fix(slides): align SVGlide native role classifier

* feat(api): add --json flag as no-op alias for --format json

* feat(service): add --json flag as no-op alias for --format json

* feat(shortcut): add --json flag as no-op alias for --format json

Skip registration when a custom --json flag already exists on the
command (e.g. base shortcuts use --json for body input).

Change-Id: If66236cadeea7fa81811061cce775deff51b92ce

.golangci.yml

@@ -65,10 +65,23 @@ linters:
           - forbidigo
       # errs-typed-only enforced on paths already migrated to errs.NewXxxError.
       # Add a path when its migration is complete.
-      - path-except: (internal/auth/|internal/errcompat/|internal/errclass/|internal/client/|internal/cmdutil/factory\.go|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|shortcuts/calendar/helpers\.go)
+      - path-except: (internal/auth/|internal/errcompat/|internal/errclass/|internal/client/|internal/cmdutil/factory\.go|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|shortcuts/calendar/helpers\.go|shortcuts/drive/)
         text: errs-typed-only
         linters:
           - forbidigo
+      # errs-no-bare-wrap enforced on paths fully migrated to typed final
+      # errors. Scoped separately from errs-typed-only because cmd/auth/,
+      # cmd/config/ still have residual fmt.Errorf and must not be caught.
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/calendar/helpers\.go|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go)
+        text: errs-no-bare-wrap
+        linters:
+          - forbidigo
+      # errs-no-legacy-helper is drive-only: the shared helpers it bans are
+      # still used by other domains until their later migration phase.
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/drive/)
+        text: errs-no-legacy-helper
+        linters:
+          - forbidigo
 
   settings:
     depguard:
@@ -94,6 +107,23 @@ linters:
           msg: >-
             [errs-typed-only] use errs.NewXxxError(...) builder
             (see errs/types.go).
+        # ── legacy shared error helpers banned on drive ──
+        # These helpers internally produce legacy output.Err* shapes, so they
+        # are invisible to the errs-typed-only ban above. Drive has migrated its
+        # calls to typed errs.* (drive-local driveInputStatError / driveSaveError);
+        # this prevents reintroduction. Other domains still use the shared
+        # helpers (migrated globally in a later phase), so this is drive-scoped.
+        - pattern: (common\.FlagErrorf|common\.WrapInputStatError|common\.WrapSaveErrorByCategory)\b
+          msg: >-
+            [errs-no-legacy-helper] these shared helpers emit legacy output.Err*
+            shapes. Use the typed errs.NewXxxError builders or the drive-local
+            driveInputStatError / driveSaveError helpers (shortcuts/drive/drive_errors.go).
+        # ── bare error wraps banned on fully-typed paths ──
+        - pattern: (fmt\.Errorf|errors\.New)\b
+          msg: >-
+            [errs-no-bare-wrap] final errors must be typed (errs.NewXxxError);
+            wrap a cause with .WithCause(err). Genuine intermediate wraps:
+            //nolint:forbidigo with a reason.
         # ── http: shortcuts must not construct raw HTTP requests ──
         # Bans request / client construction; constants (http.MethodPost,
         # http.StatusOK) and pure helpers (http.StatusText, http.Header) are

cmd/api/api.go

@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ func NewCmdApiWithContext(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*AP
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageLimit, "page-limit", 10, "max pages to fetch with --page-all (0 = unlimited)")
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageDelay, "page-delay", 200, "delay in ms between pages")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Format, "format", "json", "output format: json|ndjson|table|csv")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("json", false, "shorthand for --format json")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.JqExpr, "jq", "q", "", "jq expression to filter JSON output")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.DryRun, "dry-run", false, "print request without executing")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.File, "file", "", "file to upload as multipart/form-data ([field=]path, supports - for stdin)")

cmd/api/api_test.go

@@ -718,3 +718,23 @@ func TestApiCmd_PermissionError_DerivesFirstClassFields(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want %q", pe.LogID, "20260527-test-log")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestApiCmd_JsonFlag_Accepted(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	var gotOpts *APIOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdApi(f, func(opts *APIOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"GET", "/open-apis/test", "--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("--json should be accepted without error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts.Method != "GET" {
+		t.Errorf("expected method GET, got %s", gotOpts.Method)
+	}
+}

cmd/config/init.go

@@ -341,6 +341,9 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 		output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Configuration saved to %s", core.GetConfigPath()))
 		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
 		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{"appId": opts.AppID, "appSecret": "****", "brand": brand})
+		if err := runProbe(opts.Ctx, f, opts.AppID, opts.appSecret, brand); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -380,6 +383,9 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 		}
 		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
 		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{"appId": result.AppID, "appSecret": "****", "brand": result.Brand})
+		if err := runProbe(opts.Ctx, f, result.AppID, result.AppSecret, result.Brand); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -419,6 +425,11 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 			output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf(msg.ConfigSaved, result.AppID))
 		}
 		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
+		if result.AppSecret != "" {
+			if err := runProbe(opts.Ctx, f, result.AppID, result.AppSecret, result.Brand); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -507,5 +518,10 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	}
 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Configuration saved to %s", core.GetConfigPath()))
 	printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
+	if appSecretInput != "" {
+		if err := runProbe(opts.Ctx, f, resolvedAppId, appSecretInput, parseBrand(resolvedBrand)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
 	return nil
 }

cmd/config/init_probe.go

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package config
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
+)
+
+// probeTimeout is the total wall-clock budget for the credential probe step
+// (covering both TAT acquisition and the subsequent probe request).
+const probeTimeout = 3 * time.Second
+
+// runProbe runs a best-effort credential validation after config init has
+// persisted the App ID and App Secret. It returns a non-nil error only for a
+// deterministic credential-rejection signal; every other outcome returns nil
+// so that valid configurations and transient/upstream noise never block the
+// command.
+//
+// The function performs up to two HTTP calls in series, bounded by
+// probeTimeout:
+//
+//  1. A TAT request using the just-saved credentials. credential.FetchTAT
+//     returns a typed errs.* error (via the shared classifyTATResponseCode)
+//     only when the server deterministically rejected the credentials — a
+//     non-zero TAT body code, classified as CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient
+//     (10003 / 10014) or whatever codemeta maps. That typed error is propagated
+//     so the root dispatcher renders the canonical envelope and `config init`
+//     exits non-zero — identical to how every other token-resolving command
+//     reports the same bad credentials. Ambiguous failures (transport errors,
+//     HTTP non-200, JSON parse errors, timeouts) come back as raw untyped
+//     errors and are swallowed (return nil), so valid configurations are never
+//     disturbed by upstream noise. errs.IsTyped is the discriminator.
+//
+//  2. If TAT succeeded, a POST to the probe endpoint is fired. The outcome of
+//     that call (success, server error, timeout, parse failure) is always
+//     ignored — return nil regardless.
+func runProbe(parent context.Context, factory *cmdutil.Factory, appID, appSecret string, brand core.LarkBrand) error {
+	if factory == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	httpClient, err := factory.HttpClient()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(parent, probeTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	token, err := credential.FetchTAT(ctx, httpClient, brand, appID, appSecret)
+	if err != nil {
+		// A typed error from FetchTAT is a deterministic credential rejection
+		// (classifyTATResponseCode). Propagate it so config init exits with the
+		// same envelope the rest of the CLI uses for bad credentials. Untyped
+		// errors are ambiguous (transport / HTTP / parse / timeout) — stay
+		// silent and let the command succeed.
+		if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// TAT succeeded — fire the probe call. Any outcome is ignored.
+	url := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand).Open + "/open-apis/application/v6/larksuite_cli_app/probe"
+	body := []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"from":"lark-cli/%s"}`, build.Version))
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	_, _ = io.Copy(io.Discard, resp.Body)
+	return nil
+}

