-			},
-		},
-	})
-
-	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
-	root.AddCommand(NewCmdApi(f, nil))
-	root.SetArgs([]string{"api", "GET", "/open-apis/contact/v3/users", "--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
-	err := root.Execute()
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected content safety block error")
-	}
-	var safetyErr *errs.ContentSafetyError
-	if !errors.As(err, &safetyErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ContentSafetyError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if safetyErr.Category != errs.CategoryPolicy || safetyErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeContentSafety {
-		t.Fatalf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", safetyErr.Category, safetyErr.Subtype, errs.CategoryPolicy, errs.SubtypeContentSafety)
-	}
-	if len(safetyErr.Rules) != 1 || safetyErr.Rules[0] != "pagination" {
-		t.Fatalf("rules = %v, want [pagination]", safetyErr.Rules)
-	}
-	out := stdout.String()
-	if !strings.Contains(out, "safe-page") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected earlier safe page to remain streamed, got: %s", out)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(out, "blocked-page") {
-		t.Fatalf("blocked page was written before safety block: %s", out)
-	}
-}
-
-func requireProblem(t *testing.T, err error, category errs.Category, subtype errs.Subtype, code int) {
-	t.Helper()
-	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if p.Category != category || p.Subtype != subtype || p.Code != code {
-		t.Fatalf("problem = %s/%s/%d, want %s/%s/%d", p.Category, p.Subtype, p.Code, category, subtype, code)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestNormalisePath_StripsQueryAndFragment(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tt := range []struct {
 		name string
--- a/cmd/auth/check_test.go
+++ b/cmd/auth/check_test.go
@@ -33,9 +33,12 @@ func TestAuthCheckRun_NotLoggedIn_ExitOneWithStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
 	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != 1 {
 		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want 1 (predicate 'missing' signal)", got)
 	}
-	var bare *output.BareError
+	var bare *output.ExitError
 	if !errors.As(err, &bare) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.BareError (ErrBare), got %T: %v", err, err)
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError (ErrBare), got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if bare.Detail != nil {
+		t.Errorf("ErrBare must carry no Detail (no envelope), got %+v", bare.Detail)
 	}

 	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
--- a/cmd/auth/list.go
+++ b/cmd/auth/list.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ func authListRun(opts *ListOptions) error {
 		// keep the same contract here. We still want the hint to be
 		// workspace-aware, so we pull the message+hint out of
 		// NotConfiguredError() instead of hard-coding it.
-		var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+		var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
 		if errors.As(core.NotConfiguredError(), &cfgErr) {
 			fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, cfgErr.Message)
 			if cfgErr.Hint != "" {
--- a/cmd/auth/login_test.go
+++ b/cmd/auth/login_test.go
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ func TestAuthLoginRun_DeviceCodeTokenNilCleansScopeCache(t *testing.T) {
 // contract that when --json is set and pollDeviceToken returns OK=false,
 // stdout carries the structured authorization_failed event and stderr is
 // NOT polluted with a typed envelope. The returned error is a bare
-// BareError with ExitAuth so the dispatcher only propagates the exit code
+// ExitError with ExitAuth so the dispatcher only propagates the exit code
 // without emitting a second envelope on top of the JSON event.
 func TestAuthLoginRun_JSONAbort_StdoutEventOnly_StderrEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	keyring.MockInit()
@@ -945,13 +945,16 @@ func TestAuthLoginRun_JSONAbort_StdoutEventOnly_StderrEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("stderr should not contain JSON envelope fields, got: %s", stderrStr)
 	}

-	// Returned error must be the bare *output.BareError signal (no envelope).
-	var bareErr *output.BareError
-	if !errors.As(err, &bareErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.BareError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	// Returned error must be the bare *output.ExitError signal (no envelope).
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if bareErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Fatalf("BareError.Code = %d, want %d", bareErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
+		t.Fatalf("ExitError.Code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Detail != nil {
+		t.Errorf("ExitError.Detail should be nil for bare signal, got: %+v", exitErr.Detail)
 	}
 }

--- a/cmd/build.go
+++ b/cmd/build.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/skill"
 	cmdupdate "github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/update"
 	_ "github.com/larksuite/cli/events"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/apicatalog"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
@@ -34,13 +33,9 @@ import (
 type BuildOption func(*buildConfig)

 type buildConfig struct {
-	streams        *cmdutil.IOStreams
-	keychain       keychain.KeychainAccess
-	globals        GlobalOptions
-	skipPlugins    bool
-	skipStrictMode bool
-	skipService    bool
-	serviceCatalog *apicatalog.Catalog
+	streams  *cmdutil.IOStreams
+	keychain keychain.KeychainAccess
+	globals  GlobalOptions
 }

 // WithIO sets the IO streams for the CLI by wrapping raw reader/writers.
@@ -80,41 +75,6 @@ func HideProfile(hide bool) BuildOption {
 	}
 }

-// WithoutPlugins builds only repository-owned commands. It is intended for
-// inspection tools that need a deterministic command tree.
-func WithoutPlugins() BuildOption {
-	return func(c *buildConfig) {
-		c.skipPlugins = true
-	}
-}
-
-// WithoutStrictMode builds the complete repository-owned command tree without
-// applying user/profile strict-mode pruning. It is intended for offline
-// inspection tools, not production execution.
-func WithoutStrictMode() BuildOption {
-	return func(c *buildConfig) {
-		c.skipStrictMode = true
-	}
-}
-
-// WithoutServiceCommands builds only hand-authored commands. It is intended for
-// repository quality gates that should not depend on the remote OpenAPI
-// metadata command surface.
-func WithoutServiceCommands() BuildOption {
-	return func(c *buildConfig) {
-		c.skipService = true
-	}
-}
-
-// WithServiceCatalog builds generated service commands from a specific metadata
-// catalog. It is intended for offline inspection tools that need deterministic
-// embedded metadata while production execution keeps using the runtime catalog.
-func WithServiceCatalog(catalog apicatalog.Catalog) BuildOption {
-	return func(c *buildConfig) {
-		c.serviceCatalog = &catalog
-	}
-}
-
 // Build constructs the full command tree. It also installs registered
 // plugins and emits the Startup lifecycle event during assembly --
 // so Plugin.On(Startup) handlers run even if the returned command is
@@ -196,26 +156,15 @@ func buildInternal(ctx context.Context, inv cmdutil.InvocationContext, opts ...B
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(cmdupdate.NewCmdUpdate(f))
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(cmdevent.NewCmdEvents(f))
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(skill.NewCmdSkill(f))
-	if !cfg.skipService {
-		if cfg.serviceCatalog != nil {
-			service.RegisterServiceCommandsFromCatalog(ctx, rootCmd, f, *cfg.serviceCatalog)
-		} else {
-			service.RegisterServiceCommandsWithContext(ctx, rootCmd, f)
-		}
-	}
+	service.RegisterServiceCommandsWithContext(ctx, rootCmd, f)
 	shortcuts.RegisterShortcutsWithContext(ctx, rootCmd, f)

 	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(rootCmd)

-	if mode := f.ResolveStrictMode(ctx); mode.IsActive() && !cfg.skipStrictMode {
+	if mode := f.ResolveStrictMode(ctx); mode.IsActive() {
 		pruneForStrictMode(rootCmd, mode)
 	}

-	if cfg.skipPlugins {
-		recordInventory(nil)
-		return f, rootCmd, nil
-	}
-
 	installResult, installErr := installPluginsAndHooks(cfg.streams.ErrOut)
 	if installErr != nil {
 		installPluginInstallErrorGuard(rootCmd, installErr)
--- a/cmd/build_test.go
+++ b/cmd/build_test.go
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package cmd
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-)
-
-func TestBuildWithoutPluginsStillBuildsBuiltinCommands(t *testing.T) {
-	root := Build(context.Background(), cmdutil.InvocationContext{}, WithoutPlugins())
-
-	if root == nil {
-		t.Fatal("Build returned nil root")
-	}
-	if findCommand(root, "api") == nil {
-		t.Fatal("builtin api command missing")
-	}
-	if findCommand(root, "docs +fetch") == nil {
-		t.Fatal("builtin docs +fetch shortcut missing")
-	}
-}
-
-func findCommand(root *cobra.Command, path string) *cobra.Command {
-	parts := strings.Fields(path)
-	cmd := root
-	for _, part := range parts {
-		var next *cobra.Command
-		for _, child := range cmd.Commands() {
-			if child.Name() == part {
-				next = child
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if next == nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-		cmd = next
-	}
-	return cmd
-}
--- a/cmd/completion/completion.go
+++ b/cmd/completion/completion.go
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 package completion

 import (
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"fmt"
+
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -31,9 +32,7 @@ func NewCmdCompletion(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 			case "powershell":
 				return root.GenPowerShellCompletionWithDesc(out)
 			default:
-				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-					"unsupported shell: %s", args[0]).
-					WithHint("supported shells: bash, zsh, fish, powershell")
+				return fmt.Errorf("unsupported shell: %s", args[0])
 			}
 		},
 	}
--- a/cmd/config/bind.go
+++ b/cmd/config/bind.go
@@ -212,7 +212,10 @@ func finalizeSource(opts *BindOptions) (string, error) {
 	if opts.IsTUI && !opts.langExplicit {
 		lang, err := promptLangSelection()
 		if err != nil {
-			return "", langSelectionError(err)
+			if err == huh.ErrUserAborted {
+				return "", output.ErrBare(1)
+			}
+			return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "language selection failed: %v", err)
 		}
 		opts.Lang = string(lang)
 		opts.UILang = lang
--- a/cmd/config/bind_test.go
+++ b/cmd/config/bind_test.go
@@ -20,29 +20,35 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )

-// wantErrDetail is the normalized comparison shape for a typed error's wire
-// fields: Type is the error's Category string ("validation", "config", ...),
-// alongside Message and Hint.
-type wantErrDetail struct {
-	Type    string
-	Message string
-	Hint    string
-}
-
-// assertExitError checks the full structured error in one assertion against a
-// typed error (ValidationError or ConfigError), normalizing its Category /
-// Message / Hint to wantDetail.
-func assertExitError(t *testing.T, err error, wantCode int, wantDetail wantErrDetail) {
+// assertExitError checks the full structured error in one assertion. It
+// accepts both *output.ExitError (used by output.ErrWithHint) and the
+// typed errors (ValidationError, ConfigError) — they normalize to the same
+// wantDetail fields. The wantDetail.Type is matched against the typed error's
+// Category string ("validation", "config", etc.).
+func assertExitError(t *testing.T, err error, wantCode int, wantDetail output.ErrDetail) {
 	t.Helper()
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
 	}
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		if exitErr.Code != wantCode {
+			t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, wantCode)
+		}
+		if exitErr.Detail == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected non-nil error detail")
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(*exitErr.Detail, wantDetail) {
+			t.Errorf("error detail mismatch:\n  got:  %+v\n  want: %+v", *exitErr.Detail, wantDetail)
+		}
+		return
+	}
 	var ve *errs.ValidationError
 	if errors.As(err, &ve) {
 		if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != wantCode {
 			t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", got, wantCode)
 		}
-		gotDetail := wantErrDetail{Type: string(ve.Category), Message: ve.Message, Hint: ve.Hint}
+		gotDetail := output.ErrDetail{Type: string(ve.Category), Message: ve.Message, Hint: ve.Hint}
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotDetail, wantDetail) {
 			t.Errorf("validation error mismatch:\n  got:  %+v\n  want: %+v", gotDetail, wantDetail)
 		}
@@ -53,13 +59,13 @@ func assertExitError(t *testing.T, err error, wantCode int, wantDetail wantErrDe
 		if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != wantCode {
 			t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", got, wantCode)
 		}
-		gotDetail := wantErrDetail{Type: string(ce.Category), Message: ce.Message, Hint: ce.Hint}
+		gotDetail := output.ErrDetail{Type: string(ce.Category), Message: ce.Message, Hint: ce.Hint}
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotDetail, wantDetail) {
 			t.Errorf("config error mismatch:\n  got:  %+v\n  want: %+v", gotDetail, wantDetail)
 		}
 		return
 	}
-	t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ValidationError / *errs.ConfigError; error = %v", err, err)
+	t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *output.ExitError or *errs.ValidationError / *errs.ConfigError; error = %v", err, err)
 }

 // assertEnvelope decodes stdout and checks it matches want exactly — every key
@@ -173,21 +179,15 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_InvalidLang(t *testing.T) {
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatalf("expected validation error for --lang %q, got nil", tc.lang)
 			}
-			var valErr *errs.ValidationError
-			if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
-				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+			exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 			}
-			if valErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-				t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", valErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+			if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
 			}
-			if valErr.Param != "--lang" {
-				t.Errorf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--lang")
-			}
-			if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
-				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", got, output.ExitValidation)
-			}
-			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid --lang") {
-				t.Errorf("error message %q does not contain 'invalid --lang'", err.Error())
+			if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Error(), "invalid --lang") {
+				t.Errorf("error message %q does not contain 'invalid --lang'", exitErr.Error())
 			}
 		})
 	}
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_InvalidSource(t *testing.T) {

 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "invalid"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `invalid --source "invalid"; valid values: openclaw, hermes, lark-channel`,
 	})
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_MissingSourceNonTTY(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	// TestFactory has IsTerminal=false by default
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: ""})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: "cannot determine Agent source: no --source flag and no Agent environment detected",
 		Hint:    "pass --source openclaw|hermes|lark-channel, or run this command inside the corresponding Agent context",
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_SourceEnvMismatch_OpenClawFlagInHermesEnv(t *testing.T) {

 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--source "openclaw" does not match detected Agent environment (hermes)`,
 		Hint:    "remove --source to auto-detect, or run this command in the correct Agent context",
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_SourceEnvMismatch_HermesFlagInOpenClawEnv(t *testing.T) {

 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--source "hermes" does not match detected Agent environment (openclaw)`,
 		Hint:    "remove --source to auto-detect, or run this command in the correct Agent context",
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_HermesMissingEnvFile(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
 	envPath := filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "failed to read Hermes config: open " + envPath + ": no such file or directory",
 		Hint:    "verify Hermes is installed and configured at " + envPath,
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMissingFile(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
 	configPath := filepath.Join(openclawHome, ".openclaw", "openclaw.json")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "cannot read " + configPath + ": open " + configPath + ": no such file or directory",
 		Hint:    "verify OpenClaw is installed and configured",
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_SourceEnvMismatch_LarkChannelFlagInOpenClawEnv(t *testing

 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--source "lark-channel" does not match detected Agent environment (openclaw)`,
 		Hint:    "remove --source to auto-detect, or run this command in the correct Agent context",
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_LarkChannelMissingFile(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
 	configPath := filepath.Join(fakeHome, ".lark-channel", "config.json")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "cannot read " + configPath + ": open " + configPath + ": no such file or directory",
 		Hint:    "verify lark-channel-bridge is installed and configured",
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_LarkChannelEmptyAppID(t *testing.T) {

 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "accounts.app.id missing in " + configPath,
 		Hint:    "run lark-channel-bridge's setup to populate the app credential",
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_LarkChannelEmptySecret(t *testing.T) {

 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "accounts.app.secret is empty in " + configPath,
 		Hint:    "run lark-channel-bridge's setup to populate the app credential",
@@ -835,19 +835,17 @@ func TestConfigShowRun_AgentWorkspaceNotBound(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for unbound workspace")
 	}
 	// Should be a structured ConfigError suggesting config bind, not config init.
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *core.ConfigError", err)
 	}
 	// Config errors share ExitAuth (3); the workspace is detected but no
 	// binding exists yet, which is a config error.
-	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (config category → ExitAuth)", got, output.ExitAuth)
+	if cfgErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (config category → ExitAuth)", cfgErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
 	}
-	// The workspace name stays out of the wire subtype; it only appears in
-	// the message.
-	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want not_configured", cfgErr.Subtype)
+	if cfgErr.Type != "openclaw" {
+		t.Errorf("type = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Type, "openclaw")
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Message, "openclaw context detected") {
 		t.Errorf("message missing 'openclaw context detected': %q", cfgErr.Message)
@@ -1189,7 +1187,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMultiAccount_TTYFlagMode(t *testing.T) {
 	// iterates a map — ordering is non-deterministic. DeepEqual inline against
 	// each accepted variant so every ErrDetail field (Type, Code, Message,
 	// Hint, ConsoleURL, Detail, and any future addition) is still compared.
-	base := wantErrDetail{
+	base := output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: "multiple accounts in openclaw.json; pass --app-id <id>",
 	}
@@ -1205,7 +1203,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMultiAccount_TTYFlagMode(t *testing.T) {
 	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
 		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ValidationError; err = %v", err, err)
 	}
-	got := wantErrDetail{Type: string(ve.Category), Message: ve.Message, Hint: ve.Hint}
+	got := output.ErrDetail{Type: string(ve.Category), Message: ve.Message, Hint: ve.Hint}
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, wantWorkFirst) && !reflect.DeepEqual(got, wantPersonalFirst) {
 		t.Errorf("error detail did not match any accepted variant:\n  got:  %+v\n  want: %+v OR %+v",
 			got, wantWorkFirst, wantPersonalFirst)
@@ -1232,7 +1230,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMultiAccount_WrongAppID(t *testing.T) {

 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw", AppID: "nonexistent"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--app-id "nonexistent" not found in openclaw.json`,
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_only_one",
@@ -1252,7 +1250,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_InvalidIdentity(t *testing.T) {

 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes", Identity: "invalid"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `invalid --identity "invalid"; valid values: bot-only, user-default`,
 	})
@@ -1538,7 +1536,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_HermesMissingAppID(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
 	envPath := filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "FEISHU_APP_ID not found in " + envPath,
 		Hint:    "run 'hermes setup' to configure Feishu credentials",
@@ -1558,7 +1556,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_HermesMissingAppSecret(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
 	envPath := filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "FEISHU_APP_SECRET not found in " + envPath,
 		Hint:    "run 'hermes setup' to configure Feishu credentials",
@@ -1584,7 +1582,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMissingFeishu(t *testing.T) {

 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "openclaw.json missing channels.feishu section",
 		Hint:    "configure Feishu in OpenClaw first",
@@ -1612,7 +1610,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawEmptyAppSecret(t *testing.T) {
 	openclawPath := filepath.Join(openclawDir, "openclaw.json")
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "appSecret is empty for app cli_no_secret in " + openclawPath,
 		Hint:    "configure channels.feishu.appSecret in openclaw.json",
@@ -1674,7 +1672,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawDisabledAccount(t *testing.T) {

 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "no Feishu app configured in openclaw.json",
 		Hint:    "configure channels.feishu.appId in openclaw.json",
--- a/cmd/config/binder_test.go
+++ b/cmd/config/binder_test.go
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func assertCandidate(t *testing.T, got *Candidate, want Candidate) {
 func TestSelectCandidate_ZeroCandidates_OpenClaw(t *testing.T) {
 	b := &fakeBinder{name: "openclaw", path: "/tmp/openclaw.json"}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, nil, "", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "no Feishu app configured in openclaw.json",
 		Hint:    "configure channels.feishu.appId in openclaw.json",
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_ZeroCandidates_GenericSource(t *testing.T) {
 	// even before it has a bespoke error message.
 	b := &fakeBinder{name: "hermes", path: "/tmp/.env"}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, nil, "", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "hermes: no app configured",
 	})
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_AppIDFlag_NoMatch(t *testing.T) {
 		{AppID: "cli_home", Label: "home"},
 	}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, candidates, "nonexistent", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--app-id "nonexistent" not found in openclaw.json`,
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_work (work)\n  cli_home (home)",
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_MultiCandidate_NoFlag_NonTUI(t *testing.T) {
 		{AppID: "cli_home", Label: "home"},
 	}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, candidates, "", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: "multiple accounts in openclaw.json; pass --app-id <id>",
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_work (work)\n  cli_home (home)",
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_SingleCandidate_WrongFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	b := &fakeBinder{name: "openclaw", path: "/tmp/openclaw.json"}
 	candidates := []Candidate{{AppID: "cli_only"}}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, candidates, "nonexistent", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--app-id "nonexistent" not found in openclaw.json`,
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_only",
--- a/cmd/config/config_test.go
+++ b/cmd/config/config_test.go
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	extcred "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -93,16 +92,16 @@ func TestConfigShowRun_NotConfiguredReturnsStructuredError(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error")
 	}

-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *core.ConfigError", err)
 	}
 	// Config errors share ExitAuth (3), not ExitValidation.
-	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (config category → ExitAuth)", got, output.ExitAuth)
+	if cfgErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (config category → ExitAuth)", cfgErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured || cfgErr.Message != "not configured" {
-		t.Fatalf("detail = %+v, want not_configured/not configured", cfgErr)
+	if cfgErr.Type != "config" || cfgErr.Message != "not configured" {
+		t.Fatalf("detail = %+v, want config/not configured", cfgErr)
 	}
 }

@@ -234,21 +233,15 @@ func TestConfigInitCmd_InvalidLang(t *testing.T) {
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatalf("expected validation error for --lang %q, got nil", tc.lang)
 			}
-			var valErr *errs.ValidationError
-			if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
-				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+			exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 			}
-			if valErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-				t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", valErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+			if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
 			}
-			if valErr.Param != "--lang" {
-				t.Errorf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--lang")
-			}
-			if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
-				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", got, output.ExitValidation)
-			}
-			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid --lang") {
-				t.Errorf("error message %q does not contain 'invalid --lang'", err.Error())
+			if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Error(), "invalid --lang") {
+				t.Errorf("error message %q does not contain 'invalid --lang'", exitErr.Error())
 			}
 		})
 	}
@@ -285,18 +278,12 @@ func TestConfigInitRun_NonTerminal_NoFlags_RejectsWithHint(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for non-terminal without flags")
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "terminal") {
-		t.Errorf("expected error to mention terminal, got: %s", err.Error())
+	msg := err.Error()
+	if !strings.Contains(msg, "--new") {
+		t.Errorf("expected error to mention --new, got: %s", msg)
 	}
-	// Missing-terminal is a failed precondition (valid request, wrong runtime
-	// state), and the actionable guidance lives in the hint.
-	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
-	if !ok || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Fatalf("expected subtype=%q, got problem=%+v", errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, p)
-	}
-	// Lock the two-step guidance contract: the hint must point at both flags.
-	if !strings.Contains(p.Hint, "--no-wait") || !strings.Contains(p.Hint, "--device-code") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should describe the two-step flow (--no-wait / --device-code), got: %s", p.Hint)
+	if !strings.Contains(msg, "terminal") {
+		t.Errorf("expected error to mention terminal, got: %s", msg)
 	}
 }

@@ -398,38 +385,8 @@ func TestSaveAsProfile_RejectsProfileNameCollisionWithExistingAppID(t *testing.T
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected conflict error")
 	}
-	// A name/appId conflict is user input — a typed validation error naming the
-	// offending flag, not a system storage failure.
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ValidationError; err=%v", err, err)
-	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want invalid_argument", verr.Subtype)
-	}
-	if verr.Param != "--name" {
-		t.Errorf("param = %q, want --name", verr.Param)
-	}
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "conflicts with existing appId") {
-		t.Errorf("message = %q, want conflict description", verr.Message)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestWrapSaveConfigError_PassesTypedValidationThrough pins that a user-input
-// validation error (e.g. the --name conflict) is not reclassified as an
-// internal storage failure on its way up through the save call sites.
-func TestWrapSaveConfigError_PassesTypedValidationThrough(t *testing.T) {
-	conflict := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "name conflict").WithParam("--name")
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(wrapSaveConfigError(conflict), &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("typed validation must pass through unchanged, got %T", wrapSaveConfigError(conflict))
-	}
-	var ierr *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(wrapSaveConfigError(errors.New("disk full")), &ierr) || ierr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeStorage {
-		t.Fatalf("untyped failure must become internal/storage")
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "conflicts with existing appId") {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %v, want conflict with existing appId", err)
 	}
 }

--- a/cmd/config/init.go
+++ b/cmd/config/init.go
@@ -6,11 +6,13 @@ package config
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"

+	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
@@ -32,13 +34,6 @@ type ConfigInitOptions struct {
 	Brand          string
 	New            bool

-	// NoWait initiates a new-app creation and returns immediately with a
-	// device code (non-blocking step 1); DeviceCode completes a creation
-	// previously started with --no-wait (non-blocking step 2). They mirror
-	// `auth login`'s --no-wait / --device-code split.
-	NoWait     bool
-	DeviceCode string
-
 	Lang         string // raw --lang (string for cobra); normalized to canonical/"" in validateInitLang
 	langExplicit bool   // true when --lang was explicitly passed

@@ -63,11 +58,9 @@ func NewCmdConfigInit(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*ConfigInitOptions) error) *
 		Short: "Initialize configuration (app-id / app-secret-stdin / brand)",
 		Long: `Initialize configuration (app-id / app-secret-stdin / brand).

-For AI agents: prefer the non-blocking two-step flow. Run '--new --no-wait' to
-get a device code and verification URL immediately (printed as JSON), send the
-URL/QR to the user, then run '--device-code <code>' after they confirm to finish.
-The plain '--new' still blocks until the user completes setup in the browser if
-you need the old behavior.
+For AI agents: use --new to create a new app. The command blocks until the user
+completes setup in the browser. Run it in the background and retrieve the
+verification URL from its output.

 Inside an Agent context (OPENCLAW_HOME / HERMES_HOME set) this command
 refuses by default — use 'lark-cli config bind' to bind to the Agent's
@@ -90,8 +83,6 @@ if the user explicitly wants a separate app inside the Agent workspace.`,
 	}

 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.New, "new", false, "create a new app directly (skip mode selection)")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.NoWait, "no-wait", false, "create a new app but return immediately with a device code; complete later with --device-code (non-blocking, for AI agents)")
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.DeviceCode, "device-code", "", "complete a new-app creation started with --no-wait, using its device code")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.AppID, "app-id", "", "App ID (non-interactive)")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.AppSecretStdin, "app-secret-stdin", false, "Read App Secret from stdin to avoid process list exposure")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Brand, "brand", "feishu", "feishu or lark (non-interactive, default feishu)")
@@ -136,14 +127,17 @@ func guardAgentWorkspace(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	if ws.IsLocal() {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured,
-		"config init is refused inside %s context (would create a parallel app and shadow the existing %s binding)", ws.Display(), ws.Display()).
-		WithHint("see `lark-cli config bind --help` to bind lark-cli to the Agent's existing app instead. Pass --force-init only if the user explicitly wants a separate app in this workspace.")
+	return &core.ConfigError{
+		Code:    2,
+		Type:    ws.Display(),
+		Message: fmt.Sprintf("config init is refused inside %s context (would create a parallel app and shadow the existing %s binding)", ws.Display(), ws.Display()),
+		Hint:    "see `lark-cli config bind --help` to bind lark-cli to the Agent's existing app instead. Pass --force-init only if the user explicitly wants a separate app in this workspace.",
+	}
 }

 // hasAnyNonInteractiveFlag returns true if any non-interactive flag is set.
 func (o *ConfigInitOptions) hasAnyNonInteractiveFlag() bool {
-	return o.New || o.AppID != "" || o.AppSecretStdin || o.NoWait || o.DeviceCode != ""
+	return o.New || o.AppID != "" || o.AppSecretStdin
 }

 // cleanupOldConfig clears keychain entries (AppSecret + UAT) for all apps in existing config except the app whose AppId equals skipAppID.
@@ -189,20 +183,6 @@ func saveInitConfig(profileName string, existing *core.MultiAppConfig, f *cmduti
 	return saveAsOnlyApp(appId, secret, brand, string(preferredLang(i18n.Lang(lang), prior)))
 }

-// wrapSaveConfigError passes an already-typed error (e.g. the --name conflict
-// validation error from saveAsProfile) through unchanged, and classifies any
-// other failure as an internal storage error. Without the passthrough a user
-// input error would surface to agents as a system storage failure.
-func wrapSaveConfigError(err error) error {
-	if err == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
-		return err
-	}
-	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
-}
-
 // saveAsProfile appends or updates a named profile in the config.
 // If a profile with the same name exists, it updates it; otherwise appends.
 // When updating, cleans up old keychain secrets if AppId changed.
@@ -227,9 +207,7 @@ func saveAsProfile(existing *core.MultiAppConfig, kc keychain.KeychainAccess, pr
 		multi.Apps[idx].Lang = preferredLang(i18n.Lang(lang), multi.Apps[idx].Lang)
 	} else {
 		if findAppIndexByAppID(multi, profileName) >= 0 {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-				"profile name %q conflicts with existing appId", profileName).
-				WithParam("--name")
+			return fmt.Errorf("profile name %q conflicts with existing appId", profileName)
 		}
 		// Append new profile
 		multi.Apps = append(multi.Apps, core.AppConfig{
@@ -271,8 +249,8 @@ func findAppIndexByAppID(multi *core.MultiAppConfig, appID string) int {
 // wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr classifies the error returned by
 // updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret. Typed errors (e.g. *errs.ValidationError
 // for blank-input) pass through unchanged so their exit code semantics
-// survive; everything else (filesystem, keychain, etc.) is wrapped as
-// InternalError.
+// survive; legacy *output.ExitError also passes through; everything else
+// (filesystem, keychain, etc.) is wrapped as InternalError.
 func wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(err error) error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
@@ -280,6 +258,10 @@ func wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(err error) error {
 	if errs.IsTyped(err) {
 		return err
 	}
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		return err
+	}
 	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 }

@@ -319,22 +301,6 @@ func updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret(existing *core.MultiAppConfig, profileNa
 func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	f := opts.Factory

-	// Validate the non-blocking flags before touching stdin so a contradictory
-	// combination (e.g. --no-wait --app-secret-stdin) fails fast instead of
-	// blocking on a stdin read.
-	if opts.NoWait && opts.DeviceCode != "" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--no-wait and --device-code cannot be used together").WithParam("--device-code")
-	}
-	if (opts.NoWait || opts.DeviceCode != "") && (opts.AppID != "" || opts.AppSecretStdin) {
-		// Point remediation at whichever non-blocking flag the caller actually
-		// passed (mutual exclusion above guarantees at most one is set here).
-		conflictParam := "--no-wait"
-		if opts.DeviceCode != "" {
-			conflictParam = "--device-code"
-		}
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--no-wait/--device-code create a new app and cannot be combined with --app-id/--app-secret-stdin").WithParam(conflictParam)
-	}
-
 	// Read secret from stdin if --app-secret-stdin is set
 	if opts.AppSecretStdin {
 		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f.IOStreams.In)
@@ -362,15 +328,6 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 		}
 	}

-	// Non-blocking step 2: complete a creation started with --no-wait.
-	if opts.DeviceCode != "" {
-		return resumeAppRegistration(opts)
-	}
-	// Non-blocking step 1: initiate a new-app creation and return immediately.
-	if opts.NoWait {
-		return initiateNoWaitAppRegistration(opts, existing)
-	}
-
 	// Mode 1: Non-interactive
 	if opts.AppID != "" && opts.appSecret != "" {
 		brand := parseBrand(opts.Brand)
@@ -379,7 +336,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, opts.AppID, secret, brand, opts.Lang); err != nil {
-			return wrapSaveConfigError(err)
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Configuration saved to %s", core.GetConfigPath()))
 		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
@@ -396,7 +353,10 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	if f.IOStreams.IsTerminal && !opts.langExplicit && !opts.hasAnyNonInteractiveFlag() {
 		lang, err := promptLangSelection()
 		if err != nil {
-			return langSelectionError(err)
+			if err == huh.ErrUserAborted {
+				return output.ErrBare(1)
+			}
+			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "language selection failed: %v", err)
 		}
 		opts.Lang = string(lang)
 		opts.UILang = lang
@@ -419,7 +379,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, result.AppID, secret, result.Brand, opts.Lang); err != nil {
-			return wrapSaveConfigError(err)
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
 		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{"appId": result.AppID, "appSecret": "****", "brand": result.Brand})
@@ -449,7 +409,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
 			}
 			if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, result.AppID, secret, result.Brand, opts.Lang); err != nil {
-				return wrapSaveConfigError(err)
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 			}
 		} else if result.Mode == "existing" && result.AppID != "" {
 			// Existing app with unchanged secret — update app ID and brand only
@@ -473,12 +433,9 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 		return nil
 	}

-	// Non-terminal: the request is valid but the runtime state is wrong (no
-	// terminal for interactive mode) — a failed precondition, not a bad
-	// argument. Point the caller at the non-blocking two-step flow.
+	// Non-terminal: cannot run interactive mode, guide user to --new
 	if !f.IOStreams.IsTerminal {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "config init interactive mode requires a terminal").
-			WithHint("Create a new app non-interactively with the two-step flow: `lark-cli config init --new --no-wait` (prints device_code + verification_url, returns immediately), then `lark-cli config init --device-code <code>` after the user finishes in the browser. Or run `lark-cli config init --new` in a terminal.")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "config init requires a terminal for interactive mode. Run with --new to create a new app:\n  lark-cli config init --new\nThis command blocks until setup is complete and outputs a verification URL. Run it in the background, then retrieve the URL from its output.")
 	}

 	// Mode 5: Legacy interactive (readline fallback)
@@ -557,7 +514,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, resolvedAppId, storedSecret, parseBrand(resolvedBrand), opts.Lang); err != nil {
-		return wrapSaveConfigError(err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Configuration saved to %s", core.GetConfigPath()))
 	printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
--- a/cmd/config/init_guard_test.go
+++ b/cmd/config/init_guard_test.go
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 )

 func TestGuardAgentWorkspace_LocalAllows(t *testing.T) {
@@ -26,15 +26,12 @@ func TestGuardAgentWorkspace_OpenClawRefuses(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected refusal in OpenClaw context, got nil")
 	}
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *core.ConfigError", err)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want not_configured", cfgErr.Subtype)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Message, "openclaw") {
-		t.Errorf("message must name the openclaw workspace; got %q", cfgErr.Message)
+	if cfgErr.Type != "openclaw" {
+		t.Errorf("type = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Type, "openclaw")
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Hint, "config bind --help") {
 		t.Errorf("hint must point to config bind --help; got %q", cfgErr.Hint)
@@ -51,15 +48,12 @@ func TestGuardAgentWorkspace_HermesRefuses(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected refusal in Hermes context, got nil")
 	}
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *core.ConfigError", err)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want not_configured", cfgErr.Subtype)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Message, "hermes") {
-		t.Errorf("message must name the hermes workspace; got %q", cfgErr.Message)
+	if cfgErr.Type != "hermes" {
+		t.Errorf("type = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Type, "hermes")
 	}
 }

--- a/cmd/config/init_interactive.go
+++ b/cmd/config/init_interactive.go
@@ -182,11 +182,6 @@ func runCreateAppFlow(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, brandOverride cor
 	httpClient := transport.NewHTTPClient(0)
 	authResp, err := larkauth.RequestAppRegistration(httpClient, larkBrand, f.IOStreams.ErrOut)
 	if err != nil {
-		// Pass a lower-layer typed error (e.g. a network/transport error) through
-		// unchanged; only wrap genuinely-untyped failures as invalid_client.
-		if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
-			return nil, err
-		}
 		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "app registration failed: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}

--- a/cmd/config/init_messages.go
+++ b/cmd/config/init_messages.go
@@ -4,14 +4,10 @@
 package config

 import (
-	"errors"
-
 	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )

 type initMsg struct {
@@ -101,12 +97,3 @@ func promptLangSelection() (i18n.Lang, error) {
 	}
 	return lang, nil
 }
-
-// langSelectionError maps a promptLangSelection failure to its exit surface:
-// user abort exits bare with code 1; any other failure is internal.
-func langSelectionError(err error) error {
-	if errors.Is(err, huh.ErrUserAborted) {
-		return output.ErrBare(1)
-	}
-	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "language selection failed: %v", err).WithCause(err)
-}
--- a/cmd/config/init_nowait.go
+++ b/cmd/config/init_nowait.go
@@ -1,265 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package config
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"net/http"
-	"os"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/transport"
-)
-
-// newRegistrationHTTPClient builds the HTTP client used for app-registration
-// traffic. It is a package var so tests can inject a stub transport.
-var newRegistrationHTTPClient = func() *http.Client { return transport.NewHTTPClient(0) }
-
-// initNoWaitHint is the agent-facing guidance embedded in the --no-wait JSON
-// output, mirroring the two-step contract of `auth login --no-wait`.
-const initNoWaitHint = "**Generate AND display the QR code:** call `lark-cli auth qrcode <verification_url>` and show it (PNG via --output; ASCII via --ascii only if the user asks). " +
-	"**You MUST include the QR image in your response** — generating the file alone is not enough. Output the URL first, then the QR image below it. " +
-	"**Treat verification_url as an opaque string** — do not URL-encode/decode it or add spaces/punctuation. " +
-	"**Hand control back:** make the QR/URL the final message of this turn; do NOT run --device-code in the same turn. Tell the user to come back and notify you after they finish creating the app in the browser. " +
-	"**After the user confirms:** YOU must finish by running lark-cli with the exact arguments in `resume_args`, passing each element as a separate literal argument (do not re-quote or shell-interpret them). It already carries the right flags. " +
-	"**Do NOT cache verification_url or device_code** — run `lark-cli config init --new --no-wait` fresh whenever a new app is needed."
-
-// initiateNoWaitAppRegistration runs the non-blocking first step: request a
-// device code, cache the resume context, print JSON, and return immediately
-// without polling.
-func initiateNoWaitAppRegistration(opts *ConfigInitOptions, existing *core.MultiAppConfig) error {
-	f := opts.Factory
-	brand := parseBrand(opts.Brand)
-
-	httpClient := newRegistrationHTTPClient()
-	authResp, err := larkauth.RequestAppRegistration(httpClient, brand, f.IOStreams.ErrOut)
-	if err != nil {
-		// Pass a lower-layer typed error (e.g. a network/transport error) through
-		// unchanged; only wrap genuinely-untyped failures as invalid_client.
-		if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
-			return err
-		}
-		return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "app registration failed: %v", err).WithCause(err)
-	}
-
-	rec := initNoWaitRecord{
-		Version:      initNoWaitCacheVersion,
-		Brand:        string(brand),
-		ProfileName:  opts.ProfileName,
-		Lang:         opts.Lang,
-		LangExplicit: opts.langExplicit,
-		Interval:     authResp.Interval,
-		ExpiresAt:    time.Now().Unix() + int64(authResp.ExpiresIn),
-		ConfigDigest: computeConfigDigest(existing),
-	}
-	// The resume step (--device-code) fully depends on this cache to finish
-	// persisting the app — unlike auth login, which can re-derive its scope. So
-	// a cache-write failure is fatal: fail now rather than hand back a
-	// device_code the user can never complete.
-	if err := saveInitNoWaitRecord(authResp.DeviceCode, rec); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to persist the context needed by `config init --device-code`: %v", err).WithCause(err)
-	}
-
-	// Emit the resume step as an argv array rather than a shell string: the
-	// device_code is opaque and may contain spaces or metacharacters, and a
-	// single quoted string can't be both POSIX- and cmd.exe-safe. argv sidesteps
-	// quoting entirely — agents pass each element as a literal argument.
-	// --force-init must be carried along: guardAgentWorkspace runs in RunE
-	// before the cache is read, so resuming without it inside an agent workspace
-	// would be rejected. (Profile name is recovered from the cache.)
-	resumeArgs := []string{"lark-cli", "config", "init", "--device-code", authResp.DeviceCode}
-	if opts.ForceInit {
-		resumeArgs = append(resumeArgs, "--force-init")
-	}
-
-	verificationURL := larkauth.BuildVerificationURL(authResp.VerificationUriComplete, build.Version)
-	data := map[string]interface{}{
-		"verification_url": verificationURL,
-		"device_code":      authResp.DeviceCode,
-		"expires_in":       authResp.ExpiresIn,
-		"resume_args":      resumeArgs,
-		"hint":             initNoWaitHint,
-	}
-	encoder := json.NewEncoder(f.IOStreams.Out)
-	encoder.SetEscapeHTML(false)
-	if err := encoder.Encode(data); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to write JSON output: %v", err).WithCause(err)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// resumeAppRegistration runs the non-blocking second step: poll with a device
-// code from a previous --no-wait call, then persist the new app and probe it.
-func resumeAppRegistration(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
-	f := opts.Factory
-
-	rec, err := loadInitNoWaitRecord(opts.DeviceCode)
-	if err != nil {
-		// The record exists but could not be read/parsed (permissions, disk,
-		// corruption). The resume step fully depends on this cache, so surface a
-		// storage error instead of the misleading "no pending creation"
-		// validation path — the user should fix local storage, not assume the
-		// device code is bad and throw away a still-valid creation attempt.
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to read the cached resume context: %v", err).WithCause(err)
-	}
-	if rec == nil {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			"no pending app creation found for this device code; re-initiate with `lark-cli config init --new --no-wait`").
-			WithParam("--device-code")
-	}
-
-	// Expiry check against the cached absolute deadline (device codes are
-	// short-lived — the registration default is 300s).
-	remaining := rec.ExpiresAt - time.Now().Unix()
-	if remaining <= 0 {
-		_ = removeInitNoWaitRecord(opts.DeviceCode)
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			"device code expired; re-initiate with `lark-cli config init --new --no-wait`").
-			WithParam("--device-code")
-	}
-
-	// Drift guard (fast path): bail out before the long poll if the config
-	// already changed since initiation, so we don't waste minutes polling.
-	existing, err := loadConfigForDriftCheck()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if computeConfigDigest(existing) != rec.ConfigDigest {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			"configuration changed since this app creation was started; re-initiate with `lark-cli config init --new --no-wait` to avoid overwriting it").
-			WithParam("--device-code")
-	}
-
-	interval := rec.Interval
-	if interval <= 0 {
-		interval = 5
-	}
-
-	httpClient := newRegistrationHTTPClient()
-	result, pollErr := pollAppRegistrationResume(opts.Ctx, httpClient, opts.DeviceCode, interval, int(remaining), f.IOStreams.ErrOut)
-	if pollErr != nil {
-		// Clear the cache only on terminal failures (denied / expired /
-		// timed-out). Keep it on cancellation or transient errors so the user
-		// can retry with the same device code while it is still valid.
-		if appRegShouldClearCache(pollErr) {
-			_ = removeInitNoWaitRecord(opts.DeviceCode)
-		}
-		// Pass an already-typed error through unchanged (e.g. the ConfigError
-		// for a missing client_id/secret) instead of downgrading it to
-		// authentication/unknown — matching runCreateAppFlow.
-		if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(pollErr); ok {
-			return pollErr
-		}
-		return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "%v", pollErr).WithCause(pollErr)
-	}
-
-	// Re-check drift immediately before persisting. The poll above can block
-	// for minutes while the user finishes in the browser, and a concurrent
-	// process may have changed config.json in that window — saving the stale
-	// pre-poll snapshot would drop those edits. Reload and compare again.
-	existing, err = loadConfigForDriftCheck()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if computeConfigDigest(existing) != rec.ConfigDigest {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			"configuration changed while the app was being created, so it was not saved (to avoid overwriting that change); re-run `lark-cli config init --new --no-wait`").
-			WithParam("--device-code")
-	}
-
-	// Determine the final brand from the response, falling back to the cached
-	// brand. The cached brand only seeds link generation + this fallback; the
-	// Lark-tenant re-poll inside pollAppRegistrationResume is what actually
-	// detects a Lark tenant.
-	finalBrand := parseBrand(rec.Brand)
-	if result.UserInfo != nil && result.UserInfo.TenantBrand == "lark" {
-		finalBrand = core.BrandLark
-	} else if result.UserInfo != nil && result.UserInfo.TenantBrand == "feishu" {
-		finalBrand = core.BrandFeishu
-	}
-
-	secret, err := core.ForStorage(result.ClientID, core.PlainSecret(result.ClientSecret), f.Keychain)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
-	}
-	if err := saveInitConfig(rec.ProfileName, existing, f, result.ClientID, secret, finalBrand, rec.Lang); err != nil {
-		// Preserve a typed error (e.g. the --name conflict ValidationError) via
-		// the shared helper instead of downgrading everything to storage —
-		// matching the blocking init paths.
-		return wrapSaveConfigError(err)
-	}
-
-	// Config persisted — only now is it safe to drop the resume cache. Clearing
-	// it only after a successful save means a failure in the drift re-check,
-	// ForStorage, or saveInitConfig above leaves the cache intact so the user
-	// can retry `--device-code` (the remote app already exists).
-	_ = removeInitNoWaitRecord(opts.DeviceCode)
-
-	if rec.LangExplicit && rec.Lang != "" {
-		msg := getInitMsg(opts.UILang)
-		fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf(msg.LangPreferenceSet, rec.Lang))
-	}
-
-	output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{"appId": result.ClientID, "appSecret": "****", "brand": finalBrand})
-	if err := runProbe(opts.Ctx, f, result.ClientID, result.ClientSecret, finalBrand); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// pollAppRegistrationResume polls the registration endpoint (feishu first, then
-// the lark endpoint on the tenant_brand=lark special case) and returns the raw
-// error so the caller can classify it for cache-cleanup decisions.
-func pollAppRegistrationResume(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, deviceCode string, interval, expiresIn int, errOut io.Writer) (*larkauth.AppRegistrationResult, error) {
-	result, err := larkauth.PollAppRegistration(ctx, httpClient, core.BrandFeishu, deviceCode, interval, expiresIn, errOut)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	// Lark tenant special case: if tenant_brand=lark and no client_secret,
-	// re-poll against the lark endpoint to obtain the secret.
-	if result.ClientSecret == "" && result.UserInfo != nil && result.UserInfo.TenantBrand == "lark" {
-		result, err = larkauth.PollAppRegistration(ctx, httpClient, core.BrandLark, deviceCode, interval, expiresIn, errOut)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-	if result.ClientID == "" || result.ClientSecret == "" {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "app registration succeeded but missing client_id or client_secret")
-	}
-	return result, nil
-}
-
-// appRegShouldClearCache reports whether the cached resume context should be
-// discarded after a poll outcome. Success and terminal failures (user denied,
-// device code expired, deadline elapsed) clear it; cancellation and transient
-// errors keep it so the user can retry while the device code is still valid.
-func appRegShouldClearCache(err error) bool {
-	if err == nil {
-		return true
-	}
-	return errors.Is(err, larkauth.ErrAppRegDenied) ||
-		errors.Is(err, larkauth.ErrAppRegExpired) ||
-		errors.Is(err, larkauth.ErrAppRegTimeout)
-}
-
-// loadConfigForDriftCheck loads the config for the drift comparison. A missing
-// config (first-time setup) is fine — it yields a nil config and an empty
-// digest. A genuine storage failure (permission denied, corruption) is surfaced
-// as a typed storage error rather than being silently read as "config drift".
-func loadConfigForDriftCheck() (*core.MultiAppConfig, error) {
-	existing, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
-	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to load config for the drift check: %v", err).WithCause(err)
-	}
-	return existing, nil
-}
--- a/cmd/config/init_nowait_cache.go
+++ b/cmd/config/init_nowait_cache.go
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package config
-
-import (
-	"crypto/sha256"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs"
-)
-
-// initNoWaitCacheVersion is the schema version of the cached init context.
-// Bump it when the record shape changes so stale entries are ignored.
-const initNoWaitCacheVersion = 1
-
-// initNoWaitRecord is the context persisted by `config init --new --no-wait` so
-// that the later `--device-code` step can complete the app creation. It must
-// never hold a secret, verification URL, or full config — only what the resume
-// step needs to finish persisting the new app.
-type initNoWaitRecord struct {
-	Version      int    `json:"version"`
-	Brand        string `json:"brand"`
-	ProfileName  string `json:"profile_name"`
-	Lang         string `json:"lang"`
-	LangExplicit bool   `json:"lang_explicit"`
-	Interval     int    `json:"interval"`
-	ExpiresAt    int64  `json:"expires_at"` // unix seconds; absolute device-code deadline
-	ConfigDigest string `json:"config_digest"`
-}
-
-// initNoWaitCacheDir returns the directory used to persist config init
-// --no-wait context keyed by device_code.
-func initNoWaitCacheDir() string {
-	return filepath.Join(core.GetConfigDir(), "cache", "config_init_nowait")
-}
-
-// initNoWaitCachePath returns the cache file path for a given device_code.
-func initNoWaitCachePath(deviceCode string) string {
-	return filepath.Join(initNoWaitCacheDir(), initNoWaitCacheKey(deviceCode)+".json")
-}
-
-// initNoWaitCacheKey derives a collision-free, filesystem-safe filename token
-// from an opaque device_code. A sha256 hex digest avoids the collisions a
-// character-replacement sanitizer would cause (e.g. "a/b" and "a:b" both
-// mapping to "a_b").
-func initNoWaitCacheKey(deviceCode string) string {
-	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(deviceCode))
-	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])
-}
-
-// saveInitNoWaitRecord persists the resume context for a device_code.
-func saveInitNoWaitRecord(deviceCode string, rec initNoWaitRecord) error {
-	if err := vfs.MkdirAll(initNoWaitCacheDir(), 0700); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	data, err := json.Marshal(rec)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return validate.AtomicWrite(initNoWaitCachePath(deviceCode), data, 0600)
-}
-
-// loadInitNoWaitRecord loads the resume context for a device_code. It returns
-// (nil, nil) when no cache entry exists.
-func loadInitNoWaitRecord(deviceCode string) (*initNoWaitRecord, error) {
-	data, err := vfs.ReadFile(initNoWaitCachePath(deviceCode))
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			return nil, nil
-		}
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	var rec initNoWaitRecord
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &rec); err != nil {
-		_ = vfs.Remove(initNoWaitCachePath(deviceCode))
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if rec.Version != initNoWaitCacheVersion {
-		_ = vfs.Remove(initNoWaitCachePath(deviceCode))
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	return &rec, nil
-}
-
-// removeInitNoWaitRecord deletes the cache entry for a device_code.
-func removeInitNoWaitRecord(deviceCode string) error {
-	err := vfs.Remove(initNoWaitCachePath(deviceCode))
-	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return err
-}
-
-// computeConfigDigest returns a stable digest of the existing config so the
-// resume step can detect drift between initiation and completion. The digest
-// is a hash of config.json content (app IDs, brands, users, secret references)
-// — it contains no plaintext secret and is safe to cache. A nil config and an
-// (unexpected) marshal error both map to the empty digest.
-func computeConfigDigest(existing *core.MultiAppConfig) string {
-	if existing == nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	data, err := json.Marshal(existing)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	sum := sha256.Sum256(data)
-	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])
-}
--- a/cmd/config/init_nowait_test.go
+++ b/cmd/config/init_nowait_test.go
@@ -1,521 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package config
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/http/httptest"
-	"net/url"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-)
-
-// roundTripFunc adapts a function to an http.RoundTripper.
-type roundTripFunc func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
-
-func (f roundTripFunc) RoundTrip(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) { return f(r) }
-
-// TestNoWait_InitiateThenResume_EndToEnd drives the full two-step flow against a
-// real local HTTP server: initiate writes the on-disk cache, then a SEPARATE
-// resume call polls the same server, succeeds, and persists the new app. Only
-// the device_code + the cache bridge the two invocations — exactly as the two
-// CLI commands would. (A black-box binary E2E of the success path is impossible
-// without a human: endpoints are hardcoded HTTPS and the real device flow needs
-// a browser scan, so this in-process run through httptest is the highest-fidelity
-// autonomous end-to-end.)
-func TestNoWait_InitiateThenResume_EndToEnd(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		_ = r.ParseForm()
-		switch r.FormValue("action") {
-		case "begin":
-			_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"device_code":"E2E-DEVICE-CODE","user_code":"E2E-UC","verification_uri":"https://example.test/verify","expires_in":600,"interval":1}`))
-		case "poll":
-			_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`{"client_id":"cli_e2e","client_secret":"sec_e2e","user_info":{"tenant_brand":"feishu","open_id":"ou_e2e"}}`))
-		default:
-			http.Error(w, "unexpected action "+r.FormValue("action"), http.StatusBadRequest)
-		}
-	}))
-	defer ts.Close()
-	tsURL, _ := url.Parse(ts.URL)
-
-	// Redirect the registration client to the local test server.
-	orig := newRegistrationHTTPClient
-	newRegistrationHTTPClient = func() *http.Client {
-		return &http.Client{Transport: roundTripFunc(func(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-			r.URL.Scheme, r.URL.Host = tsURL.Scheme, tsURL.Host
-			return http.DefaultTransport.RoundTrip(r)
-		})}
-	}
-	t.Cleanup(func() { newRegistrationHTTPClient = orig })
-
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	// Step 1 — initiate: should print device_code and write the resume cache.
-	initOpts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), Brand: "feishu", New: true, NoWait: true}
-	if err := initiateNoWaitAppRegistration(initOpts, nil); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("initiate: %v", err)
-	}
-	var out map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &out); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("initiate stdout not JSON: %v; raw=%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	if out["device_code"] != "E2E-DEVICE-CODE" {
-		t.Fatalf("device_code = %v, want E2E-DEVICE-CODE", out["device_code"])
-	}
-	if rec, _ := loadInitNoWaitRecord("E2E-DEVICE-CODE"); rec == nil {
-		t.Fatal("initiate did not write the resume cache")
-	}
-
-	// Step 2 — resume (separate invocation; bridged only by device_code + cache).
-	stdout.Reset()
-	resumeOpts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), DeviceCode: "E2E-DEVICE-CODE"}
-	if err := resumeAppRegistration(resumeOpts); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("resume: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// The new app must be persisted to config...
-	cfg, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
-	if err != nil || cfg == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("config not persisted: %v", err)
-	}
-	if app := cfg.CurrentAppConfig(""); app == nil || app.AppId != "cli_e2e" {
-		t.Fatalf("persisted app = %+v, want AppId cli_e2e", app)
-	}
-	// ...the cache cleared after the successful save...
-	if rec, _ := loadInitNoWaitRecord("E2E-DEVICE-CODE"); rec != nil {
-		t.Error("resume should clear the cache after a successful save")
-	}
-	// ...and the success JSON emitted.
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "cli_e2e") {
-		t.Errorf("resume stdout missing appId: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-}
-
-// stubRT returns a single canned HTTP response for every request.
-type stubRT struct {
-	status int
-	body   string
-}
-
-func (s stubRT) RoundTrip(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-	return &http.Response{StatusCode: s.status, Body: io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(s.body)), Header: make(http.Header)}, nil
-}
-
-// seqRT returns successive canned responses (last one repeats), for flows that
-// poll more than once (e.g. the Lark-tenant re-poll).
-type seqRT struct {
-	bodies []string
-	i      int
-}
-
-func (s *seqRT) RoundTrip(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-	idx := s.i
-	if idx >= len(s.bodies) {
-		idx = len(s.bodies) - 1
-	}
-	s.i++
-	return &http.Response{StatusCode: 200, Body: io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(s.bodies[idx])), Header: make(http.Header)}, nil
-}
-
-// withStubRegistrationClient swaps the registration HTTP client for the test.
-func withStubRegistrationClient(t *testing.T, rt http.RoundTripper) {
-	t.Helper()
-	orig := newRegistrationHTTPClient
-	newRegistrationHTTPClient = func() *http.Client { return &http.Client{Transport: rt} }
-	t.Cleanup(func() { newRegistrationHTTPClient = orig })
-}
-
-// --- cache round-trip ---
-
-func TestInitNoWaitCache_RoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	rec := initNoWaitRecord{
-		Version:      initNoWaitCacheVersion,
-		Brand:        "feishu",
-		ProfileName:  "work",
-		Lang:         "zh_cn",
-		LangExplicit: true,
-		Interval:     5,
-		ExpiresAt:    time.Now().Unix() + 300,
-		ConfigDigest: "abc123",
-	}
-	const dc = "device-code-xyz"
-
-	if err := saveInitNoWaitRecord(dc, rec); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("save: %v", err)
-	}
-	got, err := loadInitNoWaitRecord(dc)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("load: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got == nil {
-		t.Fatal("load returned nil for a saved record")
-	}
-	if *got != rec {
-		t.Errorf("round-trip mismatch:\n got  %+v\n want %+v", *got, rec)
-	}
-
-	if err := removeInitNoWaitRecord(dc); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("remove: %v", err)
-	}
-	got2, err := loadInitNoWaitRecord(dc)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("load after remove: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got2 != nil {
-		t.Errorf("expected nil after remove, got %+v", got2)
-	}
-	// Removing a non-existent record must be a no-op, not an error.
-	if err := removeInitNoWaitRecord(dc); err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("remove of missing record should be nil, got %v", err)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestInitNoWaitCache_LoadMissing(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	got, err := loadInitNoWaitRecord("never-saved")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("load missing: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got != nil {
-		t.Errorf("expected nil for missing record, got %+v", got)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestInitNoWaitCache_VersionMismatchIgnored(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	const dc = "stale-version"
-	rec := initNoWaitRecord{Version: initNoWaitCacheVersion + 1, ExpiresAt: time.Now().Unix() + 300}
-	if err := saveInitNoWaitRecord(dc, rec); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("save: %v", err)
-	}
-	got, err := loadInitNoWaitRecord(dc)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("load: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got != nil {
-		t.Errorf("expected nil for version mismatch, got %+v", got)
-	}
-	// The stale entry should have been discarded by the load.
-	got2, _ := loadInitNoWaitRecord(dc)
-	if got2 != nil {
-		t.Errorf("stale-version entry was not removed on load")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestInitNoWaitCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
-	// Distinct device codes that a char-replacement sanitizer would collide
-	// ("a/b" and "a:b" -> "a_b") must map to distinct keys.
-	if initNoWaitCacheKey("a/b") == initNoWaitCacheKey("a:b") {
-		t.Error("distinct device codes must not collide on the cache key")
-	}
-	// Deterministic.
-	if initNoWaitCacheKey("xyz") != initNoWaitCacheKey("xyz") {
-		t.Error("cache key must be deterministic")
-	}
-	// sha256 hex: 64 chars, filesystem-safe regardless of input.
-	k := initNoWaitCacheKey("has /, :, ;, spaces and 'quotes'")
-	if len(k) != 64 {
-		t.Errorf("expected 64-char sha256 hex key, got %d: %q", len(k), k)
-	}
-}
-
-// --- config digest ---
-
-func TestComputeConfigDigest(t *testing.T) {
-	if d := computeConfigDigest(nil); d != "" {
-		t.Errorf("nil digest = %q, want empty", d)
-	}
-	cfg1 := &core.MultiAppConfig{Apps: []core.AppConfig{{AppId: "cli_a", Brand: core.BrandFeishu}}}
-	cfg1Dup := &core.MultiAppConfig{Apps: []core.AppConfig{{AppId: "cli_a", Brand: core.BrandFeishu}}}
-	cfg2 := &core.MultiAppConfig{Apps: []core.AppConfig{{AppId: "cli_b", Brand: core.BrandFeishu}}}
-
-	if computeConfigDigest(cfg1) == "" {
-		t.Error("non-nil config digest should be non-empty")
-	}
-	if computeConfigDigest(cfg1) != computeConfigDigest(cfg1Dup) {
-		t.Error("equal configs should produce equal digests")
-	}
-	if computeConfigDigest(cfg1) == computeConfigDigest(cfg2) {
-		t.Error("different configs should produce different digests")
-	}
-}
-
-// --- failure classification for cache cleanup ---
-
-func TestAppRegShouldClearCache(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		name string
-		err  error
-		want bool
-	}{
-		{"success", nil, true},
-		{"denied", larkauth.ErrAppRegDenied, true},
-		{"expired", larkauth.ErrAppRegExpired, true},
-		{"expired wrapped", fmt.Errorf("%w, please try again", larkauth.ErrAppRegExpired), true},
-		{"timeout", larkauth.ErrAppRegTimeout, true},
-		{"timeout wrapped", fmt.Errorf("%w, please try again", larkauth.ErrAppRegTimeout), true},
-		{"cancelled", larkauth.ErrAppRegCancelled, false},
-		{"transient generic", fmt.Errorf("network boom"), false},
-		{"missing fields", fmt.Errorf("app registration succeeded but missing client_id or client_secret"), false},
-	}
-	for _, c := range cases {
-		if got := appRegShouldClearCache(c.err); got != c.want {
-			t.Errorf("%s: appRegShouldClearCache = %v, want %v", c.name, got, c.want)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// --- initiate (stubbed registration client) ---
-
-func TestInitiateNoWaitAppRegistration_WritesCacheAndJSON(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	withStubRegistrationClient(t, stubRT{200, `{"device_code":"dc-abc","user_code":"U-1","verification_uri":"https://open.feishu.cn","expires_in":3600,"interval":5}`})
-
-	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), Brand: "feishu", New: true, NoWait: true, ForceInit: true}
-	if err := initiateNoWaitAppRegistration(opts, nil); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("initiate: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	var out map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &out); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("stdout not JSON: %v; raw=%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	if out["device_code"] != "dc-abc" {
-		t.Errorf("device_code = %v, want dc-abc", out["device_code"])
-	}
-	args, ok := out["resume_args"].([]interface{})
-	if !ok || len(args) == 0 || args[len(args)-1] != "--force-init" {
-		t.Errorf("resume_args should end with --force-init, got %v", out["resume_args"])
-	}
-
-	rec, _ := loadInitNoWaitRecord("dc-abc")
-	if rec == nil {
-		t.Fatal("cache record not written")
-	}
-	if rec.Brand != "feishu" || rec.Version != initNoWaitCacheVersion {
-		t.Errorf("cache record = %+v", *rec)
-	}
-}
-
-// --- pollAppRegistrationResume (stubbed client) ---
-
-func TestPollAppRegistrationResume_Success(t *testing.T) {
-	c := &http.Client{Transport: stubRT{200, `{"client_id":"cli_x","client_secret":"sec","user_info":{"tenant_brand":"feishu"}}`}}
-	res, err := pollAppRegistrationResume(context.Background(), c, "dc", 0, 60, io.Discard)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if res.ClientID != "cli_x" || res.ClientSecret != "sec" {
-		t.Errorf("got %+v", res)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestPollAppRegistrationResume_MissingSecret(t *testing.T) {
-	c := &http.Client{Transport: stubRT{200, `{"client_id":"cli_x"}`}}
-	if _, err := pollAppRegistrationResume(context.Background(), c, "dc", 0, 60, io.Discard); err == nil {
-		t.Error("expected error when client_secret is missing")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestPollAppRegistrationResume_LarkRetry(t *testing.T) {
-	// First poll (feishu endpoint): lark tenant, no secret -> triggers re-poll
-	// against the lark endpoint, which returns the secret.
-	rt := &seqRT{bodies: []string{
-		`{"client_id":"cli_x","client_secret":"","user_info":{"tenant_brand":"lark"}}`,
-		`{"client_id":"cli_x","client_secret":"larksec","user_info":{"tenant_brand":"lark"}}`,
-	}}
-	res, err := pollAppRegistrationResume(context.Background(), &http.Client{Transport: rt}, "dc", 0, 60, io.Discard)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if res.ClientSecret != "larksec" {
-		t.Errorf("expected lark re-poll to yield the secret, got %+v", res)
-	}
-}
-
-// Full resume happy path: stubbed poll succeeds, the app is persisted, and the
-// cache is cleared. (runProbe hits the factory's mock client, which has no stub
-// and returns an untyped error that runProbe swallows.)
-func TestResumeAppRegistration_Success(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	withStubRegistrationClient(t, stubRT{200, `{"client_id":"cli_new","client_secret":"sec","user_info":{"tenant_brand":"feishu"}}`})
-
-	const dc = "resume-ok"
-	rec := initNoWaitRecord{
-		Version:      initNoWaitCacheVersion,
-		Brand:        "feishu",
-		Interval:     1, // keep the single poll fast
-		ExpiresAt:    time.Now().Unix() + 300,
-		ConfigDigest: computeConfigDigest(nil),
-	}
-	if err := saveInitNoWaitRecord(dc, rec); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("save: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), DeviceCode: dc}
-	if err := resumeAppRegistration(opts); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("resume: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	cfg, _ := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
-	if cfg == nil || cfg.CurrentAppConfig("") == nil || cfg.CurrentAppConfig("").AppId != "cli_new" {
-		t.Errorf("config not persisted with new app id: %+v", cfg)
-	}
-	if got, _ := loadInitNoWaitRecord(dc); got != nil {
-		t.Error("cache should be cleared after a successful save")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "cli_new") {
-		t.Errorf("stdout missing new appId: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-}
-
-// A profile-name conflict on the resume save path must surface as the typed
-// ValidationError(--name), not be downgraded to an internal/storage error.
-func TestResumeAppRegistration_ProfileNameConflict_PreservesValidationError(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	withStubRegistrationClient(t, stubRT{200, `{"client_id":"cli_new","client_secret":"sec","user_info":{"tenant_brand":"feishu"}}`})
-
-	// Seed a config whose app id collides with the profile name we resume into.
-	seeded := &core.MultiAppConfig{Apps: []core.AppConfig{
-		{AppId: "cli_existing", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("s"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
-	}}
-	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(seeded); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("seed config: %v", err)
-	}
-	loaded, _ := core.LoadMultiAppConfig() // digest must match what resume recomputes
-
-	const dc = "conflict-dc"
-	rec := initNoWaitRecord{
-		Version:      initNoWaitCacheVersion,
-		Brand:        "feishu",
-		ProfileName:  "cli_existing", // collides with the existing appId in saveAsProfile
-		Interval:     1,
-		ExpiresAt:    time.Now().Unix() + 300,
-		ConfigDigest: computeConfigDigest(loaded),
-	}
-	if err := saveInitNoWaitRecord(dc, rec); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("save cache: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), DeviceCode: dc}
-	assertValidationParam(t, resumeAppRegistration(opts), "--name")
-}
-
-// --- flag validation (returns before any network) ---
-
-func TestConfigInitRun_NoWaitAndDeviceCodeMutuallyExclusive(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), NoWait: true, DeviceCode: "x"}
-	assertValidationParam(t, configInitRun(opts), "--device-code")
-}
-
-func TestConfigInitRun_NoWaitWithAppIDRejected(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), NoWait: true, AppID: "cli_x"}
-	assertValidationParam(t, configInitRun(opts), "--no-wait")
-}
-
-// The conflict error must point at the flag the caller actually passed: with
-// --device-code (not --no-wait) + --app-id, remediation should name --device-code.
-func TestConfigInitRun_DeviceCodeWithAppIDReportsDeviceCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), DeviceCode: "dc", AppID: "cli_x"}
-	assertValidationParam(t, configInitRun(opts), "--device-code")
-}
-
-// --- resume guards (return before any network) ---
-
-func TestResumeAppRegistration_NoCacheEntry(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), DeviceCode: "missing-dc"}
-	assertValidationParam(t, resumeAppRegistration(opts), "--device-code")
-}
-
-func TestResumeAppRegistration_ExpiredClearsCache(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	const dc = "expired-dc"
-	rec := initNoWaitRecord{
-		Version:   initNoWaitCacheVersion,
-		Brand:     "feishu",
-		Interval:  5,
-		ExpiresAt: time.Now().Unix() - 10, // already past
-	}
-	if err := saveInitNoWaitRecord(dc, rec); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("save: %v", err)
-	}
-	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), DeviceCode: dc}
-	assertValidationParam(t, resumeAppRegistration(opts), "--device-code")
-
-	if got, _ := loadInitNoWaitRecord(dc); got != nil {
-		t.Error("expired cache entry should have been removed")
-	}
-}
-
-// A cache file that exists but cannot be parsed is a storage failure, not a
-// "no pending creation" validation error — the user should fix storage rather
-// than assume the device code is bad.
-func TestResumeAppRegistration_CorruptCacheIsStorageError(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	const dc = "corrupt-dc"
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(initNoWaitCacheDir(), 0o700); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("mkdir: %v", err)
-	}
-	if err := os.WriteFile(initNoWaitCachePath(dc), []byte("{ not valid json"), 0o600); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("write: %v", err)
-	}
-	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), DeviceCode: dc}
-	err := resumeAppRegistration(opts)
-	var intErr *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(err, &intErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError for unreadable cache, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); !ok || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeStorage {
-		t.Fatalf("expected subtype=%q, got problem=%+v", errs.SubtypeStorage, p)
-	}
-	if errors.Unwrap(err) == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected the underlying cache-read failure to be preserved as a cause")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestResumeAppRegistration_ConfigDrift(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	const dc = "drift-dc"
-	rec := initNoWaitRecord{
-		Version:      initNoWaitCacheVersion,
-		Brand:        "feishu",
-		Interval:     5,
-		ExpiresAt:    time.Now().Unix() + 300,
-		ConfigDigest: "stale-digest-that-will-not-match-current-config",
-	}
-	if err := saveInitNoWaitRecord(dc, rec); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("save: %v", err)
-	}
-	opts := &ConfigInitOptions{Factory: f, Ctx: context.Background(), DeviceCode: dc}
-	assertValidationParam(t, resumeAppRegistration(opts), "--device-code")
-}
--- a/cmd/config/init_test.go
+++ b/cmd/config/init_test.go
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ func TestUpdateExistingProfileWithoutSecret_AppIdMismatch_EmitsValidationError(t

 // wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr is the caller-side classifier for the error
 // returned by updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret. It must preserve typed-error
-// exit semantics: a typed ValidationError must keep ExitValidation rather than
-// being downgraded to InternalError.
+// exit semantics (regression: typed ValidationError was being downgraded to
+// InternalError by the legacy *output.ExitError-only passthrough).

 func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_NilPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	if got := wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(nil); got != nil {
@@ -90,6 +90,18 @@ func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_TypedValidationErrorPreserved(t *testing.T
 	}
 }

+func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_LegacyExitErrorPreserved(t *testing.T) {
+	in := &output.ExitError{Code: 7, Err: errors.New("legacy")}
+	got := wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(in)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(got, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError to pass through, got %T: %v", got, got)
+	}
+	if exitErr.Code != 7 {
+		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want 7", exitErr.Code)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_UntypedErrorBecomesInternal(t *testing.T) {
 	in := fmt.Errorf("disk full")
 	got := wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(in)
--- a/cmd/doctor/doctor.go
+++ b/cmd/doctor/doctor.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ func doctorRun(opts *DoctorOptions) error {
 		// underlying problem is still visible.
 		msg, hint := err.Error(), ""
 		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+			var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
 			if errors.As(core.NotConfiguredError(), &cfgErr) {
 				msg, hint = cfgErr.Message, cfgErr.Hint
 			}
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ func doctorRun(opts *DoctorOptions) error {
 	cfg, err := f.Config()
 	if err != nil {
 		hint := ""
-		var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+		var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
 		if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
 			hint = cfgErr.Hint
 		}
--- a/cmd/error_auth_hint.go
+++ b/cmd/error_auth_hint.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts"
 	shortcutcommon "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -48,6 +49,32 @@ func applyNeedAuthorizationHint(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) {
 	authErr.Hint += "\n" + scopeHint
 }

+// enrichMissingScopeError appends a "current command requires scope(s): X"
+// hint to a legacy *output.ExitError when the underlying error carries the
+// need_user_authorization marker AND the current command declares scopes
+// locally.
+//
+// Deprecated: enrichment for the legacy envelope; the typed path is
+// applyNeedAuthorizationHint above.
+func enrichMissingScopeError(f *cmdutil.Factory, exitErr *output.ExitError) {
+	if exitErr == nil || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !internalauth.IsNeedUserAuthorizationError(exitErr) {
+		return
+	}
+	scopes := resolveDeclaredScopesForCurrentCommand(f)
+	if len(scopes) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	scopeHint := fmt.Sprintf("current command requires scope(s): %s", strings.Join(scopes, ", "))
+	if exitErr.Detail.Hint == "" {
+		exitErr.Detail.Hint = scopeHint
+		return
+	}
+	exitErr.Detail.Hint += "\n" + scopeHint
+}
+
 // resolveDeclaredScopesForCurrentCommand returns the scopes declared by the
 // current command for the resolved identity, checking shortcuts first and then
 // service methods from local registry metadata.
--- a/cmd/event/appmeta_err.go
+++ b/cmd/event/appmeta_err.go
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 )

-// authURLPattern matches the grant-scope URL embedded in 99991672 errors; widen the host alternation when adding brands.
+// authURLPattern matches the grant-scope URL embedded in 99991672 errors; widen when adding brands in consoleScopeGrantURL.
 var authURLPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`https?://open\.(?:feishu\.cn|larksuite\.com)/app/[^/\s"']+/auth\?q=[^\s"'<>]+`)

 // describeAppMetaErr reduces a FetchCurrentPublished error to a one-line stderr summary.
--- a/cmd/event/console_url.go
+++ b/cmd/event/console_url.go
@@ -4,117 +4,21 @@
 package event

 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"compress/gzip"
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"

 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	eventlib "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
 )

-// Landing-page contract for the scan-to-enable deep link, verified against the
-// open platform: {open-host}/page/launcher?clientID=<appID>&addons=<encoded>.
-// Note the param is camelCase "clientID" (not snake_case), and the value is the
-// consuming app's own ID. Centralized so it can be corrected in one place.
-const (
-	addonsLandingPath   = "/page/launcher"
-	addonsClientIDParam = "clientID"
-)
-
-// ManifestAddons mirrors the 5 public manifest sections the launcher page accepts.
-// Encoded form: JSON -> gzip -> base64url(no padding).
-type ManifestAddons struct {
-	Scopes    *AddonsScopes    `json:"scopes,omitempty"`
-	Events    *AddonsEvents    `json:"events,omitempty"`
-	Callbacks *AddonsCallbacks `json:"callbacks,omitempty"`
-}
-
-type AddonsScopes struct {
-	Tenant []string `json:"tenant"`
-	User   []string `json:"user"`
-}
-
-type AddonsEvents struct {
-	Items AddonsEventItems `json:"items"`
-}
-
-type AddonsEventItems struct {
-	Tenant []string `json:"tenant"`
-	User   []string `json:"user"`
-}
-
-type AddonsCallbacks struct {
-	Items []string `json:"items"`
-}
-
-// encodeAddons: JSON -> gzip -> base64url(no padding). Matches the front-end decode chain.
-func encodeAddons(a ManifestAddons) (string, error) {
-	raw, err := json.Marshal(a)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	gw := gzip.NewWriter(&buf)
-	if _, err := gw.Write(raw); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	if err := gw.Close(); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	return base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(buf.Bytes()), nil
-}
-
-// consoleAddonsURL builds the scan-to-enable deep link carrying incremental scopes/events/callbacks.
-func consoleAddonsURL(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string, a ManifestAddons) (string, error) {
-	encoded, err := encodeAddons(a)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
+// consoleScopeGrantURL builds the developer-console "apply & grant scopes" deep link; scopes are comma-joined without URL encoding.
+func consoleScopeGrantURL(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string, scopes []string) string {
 	host := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand).Open
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?%s=%s&addons=%s", host, addonsLandingPath, addonsClientIDParam, appID, encoded), nil
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/app/%s/auth?q=%s&op_from=openapi&token_type=tenant",
+		host, appID, strings.Join(scopes, ","))
 }

-// consoleLandingURL is the bare landing page (no addons) — fallback when encoding fails.
-func consoleLandingURL(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string) string {
+// consoleEventSubscriptionURL points at the app's event subscription console page.
+func consoleEventSubscriptionURL(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string) string {
 	host := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand).Open
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?%s=%s", host, addonsLandingPath, addonsClientIDParam, appID)
-}
-
-// addonsHintURL returns the scan URL, degrading to the bare landing page on encode error.
-func addonsHintURL(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string, a ManifestAddons) string {
-	url, err := consoleAddonsURL(brand, appID, a)
-	if err != nil {
-		return consoleLandingURL(brand, appID)
-	}
-	return url
-}
-
-// missingScopeAddons routes missing scopes into the identity-appropriate section.
-// The unused side is an empty (non-nil) slice so JSON encodes [] not null —
-// the addons spec treats a missing tenant/user as an empty array.
-func missingScopeAddons(identity core.Identity, missing []string) ManifestAddons {
-	s := &AddonsScopes{Tenant: []string{}, User: []string{}}
-	if identity.IsBot() {
-		s.Tenant = missing
-	} else {
-		s.User = missing
-	}
-	return ManifestAddons{Scopes: s}
-}
-
-// missingSubscriptionAddons routes missing events/callbacks into the right section.
-// Like missingScopeAddons, unused event sides stay [] (not null) per the addons spec.
-func missingSubscriptionAddons(subType eventlib.SubscriptionType, identity core.Identity, missing []string) ManifestAddons {
-	if subType == eventlib.SubTypeCallback {
-		return ManifestAddons{Callbacks: &AddonsCallbacks{Items: missing}}
-	}
-	ev := &AddonsEvents{Items: AddonsEventItems{Tenant: []string{}, User: []string{}}}
-	if identity.IsBot() {
-		ev.Items.Tenant = missing
-	} else {
-		ev.Items.User = missing
-	}
-	return ManifestAddons{Events: ev}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/app/%s/event", host, appID)
 }
--- a/cmd/event/console_url_test.go
+++ b/cmd/event/console_url_test.go
@@ -4,109 +4,33 @@
 package event

 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"compress/gzip"
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"io"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	eventlib "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
 )

-func decodeAddons(t *testing.T, encoded string) ManifestAddons {
-	t.Helper()
-	gz, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(encoded)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("base64url decode: %v", err)
-	}
-	zr, err := gzip.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(gz))
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("gzip reader: %v", err)
-	}
-	raw, err := io.ReadAll(zr)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("gunzip: %v", err)
-	}
-	var a ManifestAddons
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &a); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("json: %v", err)
-	}
-	return a
-}
-
-func TestEncodeAddons_RoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
-	in := ManifestAddons{Scopes: &AddonsScopes{Tenant: []string{"im:message"}}}
-	encoded, err := encodeAddons(in)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("encode: %v", err)
-	}
-	for _, r := range encoded {
-		if !(r == '-' || r == '_' || (r >= '0' && r <= '9') || (r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z') || (r >= 'a' && r <= 'z')) {
-			t.Fatalf("encoded contains non-base64url char %q in %q", r, encoded)
-		}
-	}
-	out := decodeAddons(t, encoded)
-	if out.Scopes == nil || len(out.Scopes.Tenant) != 1 || out.Scopes.Tenant[0] != "im:message" {
-		t.Errorf("roundtrip mismatch: %+v", out)
+func TestConsoleScopeGrantURL_Feishu(t *testing.T) {
+	got := consoleScopeGrantURL(core.BrandFeishu, "cli_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX", []string{
+		"im:message:readonly",
+		"im:message.group_at_msg",
+	})
+	want := "https://open.feishu.cn/app/cli_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX/auth?q=im:message:readonly,im:message.group_at_msg&op_from=openapi&token_type=tenant"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("url\n got: %s\nwant: %s", got, want)
 	}
 }

-func TestConsoleAddonsURL_FormatAndBrandHost(t *testing.T) {
-	url, err := consoleAddonsURL(core.BrandFeishu, "cli_x", ManifestAddons{Callbacks: &AddonsCallbacks{Items: []string{"card.action.trigger"}}})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("url: %v", err)
-	}
-	host := core.ResolveEndpoints(core.BrandFeishu).Open
-	prefix := host + "/page/launcher?clientID=cli_x&addons="
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(url, prefix) {
-		t.Errorf("url = %q, want prefix %q", url, prefix)
-	}
-	out := decodeAddons(t, strings.TrimPrefix(url, prefix))
-	if out.Callbacks == nil || len(out.Callbacks.Items) != 1 || out.Callbacks.Items[0] != "card.action.trigger" {
-		t.Errorf("decoded callbacks mismatch: %+v", out)
+func TestConsoleScopeGrantURL_LarkBrand(t *testing.T) {
+	got := consoleScopeGrantURL(core.BrandLark, "cli_x", []string{"im:message"})
+	want := "https://open.larksuite.com/app/cli_x/auth?q=im:message&op_from=openapi&token_type=tenant"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("url\n got: %s\nwant: %s", got, want)
 	}
 }

-func TestMissingScopeAddons_ByIdentity(t *testing.T) {
-	bot := missingScopeAddons(core.AsBot, []string{"im:message"})
-	if bot.Scopes == nil || len(bot.Scopes.Tenant) != 1 || len(bot.Scopes.User) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("bot scopes = %+v, want tenant-only", bot.Scopes)
-	}
-	user := missingScopeAddons(core.AsUser, []string{"im:message"})
-	if user.Scopes == nil || len(user.Scopes.User) != 1 || len(user.Scopes.Tenant) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("user scopes = %+v, want user-only", user.Scopes)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMissingSubscriptionAddons_EventVsCallback(t *testing.T) {
-	ev := missingSubscriptionAddons(eventlib.SubTypeEvent, core.AsBot, []string{"im.message.receive_v1"})
-	if ev.Events == nil || len(ev.Events.Items.Tenant) != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("event addons = %+v, want events.items.tenant", ev.Events)
-	}
-	cb := missingSubscriptionAddons(eventlib.SubTypeCallback, core.AsBot, []string{"card.action.trigger"})
-	if cb.Callbacks == nil || len(cb.Callbacks.Items) != 1 || cb.Events != nil {
-		t.Errorf("callback addons = %+v, want callbacks.items only", cb)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMissingAddons_EncodeEmptyArraysNotNull(t *testing.T) {
-	// Unused identity sides must encode as [] (not null) so the launcher page's
-	// shape validation treats them as "缺省 -> 空数组" per the addons spec.
-	cases := []ManifestAddons{
-		missingScopeAddons(core.AsBot, []string{"im:message"}),
-		missingScopeAddons(core.AsUser, []string{"im:message"}),
-		missingSubscriptionAddons(eventlib.SubTypeEvent, core.AsBot, []string{"im.message.receive_v1"}),
-	}
-	for i, a := range cases {
-		raw, err := json.Marshal(a)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("case %d marshal: %v", i, err)
-		}
-		if bytes.Contains(raw, []byte("null")) {
-			t.Errorf("case %d encodes a null array, want []: %s", i, raw)
-		}
+func TestConsoleScopeGrantURL_EmptyBrandDefaultsFeishu(t *testing.T) {
+	got := consoleScopeGrantURL("", "cli_x", []string{"im:message"})
+	if got != "https://open.feishu.cn/app/cli_x/auth?q=im:message&op_from=openapi&token_type=tenant" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected url: %s", got)
 	}
 }
--- a/cmd/event/consume.go
+++ b/cmd/event/consume.go
@@ -146,28 +146,14 @@ func runConsume(cmd *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory, eventKey string, o consu
 		fmt.Fprintln(preflightErrOut, "[event] skipped console precheck: app has no published version")
 	}