cmd/config/init_probe_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package config
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+// fakeRT routes requests to per-path handlers and records what it saw.
+type fakeRT struct {
+	tatHandler   func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+	probeHandler func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+	tatCalls     int
+	probeCalls   int
+	probeReq     *http.Request
+	probeBody    string
+}
+
+func (f *fakeRT) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	switch {
+	case strings.HasSuffix(req.URL.Path, "/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"):
+		f.tatCalls++
+		if f.tatHandler == nil {
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":0,"tenant_access_token":"t-ok"}`), nil
+		}
+		return f.tatHandler(req)
+	case strings.HasSuffix(req.URL.Path, "/application/v6/larksuite_cli_app/probe"):
+		f.probeCalls++
+		f.probeReq = req
+		if req.Body != nil {
+			b, _ := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
+			f.probeBody = string(b)
+		}
+		if f.probeHandler == nil {
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":0,"data":{},"msg":"success"}`), nil
+		}
+		return f.probeHandler(req)
+	}
+	return nil, errors.New("unexpected URL: " + req.URL.String())
+}
+
+func jsonResp(code int, body string) *http.Response {
+	return &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: code,
+		Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(body)),
+		Header:     make(http.Header),
+	}
+}
+
+// fakeFactory builds a test Factory whose HttpClient is overridden to use
+// the caller-supplied RoundTripper.
+//
+// Wired through cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil) so the canonical IOStreams,
+// Credential, Keychain and FileIO wiring is in place (per repo test-factory
+// guidance). The HttpClient is then swapped to our stub so we can drive
+// exact HTTP responses for the probe. Config-dir isolation is set up via
+// t.Setenv(LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR, t.TempDir()) so any incidental config
+// touch lands in a temp dir rather than the developer's real config.
+//
+// The returned buffer is the Factory's stderr. runProbe never writes to
+// stderr (it propagates a typed error or stays silent), so every test asserts
+// this buffer stays empty as an invariant.
+func fakeFactory(t *testing.T, rt http.RoundTripper) (*cmdutil.Factory, *bytes.Buffer) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	f, _, errBuf, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	f.HttpClient = func() (*http.Client, error) {
+		return &http.Client{Transport: rt}, nil
+	}
+	return f, errBuf
+}
+
+// assertConfigRejection asserts runProbe propagated a deterministic credential
+// rejection: a *errs.ConfigError (CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient) with
+// the expected upstream code. This is the same typed error every other
+// token-resolving command returns for the same bad credentials, and nothing is
+// written to stderr (the root dispatcher renders the envelope).
+func assertConfigRejection(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer, wantCode int) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfigError (code %d), got nil", wantCode)
+	}
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfigError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Category != errs.CategoryConfig {
+		t.Errorf("Category = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Category, errs.CategoryConfig)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidClient)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Code != wantCode {
+		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want %d", cfgErr.Code, wantCode)
+	}
+	if errBuf.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("runProbe must not write to stderr, got: %q", errBuf.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// assertSilent asserts runProbe stayed quiet: no propagated error and nothing
+// written to stderr. Used for every ambiguous (non-credential) outcome.
+func assertSilent(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil (silent), got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if errBuf.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected no stderr output, got: %q", errBuf.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// 10003 (bad / non-existent app_id) → ConfigError/InvalidClient, propagated.
+func TestRunProbe_TATCode10003_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":10003,"msg":"invalid param"}`), nil
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+
+	err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu)
+
+	if rt.probeCalls != 0 {
+		t.Error("probe endpoint must not be called when TAT fails")
+	}
+	assertConfigRejection(t, err, errBuf, 10003)
+}
+
+// 10014 (real app_id + wrong secret) → ConfigError/InvalidClient via codemeta —
+// the most common real-world rejection, propagated.
+func TestRunProbe_TATCode10014_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":10014,"msg":"app secret invalid"}`), nil
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	assertConfigRejection(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf, 10014)
+}
+
+// Any non-zero body code is a deterministic rejection and propagates (typed).
+// An unrecognized code falls back to *errs.APIError via BuildAPIError — still
+// typed, so the probe still surfaces it rather than swallowing.
+func TestRunProbe_TATUnknownBodyCode_Propagates(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":99999,"msg":"future-unknown"}`), nil
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu)
+	if err == nil || !errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a propagated typed error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if errBuf.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("runProbe must not write to stderr, got: %q", errBuf.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// Non-200 HTTP at the TAT endpoint is ambiguous (not a payload credential
+// rejection) → silent, exit 0.
+func TestRunProbe_TATHTTPNon200_Silent(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, code := range []int{401, 403, 500} {
+		rt := &fakeRT{
+			tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+				return jsonResp(code, `nope`), nil
+			},
+		}
+		f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+		assertSilent(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_TATTransportError_Silent(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return nil, errors.New("network down")
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	assertSilent(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf)
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_TATSuccess_ProbeFails_Silent(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		probeHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return jsonResp(500, `server error`), nil
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu)
+	if rt.probeCalls != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("probe should be called once, got %d", rt.probeCalls)
+	}
+	assertSilent(t, err, errBuf)
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_TATSuccess_ProbeOK_Silent(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu)
+	if rt.tatCalls != 1 || rt.probeCalls != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1/1 calls, got tat=%d probe=%d", rt.tatCalls, rt.probeCalls)
+	}
+	assertSilent(t, err, errBuf)
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_ProbeRequestShape(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{}
+	f, _ := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	if err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if rt.probeReq == nil {
+		t.Fatal("probe request not captured")
+	}
+	if rt.probeReq.Method != http.MethodPost {
+		t.Errorf("probe method = %s, want POST", rt.probeReq.Method)
+	}
+	if got := rt.probeReq.URL.String(); got != "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/application/v6/larksuite_cli_app/probe" {
+		t.Errorf("probe URL = %s", got)
+	}
+	if got := rt.probeReq.Header.Get("Authorization"); got != "Bearer t-ok" {
+		t.Errorf("Authorization = %q, want Bearer t-ok", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(rt.probeBody, `"from":"lark-cli/`+build.Version+`"`) {
+		t.Errorf("probe body missing from field: %s", rt.probeBody)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_LarkBrand_HostRoutedCorrectly(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{}
+	f, _ := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+	if err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandLark); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if rt.probeReq == nil {
+		t.Fatal("probe request not captured")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(rt.probeReq.URL.Host, "larksuite.com") {
+		t.Errorf("probe host = %s, want larksuite.com", rt.probeReq.URL.Host)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_HTTPClientError_Silent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	f, _, errBuf, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	f.HttpClient = func() (*http.Client, error) {
+		return nil, errors.New("client init failed")
+	}
+	assertSilent(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf)
+}
+
+func TestRunProbe_TimeoutHonored(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &fakeRT{
+		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			<-req.Context().Done()
+			return nil, req.Context().Err()
+		},
+	}
+	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	err := runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu)
+	elapsed := time.Since(start)
+
+	if elapsed > 4*time.Second {
+		t.Errorf("runProbe took %v, expected <= ~3s", elapsed)
+	}
+	// A timeout is an ambiguous failure (context deadline → untyped), so it
+	// must stay silent and not block.
+	assertSilent(t, err, errBuf)
+}

cmd/root.go

@@ -241,6 +241,13 @@ func handleRootError(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) int {
 		return typedExit
 	}
 
+	// Partial-failure (batch / multi-status): the ok:false result envelope is
+	// already on stdout; set the exit code and write nothing to stderr.
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		return pfErr.Code
+	}
+
 	if exitErr := asExitError(err); exitErr != nil {
 		if !exitErr.Raw {
 			// Raw errors (e.g. from `api` command via output.MarkRaw)

cmd/service/service.go

@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ func NewCmdServiceMethodWithContext(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, spe
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageLimit, "page-limit", 10, "max pages to fetch with --page-all (0 = unlimited)")
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageDelay, "page-delay", 200, "delay in ms between pages")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Format, "format", "json", "output format: json|ndjson|table|csv")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("json", false, "shorthand for --format json")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.JqExpr, "jq", "q", "", "jq expression to filter JSON output")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.DryRun, "dry-run", false, "print request without executing")
 	if risk == "high-risk-write" {

cmd/service/service_test.go

@@ -765,3 +765,22 @@ func TestDetectFileFields(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestServiceMethod_JsonFlag_Accepted(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+
+	var captured *ServiceMethodOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, driveSpec(),
+		map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "GET"}, "list", "files",
+		func(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
+			captured = opts
+			return nil
+		})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--json"})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("--json should be accepted without error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if captured == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected runF to be called")
+	}
+}

errs/ERROR_CONTRACT.md

@@ -155,7 +155,30 @@ caller scripts.
 
 New code should not reach for `ErrBare` unless the command is
 genuinely a predicate. Anything carrying recoverable error content
-belongs in a typed `*errs.XxxError`.
+belongs in a typed `*errs.XxxError` — or, for a batch result, in the
+partial-failure outcome below.
+
+### Partial failure (batch / multi-status)
+
+A batch command (e.g. `drive +push` / `+pull` / `+sync`) that processes
+many items can finish in a third state, neither full success nor a single
+error: some items succeeded and some failed. Its primary output is the
+per-item result, so it does **not** belong in a `stderr` error envelope.
+
+Such a command returns `runtime.OutPartialFailure(data, meta)`, which:
+
+1. writes the full result to **stdout** as an `ok:false` envelope — the
+   summary and every per-item outcome (succeeded *and* failed) stay
+   machine-readable, exactly as a successful `Out(...)` would carry them,
+   but with `ok` honestly reporting failure; and
+2. returns `*output.PartialFailureError`, a typed exit signal the
+   dispatcher maps to a non-zero exit code while writing nothing further
+   to `stderr`.
+
+This is distinct from `ErrBare` (a predicate's one-bit answer) and from a
+typed `*errs.XxxError` (a `stderr` error envelope): a partial failure is a
+*result*, reported on stdout, that also failed. Consumers branch on
+`ok == false` and then read `data.summary` / `data.items[]`.
 
 ## Consumers
 

errs/subtypes.go

@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ const (
 
 // CategoryValidation subtypes
 const (
-	SubtypeInvalidArgument Subtype = "invalid_argument" // user-supplied flag / arg failed validation (gRPC INVALID_ARGUMENT alignment)
+	SubtypeInvalidArgument    Subtype = "invalid_argument"    // user-supplied flag / arg failed validation (gRPC INVALID_ARGUMENT alignment)
+	SubtypeFailedPrecondition Subtype = "failed_precondition" // request is valid but the system/resource state is not in the state required to execute; caller must change state (not retry) — e.g. ambiguous remote mapping (gRPC FAILED_PRECONDITION alignment)
 )
 
 // CategoryAuthentication subtypes

errs/types.go

@@ -61,8 +61,22 @@ type TypedError interface {
 // it is intentionally not serialized.
 type ValidationError struct {
 	Problem
-	Param string `json:"param,omitempty"`
-	Cause error  `json:"-"`
+	Param  string         `json:"param,omitempty"`
+	Params []InvalidParam `json:"params,omitempty"`
+	Cause  error          `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// InvalidParam is one structured validation diagnostic: the parameter that
+// failed (Name) and why (Reason). It mirrors an RFC 7807 "invalid-params"
+// item (RFC 7807 §3.1 extension members).
+//
+// The wire key on ValidationError is "params" rather than "invalid_params"
+// because the enclosing envelope already carries type:"validation", so the
+// "invalid" qualifier would be redundant on the wire. The Go type keeps the
+// InvalidParam prefix because, at package level, the name must self-describe.
+type InvalidParam struct {
+	Name   string `json:"name"`
+	Reason string `json:"reason"`
 }
 
 // Unwrap exposes the wrapped cause so errors.Unwrap / errors.Is can traverse
@@ -122,6 +136,11 @@ func (e *ValidationError) WithParam(param string) *ValidationError {
 	return e
 }
 