-	// Callback subscriptions live in application/get, not app_versions; fetch the
-	// callback 底账 only for callback-type EventKeys. Weak dependency: on error,
-	// leave subscribedCallbacks nil so the callback precheck skips.
-	var subscribedCallbacks []string
-	if keyDef.SubscriptionType == eventlib.SubTypeCallback {
-		cbs, cbErr := appmeta.FetchSubscribedCallbacks(cmd.Context(), botRuntime, cfg.AppID)
-		if cbErr != nil {
-			fmt.Fprintf(preflightErrOut, "[event] skipped console precheck: %s\n", describeAppMetaErr(cbErr))
-		} else {
-			subscribedCallbacks = cbs
-		}
-	}
-
 	pf := &preflightCtx{
-		factory:             f,
-		appID:               cfg.AppID,
-		brand:               cfg.Brand,
-		eventKey:            eventKey,
-		identity:            identity,
-		keyDef:              keyDef,
-		appVer:              appVer,
-		subscribedCallbacks: subscribedCallbacks,
+		factory:  f,
+		appID:    cfg.AppID,
+		brand:    cfg.Brand,
+		eventKey: eventKey,
+		identity: identity,
+		keyDef:   keyDef,
+		appVer:   appVer,
 	}
 	if err := preflightEventTypes(pf); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -243,9 +229,6 @@ type preflightCtx struct {
 	identity core.Identity
 	keyDef   *eventlib.KeyDefinition
 	appVer   *appmeta.AppVersion
-	// subscribedCallbacks is the application/get 底账 for callback-type EventKeys;
-	// nil means "not fetched / unavailable" → callback precheck skips (weak dependency).
-	subscribedCallbacks []string
 }

 // preflightScopes compares required scopes against session-available scopes (user: UAT stored; bot: appVer.TenantScopes).
@@ -283,66 +266,46 @@ func preflightScopes(ctx context.Context, pf *preflightCtx) error {
 		pf.eventKey, pf.identity, strings.Join(missing, ", ")).
 		WithIdentity(string(pf.identity)).
 		WithMissingScopes(missing...).
-		WithHint("%s", scopeRemediationHint(pf.brand, pf.appID, pf.identity, missing))
+		WithHint("%s", scopeRemediationHint(pf.identity, missing, pf.appID, pf.brand))
 }

 // scopeRemediationHint returns an identity-appropriate fix for missing scopes.
-// Bot: the scan-to-enable link adds the scopes to the app manifest, after which
-// the tenant token carries them. User: the scan link only updates the app
-// manifest — the user's own token still lacks the scopes until it is
-// re-authorized — so direct the user to re-login instead.
-func scopeRemediationHint(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string, identity core.Identity, missing []string) string {
+func scopeRemediationHint(identity core.Identity, missing []string, appID string, brand core.LarkBrand) string {
 	if identity.IsBot() {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("grant these scopes by scanning: %s",
-			addonsHintURL(brand, appID, missingScopeAddons(identity, missing)))
+		return fmt.Sprintf(
+			"grant these scopes and publish a new app version at: %s",
+			consoleScopeGrantURL(brand, appID, missing),
+		)
 	}
 	return fmt.Sprintf(
 		"run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"%s\"` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.",
-		strings.Join(missing, " "))
+		strings.Join(missing, " "),
+	)
 }

-// preflightEventTypes verifies every RequiredConsoleEvents entry is subscribed
-// in the app's console 底账 — published app_versions for event subscriptions,
-// application/get subscribed_callbacks for callback subscriptions.
+// preflightEventTypes verifies every RequiredConsoleEvents entry is subscribed in the app's current published version.
 func preflightEventTypes(pf *preflightCtx) error {
-	if len(pf.keyDef.RequiredConsoleEvents) == 0 {
+	if pf.appVer == nil || len(pf.keyDef.RequiredConsoleEvents) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-
-	var subscribed []string
-	noun := "event types"
-	if pf.keyDef.SubscriptionType == eventlib.SubTypeCallback {
-		if pf.subscribedCallbacks == nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-		subscribed = pf.subscribedCallbacks
-		noun = "callbacks"
-	} else {
-		if pf.appVer == nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-		subscribed = pf.appVer.EventTypes
-	}
-
-	have := make(map[string]bool, len(subscribed))
-	for _, t := range subscribed {
-		have[t] = true
+	subscribed := make(map[string]bool, len(pf.appVer.EventTypes))
+	for _, t := range pf.appVer.EventTypes {
+		subscribed[t] = true
 	}
 	var missing []string
 	for _, t := range pf.keyDef.RequiredConsoleEvents {
-		if !have[t] {
+		if !subscribed[t] {
 			missing = append(missing, t)
 		}
 	}
 	if len(missing) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-
-	url := addonsHintURL(pf.brand, pf.appID, missingSubscriptionAddons(pf.keyDef.SubscriptionType, pf.identity, missing))
 	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition,
-		"EventKey %s requires %s not subscribed in console: %s",
-		pf.keyDef.Key, noun, strings.Join(missing, ", ")).
-		WithHint("subscribe these %s by scanning: %s", noun, url)
+		"EventKey %s requires event types not subscribed in console: %s",
+		pf.keyDef.Key, strings.Join(missing, ", ")).
+		WithHint("subscribe these events and publish a new app version at: %s",
+			consoleEventSubscriptionURL(pf.brand, pf.appID))
 }

 // sanitizeOutputDir rejects absolute/parent-escaping paths and ~ (SafeOutputPath treats it as a literal dir name).
@@ -386,9 +349,9 @@ func resolveTenantToken(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, appID string) (

 // Sentinels for errors.Is checks; call sites wrap them as typed ValidationError causes.
 var (
-	errInvalidParamFormat = errors.New("invalid --param format")                    //nolint:forbidigo // sentinel, typed at call sites
-	errOutputDirTilde     = errors.New("--output-dir does not support ~ expansion") //nolint:forbidigo // sentinel, typed at call sites
-	errOutputDirUnsafe    = errors.New("unsafe --output-dir")                       //nolint:forbidigo // sentinel, typed at call sites
+	errInvalidParamFormat = errors.New("invalid --param format")
+	errOutputDirTilde     = errors.New("--output-dir does not support ~ expansion")
+	errOutputDirUnsafe    = errors.New("unsafe --output-dir")
 )

 func parseParams(raw []string) (map[string]string, error) {
--- a/cmd/event/format_helpers_test.go
+++ b/cmd/event/format_helpers_test.go
@@ -270,15 +270,15 @@ func TestExitForOrphan(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("flag on + orphan → expected error, got nil")
 	}
-	var exit *output.BareError
+	var exit *output.ExitError
 	if !errorAs(err, &exit) || exit.Code != output.ExitValidation {
 		t.Errorf("exit code = %v, want ExitValidation", err)
 	}
 }

 func errorAs(err error, target interface{}) bool {
-	if e, ok := err.(*output.BareError); ok {
-		if t, ok := target.(**output.BareError); ok {
+	if e, ok := err.(*output.ExitError); ok {
+		if t, ok := target.(**output.ExitError); ok {
 			*t = e
 			return true
 		}
--- a/cmd/event/preflight_test.go
+++ b/cmd/event/preflight_test.go
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ func TestPreflightEventTypes_MissingBlocks(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", p.Category, p.Subtype,
 			errs.CategoryValidation, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition)
 	}
-	wantURL := "https://open.feishu.cn/page/launcher?clientID=cli_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&addons="
+	wantURL := "https://open.feishu.cn/app/cli_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX/event"
 	if !strings.Contains(p.Hint, wantURL) {
-		t.Errorf("hint missing scan link %q\ngot: %s", wantURL, p.Hint)
+		t.Errorf("hint missing subscription URL %q\ngot: %s", wantURL, p.Hint)
 	}
 }

@@ -157,8 +157,9 @@ func TestPreflightScopes_Bot_MissingBlocks(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	hint := permErr.Hint
 	wantSubstrings := []string{
-		"grant these scopes by scanning: ",
-		"https://open.feishu.cn/page/launcher?clientID=cli_x&addons=",
+		"https://open.feishu.cn/app/cli_x/auth?q=",
+		"im:message.group_at_msg",
+		"token_type=tenant",
 	}
 	for _, want := range wantSubstrings {
 		if !strings.Contains(hint, want) {
@@ -173,109 +174,3 @@ func TestPreflightScopes_NoRequiredScopes_SkipsCheck(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("no required scopes means nothing to verify, got: %v", err)
 	}
 }
-
-func TestPreflightEventTypes_CallbackMissing(t *testing.T) {
-	pf := &preflightCtx{
-		appID:               "cli_x",
-		brand:               core.BrandFeishu,
-		eventKey:            "test.cb",
-		identity:            core.AsBot,
-		subscribedCallbacks: []string{"profile.view.get"},
-		keyDef: &eventlib.KeyDefinition{
-			Key:                   "test.cb",
-			SubscriptionType:      eventlib.SubTypeCallback,
-			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{"card.action.trigger"},
-		},
-	}
-	err := preflightEventTypes(pf)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for missing callback")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "callbacks not subscribed") {
-		t.Errorf("error = %q, want mention of 'callbacks not subscribed'", err.Error())
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "card.action.trigger") {
-		t.Errorf("error should name the missing callback, got: %q", err.Error())
-	}
-	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
-	if !ok || p.Category != errs.CategoryValidation || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("problem = %v, want validation/failed_precondition", p)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestPreflightEventTypes_CallbackSkippedWhenNil(t *testing.T) {
-	pf := &preflightCtx{
-		appID:               "cli_x",
-		brand:               core.BrandFeishu,
-		eventKey:            "test.cb",
-		identity:            core.AsBot,
-		subscribedCallbacks: nil, // fetch 失败/拿不到 -> 弱依赖跳过
-		keyDef: &eventlib.KeyDefinition{
-			Key:                   "test.cb",
-			SubscriptionType:      eventlib.SubTypeCallback,
-			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{"card.action.trigger"},
-		},
-	}
-	if err := preflightEventTypes(pf); err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("expected skip (nil), got %v", err)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestPreflightEventTypes_CallbackEmptyReportsMissing(t *testing.T) {
-	// fetched but zero callbacks subscribed (non-nil empty) is a definitive
-	// console state: a required callback IS missing and must be reported,
-	// not skipped as a weak dependency.
-	pf := &preflightCtx{
-		appID:               "cli_x",
-		brand:               core.BrandFeishu,
-		eventKey:            "test.cb",
-		identity:            core.AsBot,
-		subscribedCallbacks: []string{}, // fetched, none subscribed
-		keyDef: &eventlib.KeyDefinition{
-			Key:                   "test.cb",
-			SubscriptionType:      eventlib.SubTypeCallback,
-			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{"card.action.trigger"},
-		},
-	}
-	err := preflightEventTypes(pf)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for missing callback when none are subscribed")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "card.action.trigger") {
-		t.Errorf("error should name the missing callback, got: %q", err.Error())
-	}
-}
-
-func TestPreflightEventTypes_CallbackAllSubscribed_Passes(t *testing.T) {
-	pf := &preflightCtx{
-		appID:               "cli_x",
-		brand:               core.BrandFeishu,
-		eventKey:            "test.cb",
-		identity:            core.AsBot,
-		subscribedCallbacks: []string{"card.action.trigger", "profile.view.get"},
-		keyDef: &eventlib.KeyDefinition{
-			Key:                   "test.cb",
-			SubscriptionType:      eventlib.SubTypeCallback,
-			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{"card.action.trigger"},
-		},
-	}
-	if err := preflightEventTypes(pf); err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("all callbacks subscribed, unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestScopeRemediationHint_ByIdentity(t *testing.T) {
-	// bot: scan-to-enable link (adds scopes to app manifest)
-	bot := scopeRemediationHint(core.BrandFeishu, "cli_x", core.AsBot, []string{"im:message"})
-	if !strings.Contains(bot, "/page/launcher?clientID=cli_x&addons=") {
-		t.Errorf("bot hint should give the scan link, got: %s", bot)
-	}
-	// user: re-login (scan link cannot grant scopes to the user's own token)
-	user := scopeRemediationHint(core.BrandFeishu, "cli_x", core.AsUser, []string{"im:message"})
-	if !strings.Contains(user, "auth login --scope") {
-		t.Errorf("user hint should direct to auth login, got: %s", user)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(user, "/page/launcher") {
-		t.Errorf("user hint must NOT use the scan link, got: %s", user)
-	}
-}
--- a/cmd/event/status_fail_on_orphan_test.go
+++ b/cmd/event/status_fail_on_orphan_test.go
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ func TestExitForOrphan_Orphan(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error when failOnOrphan=true and orphan present")
 	}
-	var bareErr *output.BareError
-	if !errors.As(err, &bareErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.BareError, got %T", err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if bareErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want %d", bareErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
 }

--- a/cmd/flag_suggest_test.go
+++ b/cmd/flag_suggest_test.go
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ package cmd

 import (
 	"errors"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -40,65 +40,31 @@ func TestFlagDidYouMean_UnknownFlagSuggestsAndListsValid(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Flags().Bool("dry-run", false, "")

 	err := flagDidYouMean(c, errors.New("unknown flag: --rang")) // typo of --range
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want invalid_argument", verr.Subtype)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "unknown_flag" {
+		t.Errorf("type = %q, want unknown_flag", exitErr.Detail.Type)
 	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "--range") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should suggest --range, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
 	}
-	// The offending flag is carried structurally on Params (replaces the
-	// legacy detail map) and named in the message.
-	if len(verr.Params) != 1 || verr.Params[0].Name != "--rang" {
-		t.Errorf("Params = %v, want one entry named --rang", verr.Params)
-	}
-	if len(verr.Params) == 1 && verr.Params[0].Reason == "" {
-		t.Error("Params[0].Reason must explain the rejection")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "--rang") {
-		t.Errorf("message should name the offending flag, got %q", verr.Message)
-	}
-	// The ranked candidate rides on the param as a machine-readable suggestion
-	// so an agent can retry without parsing prose.
-	if len(verr.Params) == 1 {
-		found := false
-		for _, s := range verr.Params[0].Suggestions {
-			if s == "--range" {
-				found = true
-			}
-		}
-		if !found {
-			t.Errorf("Params[0].Suggestions should include --range, got %v", verr.Params[0].Suggestions)
-		}
-	}
-	// The same candidate is also carried in the human-facing hint.
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "--range") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should suggest --range, got %q", verr.Hint)
+	detail, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	valid, _ := detail["valid_flags"].([]string)
+	if !slices.Contains(valid, "find") || !slices.Contains(valid, "range") {
+		t.Errorf("valid_flags should list find & range, got %v", valid)
 	}
 }

 func TestFlagDidYouMean_OtherErrorStaysGeneric(t *testing.T) {
 	c := &cobra.Command{Use: "demo"}
 	err := flagDidYouMean(c, errors.New("flag needs an argument: --find"))
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	// Non-unknown-flag errors stay generic: invalid_argument subtype, no
-	// structured param, generic --help hint (no "did you mean" suggestion).
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want invalid_argument (non-unknown-flag errors stay generic)", verr.Subtype)
-	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	if verr.Param != "" || len(verr.Params) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("Param=%q Params=%v, want both empty for generic flag error", verr.Param, verr.Params)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "did you mean") {
-		t.Errorf("generic flag error must not produce a did-you-mean hint, got %q", verr.Hint)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "flag_error" {
+		t.Errorf("type = %q, want flag_error (non-unknown-flag errors stay generic)", exitErr.Detail.Type)
 	}
 }
--- a/cmd/platform_bootstrap_test.go
+++ b/cmd/platform_bootstrap_test.go
@@ -9,12 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
@@ -104,7 +102,7 @@ func findLeaf(t *testing.T, parent *cobra.Command, names ...string) *cobra.Comma
 }

 // Happy path: a valid policy.yml denies one specific command. The denied
-// command's RunE returns a typed error envelope; allowed commands are
+// command's RunE returns a typed ExitError envelope; allowed commands are
 // untouched.
 func TestApplyUserPolicyPruning_appliesValidPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 	cfgDir := tmpHome(t)
@@ -129,27 +127,13 @@ max_risk: write
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("+delete-doc RunE should return an error")
 	}
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "command_denied" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected command_denied ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
-	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	// The denial taxonomy (reason_code, layer, rule) is preserved on the
-	// wrapped *platform.CommandDeniedError cause and folded into the hint.
-	var cd *platform.CommandDeniedError
-	if !errors.As(err, &cd) {
-		t.Fatalf("error chain should expose *platform.CommandDeniedError")
-	}
-	if cd.ReasonCode != "command_denylisted" {
-		t.Errorf("CommandDeniedError.ReasonCode = %q, want command_denylisted", cd.ReasonCode)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "command_denylisted") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code command_denylisted, got %q", verr.Hint)
+	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok || detail["reason_code"] != "command_denylisted" {
+		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want command_denylisted", detail["reason_code"])
 	}

 	// im/+send must be denied (domain not in Allow).
--- a/cmd/platform_guards.go
+++ b/cmd/platform_guards.go
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/hook"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	internalplatform "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/platform"
 )

@@ -34,8 +34,16 @@ import (
 // lands directly on their RunE, which now carries the guard.
 //
 // makeErr is called for every guarded dispatch; it must return a fresh
-// typed error each time.
-func installFatalGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, makeErr func() error) {
+// *output.ExitError each time (the envelope writer mutates a few fields
+// as it serialises).
+// Deprecated: installFatalGuard accepts a *output.ExitError-producing lambda,
+// which is part of the legacy error surface that predates the typed error
+// contract introduced by errs/. New code MUST NOT add new callers — the
+// platform-extension fatal-guard plumbing will switch to typed errs.* errors
+// when the platform-extension framework migrates. This wrapper is retained
+// only for the existing in-tree call sites; it will be removed once they
+// have moved to the typed surface.
+func installFatalGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, makeErr func() *output.ExitError) {
 	// Two cobra subcommands are injected lazily at Execute() time and
 	// would otherwise slip past walkGuard. We pre-register both so
 	// walkGuard catches them.
@@ -72,65 +80,120 @@ func installFatalGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, makeErr func() error) {
 }

 // installPluginInstallErrorGuard surfaces a FailClosed plugin install
-// failure as a typed validation error (failed_precondition) before any
-// command runs.
+// failure as a structured plugin_install envelope before any command
+// runs.
+// Deprecated: installPluginInstallErrorGuard produces a legacy
+// *output.ExitError via its internal makeErr lambda. New code MUST NOT add
+// such producers — plugin install failures should surface as a typed
+// *errs.XxxError once the platform-extension framework migrates. This
+// helper is retained only while existing call sites are migrated; it will
+// be removed once they have moved to the typed surface.
 func installPluginInstallErrorGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, installErr error) {
-	makeErr := func() error {
+	makeErr := func() *output.ExitError {
 		var pi *internalplatform.PluginInstallError
 		if errors.As(installErr, &pi) {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "%s", pi.Error()).
-				WithHint("plugin %q failed to install (reason_code %s); fix or remove the plugin before running commands", pi.PluginName, pi.ReasonCode).
-				WithCause(installErr)
+			return &output.ExitError{
+				Code: output.ExitValidation,
+				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+					Type:    "plugin_install",
+					Message: pi.Error(),
+					Detail: map[string]any{
+						"plugin":      pi.PluginName,
+						"reason_code": pi.ReasonCode,
+						"reason":      pi.Reason,
+					},
+				},
+				Err: installErr,
+			}
+		}
+		return &output.ExitError{
+			Code: output.ExitValidation,
+			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+				Type:    "plugin_install",
+				Message: installErr.Error(),
+				Detail: map[string]any{
+					"reason_code": internalplatform.ReasonInstallFailed,
+				},
+			},
+			Err: installErr,
 		}
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "%s", installErr.Error()).
-			WithHint("a plugin failed to install (reason_code %s); fix or remove the plugin before running commands", internalplatform.ReasonInstallFailed).
-			WithCause(installErr)
 	}
 	installFatalGuard(rootCmd, makeErr)
 }

 // installPluginConflictGuard surfaces a Plugin.Restrict() configuration
 // error (single plugin invalid Rule or multiple plugins each contributing
-// Restrict). The hint separates the two failure modes by reason code:
+// Restrict). The design separates the envelope type:
 //
-//   - "invalid_rule"              - single bad rule
-//   - "multiple_restrict_plugins" - multiple Restrict plugins conflict
+//   - "plugin_install" with reason_code "invalid_rule"           - single bad rule
+//   - "plugin_conflict" with reason_code "multiple_restrict_plugins" - multi
 //
 // Either way the CLI must NOT silently continue with a broken policy.
+// Deprecated: installPluginConflictGuard produces a legacy *output.ExitError
+// via its internal makeErr lambda. New code MUST NOT add such producers —
+// plugin conflict failures should surface as a typed *errs.XxxError once the
+// platform-extension framework migrates. This helper is retained only while
+// existing call sites are migrated; it will be removed once they have moved
+// to the typed surface.
 func installPluginConflictGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, err error) {
-	makeErr := func() error {
+	makeErr := func() *output.ExitError {
+		envelopeType := "plugin_install"
 		reasonCode := internalplatform.ReasonInvalidRule
 		if errors.Is(err, cmdpolicy.ErrMultipleRestricts) {
+			envelopeType = "plugin_conflict"
 			reasonCode = internalplatform.ReasonMultipleRestricts
 		}
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "%s", err.Error()).
-			WithHint("plugin policy configuration is broken (reason_code %s); fix the plugin's Restrict rule or remove the conflicting plugin", reasonCode).
-			WithCause(err)
+		return &output.ExitError{
+			Code: output.ExitValidation,
+			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+				Type:    envelopeType,
+				Message: err.Error(),
+				Detail: map[string]any{
+					"reason_code": reasonCode,
+				},
+			},
+			Err: err,
+		}
 	}
 	installFatalGuard(rootCmd, makeErr)
 }

 // installPluginLifecycleErrorGuard surfaces a Startup lifecycle handler
-// failure as a typed validation error (failed_precondition). The hint's
-// reason code splits returned-error vs panic so consumers (audit /
-// on-call) can tell the two failure modes apart.
+// failure as a plugin_lifecycle envelope. The reason_code splits
+// returned-error vs panic so consumers (audit / on-call) can tell the
+// two failure modes apart.
+// Deprecated: installPluginLifecycleErrorGuard produces a legacy
+// *output.ExitError via its internal makeErr lambda. New code MUST NOT add
+// such producers — plugin lifecycle failures should surface as a typed
+// *errs.XxxError once the platform-extension framework migrates. This
+// helper is retained only while existing call sites are migrated; it will
+// be removed once they have moved to the typed surface.
 func installPluginLifecycleErrorGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, err error) {
-	makeErr := func() error {
+	makeErr := func() *output.ExitError {
 		reasonCode := "lifecycle_failed"
-		hookName := ""
+		detail := map[string]any{
+			"reason_code": reasonCode,
+		}
 		var le *hook.LifecycleError
 		if errors.As(err, &le) {
 			if le.Panic {
 				reasonCode = "lifecycle_panic"
 			}
-			hookName = le.HookName
+			detail = map[string]any{
+				"reason_code": reasonCode,
+				"hook_name":   le.HookName,
+				"event":       "startup",
+			}
 		}
-		typed := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "%s", err.Error()).
-			WithCause(err)
-		if hookName != "" {
-			return typed.WithHint("plugin startup hook %q failed (reason_code %s); fix or remove the plugin before running commands", hookName, reasonCode)
+		return &output.ExitError{
+			Code: output.ExitValidation,
+			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+				Type:    "plugin_lifecycle",
+				Message: err.Error(),
+				Detail:  detail,
+			},
+			Err: err,
 		}
-		return typed.WithHint("a plugin startup hook failed (reason_code %s); fix or remove the plugin before running commands", reasonCode)
 	}
 	installFatalGuard(rootCmd, makeErr)
 }
@@ -156,7 +219,14 @@ func installPluginLifecycleErrorGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, err error) {
 //
 // This way the very first non-nil step in cobra's chain is always our
 // guard, regardless of which leaf the user invoked.
-func walkGuard(cmd *cobra.Command, makeErr func() error) {
+// Deprecated: walkGuard accepts a *output.ExitError-producing lambda, part
+// of the legacy error surface that predates the typed error contract
+// introduced by errs/. New code MUST NOT add new callers — the platform-
+// extension guard plumbing will switch to typed errs.* errors when the
+// platform-extension framework migrates. This wrapper is retained only for
+// the existing in-tree call sites; it will be removed once they have moved
+// to the typed surface.
+func walkGuard(cmd *cobra.Command, makeErr func() *output.ExitError) {
 	if cmd == nil {
 		return
 	}
--- a/cmd/platform_guards_test.go
+++ b/cmd/platform_guards_test.go
@@ -6,14 +6,12 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/hook"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ func (failClosedAbortingPlugin) Install(platform.Registrar) error {
 }

 // When a FailClosed plugin fails to install, buildInternal must
-// install a PersistentPreRunE that returns a typed *errs.ValidationError.
+// install a PersistentPreRunE that returns a structured *output.ExitError.
 // The user must NEVER see a silent partial-install state.
 //
 // This pins the build.go fix for codex's NEW ISSUE about
@@ -95,31 +93,26 @@ func TestBuildInternal_failClosedAbortsCLI(t *testing.T) {
 	checkGuardError(t, leaf.RunE(leaf, nil))
 }

-// checkGuardError asserts that err is the typed validation error the
-// install guard produces: a failed_precondition *errs.ValidationError
-// (exit 2) whose message + hint preserve the plugin name and the
-// install_failed reason code (the recovery info that lived in the legacy
-// detail map).
+// checkGuardError asserts that err is the structured plugin_install
+// ExitError the guard produces.
 func checkGuardError(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	t.Helper()
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("PersistentPreRunE must surface the install error, got nil")
 	}
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "plugin_install" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want plugin_install", exitErr.Detail.Type)
 	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	detail := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if detail["plugin"] != "policy" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.plugin = %v, want policy", detail["plugin"])
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "policy") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should name the failing plugin %q, got %q", "policy", verr.Hint)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, internalplatform.ReasonInstallFailed) {
-		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code %q, got %q", internalplatform.ReasonInstallFailed, verr.Hint)
+	if detail["reason_code"] != internalplatform.ReasonInstallFailed {
+		t.Errorf("detail.reason_code = %v, want install_failed", detail["reason_code"])
 	}
 }

--- a/cmd/plugin_integration_test.go
+++ b/cmd/plugin_integration_test.go
@@ -8,13 +8,11 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
@@ -158,23 +156,19 @@ func TestPluginPipeline_wrapAbortReachesEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	err = leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "hook" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want hook", exitErr.Detail.Type)
 	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	detail := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if detail["reason_code"] != "aborted" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.reason_code = %v, want aborted", detail["reason_code"])
 	}
-	// The namespaced hook name and the abort semantics are preserved in the
-	// message so a caller can identify which plugin hook rejected the call.
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "policy-plugin.policy") {
-		t.Errorf("message should name the aborting hook policy-plugin.policy, got %q", verr.Message)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "aborted") {
-		t.Errorf("message should describe the abort, got %q", verr.Message)
+	if detail["hook_name"] != "policy-plugin.policy" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.hook_name = %v, want policy-plugin.policy", detail["hook_name"])
 	}

 	// errors.As must still reach the original AbortError so consumers
@@ -415,20 +409,15 @@ func TestPluginConflictGuard_MultipleRestrictAbortsCLI(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("no runnable leaf in command tree")
 	}
 	err := leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "plugin_conflict" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want plugin_conflict", exitErr.Detail.Type)
 	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	// reason_code multiple_restrict_plugins is folded into the hint so the
-	// operator can distinguish a multi-Restrict conflict from a bad rule.
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "multiple_restrict_plugins") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code multiple_restrict_plugins, got %q", verr.Hint)
+	if rc := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)["reason_code"]; rc != "multiple_restrict_plugins" {
+		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want multiple_restrict_plugins", rc)
 	}
 }

@@ -458,20 +447,15 @@ func TestPluginConflictGuard_InvalidRuleAbortsCLI(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("no runnable leaf in command tree")
 	}
 	err := leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "plugin_install" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want plugin_install", exitErr.Detail.Type)
 	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	// reason_code invalid_rule is folded into the hint, distinct from the
-	// multiple_restrict_plugins conflict path.
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "invalid_rule") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code invalid_rule, got %q", verr.Hint)
+	if rc := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)["reason_code"]; rc != "invalid_rule" {
+		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want invalid_rule", rc)
 	}
 }

@@ -500,24 +484,19 @@ func TestPluginLifecycleGuard_StartupErrorAbortsCLI(t *testing.T) {

 	leaf := findRunnableLeaf(root)
 	err := leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "plugin_lifecycle" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want plugin_lifecycle", exitErr.Detail.Type)
 	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	d := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if d["reason_code"] != "lifecycle_failed" {
+		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want lifecycle_failed", d["reason_code"])
 	}
-	// reason_code lifecycle_failed (vs lifecycle_panic) and the failing
-	// hook name are folded into the hint so audit / on-call can tell the
-	// failure mode and which hook failed.
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "lifecycle_failed") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code lifecycle_failed, got %q", verr.Hint)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "lc.start") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should name the failing hook lc.start, got %q", verr.Hint)
+	if d["hook_name"] != "lc.start" {
+		t.Errorf("hook_name = %v, want lc.start", d["hook_name"])
 	}
 }

@@ -541,20 +520,12 @@ func TestPluginLifecycleGuard_StartupPanicAbortsCLI(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	leaf := findRunnableLeaf(root)
 	err := leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
-	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	// A panicking startup hook is distinguished from a returned error by
-	// reason_code lifecycle_panic in the hint.
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "lifecycle_panic") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code lifecycle_panic, got %q", verr.Hint)
+	if rc := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)["reason_code"]; rc != "lifecycle_panic" {
+		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want lifecycle_panic", rc)
 	}
 }

@@ -608,24 +579,19 @@ func TestWrapperPanic_BecomesHookPanicEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	}()

 	err = leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "hook" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want hook", exitErr.Detail.Type)
 	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	d := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if d["reason_code"] != "panic" {
+		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want panic", d["reason_code"])
 	}
-	// The recovered panic surfaces as a structured error naming the
-	// namespaced hook (p.boom) and describing the panic, so the process
-	// never crashes and the caller can attribute the failure.
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "p.boom") {
-		t.Errorf("message should name the namespaced hook p.boom, got %q", verr.Message)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "panic") {
-		t.Errorf("message should describe the panic, got %q", verr.Message)
+	if d["hook_name"] != "p.boom" {
+		t.Errorf("hook_name = %v, want p.boom (namespaced)", d["hook_name"])
 	}
 }

@@ -687,24 +653,19 @@ func TestWrapperFactoryPanic_BecomesHookPanicEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	}()

 	err = leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "hook" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want hook", exitErr.Detail.Type)
 	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	d := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if d["reason_code"] != "panic" {
+		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want panic", d["reason_code"])
 	}
-	// A panic in the wrapper FACTORY (not just the inner handler) is
-	// recovered into the same structured panic error, naming the
-	// namespaced hook fac.bad-factory.
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "fac.bad-factory") {
-		t.Errorf("message should name the namespaced hook fac.bad-factory, got %q", verr.Message)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "panic") {
-		t.Errorf("message should describe the panic, got %q", verr.Message)
+	if d["hook_name"] != "fac.bad-factory" {
+		t.Errorf("hook_name = %v, want fac.bad-factory (namespaced)", d["hook_name"])
 	}
 }

--- a/cmd/profile/add.go
+++ b/cmd/profile/add.go
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
@@ -54,9 +53,7 @@ func NewCmdProfileAdd(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {

 func profileAddRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name, appID string, appSecretStdin bool, brand, lang string, useAfter bool) error {
 	if err := core.ValidateProfileName(name); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%v", err).
-			WithCause(err).
-			WithParam("--name")
+		return output.ErrValidation("%v", err)
 	}

 	langPref, err := cmdutil.ParseLangFlag(lang)
@@ -67,57 +64,46 @@ func profileAddRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name, appID string, appSecretStdin bool,

 	// Read secret from stdin
 	if !appSecretStdin {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "app secret must be provided via stdin").
-			WithHint("use --app-secret-stdin and pipe the secret").
-			WithParam("--app-secret-stdin")
+		return output.ErrValidation("app secret must be provided via stdin: use --app-secret-stdin and pipe the secret")
 	}
 	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f.IOStreams.In)
 	if !scanner.Scan() {
 		if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "failed to read secret from stdin: %v", err).
-				WithCause(err).
-				WithParam("--app-secret-stdin")
+			return output.ErrValidation("failed to read secret from stdin: %v", err)
 		}
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "stdin is empty, expected app secret").
-			WithHint("pipe the app secret to stdin").
-			WithParam("--app-secret-stdin")
+		return output.ErrValidation("stdin is empty, expected app secret")
 	}
 	appSecret := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
 	if appSecret == "" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "app secret read from stdin is empty").
-			WithHint("pipe a non-empty app secret to stdin").
-			WithParam("--app-secret-stdin")
+		return output.ErrValidation("app secret read from stdin is empty")
 	}

 	// Load or create config
 	multi, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
 	if err != nil {
 		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "failed to load config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to load config: %v", err)
 		}
 		multi = &core.MultiAppConfig{}
 	}

 	// Check name uniqueness
 	if multi.FindApp(name) != nil {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "profile %q already exists", name).
-			WithHint("choose a different name, or remove the existing profile first").
-			WithParam("--name")
+		return output.ErrValidation("profile %q already exists", name)
 	}

 	// Check app-id uniqueness — keychain stores secrets by appId, so
 	// multiple profiles sharing the same appId would collide on credentials.
 	for _, a := range multi.Apps {
 		if a.AppId == appID {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "app-id %q is already used by profile %q; each profile must have a unique app-id", appID, a.ProfileName()).
-				WithParam("--app-id")
+			return output.ErrValidation("app-id %q is already used by profile %q; each profile must have a unique app-id", appID, a.ProfileName())
 		}
 	}

 	// Store secret securely
 	secret, err := core.ForStorage(appID, core.PlainSecret(appSecret), f.Keychain)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%v", err)
 	}

 	parsedBrand := core.ParseBrand(brand)
@@ -148,7 +134,7 @@ func profileAddRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name, appID string, appSecretStdin bool,
 	}

 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 	}

 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Profile %q added (%s, %s)", name, appID, parsedBrand))
--- a/cmd/profile/list.go
+++ b/cmd/profile/list.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ func profileListRun(f *cmdutil.Factory) error {
 			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, []profileListItem{})
 			return nil
 		}
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "failed to load config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "config", "failed to load config: %v", err)
 	}
 	if multi == nil || len(multi.Apps) == 0 {
 		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, []profileListItem{})
--- a/cmd/profile/profile_test.go
+++ b/cmd/profile/profile_test.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
@@ -51,16 +50,6 @@ func TestProfileAddRun_InvalidExistingConfigReturnsError(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "failed to load config") {
 		t.Fatalf("error = %v, want failed to load config", err)
 	}
-	var internalErr *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(err, &internalErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.InternalError; err=%v", err, err)
-	}
-	if internalErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFileIO {
-		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", internalErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeFileIO)
-	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitInternal {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitInternal)", code, output.ExitInternal)
-	}
 }

 // TestProfileAddRun_Lang covers the unified --lang contract on profile add:
@@ -106,9 +95,9 @@ func TestProfileAddRun_Lang(t *testing.T) {
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Fatal("expected validation error for --lang ZH, got nil")
 		}
-		var valErr *errs.ValidationError
-		if !errors.As(err, &valErr) || output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitValidation {
-			t.Fatalf("expected typed validation error with ExitValidation, got %T: %v", err, err)
+		exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
+		if !ok || exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+			t.Fatalf("expected ExitValidation, got %T: %v", err, err)
 		}
 	})
 }
@@ -417,226 +406,17 @@ func TestProfileUseRun_SaveFailureReturnsStructuredError(t *testing.T) {
 func assertInternalExitError(t *testing.T, err error, wantMsg string) {
 	t.Helper()

-	var internalErr *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(err, &internalErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.InternalError; err=%v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *output.ExitError; err=%v", err, err)
 	}
-	if internalErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeStorage {
-		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", internalErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeStorage)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitInternal)
 	}
-	if internalErr.Cause == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("cause = nil, want wrapped underlying error")
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "internal" {
+		t.Fatalf("detail = %#v, want internal detail", exitErr.Detail)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(internalErr.Message, wantMsg) {
-		t.Fatalf("message = %q, want contains %q", internalErr.Message, wantMsg)
-	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitInternal {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitInternal)", code, output.ExitInternal)
-	}
-}
-
-// assertValidationError asserts err is a typed *errs.ValidationError with the
-// given subtype, message fragment, and exit code 2.
-func assertValidationError(t *testing.T, err error, wantSubtype errs.Subtype, wantMsg string) *errs.ValidationError {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
-	}
-	var valErr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ValidationError; err=%v", err, err)
-	}
-	if valErr.Subtype != wantSubtype {
-		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", valErr.Subtype, wantSubtype)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Message, wantMsg) {
-		t.Fatalf("message = %q, want contains %q", valErr.Message, wantMsg)
-	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	return valErr
-}
-
-func saveTwoProfiles(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Helper()
-	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
-		CurrentApp: "default",
-		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
-			{Name: "default", AppId: "app-default", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret-default"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
-			{Name: "target", AppId: "app-target", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret-target"), Brand: core.BrandLark},
-		},
-	}
-	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProfileAddRun_ValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("invalid profile name", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("secret\n")
-		err := profileAddRun(f, "bad name!", "app-x", true, "feishu", "", false)
-		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "")
-		if valErr.Param != "--name" {
-			t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--name")
-		}
-		if valErr.Cause == nil {
-			t.Fatal("cause = nil, want wrapped validation error")
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("missing app-secret-stdin flag", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		err := profileAddRun(f, "p", "app-x", false, "feishu", "", false)
-		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "app secret must be provided via stdin")
-		if valErr.Param != "--app-secret-stdin" {
-			t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--app-secret-stdin")
-		}
-		if valErr.Hint == "" {
-			t.Fatal("hint is empty, want actionable hint")
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("empty stdin", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("")
-		err := profileAddRun(f, "p", "app-x", true, "feishu", "", false)
-		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "stdin is empty")
-		if valErr.Param != "--app-secret-stdin" {
-			t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--app-secret-stdin")
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("blank secret on stdin", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("   \n")
-		err := profileAddRun(f, "p", "app-x", true, "feishu", "", false)
-		assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "app secret read from stdin is empty")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("duplicate profile name", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		saveTwoProfiles(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("secret\n")
-		err := profileAddRun(f, "default", "app-new", true, "feishu", "", false)
-		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, `profile "default" already exists`)
-		if valErr.Param != "--name" {
-			t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--name")
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("duplicate app-id", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		saveTwoProfiles(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("secret\n")
-		err := profileAddRun(f, "fresh", "app-default", true, "feishu", "", false)
-		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "already used by profile")
-		if valErr.Param != "--app-id" {
-			t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--app-id")
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func TestProfileUseRun_ValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("no previous profile for toggle", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		saveTwoProfiles(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		err := profileUseRun(f, "-")
-		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "no previous profile to switch back to")
-		if valErr.Hint == "" {
-			t.Fatal("hint is empty, want actionable hint")
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("profile not found", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		saveTwoProfiles(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		err := profileUseRun(f, "ghost")
-		assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, `profile "ghost" not found`)
-	})
-}
-
-func TestProfileRenameRun_ValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("invalid new name", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		saveTwoProfiles(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		err := profileRenameRun(f, "default", "bad name!")
-		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "")
-		if valErr.Cause == nil {
-			t.Fatal("cause = nil, want wrapped validation error")
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("old profile not found", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		saveTwoProfiles(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		err := profileRenameRun(f, "ghost", "fresh")
-		assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, `profile "ghost" not found`)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("new name already exists", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		saveTwoProfiles(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		err := profileRenameRun(f, "default", "target")
-		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, `profile "target" already exists`)
-		if valErr.Hint == "" {
-			t.Fatal("hint is empty, want actionable hint")
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func TestProfileRemoveRun_ValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("profile not found", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		saveTwoProfiles(t)
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		err := profileRemoveRun(f, "ghost")
-		assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, `profile "ghost" not found`)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("cannot remove the only profile", func(t *testing.T) {
-		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-		multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
-			CurrentApp: "solo",
-			Apps: []core.AppConfig{
-				{Name: "solo", AppId: "app-solo", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret-solo"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
-			},
-		}
-		if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
-		}
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		err := profileRemoveRun(f, "solo")
-		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "cannot remove the only profile")
-		if valErr.Hint == "" {
-			t.Fatal("hint is empty, want actionable hint")
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func TestProfileListRun_InvalidConfigReturnsValidationError(t *testing.T) {
-	dir := setupProfileConfigDir(t)
-	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "config.json"), []byte("{invalid json"), 0600); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WriteFile() error = %v", err)
-	}
-
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	err := profileListRun(f)
-	valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "failed to load config")
-	if valErr.Cause == nil {
-		t.Fatal("cause = nil, want wrapped load error")
+	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, wantMsg) {
+		t.Fatalf("message = %q, want contains %q", exitErr.Detail.Message, wantMsg)
 	}
 }
--- a/cmd/profile/remove.go
+++ b/cmd/profile/remove.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -41,12 +40,11 @@ func profileRemoveRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name string) error {

 	idx := multi.FindAppIndex(name)
 	if idx < 0 {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", name, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
+		return output.ErrValidation("profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", name, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
 	}

 	if len(multi.Apps) == 1 {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "cannot remove the only profile").
-			WithHint("add another profile first: lark-cli profile add")
+		return output.ErrValidation("cannot remove the only profile")
 	}

 	app := &multi.Apps[idx]
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ func profileRemoveRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name string) error {
 	}