+func (e *ValidationError) WithParams(params ...InvalidParam) *ValidationError {
+	e.Params = append(e.Params, params...)
+	return e
+}
+
 func (e *ValidationError) WithCause(cause error) *ValidationError {
 	e.Cause = cause
 	return e

errs/types_test.go

@@ -558,6 +558,71 @@ func TestTypedError_UnwrapSymmetry(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+// TestValidationError_WithParams covers the structured-validation extension:
+// WithParams appends InvalidParam items, the scalar Param setter is unaffected,
+// and the wire shape nests {name, reason} under "params" (omitted when empty).
+func TestValidationError_WithParams(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("appends and exposes fields", func(t *testing.T) {
+		e := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "duplicate rel_path").
+			WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: "a.md", Reason: "duplicate"})
+		if len(e.Params) != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("len(Params) = %d, want 1", len(e.Params))
+		}
+		if e.Params[0].Name != "a.md" {
+			t.Errorf("Params[0].Name = %q, want %q", e.Params[0].Name, "a.md")
+		}
+		if e.Params[0].Reason != "duplicate" {
+			t.Errorf("Params[0].Reason = %q, want %q", e.Params[0].Reason, "duplicate")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("appends across multiple calls and returns receiver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		e := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "x")
+		returned := e.WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: "a.md", Reason: "dup"})
+		if returned != e {
+			t.Errorf("WithParams returned different pointer; want same as receiver")
+		}
+		e.WithParams(
+			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "b.md", Reason: "dup"},
+			errs.InvalidParam{Name: "c.md", Reason: "dup"},
+		)
+		if len(e.Params) != 3 {
+			t.Fatalf("len(Params) = %d after two calls, want 3", len(e.Params))
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("wire shape nests name and reason under params", func(t *testing.T) {
+		e := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "duplicate rel_path").
+			WithParam("--rel-path").
+			WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: "a.md", Reason: "duplicate"})
+		b, err := json.Marshal(e)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("marshal failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		got := string(b)
+		for _, want := range []string{
+			`"type":"validation"`,
+			`"param":"--rel-path"`,
+			`"params":[{"name":"a.md","reason":"duplicate"}]`,
+		} {
+			if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
+				t.Errorf("missing %q in %s", want, got)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("empty Params omitted from wire", func(t *testing.T) {
+		e := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "x")
+		b, err := json.Marshal(e)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("marshal failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(string(b), `"params"`) {
+			t.Errorf("empty Params should be omitted from wire; got %s", b)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 func TestBuilderSetter_DefensiveCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("WithMissingScopes clones input", func(t *testing.T) {
 		scopes := []string{"docx:document", "im:message:send"}

internal/credential/default_provider.go

@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@
 package credential
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@@ -166,42 +164,9 @@ func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) doResolveTAT(ctx context.Context) (*TokenResult,
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	ep := core.ResolveEndpoints(acct.Brand)
-	url := ep.Open + "/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"
-
-	body, err := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
-		"app_id":     acct.AppID,
-		"app_secret": acct.AppSecret,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal TAT request: %w", err)
-	}
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	token, err := FetchTAT(ctx, httpClient, acct.Brand, acct.AppID, acct.AppSecret)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-
-	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("TAT API returned HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
-	}
-
-	var result struct {
-		Code              int    `json:"code"`
-		Msg               string `json:"msg"`
-		TenantAccessToken string `json:"tenant_access_token"`
-	}
-	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&result); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse TAT response: %w", err)
-	}
-	if result.Code != 0 {
-		return nil, classifyTATResponseCode(result.Code, result.Msg, string(acct.Brand), acct.AppID)
-	}
-	return &TokenResult{Token: result.TenantAccessToken}, nil
+	return &TokenResult{Token: token}, nil
 }

internal/credential/tat_fetch.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package credential
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+// FetchTAT performs a single HTTP POST to mint a tenant access token with the
+// given credentials. It does not read configuration or keychain, so callers
+// that already hold plaintext credentials (e.g. the post-`config init` probe)
+// can validate them without a second keychain round-trip.
+//
+// A non-zero TAT response code means the server inspected the payload and
+// rejected the credentials; FetchTAT returns the canonical typed error from
+// classifyTATResponseCode — the SAME classification doResolveTAT (and thus
+// every token-resolving command) produces, so callers see one consistent
+// envelope (CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient for 10003 / 10014, etc.).
+// Transport, HTTP-status and JSON-parse failures are returned raw (untyped),
+// leaving them ambiguous; a caller can use errs.IsTyped to tell a deterministic
+// credential rejection apart from upstream/transport noise.
+//
+// The caller owns the context timeout.
+func FetchTAT(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, brand core.LarkBrand, appID, appSecret string) (string, error) {
+	ep := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand)
+	url := ep.Open + "/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"
+
+	body, err := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
+		"app_id":     appID,
+		"app_secret": appSecret,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal TAT request: %w", err)
+	}
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("TAT API returned HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	var result struct {
+		Code              int    `json:"code"`
+		Msg               string `json:"msg"`
+		TenantAccessToken string `json:"tenant_access_token"`
+	}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&result); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse TAT response: %w", err)
+	}
+	if result.Code != 0 {
+		return "", classifyTATResponseCode(result.Code, result.Msg, string(brand), appID)
+	}
+	return result.TenantAccessToken, nil
+}

internal/credential/tat_fetch_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package credential
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+// stubRoundTripper lets us assert request shape and return canned responses.
+type stubRoundTripper struct {
+	gotReq   *http.Request
+	gotBody  string
+	respCode int
+	respBody string
+	err      error
+}
+
+func (s *stubRoundTripper) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	s.gotReq = req
+	if req.Body != nil {
+		b, _ := io.ReadAll(req.Body)
+		s.gotBody = string(b)
+	}
+	if s.err != nil {
+		return nil, s.err
+	}
+	return &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: s.respCode,
+		Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(s.respBody)),
+		Header:     make(http.Header),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func TestFetchTAT_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{
+		respCode: 200,
+		respBody: `{"code":0,"tenant_access_token":"t-abc","msg":"ok"}`,
+	}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	token, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if token != "t-abc" {
+		t.Errorf("token = %q, want t-abc", token)
+	}
+	if rt.gotReq.URL.String() != "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal" {
+		t.Errorf("url = %s", rt.gotReq.URL.String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(rt.gotBody, `"app_id":"cli_app"`) || !strings.Contains(rt.gotBody, `"app_secret":"secret_x"`) {
+		t.Errorf("request body missing credentials: %s", rt.gotBody)
+	}
+}
+
+// 10003 (bad / non-existent app_id, "invalid param") is classified locally by
+// classifyTATResponseCode as CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient — the same
+// typed error doResolveTAT (and thus every token-resolving command) returns.
+func TestFetchTAT_Code10003_ConfigInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":10003,"msg":"invalid param"}`}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	token, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for code 10003")
+	}
+	if token != "" {
+		t.Errorf("token = %q, want empty", token)
+	}
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error not *errs.ConfigError: %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Category != errs.CategoryConfig {
+		t.Errorf("Category = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Category, errs.CategoryConfig)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidClient)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Code != 10003 {
+		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want 10003", cfgErr.Code)
+	}
+}
+
+// 10014 ("app secret invalid") — the most common real-world rejection (real
+// app_id + wrong secret) — is globally mapped in codemeta to
+// CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient via BuildAPIError.
+func TestFetchTAT_Code10014_ConfigInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":10014,"msg":"app secret invalid"}`}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error not *errs.ConfigError: %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient || cfgErr.Code != 10014 {
+		t.Errorf("got Subtype=%q Code=%d, want invalid_client/10014", cfgErr.Subtype, cfgErr.Code)
+	}
+}
+
+// Any non-zero body code is a deterministic server-side rejection, so it
+// always yields a typed error (errs.IsTyped). An unrecognized code falls back
+// to CategoryAPI / SubtypeUnknown via BuildAPIError — still typed, so a probe
+// caller still surfaces it rather than silently swallowing.
+func TestFetchTAT_UnknownBodyCode_Typed(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":99999,"msg":"future-unknown"}`}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for code 99999")
+	}
+	if !errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+	var apiErr *errs.APIError
+	if !errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
+		t.Errorf("unknown code should fall back to *errs.APIError, got %T", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Non-2xx HTTP is ambiguous (not a payload-level credential rejection) — it
+// must stay UNTYPED so a probe caller treats it as upstream noise and stays
+// silent.
+func TestFetchTAT_HTTPNon200_Untyped(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, code := range []int{401, 403, 500, 503} {
+		rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: code, respBody: `whatever`}
+		hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+		_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("HTTP %d: expected error", code)
+		}
+		if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+			t.Errorf("HTTP %d: must be UNTYPED (ambiguous), got typed %T %v", code, err, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchTAT_TransportError_Untyped(t *testing.T) {
+	sentinel := errors.New("network down")
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{err: sentinel}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Errorf("transport error must be UNTYPED, got typed %T", err)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, sentinel) {
+		t.Errorf("error chain missing sentinel: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchTAT_ParseError_Untyped(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `not json`}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected parse error")
+	}
+	if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Errorf("parse error must be UNTYPED, got typed %T", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchTAT_BrandRouting(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		brand   core.LarkBrand
+		wantURL string
+	}{
+		{core.BrandFeishu, "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"},
+		{core.BrandLark, "https://open.larksuite.com/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(string(tc.brand), func(t *testing.T) {
+			rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":0,"tenant_access_token":"t"}`}
+			hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+			if _, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, tc.brand, "a", "b"); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if got := rt.gotReq.URL.String(); got != tc.wantURL {
+				t.Errorf("url = %s, want %s", got, tc.wantURL)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFetchTAT_ContextCanceled(t *testing.T) {
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		<-r.Context().Done()
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	rt := &urlRewriteRT{base: srv.URL}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	cancel() // pre-canceled
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(ctx, hc, core.BrandFeishu, "a", "b")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for canceled context")
+	}
+	if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Errorf("canceled context must be UNTYPED, got typed %T", err)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		t.Errorf("error chain missing context.Canceled: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// urlRewriteRT forwards requests to a fixed base URL (test server).
+type urlRewriteRT struct{ base string }
+
+func (r *urlRewriteRT) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	newURL := r.base + req.URL.Path
+	req2, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(req.Context(), req.Method, newURL, req.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req2.Header = req.Header
+	return http.DefaultTransport.RoundTrip(req2)
+}

internal/errclass/classify.go

@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ func BuildAPIError(resp map[string]any, cc ClassifyContext) error {
 			Action:  action,
 		}
 	case errs.CategoryAPI:
+		base.Hint = APIHint(base.Subtype) // "" for subtypes without a context-free default
 		return &errs.APIError{Problem: base}
 	default:
 		// Fail closed: an unrecognized Category routes to InternalError
@@ -231,6 +232,22 @@ func ConfigHint(subtype errs.Subtype) string {
 	return ""
 }
 
+// APIHint returns the canonical per-subtype recovery hint for a typed APIError
+// emitted via BuildAPIError, for API subtypes whose recovery is context-free.
+// Context-specific guidance (e.g. a command's flags, an API's own quota) is
+// layered on by the caller after BuildAPIError returns and overrides this.
+func APIHint(subtype errs.Subtype) string {
+	switch subtype {
+	case errs.SubtypeConflict:
+		return "retry later and avoid concurrent duplicate requests on the same resource"
+	case errs.SubtypeCrossTenant:
+		return "operate on source and target within the same tenant and region/unit"
+	case errs.SubtypeCrossBrand:
+		return "operate on source and target within the same brand environment"
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 func buildPermissionError(p errs.Problem, resp map[string]any, cc ClassifyContext) *errs.PermissionError {
 	missing := extractMissingScopes(resp)
 	identity := cc.Identity

internal/errclass/codemeta_drive.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errclass
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+
+// driveCodeMeta holds drive/docs-service Lark code → CodeMeta mappings.
+// Only codes whose meaning is verifiable from repo evidence are registered;
+// ambiguous codes fall back to CategoryAPI via BuildAPIError.
+// BuildAPIError consumes this map via mergeCodeMeta + LookupCodeMeta.
+var driveCodeMeta = map[int]CodeMeta{
+	1061044: {Category: errs.CategoryAPI, Subtype: errs.SubtypeNotFound},          // parent folder does not exist (upload)
+	1069302: {Category: errs.CategoryAPI, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidParameters}, // comment endpoint "Invalid or missing parameters"
+}
+
+func init() { mergeCodeMeta(driveCodeMeta, "drive") }

internal/errclass/codemeta_drive_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errclass
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+)
+
+// TestLookupCodeMeta_DriveCodes pins each drive-service code registered via the
+// codemeta_drive.go init() merge to its expected Category/Subtype/Retryable.
+// Each case traces to repo evidence (see codemeta_drive.go comments).
+func TestLookupCodeMeta_DriveCodes(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		code        int
+		wantCat     errs.Category
+		wantSubtype errs.Subtype
+		wantRetry   bool
+	}{
+		// 1061044: upload with a nonexistent parent folder token. The drive E2E
+		// (tests_e2e/drive/2026_06_01_errs_migrate_drive_test.go) drives this
+		// producer via a nonexistent parent folder → referenced resource missing.
+		{1061044, errs.CategoryAPI, errs.SubtypeNotFound, false},
+		// 1069302: comment endpoint's opaque "Invalid or missing parameters"
+		// (shortcuts/drive/drive_add_comment.go) → API-side parameter rejection.
+		{1069302, errs.CategoryAPI, errs.SubtypeInvalidParameters, false},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%d", tc.code), func(t *testing.T) {
+			meta, ok := LookupCodeMeta(tc.code)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("code %d not registered in codeMeta", tc.code)
+			}
+			if meta.Category != tc.wantCat || meta.Subtype != tc.wantSubtype || meta.Retryable != tc.wantRetry {
+				t.Errorf("code %d: got %+v, want Category=%v Subtype=%v Retryable=%v",
+					tc.code, meta, tc.wantCat, tc.wantSubtype, tc.wantRetry)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/output/errors.go

@@ -170,6 +170,28 @@ func ErrBare(code int) *ExitError {
 	return &ExitError{Code: code}
 }
 
+// PartialFailureError is the exit signal for a batch / multi-status command that
+// has already written an ok:false result envelope to stdout. The per-item
+// outcomes are the primary, machine-readable output and live on stdout, so the
+// dispatcher sets only the exit code and writes nothing to stderr.
+//
+// It is deliberately distinct from ErrBare (the predicate silent-exit signal)
+// so the predicate contract stays narrow, and from a typed *errs.XxxError
+// (which owns the stderr error envelope): a partial failure is a result, not an
+// error envelope.
+type PartialFailureError struct {
+	Code int
+}
+
+func (e *PartialFailureError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("partial failure (exit %d)", e.Code)
+}
+
+// PartialFailure builds the partial-failure exit signal with the given code.
+func PartialFailure(code int) *PartialFailureError {
+	return &PartialFailureError{Code: code}
+}
+
 // WriteTypedErrorEnvelope writes the JSON error envelope for a typed error.
 // Each typed error owns its wire shape via its own struct tags: Problem fields
 // are promoted to the top level through embedding, and extension fields

internal/output/exitcode.go

@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@ func ExitCodeOf(err error) int {
 	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
 		return ExitCodeForCategory(errs.CategoryOf(err))
 	}
+	var pfErr *PartialFailureError
+	if errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		return pfErr.Code
+	}
 	var exitErr *ExitError
 	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
 		return exitErr.Code

internal/skillscheck/sync.go

@@ -270,6 +270,10 @@ func SyncSkills(opts SyncOptions) *SyncResult {
 		Force:          opts.Force,
 	}
 
+	if len(plan.ToUpdate) == 0 {
+		return fallbackFullInstall(opts, "toUpdate skills empty fallback", official)
+	}
+
 	if len(plan.ToUpdate) > 0 {
 		installResult := opts.Runner.InstallSkill(plan.ToUpdate)
 		if installResult == nil || installResult.Err != nil {

internal/skillscheck/sync_test.go

@@ -306,6 +306,39 @@ func TestSyncSkills_ParseEmptyGlobalListWithNonEmptyStdoutDegradesToColdStart(t
 	}
 }
 
+func TestSyncSkills_EmptyToUpdateFallsBackToFullInstall(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	if err := WriteState(SkillsState{
+		Version:        "1.0.30",
+		OfficialSkills: []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"},
+		UpdatedAt:      "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	runner := &fakeSkillsRunner{
+		officialOut:   officialSkillsOutput("lark-calendar", "lark-mail"),
+		globalOut:     globalSkillsOutput(),
+		installAllErr: nil,
+	}
+
+	result := SyncSkills(SyncOptions{Version: "1.0.33", Runner: runner, Now: time.Now})
+	if result.Action != "fallback_synced" {
+		t.Fatalf("SyncSkills() action = %q, want fallback_synced", result.Action)
+	}
+	if len(runner.installed) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("installed = %#v, want no incremental installs", runner.installed)
+	}
+	if runner.installedAll != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("installedAll = %d, want 1 (fallback triggered)", runner.installedAll)
+	}
+	assertStrings(t, result.Official, []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"})
+	assertStrings(t, result.Updated, []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"})
+	assertStrings(t, result.Added, []string{"lark-calendar", "lark-mail"})
+	assertStrings(t, result.SkippedDeleted, []string{})
+}
+
 func TestSyncSkills_InstallFailureFallsBackToFullInstall(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)