 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 	}

 	// Best-effort credential cleanup after config commit
--- a/cmd/profile/rename.go
+++ b/cmd/profile/rename.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ func NewCmdProfileRename(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {

 func profileRenameRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, oldName, newName string) error {
 	if err := core.ValidateProfileName(newName); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.ErrValidation("%v", err)
 	}

 	multi, err := core.LoadOrNotConfigured()
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ func profileRenameRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, oldName, newName string) error {

 	idx := multi.FindAppIndex(oldName)
 	if idx < 0 {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", oldName, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
+		return output.ErrValidation("profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", oldName, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
 	}

 	// Check new name uniqueness across other profiles, allowing renames to this
@@ -51,8 +50,7 @@ func profileRenameRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, oldName, newName string) error {
 			continue
 		}
 		if multi.Apps[i].Name == newName || multi.Apps[i].AppId == newName {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "profile %q already exists", newName).
-				WithHint("choose a different name")
+			return output.ErrValidation("profile %q already exists", newName)
 		}
 	}

@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ func profileRenameRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, oldName, newName string) error {
 	}

 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 	}

 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Profile renamed: %q -> %q", oldProfileName, newName))
--- a/cmd/profile/use.go
+++ b/cmd/profile/use.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -41,15 +40,14 @@ func profileUseRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name string) error {
 	// Handle "-" for toggle-back
 	if name == "-" {
 		if multi.PreviousApp == "" {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "no previous profile to switch back to").
-				WithHint("switch to a profile by name first: lark-cli profile use <name>")
+			return output.ErrValidation("no previous profile to switch back to")
 		}
 		name = multi.PreviousApp
 	}

 	app := multi.FindApp(name)
 	if app == nil {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", name, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
+		return output.ErrValidation("profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", name, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
 	}

 	targetName := app.ProfileName()
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ func profileUseRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name string) error {
 	multi.CurrentApp = targetName

 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
 	}

 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Switched to profile %q (%s, %s)", targetName, app.AppId, app.Brand))
--- a/cmd/prune.go
+++ b/cmd/prune.go
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )

 // pruneForStrictMode removes commands incompatible with the active strict mode.
@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ func strictModeStubFrom(child *cobra.Command, mode core.StrictMode) *cobra.Comma
 	//     pick auth's instead of our denial. A leaf-level no-op makes
 	//     cobra stop here and proceed to the wrapped RunE.
 	//
-	// strict-mode keeps its short Message + independent Hint and wraps
-	// the CommandDeniedError as the Cause by hand; BuildDenialError
-	// would override Message with the CommandDeniedError.Error() long
-	// form.
+	// strict-mode keeps its short Message + independent Hint and
+	// composes the shared detail.* / wrapped-CommandDeniedError shape
+	// by hand; BuildDenialError would override Message with the
+	// CommandDeniedError.Error() long form.
 	stubMessage := fmt.Sprintf(
 		"strict mode is %q, only %s-identity commands are available",
 		mode, mode.ForcedIdentity())
@@ -105,9 +105,20 @@ func strictModeStubFrom(child *cobra.Command, mode core.StrictMode) *cobra.Comma
 		},
 		RunE: func(c *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
 			cd := cmdpolicy.CommandDeniedFromDenial(cmdpolicy.CanonicalPath(c), denial)
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "%s", stubMessage).
-				WithHint("denied by %s policy (reason_code %s); %s", cd.Layer, cd.ReasonCode, stubHint).
-				WithCause(cd)
+			// Legacy *output.ExitError producer: this literal predates the
+			// typed error contract introduced by errs/. New denial sites MUST
+			// NOT construct *output.ExitError directly — they should return a
+			// typed *errs.XxxError once the cmdpolicy framework migrates.
+			return &output.ExitError{
+				Code: output.ExitValidation,
+				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+					Type:    "command_denied",
+					Message: stubMessage,
+					Hint:    stubHint,
+					Detail:  cmdpolicy.DenialDetailMap(cd),
+				},
+				Err: cd,
+			}
 		},
 	}
 }
--- a/cmd/prune_test.go
+++ b/cmd/prune_test.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
@@ -248,12 +247,9 @@ func TestStrictModeStub_BypassesArgsValidator(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-// Pins the strict-mode typed envelope: a failed_precondition
-// *errs.ValidationError (exit 2) carrying the short historical Message,
-// a Hint that still surfaces the policy layer + reason code (the
-// safety-critical recovery info that lived in the legacy detail map),
-// and the wrapped *platform.CommandDeniedError so external agents can
-// still inspect the structured denial taxonomy via errors.As.
+// Pins the strict-mode envelope shape: structured detail.* / wrapped
+// CommandDeniedError for external agents, AND the historical short
+// Message + independent Hint for existing consumers.
 func TestStrictModeStub_StructuredEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	root := newTestTree()
 	pruneForStrictMode(root, core.StrictModeBot)
@@ -266,33 +262,30 @@ func TestStrictModeStub_StructuredEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("strict-mode stub RunE should return error")
 	}

-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("err is not *errs.ValidationError: %T", err)
+	var ee *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ee) {
+		t.Fatalf("err is not *output.ExitError: %T", err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
+	if ee.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ExitError.Detail is nil; envelope writer cannot emit JSON")
 	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	if ee.Detail.Type != "command_denied" {
+		t.Errorf("Detail.Type = %q, want command_denied", ee.Detail.Type)
 	}
-	// Short historical Message is preserved verbatim.
-	if verr.Message != `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available` {
-		t.Errorf("Message = %q, want short historical form", verr.Message)
+	dm, ok := ee.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Detail.Detail = %T, want map[string]any", ee.Detail.Detail)
 	}
-	// The denial layer + reason code remain user-readable in the hint, and
-	// the historical switch-policy guidance is still appended.
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, cmdpolicy.LayerStrictMode) {
-		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want substring %q (policy layer)", verr.Hint, cmdpolicy.LayerStrictMode)
+	if got, _ := dm["layer"].(string); got != cmdpolicy.LayerStrictMode {
+		t.Errorf("Detail.Detail[layer] = %q, want %q", got, cmdpolicy.LayerStrictMode)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "identity_not_supported") {
-		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want substring identity_not_supported (reason code)", verr.Hint)
+	if got, _ := dm["reason_code"].(string); got != "identity_not_supported" {
+		t.Errorf("Detail.Detail[reason_code] = %q, want identity_not_supported", got)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy") {
-		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want historical switch-policy guidance", verr.Hint)
+	if got, _ := dm["policy_source"].(string); got != "strict-mode" {
+		t.Errorf("Detail.Detail[policy_source] = %q, want strict-mode", got)
 	}

-	// The structured denial taxonomy survives on the wrapped cause.
 	var cd *platform.CommandDeniedError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cd) {
 		t.Fatalf("err does not unwrap to *platform.CommandDeniedError")
@@ -303,12 +296,15 @@ func TestStrictModeStub_StructuredEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	if cd.ReasonCode != "identity_not_supported" {
 		t.Errorf("CommandDeniedError.ReasonCode = %q, want identity_not_supported", cd.ReasonCode)
 	}
-	if cd.PolicySource != "strict-mode" {
-		t.Errorf("CommandDeniedError.PolicySource = %q, want strict-mode", cd.PolicySource)
-	}
 	if !strings.Contains(cd.Reason, `strict mode is "bot"`) {
 		t.Errorf("CommandDeniedError.Reason = %q, want substring 'strict mode is \"bot\"'", cd.Reason)
 	}
+	if ee.Detail.Message != `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available` {
+		t.Errorf("Detail.Message = %q, want short historical form", ee.Detail.Message)
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(ee.Detail.Hint, "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy") {
+		t.Errorf("Detail.Hint = %q, want historical hint", ee.Detail.Hint)
+	}
 }

 // strictModeStubFrom must write the denial annotations so the hook
--- a/cmd/root.go
+++ b/cmd/root.go
@@ -13,12 +13,17 @@ import (

 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
+	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/deprecation"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errcompat"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/hook"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/skillscheck"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/suggest"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/update"
@@ -212,37 +217,56 @@ func configureFlagCompletions(args []string) {
 // and returns the process exit code.
 //
 // Dispatch order:
-//  1. Typed errors from errs/ (e.g. *errs.PermissionError, *errs.APIError,
-//     *errs.SecurityPolicyError, *errs.AuthenticationError, *errs.ConfigError):
-//     render via the typed envelope writer, which lifts extension fields
-//     (missing_scopes, console_url, challenge_url, ...) to the top level.
-//     Routed by errs.CategoryOf via ExitCodeOf. Auth and config errors are
-//     constructed typed at their origin (internal/auth, internal/core), so the
-//     dispatcher no longer promotes any legacy shape here.
-//  2. PartialFailure / BareError signals: the result envelope is already on
-//     stdout; honor the exit code and write nothing to stderr.
-//  3. Residual cobra usage errors (missing required flag, unknown command,
-//     argument validation): typed as an invalid_argument envelope (exit 2),
-//     matching the explicit flag/subcommand guards. Flag parse errors are
-//     already typed upstream by the root FlagErrorFunc.
+//  1. Legacy shapes (*core.ConfigError, *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError)
+//     are promoted via errcompat to their typed errs/ counterparts, with the
+//     original preserved in the Cause chain.
+//  2. Typed errors from errs/ (e.g. *errs.PermissionError, *errs.APIError,
+//     *errs.SecurityPolicyError, *errs.AuthenticationError): render via the
+//     typed envelope writer, which lifts extension fields (missing_scopes,
+//     console_url, challenge_url, ...) to the top level. Routed by
+//     errs.CategoryOf via ExitCodeOf.
+//  3. Legacy *output.ExitError: asExitError adapts it to the legacy
+//     envelope, written via WriteErrorEnvelope.
+//  4. Cobra errors (required flags, unknown commands, etc.): plain text.
 func handleRootError(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) int {
 	errOut := f.IOStreams.ErrOut

+	// Promote legacy error shapes into typed errs/ before envelope marshal.
+	// NeedAuthorizationError check is first because it is the more specific
+	// shape; *core.ConfigError check follows. errors.As preserves the original
+	// in the Cause chain, so external errors.As(&core.ConfigError{}) consumers
+	// (cmd/auth/list.go, cmd/doctor/doctor.go, ...) still match.
+	//
+	// Outer-typed short-circuit: if err is already a typed *errs.* error,
+	// skip PromoteXxxError so the producer's Subtype / Hint / extension
+	// fields are not overwritten by a coarser promoted shape derived from a
+	// legacy error buried in its Cause chain. Promotion is only for legacy
+	// untyped entry points.
+	if !isOuterTypedError(err) {
+		var needAuthErr *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError
+		if errors.As(err, &needAuthErr) {
+			err = errcompat.PromoteAuthError(needAuthErr)
+		} else {
+			var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
+			if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
+				err = errcompat.PromoteConfigError(cfgErr)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	// When the typed error is a need_user_authorization signal, fold in the
 	// current command's declared scopes as a Hint so the user/AI sees the
 	// concrete scope(s) to re-auth with. The hint is computed on the fly from
 	// local shortcut/service metadata — it never depends on server state.
-	if !errs.IsRaw(err) {
-		applyNeedAuthorizationHint(f, err)
-	}
+	applyNeedAuthorizationHint(f, err)

 	// Staged dispatch: capture the typed exit code BEFORE attempting the
 	// envelope write. WriteTypedErrorEnvelope is best-effort on the wire
 	// (partial-write still returns true) so the exit code we read here is
 	// preserved even if stderr is torn — torn stderr must not downgrade
-	// typed exits 3/4/6/10 to the plain "Error:" path with exit 1.
+	// typed exits 3/4/6/10 to the legacy "Error:" path with exit 1.
 	// WriteTypedErrorEnvelope still returns false when err carries no
-	// Problem; in that case we fall through to the signal / plain-text paths.
+	// Problem; in that case we fall through to the legacy bridge below.
 	typedExit := output.ExitCodeOf(err)
 	if output.WriteTypedErrorEnvelope(errOut, err, string(f.ResolvedIdentity)) {
 		return typedExit
@@ -255,63 +279,58 @@ func handleRootError(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) int {
 		return pfErr.Code
 	}

-	// Silent-exit signal (e.g. `auth check` predicate, or `update --json`):
-	// stdout already carries the result; honor the requested exit code and
-	// write nothing to stderr.
-	var bareErr *output.BareError
-	if errors.As(err, &bareErr) {
-		return bareErr.Code
-	}
-
-	// Errors reaching here are untyped: every RunE returns a typed errs.* error
-	// and flag-parse errors are typed by the root FlagErrorFunc. The remainder
-	// is either a cobra usage mistake (missing required flag, unknown command,
-	// wrong arg count), which cobra surfaces as a plain error identified by its
-	// stable text — the same external contract unknownFlagName relies on — or an
-	// untyped error that leaked past the typed boundary. Classify the former as
-	// invalid_argument (exit 2, like the explicit guards); treat the latter as an
-	// internal fault (exit 5) rather than blaming the user's input. The message
-	// is preserved either way, and the typed envelope still carries any pending
-	// deprecation notice.
-	var fallback error
-	if isCobraUsageError(err) {
-		fallback = errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err.Error())
-	} else {
-		fallback = errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "%s", err.Error()).WithCause(err)
-	}
-	output.WriteTypedErrorEnvelope(errOut, fallback, string(f.ResolvedIdentity))
-	return output.ExitCodeOf(fallback)
-}
-
-// cobraUsageErrorMarkers are the stable error-text fragments cobra / pflag
-// (pinned at v1.10.2) emit for usage mistakes — missing required flag, unknown
-// command / flag, wrong argument count. Cobra surfaces these as plain errors,
-// not a typed value we can match on, so the dispatcher recognizes them by text;
-// this is the same external contract unknownFlagName already depends on. A
-// residual error matching none of these has leaked the typed boundary and is
-// treated as an internal fault, not a user error.
-var cobraUsageErrorMarkers = []string{
-	"unknown command ",
-	"unknown flag: ",
-	"unknown shorthand",
-	"required flag(s) ",
-	"flag needs an argument",
-	"bad flag syntax:",
-	"no such flag ",
-	"invalid argument ",
-	"arg(s), ", // accepts / requires N arg(s), received / only received M
-}
-
-// isCobraUsageError reports whether err is a cobra / pflag usage mistake,
-// identified by the stable error text of the pinned cobra version.
-func isCobraUsageError(err error) bool {
-	msg := err.Error()
-	for _, m := range cobraUsageErrorMarkers {
-		if strings.Contains(msg, m) {
-			return true
+	if exitErr := asExitError(err); exitErr != nil {
+		if !exitErr.Raw {
+			// Raw errors (e.g. from `api` command via output.MarkRaw)
+			// preserve the original API error detail; skip enrichment
+			// which would clear it.
+			enrichMissingScopeError(f, exitErr)
+			enrichPermissionError(f, exitErr)
 		}
+		output.WriteErrorEnvelope(errOut, exitErr, string(f.ResolvedIdentity))
+		return exitErr.Code
 	}
-	return false
+
+	// A backward-compat alias records its deprecation notice in PreRunE, which
+	// runs before cobra's required-flag validation — but a missing required flag
+	// fails before RunE and lands here, where the bare "Error:" line would drop
+	// the notice. When a deprecation is pending, route through the structured
+	// envelope so the migration hint still reaches the caller; all other errors
+	// keep the existing plain output.
+	if deprecation.GetPending() != nil {
+		output.WriteErrorEnvelope(errOut, &output.ExitError{
+			Code:   1,
+			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{Type: "validation", Message: err.Error()},
+		}, string(f.ResolvedIdentity))
+		return 1
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(errOut, "Error:", err)
+	return 1
+}
+
+// isOuterTypedError returns true if err is a typed *errs.* error AT THE
+// TOP OF THE CHAIN (not buried inside Unwrap). Used by handleRootError
+// to gate PromoteXxxError so a producer's outer typed envelope is never
+// overwritten by a coarser shape derived from its legacy Cause.
+func isOuterTypedError(err error) bool {
+	_, ok := err.(errs.TypedError)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// asExitError converts known structured error types to *output.ExitError.
+// Returns nil for unrecognized errors (e.g. cobra flag errors).
+//
+// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError bridge.
+func asExitError(err error) *output.ExitError {
+	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
+	if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
+		return output.ErrWithHint(cfgErr.Code, cfgErr.Type, cfgErr.Message, cfgErr.Hint)
+	}
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		return exitErr
+	}
+	return nil
 }

 // installUnknownSubcommandGuard replaces cobra's silent help fallback on
@@ -342,10 +361,13 @@ func installUnknownSubcommandGuard(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	}
 }

-// unknownSubcommandRunE replaces cobra's silent help fallback on group commands
-// with a typed *errs.ValidationError: a flag that belongs to a missing
-// subcommand, a misplaced subcommand-only flag, or an unknown subcommand name
-// each fail structured (exit 2) instead of degrading to help + exit 0.
+// Deprecated: unknownSubcommandRunE produces a legacy *output.ExitError that
+// predates the typed error contract introduced by errs/. New code MUST NOT
+// add producers of this shape — unknown-subcommand signals should move to
+// a typed *errs.ValidationError (or a dedicated typed error) carrying the
+// agent-protocol metadata as typed extension fields. This helper is retained
+// only while existing dispatch sites are migrated; it will be removed once
+// they have moved to the typed surface.
 func unknownSubcommandRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	if len(args) == 0 {
 		// A bare group (e.g. `sheets`), or one carrying only group-valid flags
@@ -361,13 +383,28 @@ func unknownSubcommandRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			return cmd.Help()
 		}
 		if unknown := unknownFlagTokens(cmd, rawInvocationArgs); len(unknown) > 0 {
-			verr := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-				"unknown flag %s before a subcommand for %q", strings.Join(unknown, ", "), cmd.CommandPath()).
-				WithHint("flags belong to a subcommand; run `%s --help` to list subcommands and their flags", cmd.CommandPath())
-			for _, flag := range unknown {
-				verr.WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: flag, Reason: "unknown flag before a subcommand"})
+			return &output.ExitError{
+				Code: output.ExitValidation,
+				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+					Type:    "unknown_flag",
+					Message: fmt.Sprintf("unknown flag %s before a subcommand for %q", strings.Join(unknown, ", "), cmd.CommandPath()),
+					Hint:    fmt.Sprintf("flags belong to a subcommand; run `%s --help` to list subcommands and their flags", cmd.CommandPath()),
+					Detail: map[string]any{
+						// Keep the same detail keys as flagDidYouMean's unknown_flag
+						// so a consumer keyed on Type can read a stable shape. The
+						// subcommand isn't resolved here, so suggestions/valid_flags
+						// have no meaningful universe to draw from — emit empty
+						// rather than the group's own (misleading) flags. unknown is
+						// the back-compat singular field; unknown_flags carries the
+						// full list when more than one flag was supplied.
+						"unknown":       strings.Join(unknown, ", "),
+						"unknown_flags": unknown,
+						"command_path":  cmd.CommandPath(),
+						"suggestions":   []string{},
+						"valid_flags":   []string{},
+					},
+				},
 			}
-			return verr
 		}
 		// The remaining flags are all defined somewhere in the tree. Those valid
 		// on the group itself or inherited (e.g. the global --profile) do not
@@ -379,13 +416,19 @@ func unknownSubcommandRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		if len(misplaced) == 0 {
 			return cmd.Help()
 		}
-		verr := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			"missing subcommand for %q; flag %s belongs to a subcommand, not the group", cmd.CommandPath(), strings.Join(misplaced, ", ")).
-			WithHint("run `%s --help` to list subcommands and their flags", cmd.CommandPath())
-		for _, flag := range misplaced {
-			verr.WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: flag, Reason: "flag belongs to a subcommand, not the group"})
+		return &output.ExitError{
+			Code: output.ExitValidation,
+			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+				Type:    "missing_subcommand",
+				Message: fmt.Sprintf("missing subcommand for %q; flag %s belongs to a subcommand, not the group", cmd.CommandPath(), strings.Join(misplaced, ", ")),
+				Hint:    fmt.Sprintf("run `%s --help` to list subcommands and their flags", cmd.CommandPath()),
+				Detail: map[string]any{
+					"command_path": cmd.CommandPath(),
+					"flags":        misplaced,
+					"suggestions":  []string{},
+				},
+			},
 		}
-		return verr
 	}
 	unknown := args[0]
 	available, deprecated := availableSubcommandNames(cmd)
@@ -399,12 +442,27 @@ func unknownSubcommandRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		hint = fmt.Sprintf("did you mean one of: %s? (run `%s --help` for the full list)",
 			strings.Join(suggestions, ", "), cmd.CommandPath())
 	}
-	// Record the offending subcommand and its ranked candidates as a param with
-	// machine-readable Suggestions so an agent can retry without parsing the
-	// hint; the hint carries the same candidates as prose.
-	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", msg).
-		WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: unknown, Reason: "unknown subcommand", Suggestions: suggestions}).
-		WithHint("%s", hint)
+	detail := map[string]any{
+		"unknown":      unknown,
+		"command_path": cmd.CommandPath(),
+		"suggestions":  suggestions,
+		"available":    available,
+	}
+	// Only services with backward-compat aliases (currently sheets) carry a
+	// deprecated bucket; omit the key elsewhere so every other service's
+	// envelope is unchanged.
+	if len(deprecated) > 0 {
+		detail["deprecated"] = deprecated
+	}
+	return &output.ExitError{
+		Code: output.ExitValidation,
+		Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "unknown_subcommand",
+			Message: msg,
+			Hint:    hint,
+			Detail:  detail,
+		},
+	}
 }

 // flagTokensInArgs returns the flag-like tokens (-x, --foo, --foo=bar) in
@@ -530,34 +588,47 @@ func availableSubcommandNames(cmd *cobra.Command) (available, deprecated []strin
 }

 // flagDidYouMean is the root FlagErrorFunc (inherited by all subcommands). It
-// converts cobra's flag-parse errors into a typed validation envelope: an
-// unknown flag gets a focused "did you mean" hint (so agents recover even when
-// the typo is semantic, e.g. --query vs --find, where edit distance alone finds
-// nothing) and the offending flag in `params`. Other flag errors stay typed
-// but generic.
+// converts cobra's flag-parse errors into the structured ErrorEnvelope: an
+// unknown flag gets a focused "did you mean" hint plus the full valid-flag list
+// in detail (so agents recover even when the typo is semantic, e.g. --query vs
+// --find, where edit distance alone finds nothing). Other flag errors stay
+// structured but generic.
 func flagDidYouMean(c *cobra.Command, ferr error) error {
 	name, isUnknown := unknownFlagName(ferr)
 	if !isUnknown {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", ferr.Error()).
-			WithHint("run `%s --help` for valid flags", c.CommandPath())
+		return &output.ExitError{
+			Code: output.ExitValidation,
+			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+				Type:    "flag_error",
+				Message: ferr.Error(),
+				Hint:    fmt.Sprintf("run `%s --help` for valid flags", c.CommandPath()),
+			},
+		}
 	}
 	valid := visibleFlagNames(c)
 	suggestions := suggest.Closest(name, valid, 3)
-	for i := range suggestions {
-		suggestions[i] = "--" + suggestions[i]
-	}
 	hint := fmt.Sprintf("run `%s --help` to see valid flags", c.CommandPath())
 	if len(suggestions) > 0 {
+		for i := range suggestions {
+			suggestions[i] = "--" + suggestions[i]
+		}
 		hint = fmt.Sprintf("did you mean %s? (run `%s --help` for all flags)",
 			strings.Join(suggestions, ", "), c.CommandPath())
 	}
-	// The ranked candidates ride on the param as machine-readable Suggestions so
-	// an agent can retry without parsing the hint; the hint carries the same
-	// candidates as prose. The full valid-flag list stays recoverable via --help.
-	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-		"unknown flag %q for %q", "--"+name, c.CommandPath()).
-		WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--" + name, Reason: "unknown flag", Suggestions: suggestions}).
-		WithHint("%s", hint)
+	return &output.ExitError{
+		Code: output.ExitValidation,
+		Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "unknown_flag",
+			Message: fmt.Sprintf("unknown flag %q for %q", "--"+name, c.CommandPath()),
+			Hint:    hint,
+			Detail: map[string]any{
+				"unknown":      "--" + name,
+				"command_path": c.CommandPath(),
+				"suggestions":  suggestions,
+				"valid_flags":  valid,
+			},
+		},
+	}
 }

 // unknownFlagName extracts the offending long-flag name from cobra's flag-parse
@@ -627,3 +698,56 @@ func installTipsHelpFunc(root *cobra.Command) {
 		}
 	})
 }
+
+// enrichPermissionError rewrites the legacy *output.ExitError envelope so its
+// Message + Hint match the per-subtype canonical text produced by the typed
+// dispatcher path (errclass.CanonicalPermissionMessage / errclass.PermissionHint).
+// This guarantees a caller observing the wire envelope cannot tell whether
+// the error reached the dispatcher via the legacy *ExitError bridge or via
+// the typed *errs.PermissionError fast path.
+//
+// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError enrichment; typed PermissionError
+// values produced by errclass.BuildAPIError already carry MissingScopes +
+// ConsoleURL directly.
+func enrichPermissionError(f *cmdutil.Factory, exitErr *output.ExitError) {
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	// Only the legacy permission-class envelope types route here. "app_status"
+	// covers 99991662 (app_disabled) / 99991673 (app_unavailable); "permission"
+	// covers the four scope-class codes (99991672 / 99991676 / 99991679 / 230027).
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "permission" && exitErr.Detail.Type != "app_status" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	larkCode := exitErr.Detail.Code
+	meta, ok := errclass.LookupCodeMeta(larkCode)
+	if !ok || meta.Category != errs.CategoryAuthorization {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Extract required scopes from API error detail (shared helper). May be
+	// empty for app-status codes — canonical message + hint still apply.
+	missing := registry.ExtractRequiredScopes(exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+
+	cfg, err := f.Config()
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Reuse the same console URL builder as the typed path so both wire
+	// envelopes carry identical console_url values for the same input.
+	consoleURL := errclass.ConsoleURL(string(cfg.Brand), cfg.AppID, missing)
+
+	// Clear raw API detail — useful info is now in message/hint/console_url.
+	exitErr.Detail.Detail = nil
+
+	identity := string(f.ResolvedIdentity)
+	if identity == "" {
+		identity = "user"
+	}
+
+	exitErr.Detail.Message = errclass.CanonicalPermissionMessage(meta.Subtype, cfg.AppID, missing, exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	exitErr.Detail.Hint = errclass.PermissionHint(missing, identity, meta.Subtype, consoleURL)
+	exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL = consoleURL
+}
--- a/cmd/root_integration_test.go
+++ b/cmd/root_integration_test.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"os"
+	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

@@ -26,12 +27,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )

-// Canonical strict-mode envelope messages shared across fixtures. The
-// switch-policy hint text is asserted by substring in
-// assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope.
+// Canonical strict-mode envelope strings shared across fixtures
+// (reflect.DeepEqual pins them; keep in sync with strictModeStubFrom).
 const (
 	strictModeBotMessage  = `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available`
 	strictModeUserMessage = `strict mode is "user", only user-identity commands are available`
+	strictModeHint        = "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)"
 )

 // buildIntegrationRootCmd creates a root command with api, service, and shortcut
@@ -62,46 +63,37 @@ func executeRootIntegration(t *testing.T, f *cmdutil.Factory, rootCmd *cobra.Com
 	return 0
 }

-// typedErrorEnvelope mirrors the typed wire shape produced by
-// WriteTypedErrorEnvelope: the inner error marshals an errs.Problem
-// directly, so "type" is the category, "subtype" is top-level, and there
-// is no nested "detail" object. Recovery info (policy source, reason
-// code, suggestions) is folded into "hint".
-type typedErrorEnvelope struct {
-	OK       bool   `json:"ok"`
-	Identity string `json:"identity,omitempty"`
-	Error    struct {
-		Type    string `json:"type"`
-		Subtype string `json:"subtype"`
-		Message string `json:"message"`
-		Hint    string `json:"hint"`
-		Param   string `json:"param,omitempty"`
-	} `json:"error"`
-}
-
-// parseTypedEnvelope decodes stderr as the typed envelope and fails if the
-// legacy nested "detail" object is present (the migration removed it).
-func parseTypedEnvelope(t *testing.T, stderr *bytes.Buffer) typedErrorEnvelope {
+// parseEnvelope parses stderr bytes into an ErrorEnvelope.
+func parseEnvelope(t *testing.T, stderr *bytes.Buffer) output.ErrorEnvelope {
 	t.Helper()
 	if stderr.Len() == 0 {
 		t.Fatal("expected non-empty stderr, got empty")
 	}
-	var raw map[string]any
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stderr.Bytes(), &raw); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to parse stderr as JSON: %v\nstderr: %s", err, stderr.String())
-	}
-	if errObj, ok := raw["error"].(map[string]any); ok {
-		if _, hasDetail := errObj["detail"]; hasDetail {
-			t.Errorf("typed envelope must not carry a nested 'detail' object, got: %s", stderr.String())
-		}
-	}
-	var env typedErrorEnvelope
+	var env output.ErrorEnvelope
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(stderr.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to parse stderr as typed envelope: %v\nstderr: %s", err, stderr.String())
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse stderr as ErrorEnvelope: %v\nstderr: %s", err, stderr.String())
 	}
 	return env
 }

+// assertEnvelope verifies exit code, stdout is empty, and stderr matches the
+// expected ErrorEnvelope exactly via reflect.DeepEqual.
+func assertEnvelope(t *testing.T, code int, wantCode int, stdout *bytes.Buffer, stderr *bytes.Buffer, want output.ErrorEnvelope) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if code != wantCode {
+		t.Errorf("exit code: got %d, want %d", code, wantCode)
+	}
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	got := parseEnvelope(t, stderr)
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+		gotJSON, _ := json.MarshalIndent(got, "", "  ")
+		wantJSON, _ := json.MarshalIndent(want, "", "  ")
+		t.Errorf("stderr envelope mismatch:\ngot:\n%s\nwant:\n%s", gotJSON, wantJSON)
+	}
+}
+
 func buildStrictModeIntegrationRootCmd(t *testing.T, f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 	t.Helper()
 	rootCmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
@@ -213,71 +205,23 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_DirectAuthLoginReturnsEnvelop

 	// auth login is user-only, so it gets pruned in strict-mode-bot and the
 	// stub error fires (not login.go's inline check, which is shadowed by
-	// pruning). The typed envelope is a failed_precondition validation
-	// error (exit 2); the strict-mode layer + reason code are folded into
-	// the hint.
-	if code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
-	assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope(t, env, strictModeBotMessage)
-}
-
-// assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope pins the shared strict-mode denial shape:
-// a validation/failed_precondition envelope whose message is the short
-// historical strict-mode line and whose hint still names the strict_mode
-// layer + identity_not_supported reason code (the safety-critical recovery
-// info), plus the historical switch-policy guidance.
-func assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope(t *testing.T, env typedErrorEnvelope, wantMessage string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	if env.OK {
-		t.Errorf("envelope ok = true, want false")
-	}
-	if env.Error.Type != "validation" {
-		t.Errorf("error.type = %q, want validation", env.Error.Type)
-	}
-	if env.Error.Subtype != "failed_precondition" {
-		t.Errorf("error.subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", env.Error.Subtype)
-	}
-	if env.Error.Message != wantMessage {
-		t.Errorf("error.message = %q, want %q", env.Error.Message, wantMessage)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(env.Error.Hint, "strict_mode") {
-		t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, want substring strict_mode (policy layer)", env.Error.Hint)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(env.Error.Hint, "identity_not_supported") {
-		t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, want substring identity_not_supported (reason code)", env.Error.Hint)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(env.Error.Hint, "config strict-mode --help") {
-		t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, want historical switch-policy guidance", env.Error.Hint)
-	}
-}
-
-// assertCheckStrictModeEnvelope pins the typed envelope produced by
-// cmdutil.Factory.CheckStrictMode (the identity-guard path for explicit
-// --as on shortcuts / service methods / api): a *errs.ValidationError with
-// subtype invalid_argument, the canonical strict-mode message, and the
-// switch-policy hint.
-func assertCheckStrictModeEnvelope(t *testing.T, env typedErrorEnvelope, wantMessage string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	if env.OK {
-		t.Errorf("envelope ok = true, want false")
-	}
-	if env.Error.Type != "validation" {
-		t.Errorf("error.type = %q, want validation", env.Error.Type)
-	}
-	if env.Error.Subtype != "invalid_argument" {
-		t.Errorf("error.subtype = %q, want invalid_argument", env.Error.Subtype)
-	}
-	if env.Error.Message != wantMessage {
-		t.Errorf("error.message = %q, want %q", env.Error.Message, wantMessage)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(env.Error.Hint, "config strict-mode --help") {
-		t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, want switch-policy guidance", env.Error.Hint)
-	}
+	// pruning).
+	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
+		OK: false,
+		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "command_denied",
+			Message: strictModeBotMessage,
+			Hint:    strictModeHint,
+			Detail: map[string]any{
+				"path":          "auth/login",
+				"layer":         "strict_mode",
+				"policy_source": "strict-mode",
+				"rule_name":     "",
+				"reason_code":   "identity_not_supported",
+				"reason":        strictModeBotMessage,
+			},
+		},
+	})
 }

 func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_DirectUserShortcutReturnsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
@@ -288,14 +232,22 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_DirectUserShortcutReturnsEnve
 		"im", "+messages-search", "--chat-id", "oc_xxx", "--query", "hello",
 	})

-	if code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
-	assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope(t, env, strictModeBotMessage)
+	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
+		OK: false,
+		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "command_denied",
+			Message: strictModeBotMessage,
+			Hint:    strictModeHint,
+			Detail: map[string]any{
+				"path":          "im/+messages-search",
+				"layer":         "strict_mode",
+				"policy_source": "strict-mode",
+				"rule_name":     "",
+				"reason_code":   "identity_not_supported",
+				"reason":        strictModeBotMessage,
+			},
+		},
+	})
 }

 func TestIntegration_StrictModeUser_ProfileOverride_ChatCreateDryRunSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
@@ -325,14 +277,15 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeUser_ProfileOverride_ShortcutExplicitBotReturnsEn
 		"im", "+chat-create", "--name", "probe", "--as", "bot", "--dry-run",
 	})

-	if code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
-	assertCheckStrictModeEnvelope(t, env, strictModeUserMessage)
+	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
+		OK:       false,
+		Identity: "bot",
+		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "validation",
+			Message: `strict mode is "user", only user-identity commands are available`,
+			Hint:    "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)",
+		},
+	})
 }

 func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_ServiceExplicitUserReturnsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
@@ -343,14 +296,15 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_ServiceExplicitUserReturnsEnv
 		"im", "chats", "get", "--params", `{"chat_id":"oc_test"}`, "--as", "user", "--dry-run",
 	})

-	if code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
-	assertCheckStrictModeEnvelope(t, env, strictModeBotMessage)
+	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
+		OK:       false,
+		Identity: "user",
+		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "validation",
+			Message: `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available`,
+			Hint:    "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)",
+		},
+	})
 }

 func TestIntegration_StrictModeUser_ProfileOverride_ServiceBotOnlyMethodReturnsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
@@ -361,14 +315,22 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeUser_ProfileOverride_ServiceBotOnlyMethodReturnsE
 		"im", "images", "create", "--data", `{"image_type":"message","image":"x"}`, "--dry-run",
 	})

-	if code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
-	assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope(t, env, strictModeUserMessage)
+	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
+		OK: false,
+		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "command_denied",
+			Message: strictModeUserMessage,
+			Hint:    strictModeHint,
+			Detail: map[string]any{
+				"path":          "im/images/create",
+				"layer":         "strict_mode",
+				"policy_source": "strict-mode",
+				"rule_name":     "",
+				"reason_code":   "identity_not_supported",
+				"reason":        strictModeUserMessage,
+			},
+		},
+	})
 }

 func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_APIExplicitUserReturnsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
@@ -379,14 +341,15 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_APIExplicitUserReturnsEnvelop
 		"api", "--as", "user", "GET", "/open-apis/im/v1/chats/oc_test", "--dry-run",
 	})

-	if code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
-	assertCheckStrictModeEnvelope(t, env, strictModeBotMessage)
+	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
+		OK:       false,
+		Identity: "user",
+		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "validation",
+			Message: `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available`,
+			Hint:    "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)",
+		},
+	})
 }

 // --- shortcut command ---
@@ -409,43 +372,16 @@ func TestIntegration_Shortcut_BusinessError_OutputsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 		"im", "+messages-send", "--as", "bot", "--chat-id", "oc_xxx", "--text", "test",
 	})

-	// shortcut: typed errs.APIError via the CallAPITyped → BuildAPIError path.
-	if code != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", code, output.ExitAPI)
-	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	if stderr.Len() == 0 {
-		t.Fatal("expected non-empty stderr, got empty")
-	}
-	var raw struct {
-		OK       bool   `json:"ok"`
-		Identity string `json:"identity"`
-		Error    struct {
-			Type    string `json:"type"`
-			Code    int    `json:"code"`
-			Message string `json:"message"`
-		} `json:"error"`
-	}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stderr.Bytes(), &raw); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to parse typed envelope: %v\nstderr: %s", err, stderr.String())
-	}
-	if raw.OK {
-		t.Errorf("envelope ok = true, want false")
-	}
-	if raw.Identity != "bot" {
-		t.Errorf("identity = %q, want bot", raw.Identity)
-	}
-	if raw.Error.Type != "api" {
-		t.Errorf("error.type = %q, want api", raw.Error.Type)
-	}
-	if raw.Error.Code != 230002 {
-		t.Errorf("error.code = %d, want 230002", raw.Error.Code)
-	}
-	if raw.Error.Message != "Bot/User can NOT be out of the chat." {
-		t.Errorf("error.message = %q, want %q", raw.Error.Message, "Bot/User can NOT be out of the chat.")
-	}
+	// shortcut: typed error via DoAPIJSON path
+	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitAPI, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
+		OK:       false,
+		Identity: "bot",
+		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "api",
+			Code:    230002,
+			Message: "Bot/User can NOT be out of the chat.",
+		},
+	})
 }

 // TestSetupNotices_ColdStart_NoNotice verifies that missing state
--- a/cmd/root_test.go
+++ b/cmd/root_test.go
@@ -137,6 +137,9 @@ func TestIsCompletionCommand(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+// TestPromoteConfigError_* lives with the implementation in
+// internal/errcompat/promote_test.go.
+
 // TestHandleRootError_SecurityPolicyCanonicalEnvelope verifies that
 // *errs.SecurityPolicyError flows through the canonical typed envelope
 // (output.WriteTypedErrorEnvelope) — type=policy, numeric code, subtype,
@@ -266,11 +269,12 @@ func (f *failingWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	return len(p), nil
 }

-// TestHandleRootError_DeprecatedAliasMissingFlagStructured pins that a
-// backward-compat alias failing on a cobra-level required flag (which
-// short-circuits before RunE) routes through the structured envelope, so the
-// deprecation notice OnInvoke records in PreRunE is carried on the wire instead
-// of being dropped on a plain "Error:" line.
+// TestHandleRootError_DeprecatedAliasMissingFlagStructured pins issue #4: a
+// backward-compat alias that fails on a cobra-level required flag (which
+// short-circuits before RunE) still routes through the structured envelope,
+// because OnInvoke records the deprecation in PreRunE and the legacy fallback
+// switches to WriteErrorEnvelope when a deprecation is pending — so the
+// migration notice is no longer dropped on the plain "Error:" line.
 func TestHandleRootError_DeprecatedAliasMissingFlagStructured(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
 	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
@@ -282,9 +286,9 @@ func TestHandleRootError_DeprecatedAliasMissingFlagStructured(t *testing.T) {
 	deprecation.SetPending(&deprecation.Notice{
 		Command: "+write", Replacement: "+cells-set", Skill: "lark-sheets",
 	})
-	// The bare error shape cobra's ValidateRequiredFlags produces: not a typed
-	// errs.* error, so it reaches the deprecation fallback.
-	exit := handleRootError(f, fmt.Errorf(`required flag(s) %q not set`, "values"))
+	// The bare error shape cobra's ValidateRequiredFlags produces: neither typed
+	// nor an *output.ExitError, so it reaches the legacy fallback.
+	handleRootError(f, fmt.Errorf(`required flag(s) %q not set`, "values"))

 	out := errOut.String()
 	if strings.HasPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(out), "Error:") {
@@ -293,96 +297,12 @@ func TestHandleRootError_DeprecatedAliasMissingFlagStructured(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(out, `"message"`) || !strings.Contains(out, "values") {
 		t.Errorf("expected a JSON error envelope carrying the failure message; got:\n%s", out)
 	}
-	// The envelope is typed validation, so the exit code must derive from that
-	// category (2) — the wire type and the exit code must not disagree.
-	if exit != int(output.ExitValidation) {
-		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (validation envelope → category-derived exit)", exit, int(output.ExitValidation))
-	}
 }