lint/errscontract/rule_no_legacy_envelope_literal.go

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errscontract
+
+import (
+	"go/ast"
+	"go/parser"
+	"go/token"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// migratedEnvelopePaths lists the source-tree prefixes that have been migrated
+// to the typed errs.* taxonomy. On these paths, constructing a legacy
+// output.ExitError / output.ErrDetail envelope literal directly is forbidden —
+// call sites must return a typed errs.* error instead. Future domains opt in by
+// appending their path prefix here.
+var migratedEnvelopePaths = []string{
+	"shortcuts/drive/",
+}
+
+// legacyOutputImportPath is the import path of the package that declares the
+// legacy ExitError / ErrDetail envelope types. The rule resolves whatever local
+// name (default or alias) this path is bound to in each file, so an aliased
+// import cannot bypass the check.
+const legacyOutputImportPath = "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+// CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral flags direct construction of legacy
+// output.ExitError / output.ErrDetail composite literals on migrated paths.
+// forbidigo can ban identifiers but not composite literals, so this AST rule
+// covers the gap left after a path is migrated to typed errs.* errors.
+//
+// Path-scoped to migratedEnvelopePaths (mirrors how CheckProblemEmbed restricts
+// by path); skips _test.go fixtures. output.ErrBare(...) is a CallExpr, not a
+// CompositeLit, so the predicate exit-signal helper is naturally not flagged.
+func CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral(path, src string) []Violation {
+	if !isMigratedEnvelopePath(path) || strings.HasSuffix(path, "_test.go") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	fset := token.NewFileSet()
+	file, err := parser.ParseFile(fset, path, src, parser.ParseComments)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Resolve the local name(s) bound to the legacy output import path. A file
+	// may bind it as the default `output`, an alias (`legacy "...output"`), or a
+	// dot-import (qualifier becomes ""), in which case ExitError/ErrDetail appear
+	// as bare unqualified idents.
+	localNames, dotImported := resolveLegacyOutputNames(file)
+	var out []Violation
+	ast.Inspect(file, func(n ast.Node) bool {
+		lit, ok := n.(*ast.CompositeLit)
+		if !ok {
+			return true
+		}
+		if name, ok := legacyEnvelopeTypeName(lit.Type, localNames, dotImported); ok {
+			out = append(out, Violation{
+				Rule:    "no_legacy_envelope_literal",
+				Action:  ActionReject,
+				File:    path,
+				Line:    fset.Position(lit.Pos()).Line,
+				Message: "direct construction of legacy output." + name + " is forbidden on migrated paths; return a typed errs.* error (output.ErrBare remains allowed for predicate exit signals)",
+				Suggestion: "replace the &output." + name + "{...} literal with a typed errs.* constructor " +
+					"(e.g. errs.NewValidationError / errs.NewAPIError / errs.NewNetworkError)",
+			})
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+	return out
+}
+
+// isMigratedEnvelopePath reports whether path falls under any migrated path
+// prefix in migratedEnvelopePaths.
+func isMigratedEnvelopePath(path string) bool {
+	p := strings.ReplaceAll(path, "\\", "/")
+	for _, prefix := range migratedEnvelopePaths {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(p, prefix) || strings.Contains(p, "/"+prefix) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// resolveLegacyOutputNames walks the file's import declarations and returns the
+// set of local names bound to legacyOutputImportPath, plus whether the path was
+// dot-imported. Default imports bind the package's own name ("output"); aliased
+// imports bind the alias; dot-imports bind names into the file scope.
+func resolveLegacyOutputNames(file *ast.File) (map[string]struct{}, bool) {
+	names := make(map[string]struct{})
+	dotImported := false
+	for _, imp := range file.Imports {
+		if imp.Path == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		p := strings.Trim(imp.Path.Value, "`\"")
+		if p != legacyOutputImportPath {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch {
+		case imp.Name == nil:
+			// Default import: local name is the package name "output".
+			names["output"] = struct{}{}
+		case imp.Name.Name == ".":
+			dotImported = true
+		case imp.Name.Name == "_":
+			// Blank import cannot reference the types; ignore.
+		default:
+			names[imp.Name.Name] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	return names, dotImported
+}
+
+// legacyEnvelopeTypeName reports whether a composite-literal Type names the
+// legacy ExitError / ErrDetail envelope and returns the bare type name. It
+// matches a qualified selector (pkg.ExitError) when pkg is one of the resolved
+// local names for the legacy output import, and — when the package was
+// dot-imported — also matches a bare unqualified ExitError / ErrDetail ident.
+func legacyEnvelopeTypeName(expr ast.Expr, localNames map[string]struct{}, dotImported bool) (string, bool) {
+	if sel, ok := expr.(*ast.SelectorExpr); ok {
+		x, ok := sel.X.(*ast.Ident)
+		if !ok || sel.Sel == nil {
+			return "", false
+		}
+		if _, bound := localNames[x.Name]; !bound {
+			return "", false
+		}
+		return matchLegacyEnvelopeName(sel.Sel.Name)
+	}
+	if dotImported {
+		if ident, ok := expr.(*ast.Ident); ok {
+			return matchLegacyEnvelopeName(ident.Name)
+		}
+	}
+	return "", false
+}
+
+// matchLegacyEnvelopeName returns the name when it is one of the legacy
+// envelope type names.
+func matchLegacyEnvelopeName(name string) (string, bool) {
+	switch name {
+	case "ExitError", "ErrDetail":
+		return name, true
+	}
+	return "", false
+}

lint/errscontract/rule_no_legacy_runtime_api_call.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package errscontract
+
+import (
+	"go/ast"
+	"go/parser"
+	"go/token"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall flags calls to the runtime's legacy
+// auto-classifying API helpers (CallAPI / DoAPIJSON / DoAPIJSONWithLogID) on
+// migrated paths. Those helpers route failures through common.HandleApiResult /
+// doAPIJSON, which emit a legacy output.ExitError "api_error" envelope and
+// downgrade an already-typed network / auth boundary error into an API error.
+// forbidigo's errs-typed-only ban does not see them because they are method
+// calls, not output.Err* identifiers — this AST rule covers that gap.
+//
+// Migrated code must call a typed API wrapper (e.g. drive's driveCallAPI) or use
+// runtime.DoAPI + errclass.BuildAPIError directly, so failures classify into
+// typed errs.* errors.
+//
+// Path-scoped to migratedEnvelopePaths; skips _test.go fixtures. A typed wrapper
+// like driveCallAPI is an unqualified call (*ast.Ident), not a selector, so it
+// is not matched. runtime.DoAPI / runtime.RawAPI are intentionally not listed:
+// they return the raw response for the caller to classify and do not emit a
+// legacy envelope themselves.
+func CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall(path, src string) []Violation {
+	if !isMigratedEnvelopePath(path) || strings.HasSuffix(path, "_test.go") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	fset := token.NewFileSet()
+	file, err := parser.ParseFile(fset, path, src, parser.ParseComments)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var out []Violation
+	ast.Inspect(file, func(n ast.Node) bool {
+		call, ok := n.(*ast.CallExpr)
+		if !ok {
+			return true
+		}
+		sel, ok := call.Fun.(*ast.SelectorExpr)
+		if !ok || sel.Sel == nil {
+			return true
+		}
+		if name, ok := matchLegacyRuntimeAPIMethod(sel.Sel.Name); ok {
+			out = append(out, Violation{
+				Rule:    "no_legacy_runtime_api_call",
+				Action:  ActionReject,
+				File:    path,
+				Line:    fset.Position(call.Pos()).Line,
+				Message: "runtime." + name + " emits a legacy output.ExitError api_error envelope and downgrades typed network/auth boundary errors; it is forbidden on migrated paths",
+				Suggestion: "call the domain's typed API wrapper (e.g. driveCallAPI) or runtime.DoAPI + errclass.BuildAPIError " +
+					"so failures classify into typed errs.* errors",
+			})
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+	return out
+}
+
+// matchLegacyRuntimeAPIMethod returns the name when it is one of the runtime's
+// legacy auto-classifying API helper methods.
+func matchLegacyRuntimeAPIMethod(name string) (string, bool) {
+	switch name {
+	case "CallAPI", "DoAPIJSON", "DoAPIJSONWithLogID":
+		return name, true
+	}
+	return "", false
+}

lint/errscontract/rules_test.go

@@ -593,3 +593,287 @@ func FooRegisterServiceMapBar(name string, _ interface{}) {}
 		t.Errorf("message must name the offending call: %s", v[0].Message)
 	}
 }
+
+// (F) direct legacy output.ExitError / output.ErrDetail literals on migrated
+//     paths → REJECT; output.ErrBare(...) calls and non-migrated paths pass.
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsExitErrorLiteralOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if v[0].Action != ActionReject {
+		t.Errorf("action = %q, want REJECT", v[0].Action)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "ExitError") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy type: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsErrDetailLiteralOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() *output.ErrDetail {
+	return &output.ErrDetail{Code: 7}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export_common.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "ErrDetail") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy type: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_AllowsErrBareCallOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
+	// output.ErrBare(...) is a CallExpr, not a CompositeLit — must NOT fire.
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return output.ErrBare(output.ExitAPI)
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ErrBare call should pass, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_IgnoresNonMigratedPath(t *testing.T) {
+	// Same offending literal, but outside the migrated path set → not flagged.
+	src := `package other
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/calendar/foo.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("non-migrated path should pass, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_SkipsTestFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export_test.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("_test.go file should be skipped, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsAliasedImport pins that an aliased
+// import of internal/output cannot bypass the rule: the qualifier is resolved
+// from the import declaration, not matched against the literal string "output".
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsAliasedImport(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import legacy "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &legacy.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation for aliased import, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if v[0].Action != ActionReject {
+		t.Errorf("action = %q, want REJECT", v[0].Action)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "ExitError") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy type: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_NormalImportStillRejected guards against a
+// regression where resolving by import path accidentally drops the default
+// (non-aliased) `output` case.
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_NormalImportStillRejected(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation for default import, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_ErrBareAliasedStillAllowed: output.ErrBare is
+// a CallExpr, not a composite literal — even under an alias it must not fire.
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_ErrBareAliasedStillAllowed(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import legacy "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return legacy.ErrBare(legacy.ExitAPI)
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ErrBare call should pass, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsDotImport: a dot-import surfaces
+// ExitError / ErrDetail as bare unqualified idents; the rule must still catch
+// the composite literal.
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_RejectsDotImport(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import . "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation for dot-import, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "ExitError") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy type: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_UnrelatedSelectorPasses: a same-named
+// selector on an unrelated package (not the legacy output import path) must not
+// trigger a false positive.
+func TestCheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral_UnrelatedSelectorPasses(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+import "example.com/other/output"
+
+func boom() error {
+	return &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("unrelated package selector must not fire, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_RejectsCallAPIOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/drive/drive_create_folder.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if v[0].Action != ActionReject {
+		t.Errorf("action = %q, want REJECT", v[0].Action)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "CallAPI") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy method: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_RejectsDoAPIJSONWithLogIDOnDrivePath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONWithLogID("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 violation, got %d: %+v", len(v), v)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(v[0].Message, "DoAPIJSONWithLogID") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the legacy method: %s", v[0].Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_AllowsTypedWrapperCall(t *testing.T) {
+	// driveCallAPI is an unqualified call (*ast.Ident), not a selector — must NOT fire.
+	src := `package drive
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, err := driveCallAPI(runtime, "POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/drive/drive_create_folder.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("typed wrapper call must not fire, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_AllowsRawAPIAndDoAPI(t *testing.T) {
+	// RawAPI / DoAPI return the raw response for the caller to classify and do
+	// not emit a legacy envelope — they are not banned.
+	src := `package drive
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, _ = runtime.RawAPI("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	_, err := runtime.DoAPI(nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/drive/drive_api.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("RawAPI / DoAPI must not fire, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_IgnoresNonMigratedPath(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package im
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/im/im_send.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("non-migrated path must not fire, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall_SkipsTestFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `package drive
+
+func boom(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	_, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/x", nil, nil)
+	return err
+}
+`
+	v := CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall("shortcuts/drive/drive_create_folder_test.go", src)
+	if len(v) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("test files must be skipped, got: %+v", v)
+	}
+}

lint/errscontract/scan.go

@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@ func ScanRepo(root string) ([]Violation, error) {
 		all = append(all, CheckNoRegistrar(rel, string(src))...)
 		all = append(all, CheckAdHocSubtype(rel, string(src))...)
 		all = append(all, CheckTypedErrorCompleteness(rel, string(src))...)
+		all = append(all, CheckNoLegacyEnvelopeLiteral(rel, string(src))...)
+		all = append(all, CheckNoLegacyRuntimeAPICall(rel, string(src))...)
 		// Typed-error invariants — self-scope to errs/ + classify.go.
 		all = append(all, CheckNilSafeError(rel, string(src))...)
 		all = append(all, CheckUnwrapSymmetry(rel, string(src))...)