-// TestHandleRootError_AuthConfigWireGolden is the wire-consistency regression
-// baseline for auth/config errors: it pins the typed envelope and exit code the
-// dispatcher produces for the two source-of-truth shapes, which are constructed
-// typed at their origin in internal/auth and internal/core.
-func TestHandleRootError_AuthConfigWireGolden(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	t.Run("token missing exits 3 with token_missing authentication envelope", func(t *testing.T) {
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
-		f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
-
-		exit := handleRootError(f, internalauth.NewNeedUserAuthorizationError("u_golden"))
-		if exit != int(output.ExitAuth) {
-			t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (ExitAuth)", exit, int(output.ExitAuth))
-		}
-
-		errObj := decodeErrorEnvelope(t, errOut.Bytes())
-		if got := errObj["type"]; got != "authentication" {
-			t.Errorf("error.type = %v, want %q", got, "authentication")
-		}
-		if got := errObj["subtype"]; got != "token_missing" {
-			t.Errorf("error.subtype = %v, want %q", got, "token_missing")
-		}
-		if got, _ := errObj["message"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "need_user_authorization") {
-			t.Errorf("error.message = %q, must keep the need_user_authorization marker", got)
-		}
-		if got, _ := errObj["message"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "u_golden") {
-			t.Errorf("error.message = %q, must carry the user open id", got)
-		}
-		if got, _ := errObj["hint"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "auth login") {
-			t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, must point at auth login", got)
-		}
-		if got := errObj["user_open_id"]; got != "u_golden" {
-			t.Errorf("error.user_open_id = %v, want %q", got, "u_golden")
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("not configured exits 3 with not_configured config envelope", func(t *testing.T) {
-		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-		errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
-		f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
-
-		exit := handleRootError(f, core.NotConfiguredError())
-		if exit != int(output.ExitAuth) {
-			t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (config shares ExitAuth)", exit, int(output.ExitAuth))
-		}
-
-		errObj := decodeErrorEnvelope(t, errOut.Bytes())
-		if got := errObj["type"]; got != "config" {
-			t.Errorf("error.type = %v, want %q", got, "config")
-		}
-		if got := errObj["subtype"]; got != "not_configured" {
-			t.Errorf("error.subtype = %v, want %q", got, "not_configured")
-		}
-		if got, _ := errObj["message"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "not configured") {
-			t.Errorf("error.message = %q, want the not-configured message", got)
-		}
-		if got, _ := errObj["hint"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "config init") {
-			t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, must point at config init", got)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-// decodeErrorEnvelope unmarshals a typed error envelope and returns its
-// top-level "error" object, failing the test if the shape is unexpected.
-func decodeErrorEnvelope(t *testing.T, raw []byte) map[string]any {
-	t.Helper()
-	var env map[string]any
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &env); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("envelope is not valid JSON: %v\n%s", err, raw)
-	}
-	errObj, ok := env["error"].(map[string]any)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("envelope missing top-level error object: %s", raw)
-	}
-	return errObj
-}
-
-// TestHandleRootError_NoDeprecationTypesUsageError pins that a residual cobra
-// usage error (missing required flag) is typed as invalid_argument with exit 2
-// even with no deprecation pending — never cobra's plain "Error:" line.
-func TestHandleRootError_NoDeprecationTypesUsageError(t *testing.T) {
+// TestHandleRootError_NoDeprecationKeepsPlainError pins the other half: with no
+// deprecation pending, the legacy fallback stays a plain "Error:" line, so the
+// fix does not reshape every unrecognized cobra error.
+func TestHandleRootError_NoDeprecationKeepsPlainError(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
 	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
 	deprecation.SetPending(nil)
@@ -391,45 +311,9 @@ func TestHandleRootError_NoDeprecationTypesUsageError(t *testing.T) {
 	errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
 	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut

-	exit := handleRootError(f, fmt.Errorf(`required flag(s) %q not set`, "values"))
-
-	out := errOut.String()
-	if strings.HasPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(out), "Error:") {
-		t.Fatalf("want a structured envelope, got a plain Error: line:\n%s", out)
-	}
-	errObj := decodeErrorEnvelope(t, errOut.Bytes())
-	if got := errObj["type"]; got != "validation" {
-		t.Errorf("error.type = %v, want %q", got, "validation")
-	}
-	if got, _ := errObj["message"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "values") {
-		t.Errorf("error.message = %q, must carry the failing flag name", got)
-	}
-	if exit != int(output.ExitValidation) {
-		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (validation envelope → category-derived exit)", exit, int(output.ExitValidation))
-	}
-}
-
-// TestHandleRootError_LeakedUntypedErrorBecomesInternal pins that an untyped
-// error that does NOT match a cobra usage shape (i.e. one that leaked past the
-// typed boundary from a helper) is classified as an internal fault (exit 5),
-// not blamed on the user's input as a validation error.
-func TestHandleRootError_LeakedUntypedErrorBecomesInternal(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
-	deprecation.SetPending(nil)
-
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
-	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
-
-	exit := handleRootError(f, fmt.Errorf("upstream helper exploded: %w", io.ErrUnexpectedEOF))
-
-	errObj := decodeErrorEnvelope(t, errOut.Bytes())
-	if got := errObj["type"]; got != "internal" {
-		t.Errorf("error.type = %v, want %q (leaked untyped error must not be mislabeled validation)", got, "internal")
-	}
-	if exit != int(output.ExitInternal) {
-		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (internal envelope → category-derived exit)", exit, int(output.ExitInternal))
+	handleRootError(f, fmt.Errorf(`required flag(s) %q not set`, "values"))
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(errOut.String(), "Error:") {
+		t.Errorf("no deprecation pending: want a plain 'Error:' line, got:\n%s", errOut.String())
 	}
 }

@@ -453,32 +337,12 @@ func TestHandleRootError_PartialWritePreservesExitCode(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-// TestHandleRootError_BareErrorExitCodeNoStderr pins the silent-exit
-// contract: a *output.BareError is honored for its exit code while stderr stays
-// empty (stdout already carries the result, so the dispatcher must not layer a
-// second envelope on top).
-func TestHandleRootError_BareErrorExitCodeNoStderr(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
-	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
-
-	exit := handleRootError(f, output.ErrBare(output.ExitAuth))
-	if exit != int(output.ExitAuth) {
-		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (BareError code propagated)", exit, int(output.ExitAuth))
-	}
-	if errOut.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty for a bare predicate signal, got:\n%s", errOut.String())
-	}
-}
-
-// TestHandleRootError_TypedAuthErrorWithLegacyCausePreserved pins that a typed
-// *errs.AuthenticationError carrying a legacy *NeedAuthorizationError in its
-// Cause chain renders the producer's TokenExpired subtype + custom hint
-// verbatim — the legacy sentinel in the Cause chain never coarsens the wire
-// shape.
-func TestHandleRootError_TypedAuthErrorWithLegacyCausePreserved(t *testing.T) {
+// TestHandleRootError_TypedOuterShortCircuitsPromote pins that when a typed
+// *errs.AuthenticationError carries a legacy *NeedAuthorizationError in its
+// Cause chain, the dispatcher does NOT run PromoteAuthError — doing so
+// would replace the producer's TokenExpired subtype + custom hint with the
+// promoted shape's TokenMissing.
+func TestHandleRootError_TypedOuterShortCircuitsPromote(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())

 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
@@ -630,3 +494,136 @@ func TestApplyNeedAuthorizationHint_AppendsExistingHint(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("expected appended hint %q, got %q", want, authErr.Hint)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestEnrichPermissionError_CanonicalConvergence pins that the legacy
+// *output.ExitError dispatch path produces the same canonical Message + Hint
+// + ConsoleURL as the typed *errs.PermissionError dispatch path. Both paths
+// share errclass.CanonicalPermissionMessage / errclass.PermissionHint /
+// errclass.ConsoleURL — so a wire consumer cannot tell which path produced
+// the envelope.
+func TestEnrichPermissionError_CanonicalConvergence(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name            string
+		larkCode        int
+		legacyErrType   string
+		wantMsgSubstrs  []string
+		wantHintSubstrs []string
+		wantConsoleURL  bool
+		wantNoAuthLogin bool // hint must not suggest `auth login`
+	}{
+		{
+			name:            "99991672 app_scope_not_applied",
+			larkCode:        99991672,
+			legacyErrType:   "permission",
+			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"access denied", "app cli_test", "drive:drive:read"},
+			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"developer console", "open.feishu.cn"},
+			wantConsoleURL:  true,
+			wantNoAuthLogin: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "99991679 missing_scope",
+			larkCode:        99991679,
+			legacyErrType:   "permission",
+			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"unauthorized", "user authorization"},
+			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"lark-cli auth login"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "99991673 app_unavailable",
+			larkCode:        99991673,
+			legacyErrType:   "app_status",
+			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"unauthorized app", "app cli_test", "not properly installed"},
+			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"tenant admin", "install status"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:            "99991662 app_disabled",
+			larkCode:        99991662,
+			legacyErrType:   "app_status",
+			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"app cli_test", "not in use", "currently disabled"},
+			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"tenant admin", "re-enable"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+				AppID: "cli_test", AppSecret: "s", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+			})
+			f.ResolvedIdentity = core.AsUser
+
+			// Mimic the wire shape ErrAPI produces: legacy *ExitError with
+			// Detail.Type populated by ClassifyLarkError, Detail.Detail
+			// carrying the permission_violations block so ExtractRequiredScopes
+			// can recover the missing scope.
+			scopeForDetail := "drive:drive:read"
+			exitErr := &output.ExitError{
+				Code: output.ExitAPI,
+				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+					Type:    tc.legacyErrType,
+					Code:    tc.larkCode,
+					Message: "upstream raw message — must be replaced",
+					Detail: map[string]interface{}{
+						"permission_violations": []interface{}{
+							map[string]interface{}{"subject": scopeForDetail},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			}
+			enrichPermissionError(f, exitErr)
+
+			for _, sub := range tc.wantMsgSubstrs {
+				if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, sub) {
+					t.Errorf("Message %q missing substring %q", exitErr.Detail.Message, sub)
+				}
+			}
+			if exitErr.Detail.Message == "upstream raw message — must be replaced" {
+				t.Errorf("Message must be rewritten to canonical text; got upstream verbatim")
+			}
+			for _, sub := range tc.wantHintSubstrs {
+				if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, sub) {
+					t.Errorf("Hint %q missing substring %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint, sub)
+				}
+			}
+			if tc.wantNoAuthLogin && strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "auth login") {
+				t.Errorf("Hint must not suggest `auth login` for this subtype; got %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+			}
+			if tc.wantConsoleURL && exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL == "" {
+				t.Error("ConsoleURL should be populated when missing scopes are present")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEnrichPermissionError_SkipsUnrelatedTypes pins that an ExitError whose
+// Detail.Type is neither "permission" nor "app_status" is left untouched —
+// no Message rewrite, no Hint rewrite, no ConsoleURL injection.
+func TestEnrichPermissionError_SkipsUnrelatedTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "cli_test", AppSecret: "s", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+	f.ResolvedIdentity = core.AsUser
+
+	for _, ty := range []string{"api_error", "validation", "rate_limit", "auth"} {
+		exitErr := &output.ExitError{
+			Code: output.ExitAPI,
+			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+				Type:    ty,
+				Code:    99991400,
+				Message: "untouched",
+				Hint:    "original hint",
+			},
+		}
+		enrichPermissionError(f, exitErr)
+		if exitErr.Detail.Message != "untouched" {
+			t.Errorf("type=%q: Message was rewritten unexpectedly: %q", ty, exitErr.Detail.Message)
+		}
+		if exitErr.Detail.Hint != "original hint" {
+			t.Errorf("type=%q: Hint was rewritten unexpectedly: %q", ty, exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+		}
+		if exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL != "" {
+			t.Errorf("type=%q: ConsoleURL should not be injected; got %q", ty, exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL)
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/schema/schema_test.go
+++ b/cmd/schema/schema_test.go
@@ -5,11 +5,9 @@ package schema

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 )
@@ -211,45 +209,6 @@ func TestSchemaCmd_UnknownService(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Unknown service") {
 		t.Errorf("expected 'Unknown service' error, got: %v", err)
 	}
-	var ve *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", ve.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "Available:") {
-		t.Errorf("expected hint listing available services, got: %q", ve.Hint)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestSchemaCmd_UnknownMethod_TypedValidation pins the typed envelope for the
-// JSON-mode unknown-method path: *errs.ValidationError with
-// subtype invalid_argument and a hint listing the available methods.
-func TestSchemaCmd_UnknownMethod_TypedValidation(t *testing.T) {
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"calendar.events.nonexistent_method"})
-	err := cmd.Execute()
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for unknown method")
-	}
-	var ve *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", ve.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Unknown method") {
-		t.Errorf("expected 'Unknown method' error, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "Available:") {
-		t.Errorf("expected hint listing available methods, got: %q", ve.Hint)
-	}
 }

 // Completion candidate generation (dotted + space forms, strict-mode filtering,
--- a/cmd/service/service.go
+++ b/cmd/service/service.go
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/apicatalog"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdmeta"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
@@ -33,16 +32,13 @@ func RegisterServiceCommands(parent *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
 }

 func RegisterServiceCommandsWithContext(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
-	RegisterServiceCommandsFromCatalog(ctx, parent, f, registry.RuntimeCatalog())
-}
-
-func RegisterServiceCommandsFromCatalog(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory, catalog apicatalog.Catalog) {
 	// Drive the service list from the same navigation catalog the method walk
-	// uses, so registration is catalog-sourced end to end. Kept as a per-service
-	// loop rather than a flat WalkMethods(nil) drive precisely so a service with
-	// no methods still gets its bare command (WalkMethods yields one ref per
-	// method, so empty services would vanish).
-	for _, svc := range catalog.Services() {
+	// uses — RuntimeCatalog().Services() is the deterministic, sorted view of the
+	// merged metadata — so registration is catalog-sourced end to end. Kept as a
+	// per-service loop rather than a flat WalkMethods(nil) drive precisely so a
+	// service with no methods still gets its bare command (WalkMethods yields one
+	// ref per method, so empty services would vanish).
+	for _, svc := range registry.RuntimeCatalog().Services() {
 		if svc.Name == "" || svc.ServicePath == "" {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -88,12 +84,10 @@ func serviceShort(svc meta.Service) string {
 func ensureChildCommand(parent *cobra.Command, name, short string) *cobra.Command {
 	for _, c := range parent.Commands() {
 		if c.Name() == name {
-			cmdmeta.SetSource(c, cmdmeta.SourceService, true)
 			return c
 		}
 	}
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: name, Short: short}
-	cmdmeta.SetSource(cmd, cmdmeta.SourceService, true)
 	parent.AddCommand(cmd)
 	return cmd
 }
@@ -237,7 +231,6 @@ func buildMethodCommand(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, spec methodComm
 			return serviceMethodRun(opts)
 		},
 	}
-	cmdmeta.SetSource(cmd, cmdmeta.SourceService, true)

 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Params, "params", "", "Raw URL/query params JSON. Supports - and @file.")
 	if spec.acceptsBody {
@@ -387,7 +380,7 @@ func serviceMethodRun(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 	checkErr := ac.CheckResponse

 	if opts.PageAll {
-		return servicePaginate(opts.Ctx, ac, request, format, opts.JqExpr, out, f.IOStreams.ErrOut, opts.Cmd.CommandPath(),
+		return servicePaginate(opts.Ctx, ac, request, format, opts.JqExpr, out, f.IOStreams.ErrOut,
 			client.PaginationOptions{PageLimit: opts.PageLimit, PageDelay: opts.PageDelay}, checkErr)
 	}

@@ -627,45 +620,20 @@ func serviceDryRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, request client.RawApiRequest, config *cor
 	return cmdutil.PrintDryRun(f.IOStreams.Out, request, config, format)
 }

-func servicePaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.RawApiRequest, format output.Format, jqExpr string, out, errOut io.Writer, commandPath string, pagOpts client.PaginationOptions, checkErr func(interface{}, core.Identity) error) error {
+func servicePaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.RawApiRequest, format output.Format, jqExpr string, out, errOut io.Writer, pagOpts client.PaginationOptions, checkErr func(interface{}, core.Identity) error) error {
 	if pagOpts.Identity == "" {
 		pagOpts.Identity = request.As
 	}
 	// When jq is set, always aggregate all pages then filter.
 	if jqExpr != "" {
-		result, err := ac.PaginateAll(ctx, request, pagOpts)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if apiErr := checkErr(result, pagOpts.Identity); apiErr != nil {
-			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
-			return apiErr
-		}
-		return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
-			CommandPath: commandPath,
-			Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
-			JqExpr:      jqExpr,
-			Out:         out,
-			ErrOut:      errOut,
-		})
+		return client.PaginateWithJq(ctx, ac, request, jqExpr, out, pagOpts, checkErr)
 	}

 	switch format {
 	case output.FormatNDJSON, output.FormatTable, output.FormatCSV:
 		pf := output.NewPaginatedFormatter(out, format)
-		result, hasItems, err := ac.StreamPages(ctx, request, func(items []interface{}) error {
-			// Streaming formats intentionally emit each page after that page has
-			// passed safety scanning. A later page may still fail, so callers
-			// must use the exit code to distinguish complete vs partial output.
-			scanResult := output.ScanForSafety(commandPath, items, errOut)
-			if scanResult.Blocked {
-				return scanResult.BlockErr
-			}
-			if scanResult.Alert != nil {
-				output.WriteAlertWarning(errOut, scanResult.Alert)
-			}
+		result, hasItems, err := ac.StreamPages(ctx, request, func(items []interface{}) {
 			pf.FormatPage(items)
-			return nil
 		}, pagOpts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -675,12 +643,7 @@ func servicePaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.R
 		}
 		if !hasItems {
 			fmt.Fprintf(errOut, "warning: this API does not return a list, format %q is not supported, falling back to json\n", format)
-			return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
-				CommandPath: commandPath,
-				Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
-				Out:         out,
-				ErrOut:      errOut,
-			})
+			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
 		}
 		return nil
 	default:
@@ -689,14 +652,9 @@ func servicePaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.R
 			return err
 		}
 		if apiErr := checkErr(result, pagOpts.Identity); apiErr != nil {
-			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
 			return apiErr
 		}
-		return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
-			CommandPath: commandPath,
-			Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
-			Out:         out,
-			ErrOut:      errOut,
-		})
+		output.FormatValue(out, result, format)
+		return nil
 	}
 }
--- a/cmd/service/service_test.go
+++ b/cmd/service/service_test.go
@@ -4,15 +4,10 @@
 package service

 import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	extcs "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/contentsafety"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
@@ -412,19 +407,8 @@ func TestServiceMethod_BotMode_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
-	var got map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	if got["ok"] != true || got["identity"] != "bot" {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected envelope: %#v", got)
-	}
-	if _, hasCode := got["code"]; hasCode {
-		t.Fatalf("success envelope leaked outer code: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	data, ok := got["data"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok || data["result"] != "success" {
-		t.Fatalf("data = %#v, want result=success", got["data"])
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "success") {
+		t.Errorf("expected 'success' in output, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
 	}
 }

@@ -452,312 +436,8 @@ func TestServiceMethod_BotMode_PageAll_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
-	var got map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	data, ok := got["data"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if got["ok"] != true || got["identity"] != "bot" || !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected envelope: %#v", got)
-	}
-	if _, hasCode := got["code"]; hasCode {
-		t.Fatalf("success envelope leaked outer code: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	items, ok := data["items"].([]interface{})
-	if !ok || len(items) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("data.items = %#v, want one item", data["items"])
-	}
-}
-
-type serviceContentSafetyProvider struct {
-	called bool
-	path   string
-	data   interface{}
-	match  string
-}
-
-func (p *serviceContentSafetyProvider) Name() string { return "service-test" }
-
-func (p *serviceContentSafetyProvider) Scan(_ context.Context, req extcs.ScanRequest) (*extcs.Alert, error) {
-	p.called = true
-	p.path = req.Path
-	p.data = req.Data
-	if p.match != "" {
-		b, _ := json.Marshal(req.Data)
-		if !strings.Contains(string(b), p.match) {
-			return nil, nil
-		}
-	}
-	return &extcs.Alert{Provider: "service-test", MatchedRules: []string{"pagination"}}, nil
-}
-
-func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_DefaultJSONRunsContentSafety(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "warn")
-	provider := &serviceContentSafetyProvider{}
-	extcs.Register(provider)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
-
-	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-service-safety", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-safety", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "1"}},
-				"has_more": false,
-			},
-		},
-	})
-
-	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
-	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
-	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
-	root.AddCommand(NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil))
-	root.SetArgs([]string{"list", "--as", "bot", "--page-all"})
-
-	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !provider.called {
-		t.Fatal("expected content safety provider to scan paginated output")
-	}
-	if provider.path != "list" {
-		t.Fatalf("scan path = %q, want list", provider.path)
-	}
-	data, ok := provider.data.(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("scanned data type = %T, want map", provider.data)
-	}
-	if _, hasCode := data["code"]; hasCode {
-		t.Fatalf("scanned data should be business data only, got %#v", data)
-	}
-
-	var got map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
-	}
-	alert, ok := got["_content_safety_alert"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok || alert["provider"] != "service-test" {
-		t.Fatalf("missing content safety alert in envelope: %#v", got)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_StreamFormatRunsContentSafety(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "warn")
-	provider := &serviceContentSafetyProvider{}
-	extcs.Register(provider)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
-
-	f, stdout, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-service-stream-safety", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-stream-safety", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "1"}},
-				"has_more": false,
-			},
-		},
-	})
-
-	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
-	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
-	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
-	root.AddCommand(NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil))
-	root.SetArgs([]string{"list", "--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
-
-	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !provider.called {
-		t.Fatal("expected content safety provider to scan streamed paginated output")
-	}
-	if provider.path != "list" {
-		t.Fatalf("scan path = %q, want list", provider.path)
-	}
-	items, ok := provider.data.([]interface{})
-	if !ok || len(items) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("scanned data = %#v, want one streamed item", provider.data)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "warning: content safety alert from service-test") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected content safety warning on stderr, got: %s", stderr.String())
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"id":"1"`) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected streamed ndjson output, got: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-}
-
-func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_StreamFormatBlockSkipsBlockedPage(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "block")
-	provider := &serviceContentSafetyProvider{match: "blocked"}
-	extcs.Register(provider)
-	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
-
-	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-service-stream-block", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-stream-block", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":      []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "safe-page"}},
-				"has_more":   true,
-				"page_token": "next",
-			},
-		},
-	})
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "blocked-page"}},
-				"has_more": false,
-			},
-		},
-	})
-
-	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
-	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
-	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
-	root.AddCommand(NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil))
-	root.SetArgs([]string{"list", "--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
-
-	err := root.Execute()
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected content safety block error")
-	}
-	var safetyErr *errs.ContentSafetyError
-	if !errors.As(err, &safetyErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ContentSafetyError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if safetyErr.Category != errs.CategoryPolicy || safetyErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeContentSafety {
-		t.Fatalf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", safetyErr.Category, safetyErr.Subtype, errs.CategoryPolicy, errs.SubtypeContentSafety)
-	}
-	if len(safetyErr.Rules) != 1 || safetyErr.Rules[0] != "pagination" {
-		t.Fatalf("rules = %v, want [pagination]", safetyErr.Rules)
-	}
-	out := stdout.String()
-	if !strings.Contains(out, "safe-page") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected earlier safe page to remain streamed, got: %s", out)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(out, "blocked-page") {
-		t.Fatalf("blocked page was written before safety block: %s", out)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestServiceMethod_BusinessErrorReturnsTypedErrorWithoutSuccessEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-service-err", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-err", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 230027, "msg": "user not authorized",
-		},
-	})
-
-	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
-	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
-	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot"})
-
-	err := cmd.Execute()
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for non-zero code")
-	}
-	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
-	var permErr *errs.PermissionError
-	if !errors.As(err, &permErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected PermissionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok": true`) || strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok":true`) {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected success envelope on error path: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-}
-
-func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_DefaultBusinessErrorOutputsRawResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-service-pageall-err", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-pageall-err", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 230027, "msg": "user not authorized",
-		},
-	})
-
-	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
-	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
-	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot", "--page-all"})
-
-	err := cmd.Execute()
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for non-zero code")
-	}
-	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "230027") || !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "user not authorized") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected raw error response on stdout, got: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok": true`) || strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok":true`) {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected success envelope on error path: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-}
-
-func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_StreamBusinessErrorDoesNotDumpJSON(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-service-pageall-stream-err", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-pageall-stream-err", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":      []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "safe-page"}},
-				"has_more":   true,
-				"page_token": "next",
-			},
-		},
-	})
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 230027,
-			"msg":  "user not authorized",
-		},
-	})
-
-	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
-	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
-	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
-
-	err := cmd.Execute()
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for non-zero code")
-	}
-	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
-	out := stdout.String()
-	if !strings.Contains(out, "safe-page") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected earlier successful page to remain streamed, got: %s", out)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(out, "230027") || strings.Contains(out, "user not authorized") {
-		t.Fatalf("streaming stdout should not contain raw error JSON, got: %s", out)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(out, "\n  \"code\"") {
-		t.Fatalf("streaming stdout should not contain indented JSON error dump, got: %s", out)
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"id"`) {
+		t.Errorf("expected items in output, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
 	}
 }

@@ -949,51 +629,6 @@ func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_WithJq(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_WithJqBusinessErrorOutputsRawResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "test-app-spjq-err", AppSecret: "test-secret-spjq-err", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-
-	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
-		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
-		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 230027, "msg": "user not authorized",
-		},
-	})
-
-	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
-	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
-	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--jq", ".data.items[].id"})
-
-	err := cmd.Execute()
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for non-zero code")
-	}
-	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
-	var permErr *errs.PermissionError
-	if !errors.As(err, &permErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected PermissionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "230027") || !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "user not authorized") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected raw error response on stdout, got: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok": true`) || strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok":true`) {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected success envelope on error path: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
-}
-
-func requireProblem(t *testing.T, err error, category errs.Category, subtype errs.Subtype, code int) {
-	t.Helper()
-	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if p.Category != category || p.Subtype != subtype || p.Code != code {
-		t.Fatalf("problem = %s/%s/%d, want %s/%s/%d", p.Category, p.Subtype, p.Code, category, subtype, code)
-	}
-}
-
 // ── file upload ──

 func imImageMethod() meta.Method {
--- a/cmd/unknown_subcommand_test.go
+++ b/cmd/unknown_subcommand_test.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
@@ -127,20 +126,29 @@ func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_FlagBeforeSubcommandIsStructured(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("error = %q, want it to mention an unknown flag", err.Error())
 	}

-	// Typed surface: a validation error (exit 2) whose Params carries the
-	// offending flag so an agent can recover the token without parsing prose.
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	// The detail must stay schema-compatible with flagDidYouMean's unknown_flag
+	// (same Type → same keys), so a consumer keyed on Type reads a stable shape.
+	exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
+	if !ok || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError with Detail, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want invalid_argument", verr.Subtype)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "unknown_flag" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.Type = %q, want unknown_flag", exitErr.Detail.Type)
 	}
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitValidation)
+	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected detail to be map[string]any, got %T", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
 	}
-	if len(verr.Params) != 1 || verr.Params[0].Name != "--badflag" {
-		t.Errorf("params = %v, want one entry named --badflag", verr.Params)
+	if detail["unknown"] != "--badflag" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.unknown = %v, want --badflag", detail["unknown"])
+	}
+	if got, _ := detail["unknown_flags"].([]string); len(got) != 1 || got[0] != "--badflag" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.unknown_flags = %v, want [--badflag]", detail["unknown_flags"])
+	}
+	for _, key := range []string{"suggestions", "valid_flags"} {
+		if _, present := detail[key]; !present {
+			t.Errorf("detail.%s missing; must be present (empty) to match the unknown_flag schema", key)
+		}
 	}
 }

@@ -164,21 +172,25 @@ func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_ValidFlagWithoutSubcommandIsStructured(t *testing
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected a structured missing_subcommand error, got nil (help fallthrough)")
 	}
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitValidation)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "missing subcommand") {
-		t.Errorf("message = %q, want it to mention a missing subcommand", verr.Message)
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "missing_subcommand" {
+		t.Fatalf("detail.Type = %v, want missing_subcommand", exitErr.Detail)
 	}
-	if len(verr.Params) != 1 || verr.Params[0].Name != "--query" {
-		t.Errorf("params = %v, want one entry named --query", verr.Params)
+	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("detail is not a map: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "lark-cli drive") {
-		t.Errorf("message = %q, want it to name the group path", verr.Message)
+	if flags, _ := detail["flags"].([]string); len(flags) != 1 || flags[0] != "--query" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.flags = %v, want [--query]", detail["flags"])
+	}
+	if detail["command_path"] != "lark-cli drive" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.command_path = %v, want lark-cli drive", detail["command_path"])
 	}
 }

@@ -229,23 +241,45 @@ func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_UnknownReturnsStructuredError(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for unknown subcommand")
 	}

-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("expected exit code %d, got %d", output.ExitValidation, output.ExitCodeOf(err))
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("expected exit code %d, got %d", output.ExitValidation, exitErr.Code)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, `"+bogus"`) {
-		t.Errorf("message should echo the unknown token, got %q", verr.Message)
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected ExitError to carry Detail")
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "lark-cli drive") {
-		t.Errorf("message should name the group path, got %q", verr.Message)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "unknown_subcommand" {
+		t.Errorf("expected Detail.Type=unknown_subcommand, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, `"+bogus"`) {
+		t.Errorf("message should echo the unknown token, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
 	}
 	// "+bogus" has no close neighbor among drive's subcommands, so the hint falls
-	// back to pointing at --help (suggestions, when present, are folded into hint).
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "--help") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should guide to --help when there is no suggestion, got %q", verr.Hint)
+	// back to pointing at --help; the full machine-readable list lives in
+	// detail.available below (which also excludes hidden commands).
+	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "--help") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should guide to --help when there is no suggestion, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+	}
+
+	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected Detail.Detail to be map[string]any, got %T", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+	}
+	if detail["unknown"] != "+bogus" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.unknown should be +bogus, got %v", detail["unknown"])
+	}
+	if detail["command_path"] != "lark-cli drive" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.command_path should be %q, got %v", "lark-cli drive", detail["command_path"])
+	}
+	available, ok := detail["available"].([]string)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("detail.available should be []string, got %T", detail["available"])
+	}
+	if len(available) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 3 available entries (hidden excluded), got %d: %v", len(available), available)
 	}
 }

@@ -254,12 +288,13 @@ func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_NestedResourceGroup(t *testing.T) {
 	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(root)

 	err := files.RunE(files, []string{"bogus"})
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError on nested group, got %T", err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError on nested group, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "lark-cli drive files") {
-		t.Errorf("message should reflect the nested resource path, got %q", verr.Message)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)["command_path"] != "lark-cli drive files" {
+		t.Errorf("command_path should reflect the nested resource, got %v",
+			exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)["command_path"])
 	}
 }

@@ -302,10 +337,10 @@ func TestAvailableSubcommandNames_SplitsDeprecatedGroup(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-// unknownSubcommandRunE ranks suggestions across both current and deprecated
-// subcommands so a mistyped legacy alias resolves; the closest match is folded
-// into the hint.
-func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_SuggestsAcrossDeprecatedBucket(t *testing.T) {
+// unknownSubcommandRunE must split current vs deprecated subcommands into
+// separate detail buckets, while suggestions still rank across both so a
+// mistyped legacy alias resolves.
+func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_SplitsDeprecatedBucket(t *testing.T) {
 	svc := &cobra.Command{Use: "sheets"}
 	svc.AddGroup(&cobra.Group{ID: cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID, Title: "Deprecated"})
 	svc.AddCommand(
@@ -314,26 +349,31 @@ func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_SuggestsAcrossDeprecatedBucket(t *testing.T) {
 	)

 	err := unknownSubcommandRunE(svc, []string{"+reat"})
-	var verr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	// "+reat" is closest to the deprecated +read: the candidate must surface
-	// both as a machine-readable param suggestion (for agent retry) and in the
-	// hint, proving ranking spans the deprecated bucket.
-	if len(verr.Params) != 1 || verr.Params[0].Name != "+reat" {
-		t.Fatalf("params = %v, want one entry named +reat (the offending subcommand)", verr.Params)
+	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("detail is not a map: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
 	}
-	foundSuggestion := false
-	for _, s := range verr.Params[0].Suggestions {
+
+	if available, _ := detail["available"].([]string); len(available) != 1 || available[0] != "+cells-get" {
+		t.Errorf("available = %v, want [+cells-get]", available)
+	}
+	deprecated, ok := detail["deprecated"].([]string)
+	if !ok || len(deprecated) != 1 || deprecated[0] != "+read" {
+		t.Errorf("deprecated = %v, want [+read]", deprecated)
+	}
+	// suggestions rank across both buckets: "+reat" is closest to +read.
+	suggestions, _ := detail["suggestions"].([]string)
+	found := false
+	for _, s := range suggestions {
 		if s == "+read" {
-			foundSuggestion = true
+			found = true
 		}
 	}
-	if !foundSuggestion {
-		t.Errorf("Params[0].Suggestions should include +read, got %v", verr.Params[0].Suggestions)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "+read") {
-		t.Errorf("hint %q should suggest +read (typo target across deprecated bucket)", verr.Hint)
+	if !found {
+		t.Errorf("suggestions %v should include +read (typo target)", suggestions)
 	}
 }
--- a/cmd/update/update.go
+++ b/cmd/update/update.go
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -133,14 +132,12 @@ func updateRun(opts *UpdateOptions) error {
 	// 1. Fetch latest version
 	latest, err := fetchLatest()
 	if err != nil {
-		return reportError(opts, io, "network",
-			errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "failed to check latest version: %s", err).WithCause(err))
+		return reportError(opts, io, output.ExitNetwork, "network", "failed to check latest version: %s", err)
 	}

 	// 2. Validate version format
 	if update.ParseVersion(latest) == nil {
-		return reportError(opts, io, "update_error",
-			errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "invalid version from registry: %s", latest))
+		return reportError(opts, io, output.ExitInternal, "update_error", "invalid version from registry: %s", latest)
 	}

 	// 3. Compare versions
@@ -169,18 +166,15 @@ func updateRun(opts *UpdateOptions) error {

 // --- Output helpers ---

-// reportError emits the failure on the requested surface: JSON mode prints the
-// {ok:false, error:{type, message}} envelope to stdout and signals the typed
-// error's exit code bare; human mode returns the typed error for the
-// dispatcher to render.
-func reportError(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, errType string, typedErr errs.TypedError) error {
+func reportError(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, exitCode int, errType, format string, args ...interface{}) error {
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
 	if opts.JSON {
 		output.PrintJson(io.Out, map[string]interface{}{
-			"ok": false, "error": map[string]interface{}{"type": errType, "message": typedErr.ProblemDetail().Message},
+			"ok": false, "error": map[string]interface{}{"type": errType, "message": msg},
 		})
-		return output.ErrBare(output.ExitCodeOf(typedErr))
+		return output.ErrBare(exitCode)
 	}
-	return typedErr
+	return output.Errorf(exitCode, errType, "%s", msg)
 }

 func reportCheckResult(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest string, canAutoUpdate bool) error {
@@ -234,8 +228,7 @@ func doManualUpdate(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest stri
 func doNpmUpdate(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest string, updater *selfupdate.Updater) error {
 	restore, err := updater.PrepareSelfReplace()
 	if err != nil {
-		return reportError(opts, io, "update_error",
-			errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "failed to prepare update: %s", err).WithCause(err))
+		return reportError(opts, io, output.ExitAPI, "update_error", "failed to prepare update: %s", err)
 	}

 	if !opts.JSON {
--- a/cmd/update/update_test.go
+++ b/cmd/update/update_test.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -335,88 +334,13 @@ func TestUpdateFetchError_Human(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected non-nil error, got nil")
 	}
-	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(err, &netErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if netErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", netErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitNetwork {
+		t.Errorf("expected ExitNetwork (%d), got %d", output.ExitNetwork, exitErr.Code)
 	}
-	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitNetwork {
-		t.Errorf("expected ExitNetwork (%d), got %d", output.ExitNetwork, got)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestUpdateInvalidVersion_Human verifies a malformed registry version surfaces
-// as a typed internal error in human mode, keeping the legacy exit code 5.
-func TestUpdateInvalidVersion_Human(t *testing.T) {
-	f, _, _ := newTestFactory(t)
-	cmd := NewCmdUpdate(f)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{})
-
-	origFetch := fetchLatest
-	fetchLatest = func() (string, error) { return "not-a-version", nil }
-	defer func() { fetchLatest = origFetch }()
-
-	cmd.SilenceErrors = true
-	cmd.SilenceUsage = true
-
-	err := cmd.Execute()
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected non-nil error, got nil")
-	}
-	var intErr *errs.InternalError
-	if !errors.As(err, &intErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if intErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", intErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
-	}
-	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitInternal {
-		t.Errorf("expected ExitInternal (%d), got %d", output.ExitInternal, got)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestReportError pins reportError's two surfaces after the typed migration:
-// human mode returns the typed error unchanged; JSON mode prints the legacy
-// {ok:false, error:{type, message}} envelope and exits bare with the typed
-// error's exit code (parity with the legacy explicit exit-code argument).
-func TestReportError(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("human mode returns the typed error", func(t *testing.T) {
-		f, _, _ := newTestFactory(t)
-		typed := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "failed to prepare update: disk full")
-		err := reportError(&UpdateOptions{JSON: false}, f.IOStreams, "update_error", typed)
-		var apiErr *errs.APIError
-		if !errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
-			t.Fatalf("expected *errs.APIError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-		}
-		if apiErr != typed {
-			t.Errorf("reportError must return the typed error unchanged")
-		}
-		if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitAPI {
-			t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitAPI, legacy parity)", got, output.ExitAPI)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("json mode prints envelope and exits bare with typed code", func(t *testing.T) {
-		f, stdout, _ := newTestFactory(t)
-		typed := errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "failed to check latest version: timeout")
-		err := reportError(&UpdateOptions{JSON: true}, f.IOStreams, "network", typed)
-		var bareErr *output.BareError
-		if !errors.As(err, &bareErr) {
-			t.Fatalf("expected bare *output.BareError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-		}
-		if bareErr.Code != output.ExitNetwork {
-			t.Errorf("bare exit code = %d, want %d", bareErr.Code, output.ExitNetwork)
-		}
-		out := stdout.String()
-		if !strings.Contains(out, `"type": "network"`) && !strings.Contains(out, `"type":"network"`) {
-			t.Errorf("JSON envelope missing type, got: %s", out)
-		}
-		if !strings.Contains(out, "failed to check latest version: timeout") {
-			t.Errorf("JSON envelope missing message, got: %s", out)
-		}
-	})
 }

 func TestUpdateInvalidVersion_JSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -579,12 +503,12 @@ func TestUpdateNpmVerifyFail_JSON_NoRestoreHintWhenBackupUnavailable(t *testing.
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected verification failure")
 	}
-	var bareErr *output.BareError
-	if !errors.As(err, &bareErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.BareError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if bareErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI (%d), got %d", output.ExitAPI, bareErr.Code)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI (%d), got %d", output.ExitAPI, exitErr.Code)
 	}

 	out := stdout.String()
--- a/errs/ERROR_CONTRACT.md
+++ b/errs/ERROR_CONTRACT.md
@@ -6,16 +6,25 @@ envelope on stderr; **protocol adapters** mapping CLI errors into MCP /
 OAuth shapes; and **framework + business code** producing errors. This file
 is the single source of truth for all three.

-Something off in production? See **Troubleshooting**.
+This document describes the **typed authoring target**. The refactor lands
+in stages; some boundaries (e.g. `client.WrapDoAPIError`) still operate on
+legacy shapes today — see **Migration** for what is live in each stage.
+
+Migrating an `*output.ExitError` call site? See **Migration**. Something off
+in production? See **Troubleshooting**.

 ## Invariants

 1. Every error belongs to exactly one **Category**. The set is closed
   (`errs/category.go`); adding a member requires deliberate review.
-2. Every typed error has a **Subtype** — a stable
+2. Every **newly constructed** typed error has a **Subtype** — a stable
   lowercase-with-underscores identifier declared in `errs/subtypes*.go`.
-   Undeclared subtypes fail CI. Every error path constructs a typed
-   `*errs.*` error at its origin, so the constraint applies uniformly.
+   Undeclared subtypes fail CI. The constraint applies only to typed
+   `*errs.*` literals; stage-1 legacy `*core.ConfigError` flows via the
+   dispatcher's `asExitError` → legacy envelope path (not the typed
+   taxonomy) and is unaffected. `errcompat.PromoteConfigError` is a
+   stage-1 passthrough; its stage-2+ typed migration will subject the
+   promoted typed error to this Subtype constraint at that time.
 3. **`Category` + `Subtype`** are wire-stable identifiers consumers may
   branch on. Renaming either is a breaking change.
 4. `Code` is the upstream numeric code when known (e.g. Lark API code).
@@ -26,10 +35,11 @@ Something off in production? See **Troubleshooting**.
   unchanged across the `errors.As` / `errors.Unwrap` chain.
 7. For the typed-envelope path, exit codes derive from `Category` only
   via `output.ExitCodeForCategory` — including `SecurityPolicyError`,
-   which exits `6` via `CategoryPolicy`. `output.ErrBare(code)` is the
-   exception: it constructs an `*output.BareError`, a deliberate
-   silent-exit signal (stdout already carries the answer) that bypasses
-   the envelope (see **Predicate commands** below).
+   which exits `6` via `CategoryPolicy`. Unmigrated `*output.ExitError`
+   producers still carry a hand-set `Code` until they finish migrating.
+   `output.ErrBare(code)` is the lone exception: a deliberate
+   predicate-command signal that bypasses the envelope (see
+   **Predicate commands** below).