shortcuts/common/call_api_typed_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+)
+
+func newCallAPITypedRuntime(t *testing.T) (*RuntimeContext, *httpmock.Registry) {
+	t.Helper()
+	cfg := &core.CliConfig{Brand: core.BrandFeishu, AppID: "cli_x"}
+	f, _, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, cfg)
+	rt := TestNewRuntimeContextForAPI(context.Background(), &cobra.Command{Use: "+x"}, cfg, f, core.AsUser)
+	return rt, reg
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_HeaderOnlyLogID pins the P1 fix: when the server returns
+// log_id only in the x-tt-logid response header (not in the JSON body), the
+// typed error still carries it. The legacy runtime.CallAPI path (body-only)
+// dropped it.
+func TestCallAPITyped_HeaderOnlyLogID(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/x/y",
+		Headers: http.Header{
+			"Content-Type": []string{"application/json"},
+			"X-Tt-Logid":   []string{"hdr-log-123"},
+		},
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": float64(1061044), "msg": "boom"}, // no log_id in body
+	})
+
+	_, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.LogID != "hdr-log-123" {
+		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want %q (lifted from x-tt-logid header)", p.LogID, "hdr-log-123")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_BodyLogID confirms body-level log_id still surfaces.
+func TestCallAPITyped_BodyLogID(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/x/y",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": float64(1061044), "msg": "boom", "log_id": "body-log-9"},
+	})
+
+	_, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.LogID != "body-log-9" {
+		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want body-log-9", p.LogID)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_Success returns the data object on code 0, and does not leak
+// the header log_id into the success payload (log_id surfacing is error-path
+// only — success output stays identical to the legacy CallAPI).
+func TestCallAPITyped_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/x/y",
+		Headers: http.Header{
+			"Content-Type": []string{"application/json"},
+			"X-Tt-Logid":   []string{"hdr-log-ok"},
+		},
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": float64(0), "data": map[string]interface{}{"token": "tok1"}},
+	})
+
+	data, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if data["token"] != "tok1" {
+		t.Errorf("data[token] = %v, want tok1", data["token"])
+	}
+	if _, leaked := data["log_id"]; leaked {
+		t.Errorf("success data must not carry log_id, got: %v", data)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAPIClassifyContext verifies the classify context is built from the
+// runtime: Brand / AppID from config, Identity from the resolved caller, and
+// LarkCmd from the running command path.
+func TestAPIClassifyContext(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &core.CliConfig{Brand: core.BrandLark, AppID: "cli_x"}
+	rt := TestNewRuntimeContextWithIdentity(&cobra.Command{Use: "+upload"}, cfg, core.AsUser)
+
+	cc := rt.APIClassifyContext()
+	if cc.Brand != "lark" {
+		t.Errorf("Brand = %q, want lark", cc.Brand)
+	}
+	if cc.AppID != "cli_x" {
+		t.Errorf("AppID = %q, want cli_x", cc.AppID)
+	}
+	if cc.Identity != "user" {
+		t.Errorf("Identity = %q, want user", cc.Identity)
+	}
+	if cc.LarkCmd != "+upload" {
+		t.Errorf("LarkCmd = %q, want +upload", cc.LarkCmd)
+	}
+
+	bot := TestNewRuntimeContextWithIdentity(&cobra.Command{Use: "+push"}, &core.CliConfig{Brand: core.BrandFeishu, AppID: "y"}, core.AsBot)
+	if got := bot.APIClassifyContext().Identity; got != "bot" {
+		t.Errorf("bot Identity = %q, want bot", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_NonJSON5xx pins that a non-JSON HTTP 5xx (e.g. a gateway 502
+// text/html page) is a retryable network/server_error carrying the header
+// log_id — not a mis-parsed internal/invalid_response.
+func TestCallAPITyped_NonJSON5xx(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/x/y",
+		Status: 502,
+		Headers: http.Header{
+			"Content-Type": []string{"text/html"},
+			"X-Tt-Logid":   []string{"hdr-502"},
+		},
+		RawBody: []byte("<html><body>502 Bad Gateway</body></html>"),
+	})
+
+	_, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
+	if !errors.As(err, &netErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.NetworkError for non-JSON 5xx, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if netErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkServer {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", netErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkServer)
+	}
+	if !netErr.Retryable {
+		t.Error("5xx network error must be retryable")
+	}
+	if netErr.LogID != "hdr-502" {
+		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want hdr-502 (from header)", netErr.LogID)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_5xxNoContentType pins that a 5xx with no Content-Type (which
+// the body-only parse would mis-classify as invalid_response) is still a
+// retryable network/server_error.
+func TestCallAPITyped_5xxNoContentType(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method:  "POST",
+		URL:     "/open-apis/x/y",
+		Status:  503,
+		Headers: http.Header{}, // explicitly no Content-Type header
+		RawBody: []byte("service unavailable"),
+	})
+
+	_, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	var netErr *errs.NetworkError
+	if !errors.As(err, &netErr) || netErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkServer {
+		t.Fatalf("expected retryable network/server_error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if !netErr.Retryable {
+		t.Error("5xx network error must be retryable")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCallAPITyped_NonObjectJSON pins that a top-level non-object JSON body
+// (e.g. "[]") is rejected as an invalid response, never a silent success ack.
+func TestCallAPITyped_NonObjectJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	rt, reg := newCallAPITypedRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method:  "POST",
+		URL:     "/open-apis/x/y",
+		RawBody: []byte("[]"),
+	})
+
+	_, err := rt.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/x/y", nil, map[string]any{})
+	var intErr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &intErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError for non-object JSON, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if intErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", intErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/runner.go

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -233,6 +234,133 @@ func (ctx *RuntimeContext) CallAPI(method, url string, params map[string]interfa
 	return HandleApiResult(result, err, "API call failed")
 }
 
+// CallAPITyped is the typed-only replacement for CallAPI: it performs the same
+// SDK request (buildRequest → APIClient.DoAPI → DoSDKRequest, identical
+// transport and query model to CallAPI) and returns the "data" object, but
+// classifies failures into typed errs.* errors via errclass.BuildAPIError.
+//
+// A transport / auth error from the client boundary is already typed and passes
+// through unchanged; a non-zero API response code is classified into a typed
+// error carrying subtype / code / log_id. Unlike CallAPI it never emits a legacy
+// output.ExitError envelope, and never downgrades a typed network/auth error.
+//
+// It lifts x-tt-logid from the response header (which the body-only parse drops)
+// so log_id surfaces on the typed error even when the server returns it only in
+// the header.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) CallAPITyped(method, url string, params map[string]interface{}, data interface{}) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	ac, err := ctx.getAPIClient()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, typedOrInternal(err)
+	}
+	resp, err := ac.DoAPI(ctx.ctx, ctx.buildRequest(method, url, params, data))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, typedOrInternal(err)
+	}
+	return ctx.ClassifyAPIResponse(resp)
+}
+
+// ClassifyAPIResponse turns a raw *larkcore.ApiResp into the "data" object or a
+// typed errs.* error. It is the shared response classifier for typed API paths
+// — used by CallAPITyped and by callers that drive the request themselves
+// (e.g. file upload via DoAPI). It:
+//
+//  1. parses the JSON body; an unparseable body on an HTTP error status (a
+//     gateway 5xx text/html page, an empty body, a missing Content-Type) is
+//     classified by status — 5xx → retryable network/server_error, 404 →
+//     not_found, other 4xx → api error — not a misleading invalid-response
+//     internal error;
+//  2. rejects a top-level non-object JSON ([], null, scalar) as an
+//     invalid-response internal error — never a silent success ack;
+//  3. lifts x-tt-logid from the response header onto the typed error so log_id
+//     surfaces even when the body omits it;
+//  4. classifies a non-zero API code via errclass.BuildAPIError, and treats any
+//     HTTP error status that parsed to code==0 as a status error.
+//
+// The success "data" object is returned untouched. On a non-zero API code the
+// data is returned alongside the typed error, since the response can still
+// carry fields a caller needs on failure (e.g. the file_token an overwrite
+// returned, for token-stability handling).
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) ClassifyAPIResponse(resp *larkcore.ApiResp) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	logID, _ := logIDFromHeader(resp)["log_id"].(string)
+
+	result, parseErr := client.ParseJSONResponse(resp)
+	if parseErr != nil {
+		if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+			return nil, httpStatusError(resp.StatusCode, resp.RawBody, logID)
+		}
+		return nil, client.WrapJSONResponseParseError(parseErr, resp.RawBody)
+	}
+	resultMap, ok := result.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		e := errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "API returned a non-object JSON response")
+		if logID != "" {
+			e = e.WithLogID(logID)
+		}
+		return nil, e
+	}
+	if logID != "" {
+		if _, present := resultMap["log_id"]; !present {
+			resultMap["log_id"] = logID
+		}
+	}
+	out, _ := resultMap["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if apiErr := errclass.BuildAPIError(resultMap, ctx.APIClassifyContext()); apiErr != nil {
+		return out, apiErr
+	}
+	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		return out, httpStatusError(resp.StatusCode, resp.RawBody, logID)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// httpStatusError classifies an HTTP error status whose body is not a usable
+// API envelope: 5xx → retryable network/server_error, 404 → not_found, other
+// 4xx → api error. The x-tt-logid (when present) is attached for diagnosis.
+func httpStatusError(status int, rawBody []byte, logID string) error {
+	body := TruncateStr(strings.TrimSpace(string(rawBody)), 500)
+	if status >= 500 {
+		e := errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkServer, "HTTP %d: %s", status, body).WithCode(status).WithRetryable()
+		if logID != "" {
+			e = e.WithLogID(logID)
+		}
+		return e
+	}
+	subtype := errs.SubtypeUnknown
+	if status == http.StatusNotFound {
+		subtype = errs.SubtypeNotFound
+	}
+	e := errs.NewAPIError(subtype, "HTTP %d: %s", status, body).WithCode(status)
+	if logID != "" {
+		e = e.WithLogID(logID)
+	}
+	return e
+}
+
+// typedOrInternal passes an already-typed errs.* error through unchanged and
+// lifts a still-untyped one to a typed internal error, so CallAPITyped never
+// returns a bare/legacy error.
+func typedOrInternal(err error) error {
+	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	return errs.WrapInternal(err)
+}
+
+// APIClassifyContext builds the errclass.ClassifyContext for the running command
+// from the runtime config and resolved identity.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) APIClassifyContext() errclass.ClassifyContext {
+	larkCmd := ""
+	if ctx.Cmd != nil {
+		larkCmd = strings.TrimPrefix(ctx.Cmd.CommandPath(), "lark ")
+	}
+	return errclass.ClassifyContext{
+		Brand:    string(ctx.Config.Brand),
+		AppID:    ctx.Config.AppID,
+		Identity: string(ctx.As()),
+		LarkCmd:  larkCmd,
+	}
+}
+
 // Deprecated: RawAPI uses an internal HTTP wrapper with limited control over request/response.
 // Prefer DoAPI for new code — it calls the Lark SDK directly and supports file upload/download options.
 //
@@ -552,28 +680,47 @@ func (ctx *RuntimeContext) ValidatePath(path string) error {
 
 // Out prints a success JSON envelope to stdout.
 func (ctx *RuntimeContext) Out(data interface{}, meta *output.Meta) {
-	ctx.emit(data, meta, false)
+	ctx.emit(data, meta, false, true)
 }
 
 // OutRaw prints a success JSON envelope to stdout with HTML escaping disabled.
 // Use this instead of Out when the data contains XML/HTML content (e.g. document bodies)
 // that should be preserved as-is in JSON output.
 func (ctx *RuntimeContext) OutRaw(data interface{}, meta *output.Meta) {
-	ctx.emit(data, meta, true)
+	ctx.emit(data, meta, true, true)
 }
 
-// emit is the shared success-path emitter. raw=true disables JSON HTML escaping so
-// XML/HTML payloads (e.g. DocxXML bodies) are preserved verbatim; otherwise behavior
+// OutPartialFailure writes an ok:false multi-status result envelope to stdout
+// and returns the partial-failure exit signal. Use it for batch operations
+// where some items failed but the per-item outcomes are the primary output:
+// the full result (summary + per-item statuses) stays machine-readable on
+// stdout, the process exits non-zero, and nothing is written to stderr.
+//
+// It is the typed alternative to `Out(...)` + `output.ErrBare(...)` — the
+// envelope's ok field honestly reports failure instead of a misleading
+// ok:true, and the exit signal is distinct from the predicate-only ErrBare.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) OutPartialFailure(data interface{}, meta *output.Meta) error {
+	ctx.emit(data, meta, false, false)
+	if ctx.outputErr != nil {
+		return ctx.outputErr
+	}
+	return output.PartialFailure(output.ExitAPI)
+}
+
+// emit is the shared stdout envelope emitter; ok sets the envelope's ok field
+// (true for success, false for a partial-failure result). raw=true disables JSON
+// HTML escaping so XML/HTML payloads (e.g. DocxXML bodies) are preserved
+// verbatim; otherwise behavior
 // is identical — content-safety scanning and race-safe first-error capture via
 // outputErrOnce apply in both modes.
-func (ctx *RuntimeContext) emit(data interface{}, meta *output.Meta, raw bool) {
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) emit(data interface{}, meta *output.Meta, raw, ok bool) {
 	scanResult := output.ScanForSafety(ctx.Cmd.CommandPath(), data, ctx.IO().ErrOut)
 	if scanResult.Blocked {
 		ctx.outputErrOnce.Do(func() { ctx.outputErr = scanResult.BlockErr })
 		return
 	}
 
-	env := output.Envelope{OK: true, Identity: string(ctx.As()), Data: data, Meta: meta, Notice: output.GetNotice()}
+	env := output.Envelope{OK: ok, Identity: string(ctx.As()), Data: data, Meta: meta, Notice: output.GetNotice()}
 	if scanResult.Alert != nil {
 		env.ContentSafetyAlert = scanResult.Alert
 	}
@@ -1029,6 +1176,9 @@ func registerShortcutFlagsWithContext(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command, f
 		cmdutil.RegisterFlagCompletion(cmd, "format", func(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string, _ string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
 			return []string{"json", "pretty", "table", "ndjson", "csv"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
 		})
+		if cmd.Flags().Lookup("json") == nil {
+			cmd.Flags().Bool("json", false, "shorthand for --format json")
+		}
 	}
 	if s.Risk == "high-risk-write" {
 		cmd.Flags().Bool("yes", false, "confirm high-risk operation")

shortcuts/common/runner_flag_completion_test.go

@@ -96,3 +96,76 @@ func TestShortcutMount_FlagCompletionsDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("did not expect completion func for --format when disabled")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestShortcutMount_JsonFlag_AcceptedWhenHasFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	shortcut := Shortcut{
+		Service:     "test",
+		Command:     "+read",
+		Description: "test read",
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Execute:     func(context.Context, *RuntimeContext) error { return nil },
+	}
+	shortcut.Mount(parent, f)
+
+	cmd, _, err := parent.Find([]string{"+read"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Find() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if flag := cmd.Flags().Lookup("json"); flag == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected --json flag to be registered on HasFormat shortcut")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShortcutMount_JsonFlag_SkippedWhenConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	shortcut := Shortcut{
+		Service:     "test",
+		Command:     "+update",
+		Description: "test update",
+		HasFormat:   true,
+		Flags: []Flag{
+			{Name: "json", Desc: "body JSON object", Required: true},
+		},
+		Execute: func(context.Context, *RuntimeContext) error { return nil },
+	}
+	shortcut.Mount(parent, f)
+
+	cmd, _, err := parent.Find([]string{"+update"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Find() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	// --json flag exists (from custom Flags), but should be the string type, not bool.
+	flag := cmd.Flags().Lookup("json")
+	if flag == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected --json flag from custom Flags")
+	}
+	if flag.DefValue != "" {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty default (string flag), got %q", flag.DefValue)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShortcutMount_JsonFlag_RegisteredWithoutHasFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
+	shortcut := Shortcut{
+		Service:     "test",
+		Command:     "+write",
+		Description: "test write",
+		HasFormat:   false,
+		Execute:     func(context.Context, *RuntimeContext) error { return nil },
+	}
+	shortcut.Mount(parent, f)
+
+	cmd, _, err := parent.Find([]string{"+write"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Find() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	// --format is now registered for all shortcuts (regardless of HasFormat),
+	// so --json should also be present.
+	if flag := cmd.Flags().Lookup("json"); flag == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected --json flag to be registered even when HasFormat is false")
+	}
+}

shortcuts/common/runner_partial_failure_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+)
+
+// TestOutPartialFailure pins the batch / multi-status contract: the result
+// rides on stdout as an ok:false envelope (carrying the full payload), and the
+// returned error is the typed partial-failure exit signal (ExitAPI), distinct
+// from the predicate-only ErrBare.
+func TestOutPartialFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &core.CliConfig{Brand: core.BrandFeishu, AppID: "cli_x"}
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, cfg)
+	rt := TestNewRuntimeContextForAPI(context.Background(), &cobra.Command{Use: "+push"}, cfg, f, core.AsUser)
+
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"summary": map[string]interface{}{"uploaded": 1, "failed": 1},
+		"items": []map[string]interface{}{
+			{"rel_path": "a.txt", "action": "uploaded"},
+			{"rel_path": "b.txt", "action": "failed", "error": "boom"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	err := rt.OutPartialFailure(payload, nil)
+
+	// 1) typed partial-failure exit signal
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.PartialFailureError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", pfErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
+	}
+
+	// 2) stdout envelope reports ok:false but still carries the full payload
+	// (both the succeeded and failed items) — consistent with a success Out().
+	var env struct {
+		OK   bool                   `json:"ok"`
+		Data map[string]interface{} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal stdout envelope: %v\nstdout: %s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if env.OK {
+		t.Errorf("ok must be false on partial failure, got ok:true\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	items, _ := env.Data["items"].([]interface{})
+	if len(items) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("both succeeded and failed items must ride on stdout, got %d items\nstdout: %s", len(items), stdout.String())
+	}
+}