 ## Wire format

@@ -63,14 +73,13 @@ Typed errors render to **stderr** as one JSON object per process exit:
 | `error.hint` | informational | actionable recovery guidance |
 | `error.log_id` | informational | upstream request id (server-side trace) |
 | `error.retryable` | wire-stable | `true` when present; omitted when `false` |
-| `error.param` | per-Subtype-stable | single offending parameter (`ValidationError`); see **Validation parameters** |
-| `error.params` | per-Subtype-stable | per-parameter validation detail array (`ValidationError`); see **Validation parameters** |
 | per-Subtype extension fields | per-Subtype-stable | e.g. `missing_scopes`, `console_url`, `challenge_url` |

 `SecurityPolicyError` renders through the same typed envelope as every
 other category. `error.type` is `"policy"`, `error.subtype` is one of
 `challenge_required` / `access_denied`, and process exit is `6` via
-`CategoryPolicy`.
+`CategoryPolicy`. The legacy `auth_error` envelope at exit `1` has been
+retired.

 ## Categories

@@ -110,21 +119,20 @@ Canonical mapping: `internal/output/exitcode.go` `ExitCodeForCategory`.
     │
     ▼
  cmd/root.go handleRootError dispatches:
+     ├─ output.ErrBare(code)      → no envelope (stdout already written); exit = code
     ├─ typed (errs.ProblemOf)    → typed JSON envelope; exit = ExitCodeOf(err)
-     │     (includes *errs.SecurityPolicyError → policy envelope, exit 6;
-     │      *errs.ConfigError, constructed typed at origin)
-     ├─ *output.PartialFailureError → no stderr envelope (ok:false result already on stdout); exit = code
-     ├─ *output.BareError         → no envelope (stdout already written); exit = code
-     └─ Cobra usage error         → typed validation envelope (invalid_argument); exit 2
+     │     (includes *errs.SecurityPolicyError → policy envelope, exit 6)
+     ├─ *core.ConfigError         → promoted to typed via errcompat ↑
+     ├─ *output.ExitError         → legacy JSON envelope; exit = exitErr.Code
+     └─ untyped / Cobra error     → plain "Error: <msg>" (no envelope); exit 1
 ```

-The dispatcher emits a JSON envelope on stderr for both the typed branch and
-residual Cobra usage errors (missing required flag, unknown command,
-argument validation): the latter are classified into a typed validation
-envelope (`invalid_argument`) and exit `2`, matching the explicit flag and
-subcommand guards.
+Only the typed and `*output.ExitError` branches emit a JSON envelope on
+stderr. Untyped errors (including Cobra's "required flag missing" / unknown
+subcommand messages) print plain text and exit `1` — consumers must
+tolerate that fallback.

-### Predicate commands (`output.BareError`)
+### Predicate commands (`output.ErrBare`)

 A small class of commands is **predicates**: they answer a yes/no
 question and signal the answer through the shell exit code so callers
@@ -134,27 +142,19 @@ example — its `README` contract is `exit 0 = ok, 1 = missing`.
 These commands deliberately:

 1. write a structured JSON answer to **stdout** themselves, and
-2. return `output.ErrBare(exitCode)` — an `*output.BareError` — to
-   communicate the exit code to the dispatcher without producing a
-   `stderr` envelope.
+2. return `output.ErrBare(exitCode)` to communicate the exit code to
+   the dispatcher without producing a `stderr` envelope.

-`*output.BareError` is **not** an error in the typed-envelope sense — it
-carries no category, subtype, or message, only an exit code. It is a
-one-bit output-control signal that lives outside the contract for the
-same reason `grep -q` / `diff` / `systemctl is-active` set non-zero exit
-codes without printing anything to stderr: pollution of stderr by a
+`output.ErrBare` is **not** an error in the typed-envelope sense — it
+carries no category, subtype, or message. It is a one-bit output-
+control signal that lives outside the contract for the same reason
+`grep -q` / `diff` / `systemctl is-active` set non-zero exit codes
+without printing anything to stderr: pollution of stderr by a
 predicate's negative answer would break `2>/dev/null` log hygiene in
 caller scripts.

-A second class also uses `ErrBare`: a command that emits its own complete
-structured result envelope on **stdout** under `--json` (e.g. `update`, whose
-`{ok:false, error:{type, message}}` is its established output shape) and needs
-only the exit code conveyed, with no `stderr` envelope. Like a predicate, its
-answer is already on stdout; `ErrBare` carries the exit code alone.
-
-New code should not reach for `ErrBare` unless the command's full answer is
-already on stdout — a predicate's yes/no, or a self-contained result envelope
-as above. Anything whose error content must reach the caller on `stderr`
+New code should not reach for `ErrBare` unless the command is
+genuinely a predicate. Anything carrying recoverable error content
 belongs in a typed `*errs.XxxError` — or, for a batch result, in the
 partial-failure outcome below.

@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ exitCode := output.ExitCodeOf(err) // ExitInternal for non-typed errors
 out=$(lark-cli ... 2>&1)
 code=$?

-# Defensive guard: tolerate any non-JSON output before parsing with jq.
+# Untyped / Cobra errors print plain text — guard before jq.
 if ! jq -e . >/dev/null 2>&1 <<<"$out"; then
    printf '%s\n' "$out" >&2
    exit "$code"
@@ -303,10 +303,9 @@ Do not pick exit codes by hand in new typed producers — `ExitCodeForCategory`
 maps `Category` to the shell code. A new exit-code requirement means a
 new `Category`, not a one-off override at the call site.

-(The only exits not derived from `Category` are the
-`*output.BareError` and the `*output.PartialFailureError` signals, which
-carry their own code by design and sit outside the typed-envelope contract —
-see **Predicate commands**.)
+(Legacy `*output.ExitError` retains hand-set codes until removal;
+`SecurityPolicyError` retains a hand-set code on main until the framework
+migration PR retires the carve-out — see **Migration**.)

 #### Split `Message`, `Hint`, and `Cause`

@@ -341,54 +340,15 @@ Message: fmt.Sprintf("request failed: %v — retry later", ioErr)
 // conflates what + what-to-do + cause into one string
 ```

-#### Validation parameters: `Param` and `Params`
+#### `ValidationError.Param` uses the `--flag` form

-`ValidationError` carries two additive parameter fields. Both are
-optional; a producer sets whichever fits the failure.
+When a `*ValidationError` originates from a flag value, `Param` holds the
+flag name with leading dashes (`"--priority"`, not `"priority"`). AI
+agents grep this field literally to surface "the bad flag was `--X`".

-**`Param string` (wire `param`)** — the single offending parameter. When a
-`*ValidationError` originates from a flag value, `Param` holds the flag
-name with leading dashes (`"--priority"`, not `"priority"`). AI agents
-grep this field literally to surface "the bad flag was `--X`". For
-positional arguments, use the canonical name without dashes
+For positional arguments, use the canonical name without dashes
 (`"target_user_id"`).

-**`Params []InvalidParam` (wire `params`)** — per-parameter validation
-detail, for failures that need to report *which* parameters failed and
-*why*, one entry each. Each `errs.InvalidParam` is
-`{Name, Reason string, Suggestions []string}`: `Name` identifies the
-parameter, `Reason` states why it failed, and the optional `Suggestions`
-(wire `suggestions`, omitted when empty) carries ranked candidate
-corrections an agent can retry with — the did-you-mean candidates for an
-unknown flag or subcommand — without parsing the human-facing `hint`. This
-is the CLI's rendering of the RFC 7807 `invalid-params` extension member
-(RFC 7807 §3.1). The wire key is `params`, not `invalid_params`: the
-enclosing envelope already carries `type:"validation"`, so the `invalid_`
-qualifier would be redundant on the wire.
-
-`Param` and `Params` are independent additive fields, not alternates of a
-single representation. Use `Param` for the common single-parameter error;
-use `Params` when one failure spans several parameters or needs a
-per-parameter reason. Set with `.WithParam("--flag")` / `.WithParams(...)`.
-
-A `params` wire example (multiple parameters each carrying a reason):
-
-```json
-{
-  "ok": false,
-  "identity": "user",
-  "error": {
-    "type": "validation",
-    "subtype": "invalid_argument",
-    "message": "2 parameters failed validation",
-    "params": [
-      { "name": "--start", "reason": "expected RFC3339, got \"yesterday\"" },
-      { "name": "--end", "reason": "must be after --start" }
-    ]
-  }
-}
-```
-
 ### Constructing typed errors

 Prefer the **builder API**. The constructor pins `Category` + `Subtype` +
@@ -418,11 +378,44 @@ them on the dynamic dispatch path where a `Problem` value is composed
 once and wrapped per Category branch. Outside that pattern, new code
 should reach for the builder.

-When the validation logic outgrows a single range check — multiple flags,
-format parsing, conditional rules — extract it into a helper that also returns
-the typed `*errs.ValidationError`; the helper, not `Execute`, sets `Param` (a
-helper bound to one shortcut is normal in this codebase; see `parseTimeRange`
-in `shortcuts/calendar/calendar_agenda.go`).
+Legacy helpers (`output.ErrValidation`, `output.ErrAuth`, `output.ErrNetwork`)
+remain callable during migration but are `// Deprecated:` — new code goes
+through the builder.
+
+#### Shortcut `Execute` walkthrough
+
+Adapted from `shortcuts/calendar/calendar_suggestion.go:222`, whose legacy
+form is `output.ErrValidation("--duration-minutes must be between 1 and
+1440")`. The typed migration target (builder form):
+
+```go
+Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+    duration := runtime.Int("duration-minutes")
+    if duration < 1 || duration > 1440 {
+        return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+            "--duration-minutes must be between 1 and 1440, got %d", duration).
+            WithHint("pass a value in [1, 1440]").
+            WithParam("--duration-minutes")
+    }
+
+    _, err := runtime.DoAPI(req, opts)
+    if err != nil {
+        return err // already typed by the framework boundary; propagate
+    }
+    return nil
+}
+```
+
+Two patterns visible: a producer site (the typed `*errs.ValidationError`
+above) and a propagation site (the `return err` after `runtime.DoAPI`,
+applying [Propagate typed errors unchanged](#propagate-typed-errors-unchanged)).
+
+When the validation logic outgrows a single range check — multiple
+flags, format parsing, conditional rules — extract it into a helper that
+also returns the typed `*errs.ValidationError`. The helper, not
+`Execute`, sets `Param` (a helper bound to one shortcut is normal in
+this codebase; see `parseTimeRange` in
+`shortcuts/calendar/calendar_agenda.go:144`).

 ### Wrapping upstream errors

@@ -486,7 +479,7 @@ Rare; the existing structs cover the 9 Categories with room. If you must:

 1. In `errs/types.go`, add a new section with: the struct embedding `errs.Problem`, a nil-receiver-safe `Unwrap()` if it carries `Cause`, a `NewXxxError(subtype, format, args...)` constructor, and one chained `WithX` setter per extension field.
 2. Add an `IsXxx` predicate in `errs/predicates.go`.
-3. Add a wire-format pin in `errs/marshal_test.go` and a builder-chain pin in `errs/types_test.go`.
+3. Add a wire-format pin in `errs/marshal_test.go` and a builder-chain pin in `errs/types_builder_test.go`.

 `CheckProblemEmbed` enforces the `Problem` embed at lint time. New
 top-level wire fields are forbidden — per-Subtype data goes into the
@@ -495,33 +488,19 @@ top level.

 ## CI guards

-Two golangci-lint rules and the custom `errscontract` AST module enforce the
-contract; CI runs all three on every PR.
+| Check | Enforces | Where |
+|-------|----------|-------|
+| forbidigo | business path (`shortcuts/**`, `cmd/service/**`) must not call legacy `output.*` error constructors — route through the typed classifier | `.golangci.yml` |
+| `CheckProblemEmbed` | every exported `*Error` embeds `errs.Problem` | `lint/errscontract/` AST |
+| `CheckNoRegistrar` | no `mergeCodeMeta` / `RegisterServiceMap` from service code | `lint/errscontract/` AST |
+| `CheckAdHocSubtype` | `ad_hoc_*` Subtypes labeled for promotion (warn) | `lint/errscontract/` AST |
+| `CheckDeclaredSubtype` | every `Subtype:` value is a declared constant or `ad_hoc_*` | `lint/errscontract/` AST |
+| `CheckTypedErrorCompleteness` | every `*errs.<X>Error{Problem: errs.Problem{...}}` literal must set `Category`, `Subtype`, and `Message` | `lint/errscontract/` AST |

-**golangci-lint** — scopes are defined in `.golangci.yml` (not duplicated here,
-so this spec cannot drift from the lint config):
-
-| Rule | Enforces |
-|------|----------|
-| forbidigo `errs-no-bare-wrap` | a command / wire-boundary final error must be typed (`errs.NewXxxError`), never a bare `fmt.Errorf` / `errors.New`; a genuine intermediate wrap opts out with `//nolint:forbidigo` + a reason |
-| errorlint | every error wrap uses `%w` and every comparison uses `errors.Is` / `errors.As` — interior wraps stay legal but cannot break the `errors.Unwrap` chain the typed boundary relies on |
-
-**errscontract** (`lint/errscontract/`, a separate Go module so its
-`golang.org/x/tools` dependency stays out of the shipped binary; run locally
-with `go run -C lint . ..`):
-
-| Check | Enforces |
-|-------|----------|
-| `CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral` / `CheckNoLegacyCommonHelperCall` / `CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall` | the removed `output.*` legacy error surface cannot be reintroduced anywhere |
-| `CheckProblemEmbed` | every exported `*Error` embeds `errs.Problem` |
-| `CheckDeclaredSubtype` | every `Subtype:` value is a declared constant (or `ad_hoc_*`) |
-| `CheckTypedErrorCompleteness` | every typed-error struct literal sets `Category`, `Subtype`, and `Message` |
-| `CheckAdHocSubtype` | `ad_hoc_*` Subtypes flagged for promotion (warning) |
-| `CheckNoRegistrar` | no `mergeCodeMeta` / `RegisterServiceMap` from service code |
-
-`errscontract` also carries framework-internal invariants (nil-safe `Unwrap`,
-builder immutability, unwrap symmetry); see `lint/errscontract/` for the full
-set and `lint/README.md` for adding a new lint domain.
+CI runs `lint/` on every PR. Locally: `go run -C lint . ..`. The
+lintcheck CLI lives in its own Go module so its `golang.org/x/tools`
+dependency stays out of the shipped `lark-cli` binary's module graph;
+see `lint/README.md` for how to add a new lint domain.

 ## Stability

@@ -531,13 +510,67 @@ set and `lint/README.md` for adding a new lint domain.
 | Additive | new Category, new declared Subtype, new extension field on an existing struct | minor release; consumers ignore unknown fields by contract |
 | Experimental | `ad_hoc_*` Subtypes; fields documented as such in `errs/types.go` | may change or be promoted/removed within one release |

+The deprecated `*output.ExitError` surface is outside these tiers — it
+will be removed once business migration completes.
+
+## Migration
+
+**Strategy shift (2026-05-26).** The original plan (`docs/design/errors-refactor/spec.md` v2.12 §9) was a centrally-driven 4-PR rollout — framework → auth domain → multi-pilot → full-repo + legacy removal. That plan is **superseded** by a hybrid model: framework owner ships framework-level hardening (including a typed `*errs.*Error` migration of `internal/**`) as one focused PR; business-domain typed migration is **self-service** via [`docs/errors-guide.md`](../docs/errors-guide.md) and the builder API, with no central sweep timeline.
+
+Why the shift: 800+ legacy call sites split across 8+ business domains do not all share a single reviewer's bandwidth, and the contract is now expressive enough that each domain owner can migrate their own code from the guide without coordinating with framework owner.
+
+### Current state
+
+1. **Framework slice — ✅ shipped (PR #984).** The `errs/` typed taxonomy, classifier (`internal/errclass`), promotion stub (`internal/errcompat`, passthrough), dispatcher hook (`WriteTypedErrorEnvelope`), and the `lint/errscontract` AST guards. Wire shapes preserved byte-for-byte versus pre-PR, with **one intentional semantic fix**: config-class errors (`*core.ConfigError`) now exit `3` instead of `2`, aligning with `ExitCodeForCategory` (config errors share the auth exit slot per the taxonomy). The classifier and promote helpers are *shipped but unused* in production paths — they exist so framework migration can plug in without re-architecting.
+
+2. **Builder API — ✅ shipped (this branch).** `errs/types.go` adds the canonical producer surface (`errs.NewXxxError(subtype, format, args...).WithX(...)`) for all 10 typed types, alongside each struct declaration. Constructor signature pins `Category` (via function name) and `Subtype` + `Message` (positional), so the producer cannot mis-specify any of the three identity fields. Optional fields chain through `.WithX(...)` setters that preserve the concrete pointer type.
+
+### Next: framework migration PR (planned)
+
+A single PR consolidates the work the original §9 spec split across PRs 2–4 — restricted to framework code, no business sweep:
+
+- **Migrate `internal/**` typed construction to the builder API.** ~16 call sites in `internal/errclass/classify.go` (BuildAPIError fanout), `internal/auth/transport.go` (SecurityPolicy), `internal/auth/uat_client.go`, `internal/errcompat/promote*.go`, `internal/client/client.go`, `internal/client/api_errors.go`.
+- **Land the framework-side semantic changes** previously scoped to spec §9 PR 2: `SecurityPolicyError` exit `1→6`, `WrapDoAPIError` typed (`*NetworkError` with subtype timeout/tls/dns/server_error/transport, `*InternalError` for JSON-decode), `WrapJSONResponseParseError` typed, `errcompat.PromoteConfigError` real Type routing, `PromoteAuthError` helper + dispatcher wiring, 10 credential Lark codes registered in codeMeta, 99991543 config classification, `resolveAccessToken` typed `*AuthenticationError`, `BuildAPIError` filling `*PermissionError.MissingScopes` / `Identity` / `ConsoleURL`, deletion of `scopeAwareChecker`.
+- **Add `forbidigo` rule** banning `output.Err*` constructors in `shortcuts/**` and `cmd/**` (mirrors the contract that new business code must use the builder).
+- **CHANGELOG** lists the resulting ~10 shell-exit-code shifts in one release entry (vs the spec §1 spread of 11 — the remaining one site lives in `task` business code).
+
+### Business-domain migration (self-service, no central timeline)
+
+Each business package migrates its own `output.Err*` call sites to the builder when convenient — typically batched within one domain. The guide at [`docs/errors-guide.md`](../docs/errors-guide.md) walks owners through the 8 typical error modes (validation / authorization / authentication / config / network / api / internal / policy) with real `file:line` examples from main. The three-layer extension model (add Subtype / add field / add Category) handles cases the existing taxonomy does not cover.
+
+Helper assertions accept both shapes during migration (see `shortcuts/mail/mail_shortcut_validation_test.go` `assertValidationError`) so domain migrations stay green incrementally.
+
+### Legacy removal
+
+Deferred until business migration completion approaches the asymptote. `Errorf`, `ErrAPI`, `ErrAuth`, `ErrWithHint`, `ErrBare`, `ClassifyLarkError`, `ErrDetail`, `ExitError`, and `ErrorEnvelope` are `// Deprecated:` today and stay callable. No fixed removal date.
+
+### Before / after at a call site
+
+```go
+// before (legacy)
+return output.ErrAPI(larkCode, "create event failed", resp.RawBody())
+
+// after (typed) — cc carries Brand / AppID / Identity from the caller's context
+return errclass.BuildAPIError(parsedResp, cc)
+```
+
+```go
+// before (legacy validation)
+return output.ErrValidation("--duration-minutes must be between 1 and 1440")
+
+// after (builder)
+return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+    "--duration-minutes must be between 1 and 1440, got %d", duration).
+    WithParam("--duration-minutes")
+```
+
 ## Troubleshooting

 **Envelope shows `type=api subtype=unknown` for what should be a more
 specific category.** The Lark code is unknown to `LookupCodeMeta` and fell
 through to the generic bucket (`internal/errclass/classify.go`). Add the
 code to `internal/errclass/codemeta_<service>.go` with the right Category
-and Subtype, plus a dispatch test in `internal/errclass/classify_test.go`.
+and Subtype, plus a dispatch test in `classify_test.go`.

 **Envelope shows `type=internal subtype=sdk_error`.** Origin is
 `client.WrapDoAPIError` taking the non-transport branch
@@ -580,6 +613,8 @@ string cannot be classified retroactively.
 - *Add a new condition?* → **Add a Subtype**
 - *Consume from a shell script?* → **Consumers / Shell / AI**
 - *Understand or fix a CI failure?* → **CI guards**
+- *Migrate a legacy `ExitError` call site?* → **Migration** + the
+  Deprecated note on the symbol being replaced.
 - *Read source.* → `errs/doc.go` → `errs/category.go` → `errs/types.go`
  → `errs/predicates.go` → `internal/errclass/` →
  `cmd/root.go` `handleRootError`.
--- a/errs/raw.go
+++ b/errs/raw.go
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package errs
-
-import "errors"
-
-// rawPassthrough marks an error as raw passthrough: the dispatcher must not
-// rewrite its message or hint with local enrichment. Raw is
-// dispatcher-internal routing state, not a wire field. It is deliberately not
-// a typed taxonomy error (no embedded Problem) — it only wraps one.
-type rawPassthrough struct{ err error }
-
-func (e *rawPassthrough) Error() string { return e.err.Error() }
-func (e *rawPassthrough) Unwrap() error { return e.err }
-
-// MarkRaw wraps err as raw passthrough. MarkRaw(nil) returns nil.
-func MarkRaw(err error) error {
-	if err == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return &rawPassthrough{err: err}
-}
-
-// IsRaw reports whether err or any error in its chain is marked raw.
-func IsRaw(err error) bool {
-	var raw *rawPassthrough
-	return errors.As(err, &raw)
-}
--- a/errs/raw_test.go
+++ b/errs/raw_test.go
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package errs_test
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-)
-
-func TestMarkRawNilReturnsNil(t *testing.T) {
-	if got := errs.MarkRaw(nil); got != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("MarkRaw(nil) = %v, want nil", got)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestIsRaw(t *testing.T) {
-	base := fmt.Errorf("boom")
-
-	if !errs.IsRaw(errs.MarkRaw(base)) {
-		t.Errorf("IsRaw(MarkRaw(err)) = false, want true")
-	}
-	if errs.IsRaw(base) {
-		t.Errorf("IsRaw(bare err) = true, want false")
-	}
-	if errs.IsRaw(nil) {
-		t.Errorf("IsRaw(nil) = true, want false")
-	}
-
-	// Raw marking survives further wrapping above it in the chain.
-	wrapped := fmt.Errorf("outer: %w", errs.MarkRaw(base))
-	if !errs.IsRaw(wrapped) {
-		t.Errorf("IsRaw(wrap(MarkRaw(err))) = false, want true")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMarkRawPreservesErrorMessage(t *testing.T) {
-	base := fmt.Errorf("boom")
-	if got := errs.MarkRaw(base).Error(); got != "boom" {
-		t.Fatalf("MarkRaw(err).Error() = %q, want %q", got, "boom")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMarkRawPreservesErrorsIsChain(t *testing.T) {
-	sentinel := errors.New("sentinel")
-	wrapped := fmt.Errorf("ctx: %w", sentinel)
-
-	if !errors.Is(errs.MarkRaw(wrapped), sentinel) {
-		t.Fatalf("errors.Is(MarkRaw(err), sentinel) = false, want true")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProblemOfPunchesThroughMarkRaw(t *testing.T) {
-	typed := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "bad flag")
-	raw := errs.MarkRaw(typed)
-
-	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(raw)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("ProblemOf(MarkRaw(typed)) ok = false, want true")
-	}
-	if p.Category != errs.CategoryValidation {
-		t.Errorf("ProblemOf(MarkRaw(typed)).Category = %v, want %v", p.Category, errs.CategoryValidation)
-	}
-
-	// errors.As still finds the concrete typed error through the raw wrapper.
-	var ve *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(raw, &ve) {
-		t.Errorf("errors.As(MarkRaw(typed), *ValidationError) = false, want true")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestMarkRawUnwrapsToInnerTypedError pins the envelope-serialization
-// contract: UnwrapTypedError must return the inner concrete typed error,
-// not the rawPassthrough wrapper. The wrapper has no exported fields, so if it
-// were returned the JSON envelope would marshal to an empty "{}" error.
-func TestMarkRawUnwrapsToInnerTypedError(t *testing.T) {
-	base := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "bad flag")
-	typed, ok := errs.UnwrapTypedError(errs.MarkRaw(base))
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatal("UnwrapTypedError(MarkRaw(typed)) must find a typed error")
-	}
-	out, err := json.Marshal(typed)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if string(out) == "{}" {
-		t.Fatalf("UnwrapTypedError returned the opaque rawPassthrough wrapper; envelope would be empty: %s", out)
-	}
-	if got := errs.CategoryOf(typed); got != errs.CategoryValidation {
-		t.Fatalf("unwrapped category = %q, want validation", got)
-	}
-}
--- a/errs/subtypes.go
+++ b/errs/subtypes.go
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ const (
 const (
 	SubtypeChallengeRequired Subtype = "challenge_required" // user must complete browser challenge / MFA
 	SubtypeAccessDenied      Subtype = "access_denied"      // policy denies access outright
-	SubtypeContentSafety     Subtype = "content_safety"     // content-safety scanner blocked output in block mode
 )

 // CategoryInternal subtypes
--- a/errs/types.go
+++ b/errs/types.go
@@ -77,10 +77,6 @@ type ValidationError struct {
 type InvalidParam struct {
 	Name   string `json:"name"`
 	Reason string `json:"reason"`
-	// Suggestions holds machine-readable, ranked candidate corrections for this
-	// parameter (e.g. did-you-mean flags or subcommands), so an agent can retry
-	// without parsing the human-facing hint. Omitted when there are none.
-	Suggestions []string `json:"suggestions,omitempty"`
 }

 // Unwrap exposes the wrapped cause so errors.Unwrap / errors.Is can traverse
--- a/errs/types_test.go
+++ b/errs/types_test.go
@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ func TestSecurityPolicyErrorUnwrap(t *testing.T) {
 // interface would panic when the root dispatcher or any caller walks the
 // errors.Is / errors.Unwrap chain.
 //
-// The doc comments on these types claim "nil-receiver safe"; this test
-// pins that claim so the behavioral comment cannot silently drift from the
-// implementation.
+// The doc comments on these types claim "nil-receiver safe" but until this
+// test landed nothing actually pinned that claim — exactly the
+// behavioral-comment-without-test footgun caught in PR #984 review.
 func TestTypedErrors_UnwrapNilReceiver(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Helper()
 	checks := []struct {
--- a/extension/platform/abort.go
+++ b/extension/platform/abort.go
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import "fmt"

 // AbortError is returned by a Wrapper that wants to short-circuit the
 // command chain (instead of calling next). The framework converts it
-// to a typed errs.* error so the JSON envelope carries the structured
-// fields agents expect.
+// to an *output.ExitError with type "hook" so the JSON envelope carries
+// the structured fields agents expect.
 //
 // HookName is the framework-namespaced name ("secaudit.approval"); the
 // Registrar adds the plugin-name prefix automatically.
--- a/extension/platform/errors.go
+++ b/extension/platform/errors.go
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ import "fmt"

 // CommandDeniedError is the structured error returned by a denyStub. Every
 // pruned-command execution path -- direct invocation, alias expansion,
-// internal call -- returns this exact type. The dispatcher converts it to a
-// typed errs.* error; the Layer field carries the denial layer for the
-// envelope.
+// internal call -- returns this exact type. It is wire-compatible with the
+// output.ExitError envelope via the Layer (== error.type) field and the
+// detail map produced by ExitError().
 //
 // Layer values:
 //
--- a/internal/appmeta/app_callbacks.go
+++ b/internal/appmeta/app_callbacks.go
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package appmeta
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-)
-
-// FetchSubscribedCallbacks returns the app's currently subscribed callback names
-// from application/get. On a successful fetch it always returns a non-nil slice
-// (empty when callback_info is absent or lists no callbacks) so callers can
-// distinguish "fetched, zero callbacks subscribed" — a definitive console state
-// that must fail the precheck — from a fetch error (nil), which is a
-// weak-dependency skip. Identity must be bot: the endpoint is app-level.
-func FetchSubscribedCallbacks(ctx context.Context, client APIClient, appID string) ([]string, error) {
-	path := fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/application/v6/applications/%s?lang=zh_cn", appID)
-	raw, err := client.CallAPI(ctx, "GET", path, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var envelope struct {
-		Data struct {
-			App struct {
-				CallbackInfo *struct {
-					SubscribedCallbacks []string `json:"subscribed_callbacks"`
-				} `json:"callback_info"`
-			} `json:"app"`
-		} `json:"data"`
-	}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &envelope); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode application response: %w", err)
-	}
-	// callback_info also carries callback_type (e.g. "websocket"); it is
-	// intentionally not parsed or validated. Feishu open-platform callbacks are
-	// delivered over WebSocket only (confirmed), matching the CLI's WebSocket
-	// event source, so subscribed_callbacks alone is sufficient for the precheck.
-	// Revisit and validate callback_type if non-WebSocket delivery ever appears.
-	callbacks := []string{}
-	if ci := envelope.Data.App.CallbackInfo; ci != nil {
-		callbacks = append(callbacks, ci.SubscribedCallbacks...)
-	}
-	return callbacks, nil
-}
--- a/internal/appmeta/app_callbacks_test.go
+++ b/internal/appmeta/app_callbacks_test.go
@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package appmeta
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"testing"
-)
-
-var errFakeFetch = errors.New("fake fetch error")
-
-type fakeCallbackClient struct {
-	raw string
-	err error
-}
-
-func (f fakeCallbackClient) CallAPI(_ context.Context, _, _ string, _ interface{}) (json.RawMessage, error) {
-	if f.err != nil {
-		return nil, f.err
-	}
-	return json.RawMessage(f.raw), nil
-}
-
-func TestFetchSubscribedCallbacks_ParsesList(t *testing.T) {
-	raw := `{"code":0,"data":{"app":{"callback_info":{"callback_type":"websocket","subscribed_callbacks":["card.action.trigger","profile.view.get"]}}},"msg":"success"}`
-	got, err := FetchSubscribedCallbacks(context.Background(), fakeCallbackClient{raw: raw}, "cli_x")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected err: %v", err)
-	}
-	want := []string{"card.action.trigger", "profile.view.get"}
-	if len(got) != len(want) {
-		t.Fatalf("got %v, want %v", got, want)
-	}
-	for i := range want {
-		if got[i] != want[i] {
-			t.Errorf("got[%d] = %q, want %q", i, got[i], want[i])
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestFetchSubscribedCallbacks_NoCallbackInfo(t *testing.T) {
-	// A successful fetch with no callback_info means "zero callbacks subscribed",
-	// which must be a non-nil empty slice (distinct from a fetch error's nil) so
-	// the precheck reports a required callback as missing instead of skipping.
-	raw := `{"code":0,"data":{"app":{"app_id":"cli_x"}},"msg":"success"}`
-	got, err := FetchSubscribedCallbacks(context.Background(), fakeCallbackClient{raw: raw}, "cli_x")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected err: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("got nil, want non-nil empty slice")
-	}
-	if len(got) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("got %v, want empty", got)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestFetchSubscribedCallbacks_FetchError(t *testing.T) {
-	// A fetch error must return nil so the caller treats it as a weak-dependency skip.
-	got, err := FetchSubscribedCallbacks(context.Background(), fakeCallbackClient{err: errFakeFetch}, "cli_x")
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error")
-	}
-	if got != nil {
-		t.Errorf("got %v, want nil on fetch error", got)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestFetchSubscribedCallbacks_CallbackInfoPresentButNull(t *testing.T) {
-	// callback_info present but subscribed_callbacks explicitly null → must be
-	// a non-nil empty slice so the precheck reports missing callbacks.
-	raw := `{"code":0,"data":{"app":{"callback_info":{"subscribed_callbacks":null}}},"msg":"success"}`
-	got, err := FetchSubscribedCallbacks(context.Background(), fakeCallbackClient{raw: raw}, "cli_x")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected err: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("got nil, want non-nil empty slice when subscribed_callbacks is null")
-	}
-	if len(got) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("got %v, want empty", got)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestFetchSubscribedCallbacks_CallbackInfoPresentButOmitted(t *testing.T) {
-	// callback_info present but subscribed_callbacks omitted → same as null: non-nil empty.
-	raw := `{"code":0,"data":{"app":{"callback_info":{"callback_type":"websocket"}}},"msg":"success"}`
-	got, err := FetchSubscribedCallbacks(context.Background(), fakeCallbackClient{raw: raw}, "cli_x")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected err: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("got nil, want non-nil empty slice when subscribed_callbacks is omitted")
-	}
-	if len(got) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("got %v, want empty", got)
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/auth/app_registration.go
+++ b/internal/auth/app_registration.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ package auth
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@@ -14,24 +13,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 )

-// Sentinel errors returned by PollAppRegistration so callers can classify a
-// failure (e.g. to decide whether a cached device code should be discarded)
-// via errors.Is without parsing message strings.
-var (
-	// ErrAppRegDenied means the user rejected the app registration.
-	ErrAppRegDenied = errors.New("app registration denied by user")
-	// ErrAppRegExpired means the device code is no longer valid.
-	ErrAppRegExpired = errors.New("device code expired")
-	// ErrAppRegCancelled means polling was cancelled via the context.
-	ErrAppRegCancelled = errors.New("polling was cancelled")
-	// ErrAppRegTimeout means the local polling deadline elapsed.
-	ErrAppRegTimeout = errors.New("app registration timed out")
-)
-
 // AppRegistrationResponse is the response from the app registration begin endpoint.
 type AppRegistrationResponse struct {
 	DeviceCode              string
@@ -79,7 +63,7 @@ func RequestAppRegistration(httpClient *http.Client, brand core.LarkBrand, errOu

 	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "app registration request failed: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 	logHTTPResponse(resp)
@@ -154,13 +138,13 @@ func PollAppRegistration(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, brand cor
 	for time.Now().Before(deadline) && attempts < maxPollAttempts {
 		attempts++
 		if ctx.Err() != nil {
-			return nil, ErrAppRegCancelled
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("polling was cancelled")
 		}

 		select {
 		case <-time.After(time.Duration(currentInterval) * time.Second):
 		case <-ctx.Done():
-			return nil, ErrAppRegCancelled
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("polling was cancelled")
 		}

 		form := url.Values{}
@@ -221,9 +205,9 @@ func PollAppRegistration(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, brand cor
 			fmt.Fprintf(errOut, "[lark-cli] app-registration: slow_down, interval increased to %ds\n", currentInterval)
 			continue
 		case "access_denied":
-			return nil, ErrAppRegDenied
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("app registration denied by user")
 		case "expired_token", "invalid_grant":
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w, please try again", ErrAppRegExpired)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("device code expired, please try again")
 		}

 		desc := getStr(data, "error_description")
@@ -239,5 +223,5 @@ func PollAppRegistration(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, brand cor
 	if attempts >= maxPollAttempts {
 		fmt.Fprintf(errOut, "[lark-cli] [WARN] app-registration: max poll attempts (%d) reached\n", maxPollAttempts)
 	}
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w, please try again", ErrAppRegTimeout)
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("app registration timed out, please try again")
 }
--- a/internal/auth/app_registration_sentinel_test.go
+++ b/internal/auth/app_registration_sentinel_test.go
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package auth
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"net/http"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-)
-
-// stubRoundTripper returns a canned response for every request.
-type stubRoundTripper struct {
-	status int
-	body   string
-}
-
-func (s stubRoundTripper) RoundTrip(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-	return &http.Response{
-		StatusCode: s.status,
-		Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(s.body)),
-		Header:     make(http.Header),
-	}, nil
-}
-
-// TestAppRegSentinelMessages locks the user-facing message text so the
-// interactive create flow (which renders these via "%v") does not regress when
-// the errors gained errors.Is support.
-func TestAppRegSentinelMessages(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := map[string]string{
-		ErrAppRegDenied.Error():                                      "app registration denied by user",
-		ErrAppRegCancelled.Error():                                   "polling was cancelled",
-		fmt.Errorf("%w, please try again", ErrAppRegExpired).Error(): "device code expired, please try again",
-		fmt.Errorf("%w, please try again", ErrAppRegTimeout).Error(): "app registration timed out, please try again",
-	}
-	for got, want := range cases {
-		if got != want {
-			t.Errorf("message = %q, want %q", got, want)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TestPollAppRegistration_Classifies verifies that terminal poll outcomes are
-// returned as the matching sentinel error (interval 0 keeps the test fast).
-func TestPollAppRegistration_Classifies(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		name string
-		body string
-		want error
-	}{
-		{"access_denied", `{"error":"access_denied"}`, ErrAppRegDenied},
-		{"expired_token", `{"error":"expired_token"}`, ErrAppRegExpired},
-		{"invalid_grant", `{"error":"invalid_grant"}`, ErrAppRegExpired},
-	}
-	for _, c := range cases {
-		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			client := &http.Client{Transport: stubRoundTripper{status: 200, body: c.body}}
-			_, err := PollAppRegistration(context.Background(), client, core.BrandFeishu, "dc", 0, 60, io.Discard)
-			if !errors.Is(err, c.want) {
-				t.Fatalf("err = %v, want errors.Is(%v)", err, c.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestPollAppRegistration_Success(t *testing.T) {
-	body := `{"client_id":"cli_x","client_secret":"sec","user_info":{"tenant_brand":"feishu","open_id":"ou_1"}}`
-	client := &http.Client{Transport: stubRoundTripper{status: 200, body: body}}
-	res, err := PollAppRegistration(context.Background(), client, core.BrandFeishu, "dc", 0, 60, io.Discard)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if res.ClientID != "cli_x" || res.ClientSecret != "sec" {
-		t.Errorf("got client_id=%q secret=%q, want cli_x/sec", res.ClientID, res.ClientSecret)
-	}
-	if res.UserInfo == nil || res.UserInfo.TenantBrand != "feishu" {
-		t.Errorf("user info not parsed: %+v", res.UserInfo)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestPollAppRegistration_CancelledContext(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	cancel() // cancel up front
-	client := &http.Client{Transport: stubRoundTripper{status: 200, body: `{"error":"authorization_pending"}`}}
-	_, err := PollAppRegistration(ctx, client, core.BrandFeishu, "dc", 0, 60, io.Discard)
-	if !errors.Is(err, ErrAppRegCancelled) {
-		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want errors.Is(ErrAppRegCancelled)", err)
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/auth/errors.go
+++ b/internal/auth/errors.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package auth
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"

 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -21,10 +22,7 @@ var TokenRetryCodes = map[int]bool{
 	output.LarkErrTokenExpired: true,
 }

-// NeedAuthorizationError is the sentinel preserved in the Cause chain of the
-// typed missing-UAT error so existing errors.As(&NeedAuthorizationError{})
-// consumers keep matching after the construction site moved to the typed
-// taxonomy. It is never surfaced on the wire on its own.
+// NeedAuthorizationError is thrown when no valid UAT exists.
 type NeedAuthorizationError struct {
 	UserOpenId string
 }
@@ -34,31 +32,24 @@ func (e *NeedAuthorizationError) Error() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s (user: %s)", needUserAuthorizationMarker, e.UserOpenId)
 }

-// NewNeedUserAuthorizationError builds the typed *errs.AuthenticationError
-// returned when no valid UAT exists for userOpenID. The Message keeps the
-// need_user_authorization marker, the Hint converges on the same auth-login
-// recovery vocabulary as the token-missing surface in internal/client, and the
-// legacy *NeedAuthorizationError sentinel is preserved in the Cause chain for
-// errors.As / errors.Is traversal.
-func NewNeedUserAuthorizationError(userOpenID string) *errs.AuthenticationError {
-	return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing,
-		"%s (user: %s)", needUserAuthorizationMarker, userOpenID).
-		WithUserOpenID(userOpenID).
-		WithHint("run: lark-cli auth login to re-authorize").
-		WithCause(&NeedAuthorizationError{UserOpenId: userOpenID})
-}
-
 // IsNeedUserAuthorizationError reports whether err represents a missing-UAT
-// failure. It matches the legacy *NeedAuthorizationError sentinel, which is
-// preserved in the Cause chain of the typed missing-UAT error, so errors.As
-// traverses into the typed *errs.AuthenticationError as well.
+// failure, either as the original auth error or as a wrapped ExitError.
 func IsNeedUserAuthorizationError(err error) bool {
 	if err == nil {
 		return false
 	}

 	var needAuthErr *NeedAuthorizationError
-	return errors.As(err, &needAuthErr)
+	if errors.As(err, &needAuthErr) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError / string-match branches; removed after typed migration.
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
+		return strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, needUserAuthorizationMarker)
+	}
+	return strings.Contains(err.Error(), needUserAuthorizationMarker)
 }

 // SecurityPolicyError is preserved as a Go type alias so existing
--- a/internal/auth/errors_test.go
+++ b/internal/auth/errors_test.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ package auth
 import (
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )

 func TestIsNeedUserAuthorizationError(t *testing.T) {
@@ -22,16 +22,15 @@ func TestIsNeedUserAuthorizationError(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})

-	t.Run("typed missing-UAT error carries sentinel in cause", func(t *testing.T) {
-		// The typed constructor preserves the legacy sentinel in the Cause
-		// chain, so errors.As traverses into it.
-		if !IsNeedUserAuthorizationError(NewNeedUserAuthorizationError("u_1")) {
-			t.Fatal("expected typed missing-UAT error to match via its cause chain")
+	t.Run("wrapped exit error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		err := output.ErrNetwork("API call failed: %s", &NeedAuthorizationError{})
+		if !IsNeedUserAuthorizationError(err) {
+			t.Fatal("expected wrapped ExitError to match")
 		}
 	})

 	t.Run("other error", func(t *testing.T) {
-		err := errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "API call failed: timeout")
+		err := output.ErrNetwork("API call failed: timeout")
 		if IsNeedUserAuthorizationError(err) {
 			t.Fatal("expected unrelated error not to match")
 		}
--- a/internal/auth/uat_client.go
+++ b/internal/auth/uat_client.go
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ var refreshLocks sync.Map
 func GetValidAccessToken(httpClient *http.Client, opts UATCallOptions) (string, error) {
 	stored := GetStoredToken(opts.AppId, opts.UserOpenId)
 	if stored == nil {
-		return "", NewNeedUserAuthorizationError(opts.UserOpenId)
+		return "", &NeedAuthorizationError{UserOpenId: opts.UserOpenId}
 	}

 	status := TokenStatus(stored)
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func GetValidAccessToken(httpClient *http.Client, opts UATCallOptions) (string,
 			return "", err
 		}
 		if refreshed == nil {
-			return "", NewNeedUserAuthorizationError(opts.UserOpenId)
+			return "", &NeedAuthorizationError{UserOpenId: opts.UserOpenId}
 		}
 		return refreshed.AccessToken, nil
 	}
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func GetValidAccessToken(httpClient *http.Client, opts UATCallOptions) (string,
 			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "[lark-cli] [WARN] uat-client: failed to remove token: %v\n", err)
 		}
 	}
-	return "", NewNeedUserAuthorizationError(opts.UserOpenId)
+	return "", &NeedAuthorizationError{UserOpenId: opts.UserOpenId}
 }

 // refreshWithLock acquires a file lock before attempting to refresh the token.
--- a/internal/client/api_errors_test.go
+++ b/internal/client/api_errors_test.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"

 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )

 // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -263,16 +264,19 @@ func TestWrapJSONResponseParseError_Nil(t *testing.T) {
 // Cross-cutting: existing tests already in this file (kept and adjusted below).
 // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

-// TestWrapDoAPIError_UntypedErrorRoutesToNetwork pins that a plain untyped
-// error (no embedded Problem, no JSON-decode chain) is NOT pass-through —
-// only typed *errs.* values are. It routes to the network branch with the
-// fallback transport subtype.
-func TestWrapDoAPIError_UntypedErrorRoutesToNetwork(t *testing.T) {
-	got := WrapDoAPIError(errors.New("no access token available for user"))
+// TestWrapDoAPIError_LegacyExitErrorNoLongerPassesThrough pins that legacy
+// *output.ExitError (auth/validation/api flavours) is NOT a problemCarrier
+// and is therefore not pass-through — only typed *errs.* values are.
+// Legacy values fall through to the network/JSON branches based on their
+// inner shape.
+func TestWrapDoAPIError_LegacyExitErrorNoLongerPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
+	// An *output.ErrAuth has no embedded Problem and no JSON-decode chain;
+	// it routes to the network branch with the fallback transport subtype.
+	got := WrapDoAPIError(output.ErrAuth("no access token available for user"))

 	var ne *errs.NetworkError
 	if !errors.As(got, &ne) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError for an untyped error, got %T (%v)", got, got)
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError (legacy ExitError no longer pass-through), got %T (%v)", got, got)
 	}
 	// Sanity: not silently re-classified as JSON-decode.
 	var ie *errs.InternalError
--- a/internal/client/client.go
+++ b/internal/client/client.go
@@ -19,9 +19,11 @@ import (
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"

 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errcompat"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 )
@@ -52,11 +54,16 @@ func (c *APIClient) resolveAccessToken(ctx context.Context, as core.Identity) (s
 		if errors.As(err, &unavailableErr) {
 			return "", newTokenMissingError(as, unavailableErr)
 		}
-		// The credential chain already emits a typed *errs.AuthenticationError
-		// for the missing-UAT case (e.g. UAT refresh returned
-		// need_user_authorization), so it flows through unchanged: the
-		// outer-typed gate in cmd/root.go and the idempotent WrapDoAPIError
-		// both preserve its authentication category and exit 3.
+		// NeedAuthorizationError from the credential chain (e.g. UAT refresh
+		// returned need_user_authorization) must surface as typed
+		// AuthenticationError. Without this, WrapDoAPIError would wrap the
+		// raw err as NetworkError, and cmd/root.go's outer-typed gate would
+		// then skip PromoteAuthError — leaving the user with exit 4 and no
+		// auth-login hint instead of exit 3 typed authentication.
+		var needAuthErr *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError
+		if errors.As(err, &needAuthErr) {
+			return "", errcompat.PromoteAuthError(needAuthErr)
+		}
 		return "", err
 	}
 	if result.Token == "" {
@@ -113,22 +120,24 @@ func (c *APIClient) buildApiReq(request RawApiRequest) (*larkcore.ApiReq, []lark
 //
 // SDK Do() failures are normalised through WrapDoAPIError so every caller
 // (cmd/api, RuntimeContext, shortcuts) gets the same wire shape without
-// each one remembering to wrap. WrapDoAPIError classifies a raw transport
-// failure into a typed *errs.NetworkError / *errs.InternalError per the
-// contract in errs/ERROR_CONTRACT.md. Errors that arrive already-classified
-// (a typed *errs.* from resolveAccessToken's missing-credential paths or
-// elsewhere) flow through unchanged.
+// each one remembering to wrap. Today that wire shape is still the legacy
+// *output.ExitError envelope (network / api_error); future framework-
+// boundary migration flips WrapDoAPIError to typed *errs.NetworkError /
+// *errs.InternalError per the contract in errs/ERROR_CONTRACT.md.
+// Errors that arrive already-classified (legacy *output.ExitError from
+// resolveAccessToken's missing-credential paths, or a typed *errs.*) flow
+// through unchanged.
 func (c *APIClient) DoSDKRequest(ctx context.Context, req *larkcore.ApiReq, as core.Identity, extraOpts ...larkcore.RequestOptionFunc) (*larkcore.ApiResp, error) {
 	var opts []larkcore.RequestOptionFunc

 	token, err := c.resolveAccessToken(ctx, as)
 	if err != nil {
 		// WrapDoAPIError is idempotent on already-classified errors:
-		// the typed *errs.AuthenticationError that resolveAccessToken returns
-		// for missing tokens passes through with its auth category and exit 3
-		// intact, and any other typed *errs.* error from the credential chain
-		// survives the same way. Only stray untyped errors (raw fmt.Errorf)
-		// get the transport-or-internal fallback.
+		// the *output.ExitError that resolveAccessToken returns for missing
+		// tokens (via output.ErrAuth) passes through with its auth category
+		// and exit 3 intact, and any future typed *errs.* error from the
+		// credential chain survives the same way. Only stray untyped errors
+		// (raw fmt.Errorf) get the transport-or-internal fallback.
 		return nil, WrapDoAPIError(err)
 	}
 	if as.IsBot() {
@@ -153,7 +162,7 @@ func (c *APIClient) DoSDKRequest(ctx context.Context, req *larkcore.ApiReq, as c
 // Auth is resolved via Credential (same as DoSDKRequest). Security headers and
 // any extra headers from opts are applied automatically.
 // HTTP errors (status >= 400) are handled internally: the body is read (up to 4 KB),
-// closed, and returned as a typed *errs.NetworkError — callers only receive successful responses.
+// closed, and returned as an output.ErrNetwork — callers only receive successful responses.
 func (c *APIClient) DoStream(ctx context.Context, req *larkcore.ApiReq, as core.Identity, opts ...Option) (*http.Response, error) {
 	cfg := buildConfig(opts)

@@ -323,10 +332,10 @@ func (c *APIClient) DoAPI(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest) (*larkcore
 //
 // JSON parse failures are wrapped via WrapJSONResponseParseError so callers
 // (notably the pagination loop and --page-all paths in cmd/api / cmd/service)
-// see a typed *errs.InternalError (invalid_response) instead of a bare
-// fmt.Errorf — otherwise an empty or malformed page body would surface to the
-// root handler as a plain-text "Error: ..." line and bypass the JSON stderr
-// envelope contract.
+// see an *output.ExitError envelope (api_error for malformed JSON, network
+// for everything else) instead of a bare fmt.Errorf — otherwise an empty
+// or malformed page body would surface to the root handler as a plain-text
+// "Error: ..." line and bypass the JSON stderr envelope contract.
 func (c *APIClient) CallAPI(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest) (interface{}, error) {
 	resp, err := c.DoAPI(ctx, request)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -341,7 +350,7 @@ func (c *APIClient) CallAPI(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest) (interfa

 // paginateLoop runs the core pagination loop. For each successful page (code == 0),
 // it calls onResult if non-nil. It always accumulates and returns all raw page results.
-func (c *APIClient) paginateLoop(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest, opts PaginationOptions, onResult func(interface{}) error) ([]interface{}, error) {
+func (c *APIClient) paginateLoop(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest, opts PaginationOptions, onResult func(interface{})) ([]interface{}, error) {
 	var allResults []interface{}
 	var pageToken string
 	page := 0
@@ -390,9 +399,7 @@ func (c *APIClient) paginateLoop(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest, opt
 		}

 		if onResult != nil {
-			if err := onResult(result); err != nil {
-				return allResults, err
-			}
+			onResult(result)
 		}
 		allResults = append(allResults, result)

@@ -445,31 +452,28 @@ func (c *APIClient) PaginateAll(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest, opts
 // StreamPages fetches all pages and streams each page's list items via onItems.
 // Returns the last page result (for error checking), whether any list items were found,
 // and any network error. Use this for streaming formats (ndjson, table, csv).
-func (c *APIClient) StreamPages(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest, onItems func([]interface{}) error, opts PaginationOptions) (result interface{}, hasItems bool, err error) {
+func (c *APIClient) StreamPages(ctx context.Context, request RawApiRequest, onItems func([]interface{}), opts PaginationOptions) (result interface{}, hasItems bool, err error) {
 	totalItems := 0
-	results, loopErr := c.paginateLoop(ctx, request, opts, func(r interface{}) error {
+	results, loopErr := c.paginateLoop(ctx, request, opts, func(r interface{}) {
 		resultMap, ok := r.(map[string]interface{})
 		if !ok {
-			return nil
+			return
 		}
 		data, ok := resultMap["data"].(map[string]interface{})
 		if !ok {
-			return nil
+			return
 		}
 		arrayField := output.FindArrayField(data)
 		if arrayField == "" {
-			return nil
+			return
 		}
 		items, ok := data[arrayField].([]interface{})
 		if !ok {
-			return nil
+			return
 		}
 		totalItems += len(items)
-		if err := onItems(items); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+		onItems(items)
 		hasItems = true
-		return nil
 	})
 	if loopErr != nil {
 		return nil, false, loopErr
--- a/internal/client/client_test.go
+++ b/internal/client/client_test.go
@@ -124,9 +124,8 @@ func TestStreamPages_NonBatchAPI_NoArrayField(t *testing.T) {
 		Method: "GET",
 		URL:    "/open-apis/contact/v3/users/u123",
 		As:     "bot",
-	}, func(items []interface{}) error {
+	}, func(items []interface{}) {
 		t.Error("onItems should not be called for non-batch API")
-		return nil
 	}, PaginationOptions{})

 	if err != nil {
@@ -169,9 +168,8 @@ func TestStreamPages_BatchAPI_WithArrayField(t *testing.T) {
 		Method: "GET",
 		URL:    "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
 		As:     "bot",
-	}, func(items []interface{}) error {
+	}, func(items []interface{}) {
 		streamedItems = append(streamedItems, items...)
-		return nil
 	}, PaginationOptions{})

 	if err != nil {
@@ -191,58 +189,6 @@ func TestStreamPages_BatchAPI_WithArrayField(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestStreamPages_OnItemsErrorStopsPagination(t *testing.T) {
-	apiCalls := 0
-	rt := roundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-		apiCalls++
-		if apiCalls == 1 {
-			return jsonResponse(map[string]interface{}{
-				"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-				"data": map[string]interface{}{
-					"items":      []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "1"}},
-					"has_more":   true,
-					"page_token": "next",
-				},
-			}), nil
-		}
-		return jsonResponse(map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{
-				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "2"}},
-				"has_more": false,
-			},
-		}), nil
-	})
-
-	ac, _ := newTestAPIClient(t, rt)
-	sentinel := errors.New("stop streaming")
-	var streamedItems []interface{}
-	result, hasItems, err := ac.StreamPages(context.Background(), RawApiRequest{
-		Method: "GET",
-		URL:    "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
-		As:     "bot",
-	}, func(items []interface{}) error {
-		streamedItems = append(streamedItems, items...)
-		return sentinel
-	}, PaginationOptions{PageDelay: 0})
-
-	if !errors.Is(err, sentinel) {
-		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want sentinel", err)
-	}
-	if result != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("result = %#v, want nil when callback stops pagination", result)
-	}
-	if hasItems {
-		t.Fatal("hasItems = true, want false when callback stops before returning")
-	}
-	if apiCalls != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("apiCalls = %d, want early stop after first page", apiCalls)
-	}
-	if len(streamedItems) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("streamedItems = %d, want first page only", len(streamedItems))
-	}
-}
-
 func TestPaginateAll_PageLimitStopsPagination(t *testing.T) {
 	apiCalls := 0
 	rt := roundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
@@ -528,7 +474,8 @@ func (f *failingTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, spec credential.T

 // TestResolveAccessToken_NoToken_ReturnsTypedAuthenticationError pins that
 // the missing-token path of resolveAccessToken returns the typed
-// *errs.AuthenticationError{Subtype: TokenMissing}.
+// *errs.AuthenticationError{Subtype: TokenMissing} rather than the legacy
+// *output.ExitError envelope.
 func TestResolveAccessToken_NoToken_ReturnsTypedAuthenticationError(t *testing.T) {
 	ac := &APIClient{
 		HTTP:       &http.Client{},
@@ -553,22 +500,24 @@ func TestResolveAccessToken_NoToken_ReturnsTypedAuthenticationError(t *testing.T
 	}
 }

-// needAuthTokenResolver mirrors the production credential chain: the
-// missing-UAT case is constructed typed at the source (internal/auth) and
-// carries the legacy *NeedAuthorizationError sentinel in its Cause chain. It
-// must surface as a typed AuthenticationError and flow through resolveAccessToken
-// and WrapDoAPIError unchanged (never mis-classified as NetworkError).
+// needAuthTokenResolver returns *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError to
+// exercise the P1 regression path: a credential chain that signals
+// "user must re-authorize" must surface as typed AuthenticationError, not
+// fall through to the generic err return which WrapDoAPIError would then
+// wrap as NetworkError (the outer-typed dispatcher gate would then skip
+// PromoteAuthError and the user would see exit 4 with no auth-login hint).
 type needAuthTokenResolver struct {
 	userOpenID string
 }

 func (f *needAuthTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, _ credential.TokenSpec) (*credential.TokenResult, error) {
-	return nil, internalauth.NewNeedUserAuthorizationError(f.userOpenID)
+	return nil, &internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError{UserOpenId: f.userOpenID}
 }

 // TestResolveAccessToken_NeedAuthorization_SurfacesAsTypedAuthentication
-// pins that the typed missing-UAT error from the credential chain reaches the
-// caller as a typed AuthenticationError with the marker and sentinel intact.
+// is the codex P1 regression test: without this branch, the credential
+// chain's NeedAuthorizationError would propagate raw and WrapDoAPIError
+// would mis-classify it as NetworkError.
 func TestResolveAccessToken_NeedAuthorization_SurfacesAsTypedAuthentication(t *testing.T) {
 	ac := &APIClient{
 		HTTP:       &http.Client{},
@@ -674,7 +623,7 @@ func TestDoSDKRequest_TransportFailureWrapsAsNetwork(t *testing.T) {
 // *errs.InternalError{Subtype: invalid_response} with the rawAPIJSONHint
 // preserved on Problem.Hint. Pagination / cmd/api / cmd/service callers see
 // the typed JSON stderr envelope (exit 5/internal) — wire `type` is
-// "internal".
+// "internal", not the legacy "api_error".
 func TestCallAPI_ParseJSONFailureWrapsAsAPI(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := roundTripFunc(func(_ *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
 		return &http.Response{
--- a/internal/client/pagination.go
+++ b/internal/client/pagination.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package client

 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"

@@ -18,6 +19,33 @@ type PaginationOptions struct {
 	Identity  core.Identity // identity passed to checkErr; defaults to AsUser when empty
 }

+// PaginateWithJq aggregates all pages, checks for API errors, then applies a jq filter.
+// If checkErr detects an error, the raw result is printed as JSON before returning the error.
+func PaginateWithJq(ctx context.Context, ac *APIClient, request RawApiRequest,
+	jqExpr string, out io.Writer, pagOpts PaginationOptions,
+	checkErr func(interface{}, core.Identity) error) error {
+	result, err := ac.PaginateAll(ctx, request, pagOpts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Identity resolution honors pagOpts.Identity first, then the request's
+	// own identity, and only falls back to AsUser when neither caller
+	// supplied one. Without checking request.As, bot/auto requests would
+	// always be classified as user identity for checkErr.
+	identity := pagOpts.Identity
+	if identity == "" {
+		identity = request.As
+	}
+	if identity == "" || identity == core.AsAuto {
+		identity = core.AsUser
+	}
+	if apiErr := checkErr(result, identity); apiErr != nil {
+		output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
+		return apiErr
+	}
+	return output.JqFilter(out, result, jqExpr)
+}
+
 func mergePagedResults(w io.Writer, results []interface{}) interface{} {
 	if len(results) == 0 {
 		return map[string]interface{}{}
--- a/internal/client/response.go
+++ b/internal/client/response.go
@@ -41,26 +41,6 @@ type ResponseOptions struct {
 	CheckError func(result interface{}, identity core.Identity) error
 }

-// httpStatusError classifies an HTTP error response by status when the body
-// carries no usable business error: 5xx → NetworkError (server tier), 404 →
-// APIError/not_found, any other 4xx → APIError/unknown. Used wherever a
-// status >= 400 must not be swallowed — a non-JSON body, an unparseable body,
-// or a JSON body whose business code is 0.
-func httpStatusError(status int, rawBody []byte) error {
-	body := util.TruncateStrWithEllipsis(strings.TrimSpace(string(rawBody)), 500)
-	if status >= 500 {
-		return errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkServer,
-			"HTTP %d: %s", status, body).
-			WithCode(status)
-	}
-	subtype := errs.SubtypeUnknown
-	if status == 404 {
-		subtype = errs.SubtypeNotFound
-	}
-	return errs.NewAPIError(subtype, "HTTP %d: %s", status, body).
-		WithCode(status)
-}
-
 // HandleResponse routes a raw *larkcore.ApiResp to the appropriate output:
 //  1. If Content-Type is JSON, check for business errors first (even with --output).
 //  2. If --output is set and response is not a JSON error, save to file.
@@ -82,64 +62,50 @@ func HandleResponse(resp *larkcore.ApiResp, opts ResponseOptions) error {
 		}
 	}

-	// Non-JSON error responses (e.g. 404 text/plain from gateway): return error
-	// directly instead of falling through to the binary-save path.
+	// Non-JSON error responses (e.g. 404 text/plain from gateway): return error directly
+	// instead of falling through to the binary-save path.
+	// 5xx → typed NetworkError (server/transport tier); 4xx → typed APIError (client error).
 	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 && !IsJSONContentType(ct) && ct != "" {
-		return httpStatusError(resp.StatusCode, resp.RawBody)
+		body := util.TruncateStrWithEllipsis(strings.TrimSpace(string(resp.RawBody)), 500)
+		if resp.StatusCode >= 500 {
+			return errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkServer,
+				"HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, body).
+				WithCode(resp.StatusCode)
+		}
+		subtype := errs.SubtypeUnknown
+		if resp.StatusCode == 404 {
+			subtype = errs.SubtypeNotFound
+		}
+		return errs.NewAPIError(subtype, "HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, body).
+			WithCode(resp.StatusCode)
 	}

 	// JSON responses: always check for business errors before saving.
 	if IsJSONContentType(ct) || ct == "" {
 		result, err := ParseJSONResponse(resp)
 		if err != nil {
-			// An unparseable / empty body on an HTTP error (common with a
-			// missing Content-Type) must be classified by status, not reported
-			// as an internal decode failure, matching the non-JSON branch above.
-			if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
-				return httpStatusError(resp.StatusCode, resp.RawBody)
-			}
 			return WrapJSONResponseParseError(err, resp.RawBody)
 		}
 		if apiErr := check(result, identity); apiErr != nil {
 			return apiErr
 		}
-		// CheckResponse treats business code 0 as success, so a 4xx/5xx whose
-		// JSON body omits a non-zero code would otherwise be served as a
-		// successful result. Classify by HTTP status so it is never swallowed.
-		if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
-			return httpStatusError(resp.StatusCode, resp.RawBody)
+		// Content safety scanning
+		scanResult := output.ScanForSafety(opts.CommandPath, result, opts.ErrOut)
+		if scanResult.Blocked {
+			return scanResult.BlockErr
 		}
 		if opts.OutputPath != "" {
-			// File downloads keep the existing raw-response scan path because the
-			// saved payload is the API response body, not the success envelope.
-			scanResult := output.ScanForSafety(opts.CommandPath, result, opts.ErrOut)
-			if scanResult.Blocked {
-				return scanResult.BlockErr
-			}
 			if scanResult.Alert != nil {
 				output.WriteAlertWarning(opts.ErrOut, scanResult.Alert)
 			}
 			return saveAndPrint(opts.FileIO, resp, opts.OutputPath, opts.Out)
 		}
-
-		if opts.JqExpr != "" || opts.Format == output.FormatJSON {
-			return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
-				CommandPath: opts.CommandPath,
-				Identity:    string(identity),
-				JqExpr:      opts.JqExpr,
-				Out:         opts.Out,
-				ErrOut:      opts.ErrOut,
-			})
-		}
-
-		// Content safety scanning for non-JSON presentation formats.
-		scanResult := output.ScanForSafety(opts.CommandPath, result, opts.ErrOut)
-		if scanResult.Blocked {
-			return scanResult.BlockErr
-		}
 		if scanResult.Alert != nil {
 			output.WriteAlertWarning(opts.ErrOut, scanResult.Alert)
 		}
+		if opts.JqExpr != "" {
+			return output.JqFilter(opts.Out, result, opts.JqExpr)
+		}
 		output.FormatValue(opts.Out, result, opts.Format)
 		return nil
 	}
--- a/internal/client/response_test.go
+++ b/internal/client/response_test.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package client

 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@@ -17,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"

 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs/localfileio"
 )
@@ -209,54 +207,15 @@ func TestHandleResponse_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 	var out bytes.Buffer
 	var errOut bytes.Buffer
 	err := HandleResponse(resp, ResponseOptions{
-		Identity: core.AsBot,
-		Out:      &out,
-		ErrOut:   &errOut,
-		FileIO:   &localfileio.LocalFileIO{},
+		Out:    &out,
+		ErrOut: &errOut,
+		FileIO: &localfileio.LocalFileIO{},
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("HandleResponse failed: %v", err)
 	}
-	var got map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(out.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, out.String())
-	}
-	if got["ok"] != true {
-		t.Fatalf("ok = %v, want true; output: %s", got["ok"], out.String())
-	}
-	if got["identity"] != "bot" {
-		t.Fatalf("identity = %v, want bot; output: %s", got["identity"], out.String())
-	}
-	if _, hasCode := got["code"]; hasCode {
-		t.Fatalf("success envelope leaked outer code field: %s", out.String())
-	}
-	data, ok := got["data"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("data = %T, want object; output: %s", got["data"], out.String())
-	}
-	if data["id"] != "1" {
-		t.Fatalf("data.id = %v, want 1; output: %s", data["id"], out.String())
-	}
-}
-
-func TestHandleResponse_JSONWithJqUsesSuccessEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
-	body := []byte(`{"code":0,"msg":"ok","data":{"id":"1"}}`)
-	resp := newApiResp(body, map[string]string{"Content-Type": "application/json"})
-
-	var out bytes.Buffer
-	var errOut bytes.Buffer
-	err := HandleResponse(resp, ResponseOptions{
-		Identity: core.AsBot,
-		JqExpr:   ".data.id",
-		Out:      &out,
-		ErrOut:   &errOut,
-		FileIO:   &localfileio.LocalFileIO{},
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("HandleResponse failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	if strings.TrimSpace(out.String()) != "1" {
-		t.Fatalf("jq output = %q, want %q", out.String(), "1")
+	if !bytes.Contains(out.Bytes(), []byte(`"code"`)) {
+		t.Errorf("expected JSON output, got: %s", out.String())
 	}
 }

@@ -274,12 +233,6 @@ func TestHandleResponse_JSONWithError(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Error("expected error for non-zero code")
 	}
-	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(out.String(), `"ok": true`) || strings.Contains(out.String(), `"ok":true`) {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected success envelope on error path: %s", out.String())
-	}
 }

 func TestHandleResponse_BinaryAutoSave(t *testing.T) {
@@ -372,76 +325,6 @@ func TestHandleResponse_NonJSONError_502(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-// TestHandleResponse_JSONErrorWithZeroBodyCodeNotSwallowed pins that an HTTP
-// status error whose JSON body omits a non-zero business code (e.g. 400 +
-// {"code":0,...}) still surfaces a typed error. CheckResponse treats code 0 as
-// success, so without the HTTP-status fallback a 4xx would be served as a
-// successful result and exit 0.
-func TestHandleResponse_JSONErrorWithZeroBodyCodeNotSwallowed(t *testing.T) {
-	resp := newApiRespWithStatus(400, []byte(`{"code":0,"msg":"bad request"}`),
-		map[string]string{"Content-Type": "application/json"})
-
-	var out, errOut bytes.Buffer
-	err := HandleResponse(resp, ResponseOptions{Out: &out, ErrOut: &errOut, FileIO: &localfileio.LocalFileIO{}})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("HTTP 400 with code:0 body must not be swallowed; got out=%q err=nil", out.String())
-	}
-	var apiErr *errs.APIError
-	if !errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
-		t.Errorf("expected *errs.APIError, got %T", err)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "HTTP 400") {
-		t.Errorf("expected 'HTTP 400' in error, got: %s", err.Error())
-	}
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Errorf("expected ExitAPI (%d), got %d", output.ExitAPI, output.ExitCodeOf(err))
-	}
-}
-
-// TestHandleResponse_NoContentTypeError_404 pins that a 404 with an empty body
-// and no Content-Type header — which falls into the JSON branch and fails to
-// parse — is classified by HTTP status (api/not_found), not reported as an
-// internal decode failure.
-func TestHandleResponse_NoContentTypeError_404(t *testing.T) {
-	resp := newApiRespWithStatus(404, []byte(""), nil)
-
-	var out, errOut bytes.Buffer
-	err := HandleResponse(resp, ResponseOptions{Out: &out, ErrOut: &errOut, FileIO: &localfileio.LocalFileIO{}})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for 404 with empty body and no Content-Type")
-	}
-	var apiErr *errs.APIError
-	if !errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
-		t.Errorf("expected *errs.APIError, got %T", err)
-	}
-	if apiErr != nil && apiErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotFound {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want not_found", apiErr.Subtype)
-	}
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Errorf("expected ExitAPI (%d), got %d", output.ExitAPI, output.ExitCodeOf(err))
-	}
-}
-
-// TestHandleResponse_NoContentTypeError_502 pins that a 5xx with a non-JSON
-// body and no Content-Type is classified as a NetworkError by status, not an
-// internal decode failure.
-func TestHandleResponse_NoContentTypeError_502(t *testing.T) {
-	resp := newApiRespWithStatus(502, []byte("<html>Bad Gateway</html>"), nil)
-
-	var out, errOut bytes.Buffer
-	err := HandleResponse(resp, ResponseOptions{Out: &out, ErrOut: &errOut, FileIO: &localfileio.LocalFileIO{}})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for 502 with non-JSON body and no Content-Type")
-	}
-	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
-	if !errors.As(err, &netErr) {
-		t.Errorf("expected *errs.NetworkError, got %T", err)
-	}
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitNetwork {
-		t.Errorf("expected ExitNetwork (%d) for 5xx, got %d", output.ExitNetwork, output.ExitCodeOf(err))
-	}
-}
-
 func TestHandleResponse_200TextPlain_SavesFile(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	origWd, _ := os.Getwd()
--- a/internal/cmdmeta/meta.go
+++ b/internal/cmdmeta/meta.go
@@ -34,24 +34,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 )

-// Source identifies how a command entered the repository-owned command tree.
-type Source string
-
-const (
-	SourceBuiltin  Source = "builtin"
-	SourceShortcut Source = "shortcut"
-	SourceService  Source = "service"
-)
-
-const (
-	// domainAnnotationKey is the cobra Annotation key for the business domain.
-	// Kept distinct from cmdutil.* keys so this package can evolve without
-	// disturbing existing readers.
-	domainAnnotationKey = "cmdmeta.domain"
-
-	sourceAnnotationKey    = "cmdmeta.source"
-	generatedAnnotationKey = "cmdmeta.generated"
-)
+// domainAnnotationKey is the cobra Annotation key for the business domain.
+// Kept distinct from cmdutil.* keys so this package can evolve without
+// disturbing existing readers.
+const domainAnnotationKey = "cmdmeta.domain"

 // Meta groups the three command-level metadata axes consumed by the policy
 // engine and hook selectors.
@@ -107,24 +93,6 @@ func SetDomain(cmd *cobra.Command, domain string) {
 	cmd.Annotations[domainAnnotationKey] = domain
 }

-// SetSource stores the command source on a single command. The generated flag
-// is written explicitly so child commands can opt out of inherited service
-// metadata.
-func SetSource(cmd *cobra.Command, source Source, generated bool) {
-	if source == "" {
-		return
-	}
-	if cmd.Annotations == nil {
-		cmd.Annotations = map[string]string{}
-	}
-	cmd.Annotations[sourceAnnotationKey] = string(source)
-	if generated {
-		cmd.Annotations[generatedAnnotationKey] = "true"
-	} else {
-		cmd.Annotations[generatedAnnotationKey] = "false"
-	}
-}
-
 // Domain returns the nearest-ancestor domain for the command. Empty string
 // when no ancestor has the annotation -- this is the "unknown" state the
 // policy engine must treat as ALLOW.
@@ -140,33 +108,6 @@ func Domain(cmd *cobra.Command) string {
 	return ""
 }

-// SourceOf returns the nearest-ancestor command source.
-func SourceOf(cmd *cobra.Command) (Source, bool) {
-	for c := cmd; c != nil; c = c.Parent() {
-		if c.Annotations == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		if v := c.Annotations[sourceAnnotationKey]; v != "" {
-			return Source(v), true
-		}
-	}
-	return "", false
-}
-
-// Generated returns the nearest generated annotation. An explicit false on a
-// child command stops inheritance from a generated parent.
-func Generated(cmd *cobra.Command) bool {
-	for c := cmd; c != nil; c = c.Parent() {
-		if c.Annotations == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		if v, ok := c.Annotations[generatedAnnotationKey]; ok {
-			return v == "true"
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
 // Risk returns the nearest-ancestor risk level (via cmdutil.GetRisk).
 // ok=false signals "unknown" -- the policy engine treats this as
 // fail-closed (deny with risk_not_annotated) whenever a Rule without
--- a/internal/cmdmeta/meta_test.go
+++ b/internal/cmdmeta/meta_test.go
@@ -141,19 +141,3 @@ func TestSetDomain_emptyIsNoop(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Domain(child) = %q, want inherited 'docs'", got)
 	}
 }
-
-func TestSourceGenerated_childFalseStopsParentGeneratedInheritance(t *testing.T) {
-	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "docs"}
-	child := &cobra.Command{Use: "+fetch"}
-	parent.AddCommand(child)
-
-	cmdmeta.SetSource(parent, cmdmeta.SourceService, true)
-	cmdmeta.SetSource(child, cmdmeta.SourceShortcut, false)
-
-	if source, ok := cmdmeta.SourceOf(child); !ok || source != cmdmeta.SourceShortcut {
-		t.Fatalf("SourceOf(child) = (%q,%v), want (shortcut,true)", source, ok)
-	}
-	if cmdmeta.Generated(child) {
-		t.Fatal("Generated(child) = true, want false")
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/cmdpolicy/aggregation_test.go
+++ b/internal/cmdpolicy/aggregation_test.go
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 package cmdpolicy_test

 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
@@ -168,15 +168,10 @@ func TestBuildDeniedByPath_hybridParentOwnAllowedKeepsAlive(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-// Apply returns a typed *errs.ValidationError that exposes BOTH paths
-// consumers rely on:
-//  1. cmd/root.go's envelope writer (errs.ProblemOf / failed_precondition
-//     subtype + exit code 2)
-//  2. in-process consumers extracting the platform.CommandDeniedError as
-//     the typed error's Cause via errors.As
-//
-// The policy metadata (layer / policy_source / rule_name / reason_code)
-// is folded into the Hint text rather than a separate detail map.
+// Apply with the wrapped *output.ExitError exposes BOTH paths consumers
+// rely on:
+//  1. cmd/root.go's envelope writer (errors.As on *output.ExitError)
+//  2. in-process consumers extracting the platform.CommandDeniedError
 func TestApply_runEReturnsExitErrorAndCommandDeniedError(t *testing.T) {
 	root := buildTree()
 	denied := map[string]cmdpolicy.Denial{
@@ -196,33 +191,31 @@ func TestApply_runEReturnsExitErrorAndCommandDeniedError(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("denied command should return error")
 	}

-	// Path 1: typed-envelope view. The denial is a failed_precondition
-	// ValidationError so cmd/root.go renders the structured envelope and
-	// the process exits 2 (ExitValidation).
-	var ve *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
-		t.Fatalf("error chain must contain *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	// Path 1: envelope-writer view.
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error chain must contain *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", ve.Subtype, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition)
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ExitError.Detail required for envelope to render")
 	}
-	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want ExitValidation (%d)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "command_denied" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope error.type = %q, want command_denied", exitErr.Detail.Type)
 	}
-	// The policy metadata is folded into the Hint text: reason_code,
-	// policy_source, and rule_name must all be discoverable there.
-	if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "write_not_allowed") {
-		t.Errorf("hint must carry reason_code write_not_allowed, got %q", ve.Hint)
+	// JSON envelope shape: detail.reason_code must be present and
+	// match the closed enum.
+	detailMap, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("envelope detail should be map[string]any, got %T", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "plugin:secaudit") {
-		t.Errorf("hint must carry policy_source plugin:secaudit, got %q", ve.Hint)
+	if detailMap["reason_code"] != "write_not_allowed" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.reason_code = %v, want write_not_allowed", detailMap["reason_code"])
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "secaudit-policy") {
-		t.Errorf("hint must carry rule_name secaudit-policy, got %q", ve.Hint)
+	if detailMap["policy_source"] != "plugin:secaudit" {
+		t.Errorf("detail.policy_source = %v, want plugin:secaudit", detailMap["policy_source"])
 	}

-	// Path 2: in-process typed-error view -- the *platform.CommandDeniedError
-	// is preserved as the Cause so errors.As still reaches it.
+	// Path 2: in-process typed-error view.
 	var cd *platform.CommandDeniedError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cd) {
 		t.Fatalf("error chain must expose *platform.CommandDeniedError")
@@ -230,6 +223,21 @@ func TestApply_runEReturnsExitErrorAndCommandDeniedError(t *testing.T) {
 	if cd.Path != "docs/+update" || cd.ReasonCode != "write_not_allowed" {
 		t.Errorf("CommandDeniedError = %+v", cd)
 	}
+
+	// Envelope round-trip sanity (the actual JSON cmd/root.go would emit).
+	var buf strings.Builder
+	output.WriteErrorEnvelope(&buf, exitErr, "user")
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), `"type": "command_denied"`) {
+		t.Errorf("envelope JSON missing type=command_denied, got:\n%s", buf.String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), `"reason_code": "write_not_allowed"`) {
+		t.Errorf("envelope JSON missing reason_code, got:\n%s", buf.String())
+	}
+	// Round-trip parse to verify it's well-formed JSON.
+	var parsed map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(buf.String()), &parsed); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("envelope JSON malformed: %v\n%s", err, buf.String())
+	}
 }

 // Regression: a pure parent group carrying AnnotationPureGroup must be
--- a/internal/cmdpolicy/apply.go
+++ b/internal/cmdpolicy/apply.go
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ package cmdpolicy
 import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )

 // Apply walks the command tree and installs denyStubs for every path in
@@ -24,11 +24,12 @@ import (
 //     cobra would intercept the call
 //     with "missing required flag"
 //     before we can return our error
-//  3. cmd.RunE = denyStub(denial)      -- returns a typed
-//     *errs.ValidationError so
+//  3. cmd.RunE = denyStub(denial)      -- returns *output.ExitError so
 //     cmd/root.go's envelope writer
-//     emits structured JSON; the
-//     wrapped error chain still
+//     emits structured JSON (with
+//     error.type = denial.Layer and
+//     detail.reason_code = ReasonCode);
+//     the wrapped error chain still
 //     exposes *platform.CommandDeniedError
 //     via errors.As for in-process
 //     consumers
@@ -111,17 +112,42 @@ func CommandDeniedFromDenial(path string, d Denial) *platform.CommandDeniedError
 	}
 }

-// BuildDenialError is the default typed error for user-layer denials:
-// Message comes from CommandDeniedError.Error(); the policy layer, source,
-// rule name, and reason code are folded into the Hint. The
-// *platform.CommandDeniedError is preserved as the Cause so errors.As
-// works for in-process consumers.
-func BuildDenialError(path string, d Denial) *errs.ValidationError {
+// DenialDetailMap is the canonical detail.* shape every `command_denied`
+// envelope shares (see docs/extension/reason-codes.md). Use it as
+// ErrDetail.Detail when constructing an envelope outside BuildDenialError.
+func DenialDetailMap(cd *platform.CommandDeniedError) map[string]any {
+	return map[string]any{
+		"path":          cd.Path,
+		"layer":         cd.Layer,
+		"policy_source": cd.PolicySource,
+		"rule_name":     cd.RuleName,
+		"reason_code":   cd.ReasonCode,
+		"reason":        cd.Reason,
+	}
+}
+
+// BuildDenialError is the default envelope for user-layer denials:
+// Message comes from CommandDeniedError.Error(), no Hint. Callers that
+// need a custom Message or an independent Hint (strict-mode) should
+// compose CommandDeniedFromDenial + DenialDetailMap themselves.
+//
+// Deprecated: BuildDenialError produces a legacy *output.ExitError that
+// predates the typed error contract introduced by errs/. New code MUST NOT
+// use it — denial signals should move to a typed *errs.XxxError (a dedicated
+// typed Error for policy denial is tracked for the cmdpolicy migration PR).
+// This helper is retained only while existing call sites are migrated; it
+// will be removed once they have moved to the typed surface.
+func BuildDenialError(path string, d Denial) *output.ExitError {
 	cd := CommandDeniedFromDenial(path, d)
-	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "%s", cd.Error()).
-		WithHint("denied by %s policy (source %s, rule %q, reason_code %s); adjust the policy configuration to allow this command",
-			cd.Layer, cd.PolicySource, cd.RuleName, cd.ReasonCode).
-		WithCause(cd)
+	return &output.ExitError{
+		Code: output.ExitValidation,
+		Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "command_denied",
+			Message: cd.Error(),
+			Detail:  DenialDetailMap(cd),
+		},
+		Err: cd,
+	}
 }

 // installDenyStub mutates a cobra.Command in place. Unlike cmd/prune.go
@@ -195,9 +221,9 @@ func installDenyStub(cmd *cobra.Command, path string, d Denial) bool {

 	denial := d // capture by value for the closure
 	cmd.RunE = func(c *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-		// The typed message carries the user-facing semantic ("a command
-		// was denied"); the hint carries the layer / source / rule
-		// distinction ("policy" vs "strict_mode") for debugging.
+		// error.type is the user-facing semantic ("a command was denied by
+		// policy"). detail.layer carries the implementation distinction
+		// ("policy" vs "strict_mode") for debugging.
 		return BuildDenialError(path, denial)
 	}
 	// Clear any pre-existing Run hook: cobra prefers RunE when both are
--- a/internal/cmdpolicy/engine.go
+++ b/internal/cmdpolicy/engine.go
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 // aggregation), which the Apply step consumes to install denyStubs.
 //
 // This package only implements the user-layer half. Strict-mode is handled
-// by cmd/prune.go, which produces typed validation errors of the same shape
-// (failed_precondition, *platform.CommandDeniedError preserved as Cause) so
-// external agents see a uniform envelope regardless of which layer rejected
+// by cmd/prune.go, which produces command_denied envelopes of the same
+// shape via BuildDenialError so external agents can dispatch on
+// detail.layer / reason_code uniformly regardless of which layer rejected
 // the call.
 package cmdpolicy

--- a/internal/cmdpolicy/source_label_test.go
+++ b/internal/cmdpolicy/source_label_test.go
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ import (

 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )

 // The envelope's policy_source must never leak the absolute home path.
@@ -39,26 +39,25 @@ func TestEnvelope_yamlPolicySourceDoesNotLeakHomePath(t *testing.T) {
 	cmdpolicy.Apply(root, denied)
 	err := leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)

-	var ve *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected denial *errs.ValidationError, got %T %v", err, err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected denial ExitError, got %v", err)
 	}
-	// The policy source is folded into the Hint as "yaml" -- the bare
-	// kind, never the absolute path.
-	if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "source yaml") {
-		t.Errorf("hint must carry policy_source %q (no path leak), got %q", "yaml", ve.Hint)
+	detail := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	src, _ := detail["policy_source"].(string)
+	if src != "yaml" {
+		t.Errorf("policy_source = %q, want %q (no path leak)", src, "yaml")
 	}
 	// rule_name carries the disambiguating identifier.
-	if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "my-readonly-rule") {
-		t.Errorf("hint must carry rule_name my-readonly-rule, got %q", ve.Hint)
+	if detail["rule_name"] != "my-readonly-rule" {
+		t.Errorf("rule_name = %v, want my-readonly-rule", detail["rule_name"])
 	}
-	// Direct privacy probe: the absolute home path must not appear
-	// anywhere in the user-facing message OR hint text.
-	if strings.Contains(ve.Message, "/Users/alice") {
-		t.Errorf("error message must not leak '/Users/alice', got %q", ve.Message)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "/Users/alice") {
-		t.Errorf("error hint must not leak '/Users/alice', got %q", ve.Hint)
+	// Direct probe: the absolute path must not appear anywhere in the
+	// envelope detail (key OR value).
+	for k, v := range detail {
+		if strings.Contains(k, "/Users/alice") || strings.Contains(asString(v), "/Users/alice") {
+			t.Errorf("envelope detail must not leak '/Users/alice', found in %s = %v", k, v)
+		}
 	}
 }

@@ -81,14 +80,17 @@ func TestEnvelope_pluginPolicySourceCarriesName(t *testing.T) {
 	cmdpolicy.Apply(root, denied)

 	err := leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var ve *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError")
 	}
-	// The plugin name IS surfaced (in-binary, part of the contract): it
-	// must appear in the Hint so an integrator debugging a denial knows
-	// which plugin fired.
-	if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "plugin:secaudit") {
-		t.Errorf("hint must carry policy_source plugin:secaudit, got %q", ve.Hint)
+	detail := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
+	if detail["policy_source"] != "plugin:secaudit" {
+		t.Errorf("policy_source = %v, want plugin:secaudit", detail["policy_source"])
 	}
 }
+
+func asString(v any) string {
+	s, _ := v.(string)
+	return s
+}
--- a/internal/cmdutil/confirm.go
+++ b/internal/cmdutil/confirm.go
@@ -4,22 +4,39 @@
 package cmdutil

 import (
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )

-// RequireConfirmation constructs a typed *errs.ConfirmationRequiredError
-// (exit code ExitConfirmationRequired) carrying the risk level and action as
-// typed extension fields. Used by both shortcut and service command execution
-// paths when a statically high-risk-write operation has not been confirmed
-// with --yes.
+// RequireConfirmation constructs a confirmation_required error with exit code
+// ExitConfirmationRequired and a structured Risk envelope. Used by both
+// shortcut and service command execution paths when a statically
+// high-risk-write operation has not been confirmed with --yes.
 //
 // action identifies the operation for the agent (e.g. "mail +send",
 // "drive.files.delete"). The envelope does not carry a pre-built retry
 // command: agents already know their original invocation and only need to
 // append --yes per the hint, which keeps the protocol free of shell-quoting
 // pitfalls.
+// Deprecated: RequireConfirmation produces a legacy *output.ExitError that
+// predates the typed error contract introduced by errs/. New code MUST NOT
+// use it — confirmation-required signals should move to typed
+// *errs.ConfirmationRequiredError carrying the same agent-protocol metadata
+// (level/action) as typed extension fields. This helper is retained only
+// while existing call sites are migrated; it will be removed once they have
+// moved to the typed surface.
 func RequireConfirmation(action string) error {
-	return errs.NewConfirmationRequiredError(errs.RiskHighRiskWrite, action,
-		"%s requires confirmation", action).
-		WithHint("add --yes to confirm")
+	return &output.ExitError{
+		Code: output.ExitConfirmationRequired,
+		Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
+			Type:    "confirmation_required",
+			Message: fmt.Sprintf("%s requires confirmation", action),
+			Hint:    "add --yes to confirm",
+			Risk: &output.RiskDetail{
+				Level:  RiskHighRiskWrite,
+				Action: action,
+			},
+		},
+	}
 }
--- a/internal/cmdutil/confirm_test.go
+++ b/internal/cmdutil/confirm_test.go
@@ -9,50 +9,53 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )

-func TestRequireConfirmation_TypedShape(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRequireConfirmation_EnvelopeShape(t *testing.T) {
 	err := RequireConfirmation("drive +delete")
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected non-nil error")
 	}

-	var cre *errs.ConfirmationRequiredError
-	if !errors.As(err, &cre) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfirmationRequiredError, got %T", err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if cre.Category != errs.CategoryConfirmation {
-		t.Errorf("Category = %q, want %q", cre.Category, errs.CategoryConfirmation)
+	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitConfirmationRequired {
+		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitConfirmationRequired)
 	}
-	if cre.Subtype != errs.SubtypeConfirmationRequired {
-		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", cre.Subtype, errs.SubtypeConfirmationRequired)
+	if exitErr.Detail == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Detail is nil")
 	}
-	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitConfirmationRequired {
-		t.Errorf("ExitCodeOf = %d, want %d", got, output.ExitConfirmationRequired)
+	d := exitErr.Detail
+	if d.Type != "confirmation_required" {
+		t.Errorf("Type = %q, want confirmation_required", d.Type)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(cre.Message, "drive +delete") || !strings.Contains(cre.Message, "requires confirmation") {
-		t.Errorf("Message = %q, want it to mention action and 'requires confirmation'", cre.Message)
+	if !strings.Contains(d.Message, "drive +delete") || !strings.Contains(d.Message, "requires confirmation") {
+		t.Errorf("Message = %q, want it to mention action and 'requires confirmation'", d.Message)
 	}
-	if cre.Hint != "add --yes to confirm" {
-		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want 'add --yes to confirm'", cre.Hint)
+	if d.Hint != "add --yes to confirm" {
+		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want 'add --yes to confirm'", d.Hint)
 	}
-	if cre.Risk != errs.RiskHighRiskWrite {
-		t.Errorf("Risk = %q, want %q", cre.Risk, errs.RiskHighRiskWrite)
+	if d.Risk == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Risk is nil")
 	}
-	if cre.Action != "drive +delete" {
-		t.Errorf("Action = %q, want drive +delete", cre.Action)
+	if d.Risk.Level != "high-risk-write" {
+		t.Errorf("Risk.Level = %q, want high-risk-write", d.Risk.Level)
+	}
+	if d.Risk.Action != "drive +delete" {
+		t.Errorf("Risk.Action = %q, want drive +delete", d.Risk.Action)
 	}
 }

 func TestRequireConfirmation_JSONShape(t *testing.T) {
 	err := RequireConfirmation("mail +send")
-	var cre *errs.ConfirmationRequiredError
-	if !errors.As(err, &cre) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfirmationRequiredError, got %T", err)
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	raw, mErr := json.Marshal(cre)
+	raw, mErr := json.Marshal(exitErr.Detail)
 	if mErr != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("marshal: %v", mErr)
 	}
@@ -67,14 +70,18 @@ func TestRequireConfirmation_JSONShape(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("unexpected fix_command present in JSON: %s", raw)
 	}

-	if back["risk"] != "high-risk-write" {
-		t.Errorf("risk in JSON = %v", back["risk"])
+	risk, ok := back["risk"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("risk block missing in JSON: %s", raw)
 	}
-	if back["action"] != "mail +send" {
-		t.Errorf("action in JSON = %v", back["action"])
+	if risk["level"] != "high-risk-write" {
+		t.Errorf("risk.level in JSON = %v", risk["level"])
+	}
+	if risk["action"] != "mail +send" {
+		t.Errorf("risk.action in JSON = %v", risk["action"])
 	}
 	// Action-only protocol: no UpgradedBy / fix_command / upgraded_by leak.
-	if _, has := back["upgraded_by"]; has {
+	if _, has := risk["upgraded_by"]; has {
 		t.Errorf("unexpected upgraded_by present in JSON: %s", raw)
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/cmdutil/factory_default_test.go
+++ b/internal/cmdutil/factory_default_test.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	_ "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential/env"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -108,9 +107,9 @@ func TestNewDefault_InvocationProfileMissingSticksAcrossEarlyStrictMode(t *testi
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("Config() error = nil, want non-nil")
 	}
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("Config() error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Config() error type = %T, want *core.ConfigError", err)
 	}
 	if cfgErr.Message != `profile "missing" not found` {
 		t.Fatalf("Config() error message = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Message, `profile "missing" not found`)
--- a/internal/cmdutil/fileupload.go
+++ b/internal/cmdutil/fileupload.go
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 )

@@ -42,41 +42,26 @@ func ValidateFileFlag(file, params, data, outputPath string, pageAll bool, httpM

 	_, filePath, isStdin := ParseFileFlag(file, "file")
 	if !isStdin && filePath == "" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file: empty file path").
-			WithParam("--file")
+		return output.ErrValidation("--file: empty file path")
 	}

 	if outputPath != "" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file and --output are mutually exclusive").WithParams(
-			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--file", Reason: "mutually exclusive with --output"},
-			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--output", Reason: "mutually exclusive with --file"},
-		)
+		return output.ErrValidation("--file and --output are mutually exclusive")
 	}
 	if pageAll {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file and --page-all are mutually exclusive").WithParams(
-			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--file", Reason: "mutually exclusive with --page-all"},
-			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--page-all", Reason: "mutually exclusive with --file"},
-		)
+		return output.ErrValidation("--file and --page-all are mutually exclusive")
 	}
 	if isStdin && data == "-" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file and --data cannot both read from stdin").WithParams(
-			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--file", Reason: "only one flag may read from stdin"},
-			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--data", Reason: "only one flag may read from stdin"},
-		)
+		return output.ErrValidation("--file and --data cannot both read from stdin")
 	}
 	if isStdin && params == "-" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file and --params cannot both read from stdin").WithParams(
-			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--file", Reason: "only one flag may read from stdin"},
-			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--params", Reason: "only one flag may read from stdin"},
-		)
+		return output.ErrValidation("--file and --params cannot both read from stdin")
 	}

 	switch httpMethod {
 	case "POST", "PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE":
 	default:
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file requires POST, PUT, PATCH, or DELETE method").
-			WithParam("--file").
-			WithHint("file upload only applies to write methods; remove --file for read methods")
+		return output.ErrValidation("--file requires POST, PUT, PATCH, or DELETE method")
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -98,35 +83,25 @@ func BuildFormdata(fileIO fileio.FileIO, fieldName, filePath string, isStdin boo

 	if isStdin {
 		if stdin == nil {
-			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "--file: stdin is not available").
-				WithParam("--file").
-				WithHint("pipe the file content to stdin, or pass a file path instead of \"-\"")
+			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--file: stdin is not available")
 		}
 		data, err := io.ReadAll(stdin)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file: failed to read stdin: %v", err).
-				WithParam("--file").
-				WithCause(err)
+			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--file: failed to read stdin: %v", err)
 		}
 		if len(data) == 0 {
-			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file: stdin is empty").
-				WithParam("--file").
-				WithHint("pipe non-empty file content to stdin")
+			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--file: stdin is empty")
 		}
 		fd.AddFile(fieldName, bytes.NewReader(data))
 	} else {
 		f, err := fileIO.Open(filePath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot open file: %s", filePath).
-				WithParam("--file").
-				WithCause(err)
+			return nil, output.ErrValidation("cannot open file: %s", filePath)
 		}
 		defer f.Close()
 		data, err := io.ReadAll(f)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file: failed to read %s: %v", filePath, err).
-				WithParam("--file").
-				WithCause(err)
+			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--file: failed to read %s: %v", filePath, err)
 		}
 		fd.AddFile(fieldName, bytes.NewReader(data))
 	}
--- a/internal/cmdutil/fileupload_test.go
+++ b/internal/cmdutil/fileupload_test.go
@@ -5,49 +5,14 @@ package cmdutil

 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs/localfileio"
 )

-// failingReader always errors on Read, to exercise stdin read-failure paths.
-type failingReader struct{ err error }
-
-func (r *failingReader) Read([]byte) (int, error) { return 0, r.err }
-
-// requireFileValidationError asserts err is a typed *errs.ValidationError with
-// the expected subtype, exit code 2 (legacy ErrValidation parity), and a
-// param diagnostic referencing --file (either Param or one of Params).
-func requireFileValidationError(t *testing.T, err error, wantSubtype errs.Subtype) *errs.ValidationError {
-	t.Helper()
-	var valErr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if valErr.Subtype != wantSubtype {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", valErr.Subtype, wantSubtype)
-	}
-	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation, legacy parity)", got, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	mentionsFile := valErr.Param == "--file"
-	for _, p := range valErr.Params {
-		if p.Name == "--file" {
-			mentionsFile = true
-		}
-	}
-	if !mentionsFile {
-		t.Errorf("expected --file in Param/Params, got Param=%q Params=%v", valErr.Param, valErr.Params)
-	}
-	return valErr
-}
-
 func TestParseFileFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -257,7 +222,6 @@ func TestValidateFileFlag(t *testing.T) {
 			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tt.wantErr) {
 				t.Errorf("error = %q, want containing %q", err.Error(), tt.wantErr)
 			}
-			requireFileValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -284,19 +248,6 @@ func TestBuildFormdata(t *testing.T) {
 		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "stdin is not available") {
 			t.Errorf("error = %q, want containing %q", err.Error(), "stdin is not available")
 		}
-		requireFileValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition)
-	})
-
-	t.Run("stdin read failure", func(t *testing.T) {
-		readErr := errors.New("pipe closed")
-		_, err := BuildFormdata(fio, "file", "", true, &failingReader{err: readErr}, nil)
-		if err == nil {
-			t.Fatal("expected error for failing stdin reader")
-		}
-		requireFileValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
-		if !errors.Is(err, readErr) {
-			t.Error("underlying read error not reachable via errors.Is; WithCause missing")
-		}
 	})

 	t.Run("stdin empty", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -308,7 +259,6 @@ func TestBuildFormdata(t *testing.T) {
 		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "stdin is empty") {
 			t.Errorf("error = %q, want containing %q", err.Error(), "stdin is empty")
 		}
-		requireFileValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
 	})

 	t.Run("file open success", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -339,10 +289,6 @@ func TestBuildFormdata(t *testing.T) {
 		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "cannot open file:") {
 			t.Errorf("error = %q, want containing %q", err.Error(), "cannot open file:")
 		}
-		valErr := requireFileValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
-		if valErr.Cause == nil {
-			t.Error("expected the os open error attached as Cause")
-		}
 	})

 	t.Run("dataJSON fields added", func(t *testing.T) {
--- a/internal/cmdutil/json.go
+++ b/internal/cmdutil/json.go
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"io"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )

 // ParseOptionalBody parses --data JSON for methods that accept a request body.
@@ -22,18 +22,14 @@ func ParseOptionalBody(httpMethod, data string, stdin io.Reader, fileIO fileio.F
 	}
 	resolved, err := ResolveInput(data, stdin, fileIO)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--data: %s", err).
-			WithParam("--data").
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--data: %s", err)
 	}
 	if resolved == "" {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 	var body interface{}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(resolved), &body); err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--data invalid JSON format").
-			WithParam("--data").
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--data invalid JSON format")
 	}
 	return body, nil
 }
@@ -45,18 +41,14 @@ func ParseOptionalBody(httpMethod, data string, stdin io.Reader, fileIO fileio.F
 func ParseJSONMap(input, label string, stdin io.Reader, fileIO fileio.FileIO) (map[string]any, error) {
 	resolved, err := ResolveInput(input, stdin, fileIO)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s: %s", label, err).
-			WithParam(label).
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrValidation("%s: %s", label, err)
 	}
 	if resolved == "" {
 		return map[string]any{}, nil
 	}
 	var result map[string]any
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(resolved), &result); err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s invalid format, expected JSON object", label).
-			WithParam(label).
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, output.ErrValidation("%s invalid format, expected JSON object", label)
 	}
 	if result == nil {
 		// `null` unmarshals into a nil map without error; normalize it so the
--- a/internal/cmdutil/json_test.go
+++ b/internal/cmdutil/json_test.go
@@ -3,40 +3,9 @@

 package cmdutil

-import (
-	"errors"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs/localfileio"
-)
-
-// requireJSONInputValidationError asserts err is a typed *errs.ValidationError
-// with subtype invalid_argument, exit code 2 (legacy ErrValidation parity),
-// and the offending flag recorded as Param.
-func requireJSONInputValidationError(t *testing.T, err error, wantParam string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	var valErr *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if valErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", valErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
-	}
-	if valErr.Param != wantParam {
-		t.Errorf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, wantParam)
-	}
-	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation, legacy parity)", got, output.ExitValidation)
-	}
-	if valErr.Cause == nil {
-		t.Error("expected the underlying parse/resolve error attached as Cause")
-	}
-}
+import "testing"

 func TestParseOptionalBody(t *testing.T) {
-	fio := &localfileio.LocalFileIO{}
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
 		method  string
@@ -51,23 +20,18 @@ func TestParseOptionalBody(t *testing.T) {
 		{"PATCH valid", "PATCH", `"hello"`, false, false},
 		{"DELETE valid", "DELETE", `{"id":"1"}`, false, false},
 		{"POST invalid json", "POST", `{bad}`, true, true},
-		{"POST unreadable @file", "POST", "@/nonexistent/body.json", true, true},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got, err := ParseOptionalBody(tt.method, tt.data, nil, fio)
+			got, err := ParseOptionalBody(tt.method, tt.data, nil, nil)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
 				t.Errorf("ParseOptionalBody() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 				return
 			}
-			if tt.wantErr {
-				requireJSONInputValidationError(t, err, "--data")
-				return
-			}
 			if tt.wantNil && got != nil {
 				t.Errorf("ParseOptionalBody() = %v, want nil", got)
 			}
-			if !tt.wantNil && got == nil {
+			if !tt.wantNil && !tt.wantErr && got == nil {
 				t.Error("ParseOptionalBody() = nil, want non-nil")
 			}
 		})
@@ -75,7 +39,6 @@ func TestParseOptionalBody(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestParseJSONMap(t *testing.T) {
-	fio := &localfileio.LocalFileIO{}
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
 		input   string
@@ -88,20 +51,15 @@ func TestParseJSONMap(t *testing.T) {
 		{"valid json", `{"a":"1","b":"2"}`, "--params", 2, false},
 		{"invalid json", `{bad}`, "--params", 0, true},
 		{"json array", `[1,2]`, "--data", 0, true},
-		{"unreadable @file", "@/nonexistent/params.json", "--params", 0, true},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got, err := ParseJSONMap(tt.input, tt.label, nil, fio)
+			got, err := ParseJSONMap(tt.input, tt.label, nil, nil)
 			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
 				t.Errorf("ParseJSONMap() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
 				return
 			}
-			if tt.wantErr {
-				requireJSONInputValidationError(t, err, tt.label)
-				return
-			}
-			if len(got) != tt.wantLen {
+			if !tt.wantErr && len(got) != tt.wantLen {
 				t.Errorf("ParseJSONMap() returned map with %d keys, want %d", len(got), tt.wantLen)
 			}
 			// A successful parse must yield a non-nil, writable map: callers
--- a/internal/cmdutil/lang.go
+++ b/internal/cmdutil/lang.go
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ package cmdutil
 import (
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )

 // ParseLangFlag validates and canonicalizes a --lang value, shared by config
@@ -19,10 +19,9 @@ func ParseLangFlag(raw string) (i18n.Lang, error) {
 	}
 	lang, ok := i18n.Parse(raw)
 	if !ok {
-		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+		return "", output.ErrValidation(
 			"invalid --lang %q; valid values: %s",
-			raw, strings.Join(i18n.Codes(), ", ")).
-			WithParam("--lang")
+			raw, strings.Join(i18n.Codes(), ", "))
 	}
 	return lang, nil
 }
--- a/internal/core/config.go
+++ b/internal/core/config.go
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"unicode/utf8"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/keychain"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs"
 )
@@ -187,12 +187,6 @@ func GetConfigPath() string {
 	return filepath.Join(GetConfigDir(), "config.json")
 }

-// ErrMalformedConfig marks a config-load failure caused by malformed file
-// content (unparseable JSON, structurally empty) rather than a missing or
-// unreadable file. Callers classify with errors.Is rather than sniffing the
-// message text.
-var ErrMalformedConfig = errors.New("malformed config")
-
 // LoadMultiAppConfig loads multi-app config from disk.
 func LoadMultiAppConfig() (*MultiAppConfig, error) {
 	data, err := vfs.ReadFile(GetConfigPath())
@@ -202,10 +196,10 @@ func LoadMultiAppConfig() (*MultiAppConfig, error) {

 	var multi MultiAppConfig
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &multi); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid config format: %w: %w", ErrMalformedConfig, err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid config format: %w", err)
 	}
 	if len(multi.Apps) == 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid config format: no apps: %w", ErrMalformedConfig)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid config format: no apps")
 	}
 	return &multi, nil
 }
@@ -243,34 +237,36 @@ func RequireConfigForProfile(kc keychain.KeychainAccess, profileOverride string)
 func ResolveConfigFromMulti(raw *MultiAppConfig, kc keychain.KeychainAccess, profileOverride string) (*CliConfig, error) {
 	app := raw.CurrentAppConfig(profileOverride)
 	if app == nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "profile %q not found", profileOverride).
-			WithHint("available profiles: %s", formatProfileNames(raw.ProfileNames()))
+		return nil, &ConfigError{
+			Code:    3,
+			Type:    "config",
+			Message: fmt.Sprintf("profile %q not found", profileOverride),
+			Hint:    fmt.Sprintf("available profiles: %s", formatProfileNames(raw.ProfileNames())),
+		}
 	}

 	if err := ValidateSecretKeyMatch(app.AppId, app.AppSecret); err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "appId and appSecret keychain key are out of sync").
-			WithHint("%s", err.Error()).
-			WithCause(err)
+		return nil, &ConfigError{Code: 3, Type: "config",
+			Message: "appId and appSecret keychain key are out of sync",
+			Hint:    err.Error()}
 	}

 	secret, err := ResolveSecretInput(app.AppSecret, kc)
 	if err != nil {
-		if errs.IsTyped(err) {
-			return nil, err
+		// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError passthrough; removed after typed migration.
+		var exitErr *output.ExitError
+		if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
+			return nil, exitErr
 		}
-		subtype := errs.SubtypeNotConfigured
-		if isMalformedConfigError(err) {
-			subtype = errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig
-		}
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(subtype, "%s", err.Error()).WithCause(err)
+		return nil, &ConfigError{Code: 3, Type: "config", Message: err.Error()}
 	}
 	cfg := &CliConfig{
 		ProfileName: app.ProfileName(),
 		AppID:       app.AppId,
 		AppSecret:   secret,
 		Brand:       app.Brand,
-		Lang:        app.Lang,
 		DefaultAs:   app.DefaultAs,
+		Lang:        app.Lang,
 	}
 	if len(app.Users) > 0 {
 		cfg.UserOpenId = app.Users[0].UserOpenId
@@ -291,8 +287,7 @@ func RequireAuthForProfile(kc keychain.KeychainAccess, profileOverride string) (
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if cfg.UserOpenId == "" {
-		return nil, errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing, "not logged in").
-			WithHint("run `lark-cli auth login` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.")
+		return nil, &ConfigError{Code: 3, Type: "auth", Message: "not logged in", Hint: "run `lark-cli auth login` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login."}
 	}
 	return cfg, nil
 }
--- a/internal/core/config_test.go
+++ b/internal/core/config_test.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/keychain"
 )

@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ func TestResolveConfigFromMulti_RejectsSecretKeyMismatch(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for mismatched appId and appSecret keychain key")
 	}
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected ConfigError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
@@ -133,27 +132,6 @@ func TestResolveConfigFromMulti_AcceptsPlainSecret(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestResolveConfigFromMulti_CarriesLang(t *testing.T) {
-	raw := &MultiAppConfig{
-		Apps: []AppConfig{
-			{
-				AppId:     "cli_abc",
-				AppSecret: PlainSecret("my-secret"),
-				Brand:     BrandFeishu,
-				Lang:      "en",
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	cfg, err := ResolveConfigFromMulti(raw, nil, "")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if cfg.Lang != "en" {
-		t.Errorf("Lang = %q, want %q", cfg.Lang, "en")
-	}
-}
-
 func TestResolveConfigFromMulti_MatchingKeychainRefPassesValidation(t *testing.T) {
 	// Keychain ref matches appId, so validation passes.
 	// The subsequent ResolveSecretInput will fail (no real keychain),
@@ -178,7 +156,7 @@ func TestResolveConfigFromMulti_MatchingKeychainRefPassesValidation(t *testing.T
 		t.Fatal("expected error (keychain entry not found), got nil")
 	}
 	// The error should come from keychain resolution, NOT from our mismatch check.
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *ConfigError
 	if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
 		if cfgErr.Message == "appId and appSecret keychain key are out of sync" {
 			t.Fatal("error came from mismatch check, but keys should match")
--- a/internal/core/errors.go
+++ b/internal/core/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package core
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// ConfigError is a structured error from config resolution.
+// It carries enough information for main.go to convert it into an output.ExitError.
+type ConfigError struct {
+	Code    int    // exit code: 3 (config errors share the auth exit code)
+	Type    string // "config" or "auth"
+	Message string
+	Hint    string
+}
+
+func (e *ConfigError) Error() string {
+	if e.Hint != "" {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s\n  %s", e.Message, e.Hint)
+	}
+	return e.Message
+}
--- a/internal/core/notconfigured.go
+++ b/internal/core/notconfigured.go
@@ -5,20 +5,10 @@ package core

 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"os"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 )

-// isMalformedConfigError reports whether a config load failure indicates a
-// malformed file (unparseable / structurally empty) rather than an absent or
-// inaccessible one. Malformed files map to the invalid_config subtype so the
-// user is told to fix the file instead of re-running init. Detection is by
-// ErrMalformedConfig sentinel, not message text.
-func isMalformedConfigError(err error) bool {
-	return errors.Is(err, ErrMalformedConfig)
-}
-
 // LoadOrNotConfigured wraps LoadMultiAppConfig with the standard "not yet
 // configured vs. couldn't read" disambiguation that every config-required
 // command should use:
@@ -37,15 +27,14 @@ func LoadOrNotConfigured() (*MultiAppConfig, error) {
 			return nil, NotConfiguredError()
 		}
 		// Surface the real cause (parse error, permission denied, etc.)
-		// so the user can fix the broken file. A malformed file is
-		// invalid_config; anything else (permission denied, etc.) is
-		// not_configured. Both stay on the typed structured-envelope path
-		// at the root command's error sink.
-		subtype := errs.SubtypeNotConfigured
-		if isMalformedConfigError(err) {
-			subtype = errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig
+		// so the user can fix the broken file. Wrapping as ConfigError
+		// keeps it on the standard structured-envelope path at the root
+		// command's error sink.
+		return nil, &ConfigError{
+			Code:    3,
+			Type:    "config",
+			Message: fmt.Sprintf("failed to load config: %v", err),
 		}
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(subtype, "failed to load config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if multi == nil || len(multi.Apps) == 0 {
 		return nil, NotConfiguredError()
@@ -81,14 +70,19 @@ const (
 func NotConfiguredError() error {
 	ws := CurrentWorkspace()
 	if ws.IsLocal() {
-		return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "not configured").
-			WithHint("%s", localInitHint)
+		return &ConfigError{
+			Code:    3,
+			Type:    "config",
+			Message: "not configured",
+			Hint:    localInitHint,
+		}
+	}
+	return &ConfigError{
+		Code:    3,
+		Type:    ws.Display(),
+		Message: fmt.Sprintf("%s context detected but lark-cli is not bound to it", ws.Display()),
+		Hint:    agentBindHint,
 	}
-	// Agent workspace: the workspace name appears only in the message, never
-	// in the wire subtype, which stays not_configured.
-	return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured,
-		"%s context detected but lark-cli is not bound to it", ws.Display()).
-		WithHint("%s", agentBindHint)
 }

 // reconfigureHint returns the workspace-aware "fix it from scratch" hint
@@ -110,10 +104,17 @@ func reconfigureHint() string {
 func NoActiveProfileError() error {
 	ws := CurrentWorkspace()
 	if ws.IsLocal() {
-		return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "no active profile").
-			WithHint("%s", localInitHint)
+		return &ConfigError{
+			Code:    3,
+			Type:    "config",
+			Message: "no active profile",
+			Hint:    localInitHint,
+		}
+	}
+	return &ConfigError{
+		Code:    3,
+		Type:    ws.Display(),
+		Message: fmt.Sprintf("no active profile in %s workspace", ws.Display()),
+		Hint:    agentBindHint,
 	}
-	return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured,
-		"no active profile in %s workspace", ws.Display()).
-		WithHint("%s", agentBindHint)
 }
--- a/internal/core/notconfigured_test.go
+++ b/internal/core/notconfigured_test.go
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 )

 // saveAndRestoreWorkspace ensures package-level currentWorkspace is reset
@@ -26,15 +24,12 @@ func TestNotConfiguredError_Local(t *testing.T) {
 	SetCurrentWorkspace(WorkspaceLocal)

 	err := NotConfiguredError()
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *ConfigError", err)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Category != errs.CategoryConfig || cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
-		t.Errorf("category/subtype = %q/%q, want config/not_configured", cfgErr.Category, cfgErr.Subtype)
-	}
-	if cfgErr.Message != "not configured" {
-		t.Errorf("message = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Message, "not configured")
+	if cfgErr.Type != "config" || cfgErr.Message != "not configured" {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected detail: %+v", cfgErr)
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Hint, "config init --new") {
 		t.Errorf("local hint should suggest config init --new; got %q", cfgErr.Hint)
@@ -49,17 +44,12 @@ func TestNotConfiguredError_OpenClaw(t *testing.T) {
 	SetCurrentWorkspace(WorkspaceOpenClaw)

 	err := NotConfiguredError()
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *ConfigError", err)
 	}
-	// The wire subtype stays not_configured; the workspace name only appears
-	// in the message, never in the typed taxonomy.
-	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want not_configured", cfgErr.Subtype)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Message, "openclaw") {
-		t.Errorf("message must name the openclaw workspace; got %q", cfgErr.Message)
+	if cfgErr.Type != "openclaw" {
+		t.Errorf("type = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Type, "openclaw")
 	}
 	// Hint must point at --help (read first, confirm with user, then bind),
 	// NOT a directly-executable bind command — binding is policy-laden
@@ -77,15 +67,12 @@ func TestNotConfiguredError_Hermes(t *testing.T) {
 	SetCurrentWorkspace(WorkspaceHermes)

 	err := NotConfiguredError()
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *ConfigError", err)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want not_configured", cfgErr.Subtype)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Message, "hermes") {
-		t.Errorf("message must name the hermes workspace; got %q", cfgErr.Message)
+	if cfgErr.Type != "hermes" {
+		t.Errorf("type = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Type, "hermes")
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Hint, "config bind --help") {
 		t.Errorf("hermes hint must point to `config bind --help`; got %q", cfgErr.Hint)
@@ -97,9 +84,9 @@ func TestNoActiveProfileError_Local(t *testing.T) {
 	SetCurrentWorkspace(WorkspaceLocal)

 	err := NoActiveProfileError()
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *ConfigError", err)
 	}
 	if cfgErr.Message != "no active profile" {
 		t.Errorf("message = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Message, "no active profile")
@@ -111,9 +98,9 @@ func TestNoActiveProfileError_AgentSuggestsBind(t *testing.T) {
 	SetCurrentWorkspace(WorkspaceOpenClaw)

 	err := NoActiveProfileError()
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *ConfigError", err)
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Hint, "config bind --help") {
 		t.Errorf("agent hint must point to `config bind --help`; got %q", cfgErr.Hint)
@@ -149,12 +136,9 @@ func TestLoadOrNotConfigured_FileMissing_ReturnsNotConfigured(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error")
 	}
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
-	}
-	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want not_configured", cfgErr.Subtype)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *ConfigError", err)
 	}
 	if cfgErr.Message != "not configured" {
 		t.Errorf("message = %q, want \"not configured\"", cfgErr.Message)
@@ -180,13 +164,9 @@ func TestLoadOrNotConfigured_CorruptFile_PreservesCause(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for corrupt config")
 	}
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
-	}
-	// A malformed file maps to invalid_config, not not_configured.
-	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig {
-		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want invalid_config", cfgErr.Subtype)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *ConfigError", err)
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Message, "failed to load config") {
 		t.Errorf("corrupt-file message must say 'failed to load config'; got %q", cfgErr.Message)
@@ -198,8 +178,4 @@ func TestLoadOrNotConfigured_CorruptFile_PreservesCause(t *testing.T) {
 	if strings.Contains(cfgErr.Hint, "config init") || strings.Contains(cfgErr.Hint, "config bind") {
 		t.Errorf("corrupt-file hint must not redirect to init/bind; got %q", cfgErr.Hint)
 	}
-	// The underlying parse failure stays reachable through the unwrap chain.
-	if cfgErr.Cause == nil {
-		t.Error("Cause must wrap the underlying load error for errors.Is/Unwrap")
-	}
 }
--- a/internal/errcompat/promote.go
+++ b/internal/errcompat/promote.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Package errcompat provides boundary helpers that bridge legacy error types
+// to the typed errs/ taxonomy. These helpers run at the dispatcher boundary
+// (cmd/root.go.handleRootError) before the typed envelope writer, converting
+// pre-typed-taxonomy errors (*core.ConfigError, *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError)
+// into typed *errs.* errors while preserving the original error in the Cause
+// chain so existing `errors.As` callers continue to match.
+package errcompat
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+// PromoteConfigError converts a legacy *core.ConfigError into the matching
+// typed errs.*Error based on cfgErr.Type. Called from cmd/root.go.handleRootError
+// before the typed envelope writer. The original *core.ConfigError is preserved
+// in the Cause chain so external `errors.As(&core.ConfigError{})` callers
+// (cmd/auth/list.go, cmd/doctor/doctor.go, etc.) still match.
+func PromoteConfigError(cfgErr *core.ConfigError) error {
+	if cfgErr == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	switch cfgErr.Type {
+	case "auth":
+		return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing, "%s", cfgErr.Message).
+			WithHint("%s", cfgErr.Hint).
+			WithCause(cfgErr)
+	case "config":
+		subtype := errs.SubtypeNotConfigured
+		lower := strings.ToLower(cfgErr.Message)
+		if strings.Contains(lower, "parse") || strings.Contains(lower, "invalid") {
+			subtype = errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig
+		}
+		return errs.NewConfigError(subtype, "%s", cfgErr.Message).
+			WithHint("%s", cfgErr.Hint).
+			WithCause(cfgErr)
+	default:
+		// dynamic Type (e.g. workspace name like "bind"/"hermes"/"openclaw") → NotConfigured
+		return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "%s", cfgErr.Message).
+			WithHint("%s", cfgErr.Hint).
+			WithCause(cfgErr)
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/errcompat/promote_auth.go
+++ b/internal/errcompat/promote_auth.go
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errcompat
+
+import (
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
+)
+
+// PromoteAuthError converts a legacy *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError into
+// *errs.AuthenticationError{Subtype: TokenMissing}. The Message field MUST
+// contain "need_user_authorization" so the marker invariant guardrail in
+// cmd/root_test.go and internal/auth/errors_test.go still holds.
+//
+// Hint mirrors newTokenMissingError in internal/client/client.go so both
+// token-missing surfaces converge on the same recovery vocabulary. cmd's
+// applyNeedAuthorizationHint appends per-command scopes onto this Hint with
+// a "\n" join, so the action prompt is preserved even when scopes are added.
+//
+// Called from cmd/root.go.handleRootError when errors.As matches
+// *NeedAuthorizationError, before WriteTypedErrorEnvelope.
+func PromoteAuthError(err *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing,
+		"need_user_authorization (user: %s)", err.UserOpenId).
+		WithUserOpenID(err.UserOpenId).
+		WithHint("run: lark-cli auth login to re-authorize").
+		WithCause(err)
+}
--- a/internal/errcompat/promote_auth_test.go
+++ b/internal/errcompat/promote_auth_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errcompat
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
+)
+
+func TestPromoteAuthError_PromotesNeedAuthorizationError(t *testing.T) {
+	needAuth := &internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError{UserOpenId: "u_xxx"}
+	got := PromoteAuthError(needAuth)
+
+	var authErr *errs.AuthenticationError
+	if !errors.As(got, &authErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.AuthenticationError, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if authErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeTokenMissing {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %v, want %v", authErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeTokenMissing)
+	}
+
+	// Cause chain must preserve original *NeedAuthorizationError so legacy
+	// consumers (auth.IsNeedUserAuthorizationError + errors.As pattern in
+	// internal/auth/errors.go:42) still match.
+	var preserved *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError
+	if !errors.As(got, &preserved) {
+		t.Error("Unwrap chain lost *NeedAuthorizationError — breaks auth.IsNeedUserAuthorizationError consumer")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPromoteAuthError_PreservesNeedUserAuthorizationMarker(t *testing.T) {
+	needAuth := &internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError{UserOpenId: "u_xxx"}
+	got := PromoteAuthError(needAuth)
+	if !strings.Contains(got.Error(), "need_user_authorization") {
+		t.Errorf("Message must contain need_user_authorization marker, got: %q", got.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPromoteAuthError_PreservesUserOpenID(t *testing.T) {
+	needAuth := &internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError{UserOpenId: "u_test_open_id"}
+	got := PromoteAuthError(needAuth)
+
+	var authErr *errs.AuthenticationError
+	if !errors.As(got, &authErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.AuthenticationError, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if authErr.UserOpenID != "u_test_open_id" {
+		t.Errorf("UserOpenID = %q, want preserved", authErr.UserOpenID)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPromoteAuthError_CarriesAuthLoginHint pins that the recovery action
+// prompt is attached at promotion time — without this Hint, downstream
+// consumers see authentication/token_missing but no "run: lark-cli auth login"
+// guidance, mirroring the pre-typed UX failure when NeedAuthorizationError
+// surfaced as a bare network error. cmd's applyNeedAuthorizationHint relies
+// on this Hint being non-empty so scope enrichment appends instead of
+// overwrites the recovery prompt.
+func TestPromoteAuthError_CarriesAuthLoginHint(t *testing.T) {
+	got := PromoteAuthError(&internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError{UserOpenId: "u_xxx"})
+	var authErr *errs.AuthenticationError
+	if !errors.As(got, &authErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.AuthenticationError, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(authErr.Hint, "lark-cli auth login") {
+		t.Errorf("Hint must guide user to re-authorize, got: %q", authErr.Hint)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPromoteAuthError_Nil_ReturnsNil(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := PromoteAuthError(nil); got != nil {
+		t.Errorf("nil input should return nil, got %v", got)
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/errcompat/promote_test.go
+++ b/internal/errcompat/promote_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errcompat_test
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errcompat"
+)
+
+func TestPromoteConfigError_TypeAuth_PromotesToAuthenticationError(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &core.ConfigError{
+		Type:    "auth",
+		Code:    3,
+		Message: "not logged in",
+		Hint:    "run: lark-cli auth login",
+	}
+	got := errcompat.PromoteConfigError(cfg)
+
+	var authErr *errs.AuthenticationError
+	if !errors.As(got, &authErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.AuthenticationError, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if authErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeTokenMissing {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %v, want %v", authErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeTokenMissing)
+	}
+	// Cause chain must preserve original *core.ConfigError for errors.As compat.
+	var cfgPreserved *core.ConfigError
+	if !errors.As(got, &cfgPreserved) {
+		t.Error("Unwrap chain lost *core.ConfigError — breaks cmd/auth/list.go consumer")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPromoteConfigError_TypeConfig_PromotesToConfigError(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name        string
+		msg         string
+		wantSubtype errs.Subtype
+	}{
+		{"not_configured", "not configured", errs.SubtypeNotConfigured},
+		{"invalid_config_parse", "failed to parse config", errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig},
+		{"invalid_config_keyword", "invalid config file", errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg := &core.ConfigError{Type: "config", Code: 3, Message: tc.msg}
+			got := errcompat.PromoteConfigError(cfg)
+
+			var ce *errs.ConfigError
+			if !errors.As(got, &ce) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfigError, got %T", got)
+			}
+			if ce.Subtype != tc.wantSubtype {
+				t.Errorf("subtype = %v, want %v", ce.Subtype, tc.wantSubtype)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPromoteConfigError_TypeDynamic_PromotesToConfigError(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, wsName := range []string{"openclaw", "hermes", "bind"} {
+		t.Run(wsName, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg := &core.ConfigError{Type: wsName, Code: 3, Message: "not configured"}
+			got := errcompat.PromoteConfigError(cfg)
+
+			var ce *errs.ConfigError
+			if !errors.As(got, &ce) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfigError, got %T", got)
+			}
+			if ce.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
+				t.Errorf("subtype = %v, want %v", ce.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNotConfigured)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPromoteConfigError_Nil_ReturnsNil(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := errcompat.PromoteConfigError(nil); got != nil {
+		t.Errorf("nil input should return nil, got %v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPromoteConfigError_PreservesMessageHint(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &core.ConfigError{
+		Type:    "auth",
+		Message: "session expired (user: u_xxx)",
+		Hint:    "re-authenticate",
+	}
+	got := errcompat.PromoteConfigError(cfg)
+	if !strings.Contains(got.Error(), "session expired") {
+		t.Errorf("message lost in promotion: %v", got)
+	}
+	var authErr *errs.AuthenticationError
+	if !errors.As(got, &authErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.AuthenticationError, got %T", got)
+	}
+	if authErr.Hint != "re-authenticate" {
+		t.Errorf("hint = %q, want preserved", authErr.Hint)
+	}
+}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More