shortcuts/drive/drive_add_comment.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -152,13 +152,13 @@ var DriveAddComment = common.Shortcut{
 		if docRef.Kind == "sheet" {
 			blockID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("block-id"))
 			if blockID == "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--block-id is required for sheet comments (format: <sheetId>!<cell>, e.g. a281f9!D6)")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--block-id is required for sheet comments (format: <sheetId>!<cell>, e.g. a281f9!D6)").WithParam("--block-id")
 			}
 			if _, err := parseSheetCellRef(blockID); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			if runtime.Bool("full-comment") || strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("selection-with-ellipsis")) != "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--full-comment and --selection-with-ellipsis are not applicable for sheet comments; use --block-id with <sheetId>!<cell> format")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--full-comment and --selection-with-ellipsis are not applicable for sheet comments; use --block-id with <sheetId>!<cell> format")
 			}
 			return nil
 		}
@@ -167,20 +167,20 @@ var DriveAddComment = common.Shortcut{
 				return err
 			}
 			if runtime.Bool("full-comment") {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--full-comment is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--full-comment is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>")
 			}
 			if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("selection-with-ellipsis")) != "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--selection-with-ellipsis is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--selection-with-ellipsis is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>")
 			}
 			return nil
 		}
 		selection := runtime.Str("selection-with-ellipsis")
 		blockID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("block-id"))
 		if strings.TrimSpace(selection) != "" && blockID != "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--selection-with-ellipsis and --block-id are mutually exclusive")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--selection-with-ellipsis and --block-id are mutually exclusive")
 		}
 		if runtime.Bool("full-comment") && (strings.TrimSpace(selection) != "" || blockID != "") {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--full-comment cannot be used with --selection-with-ellipsis or --block-id")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--full-comment cannot be used with --selection-with-ellipsis or --block-id")
 		}
 
 		mode := resolveCommentMode(runtime.Bool("full-comment"), selection, blockID)
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ var DriveAddComment = common.Shortcut{
 			return validateFileCommentMode(mode, "")
 		}
 		if mode == commentModeLocal && docRef.Kind == "doc" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; old doc format only supports full comments")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; old doc format only supports full comments")
 		}
 
 		return nil
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ var DriveAddComment = common.Shortcut{
 			}
 			blockID = match.AnchorBlockID
 			if strings.TrimSpace(blockID) == "" {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "locate-doc response missing anchor_block_id")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "locate-doc response missing anchor_block_id")
 			}
 			selectedMatch = idx
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Locate-doc matched %d block(s); using match #%d (%s)\n", len(locateResult.Matches), idx, blockID)
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ var DriveAddComment = common.Shortcut{
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Creating full comment in %s\n", common.MaskToken(target.FileToken))
 		}
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			"POST",
 			requestPath,
 			nil,
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ func resolveCommentMode(explicitFullComment bool, selection, blockID string) com
 func parseCommentDocRef(input, docType string) (commentDocRef, error) {
 	raw := strings.TrimSpace(input)
 	if raw == "" {
-		return commentDocRef{}, output.ErrValidation("--doc cannot be empty")
+		return commentDocRef{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--doc cannot be empty").WithParam("--doc")
 	}
 
 	if token, ok := extractURLToken(raw, "/wiki/"); ok {
@@ -495,16 +495,16 @@ func parseCommentDocRef(input, docType string) (commentDocRef, error) {
 		return commentDocRef{Kind: "doc", Token: token}, nil
 	}
 	if strings.Contains(raw, "://") {
-		return commentDocRef{}, output.ErrValidation("unsupported --doc input %q: use a doc/docx/file/sheet/slides URL, a token with --type, or a wiki URL that resolves to doc/docx/file/sheet/slides", raw)
+		return commentDocRef{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported --doc input %q: use a doc/docx/file/sheet/slides URL, a token with --type, or a wiki URL that resolves to doc/docx/file/sheet/slides", raw).WithParam("--doc")
 	}
 	if strings.ContainsAny(raw, "/?#") {
-		return commentDocRef{}, output.ErrValidation("unsupported --doc input %q: use a token with --type, or a wiki URL", raw)
+		return commentDocRef{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported --doc input %q: use a token with --type, or a wiki URL", raw).WithParam("--doc")
 	}
 
 	// Bare token: --type is required.
 	docType = strings.TrimSpace(docType)
 	if docType == "" {
-		return commentDocRef{}, output.ErrValidation("--type is required when --doc is a bare token (allowed values: doc, docx, file, sheet, slides)")
+		return commentDocRef{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--type is required when --doc is a bare token (allowed values: doc, docx, file, sheet, slides)").WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	return commentDocRef{Kind: docType, Token: raw}, nil
 }
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ func resolveCommentTarget(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, i
 		if mode == commentModeLocal {
 			switch docRef.Kind {
 			case "doc":
-				return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.ErrValidation("local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; old doc format only supports full comments")
+				return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; old doc format only supports full comments")
 			case "file":
 				if err := validateFileCommentMode(mode, ""); err != nil {
 					return resolvedCommentTarget{}, err
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ func resolveCommentTarget(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, i
 	}
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Resolving wiki node: %s\n", common.MaskToken(docRef.Token))
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		"/open-apis/wiki/v2/spaces/get_node",
 		map[string]interface{}{"token": docRef.Token},
@@ -549,13 +549,13 @@ func resolveCommentTarget(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, i
 	objType := common.GetString(node, "obj_type")
 	objToken := common.GetString(node, "obj_token")
 	if objType == "" || objToken == "" {
-		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "wiki get_node returned incomplete node data")
+		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "wiki get_node returned incomplete node data")
 	}
 	if objType == "slides" && mode == commentModeFull {
-		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.ErrValidation("wiki resolved to %q, but slide comments require --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>; --full-comment is not applicable", objType)
+		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "wiki resolved to %q, but slide comments require --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>; --full-comment is not applicable", objType)
 	}
 	if objType == "slides" && strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("selection-with-ellipsis")) != "" {
-		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.ErrValidation("wiki resolved to %q, but --selection-with-ellipsis is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>", objType)
+		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "wiki resolved to %q, but --selection-with-ellipsis is not applicable for slide comments; use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>", objType)
 	}
 	if objType == "sheet" {
 		// Sheet comments are handled via the sheet fast path in Execute.
@@ -592,10 +592,10 @@ func resolveCommentTarget(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, i
 		}, nil
 	}
 	if mode == commentModeLocal && objType != "docx" {
-		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.ErrValidation("wiki resolved to %q, but local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; for sheet use --block-id <sheetId>!<cell>, for slides use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>", objType)
+		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "wiki resolved to %q, but local comments only support docx, sheet, and slides; for sheet use --block-id <sheetId>!<cell>, for slides use --block-id <slide-block-type>!<xml-id>", objType)
 	}
 	if mode == commentModeFull && objType != "docx" && objType != "doc" {
-		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, output.ErrValidation("wiki resolved to %q, but comments only support doc/docx/file/sheet/slides", objType)
+		return resolvedCommentTarget{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "wiki resolved to %q, but comments only support doc/docx/file/sheet/slides", objType)
 	}
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Resolved wiki to %s: %s\n", objType, common.MaskToken(objToken))
@@ -663,16 +663,14 @@ func parseLocateDocResult(result map[string]interface{}) locateDocResult {
 
 func selectLocateMatch(result locateDocResult) (locateDocMatch, int, error) {
 	if len(result.Matches) == 0 {
-		return locateDocMatch{}, 0, output.ErrValidation("locate-doc did not find any matching block")
+		return locateDocMatch{}, 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "locate-doc did not find any matching block").WithParam("--selection-with-ellipsis")
 	}
 
 	if len(result.Matches) > 1 {
-		return locateDocMatch{}, 0, output.ErrWithHint(
-			output.ExitValidation,
-			"ambiguous_match",
-			fmt.Sprintf("locate-doc matched %d blocks:\n%s", len(result.Matches), formatLocateCandidates(result.Matches)),
-			"narrow --selection-with-ellipsis until only one block matches",
-		)
+		return locateDocMatch{}, 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"locate-doc matched %d blocks:\n%s", len(result.Matches), formatLocateCandidates(result.Matches)).
+			WithHint("narrow --selection-with-ellipsis until only one block matches").
+			WithParam("--selection-with-ellipsis")
 	}
 
 	return result.Matches[0], 1, nil
@@ -705,15 +703,15 @@ func summarizeLocateMatch(match locateDocMatch) string {
 
 func parseCommentReplyElements(raw string) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if strings.TrimSpace(raw) == "" {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content cannot be empty")
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content cannot be empty").WithParam("--content")
 	}
 
 	var inputs []commentReplyElementInput
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(raw), &inputs); err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content is not valid JSON: %s\nexample: --content '[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"文本信息\"}]'", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content is not valid JSON: %s\nexample: --content '[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"文本信息\"}]'", err).WithParam("--content")
 	}
 	if len(inputs) == 0 {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content must contain at least one reply element")
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content must contain at least one reply element").WithParam("--content")
 	}
 
 	replyElements := make([]map[string]interface{}, 0, len(inputs))
@@ -724,7 +722,7 @@ func parseCommentReplyElements(raw string) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 		switch elementType {
 		case "text":
 			if strings.TrimSpace(input.Text) == "" {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content element #%d type=text requires non-empty text", index)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content element #%d type=text requires non-empty text", index).WithParam("--content")
 			}
 			// Measure the raw rune count of the user input — that is what
 			// the server actually counts. byte width and post-escape form
@@ -734,13 +732,11 @@ func parseCommentReplyElements(raw string) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 			runes := utf8.RuneCountInString(input.Text)
 			totalRunes += runes
 			if totalRunes > maxCommentTotalRunes {
-				return nil, output.ErrWithHint(
-					output.ExitValidation,
-					"text_too_long",
-					fmt.Sprintf("--content reply_elements text totals %d characters at element #%d (this element: %d); the server caps the combined length at %d characters across ALL reply_elements",
-						totalRunes, index, runes, maxCommentTotalRunes),
-					fmt.Sprintf("shorten the comment so the combined text across all reply_elements fits within %d characters. The server enforces this cap on the TOTAL — splitting one long element into multiple smaller text elements does NOT help (they all add up against the same %d-rune budget). Server returns an opaque [1069302] on overflow, so this check is pre-flight; no escape transform changes the count (server reads raw runes).", maxCommentTotalRunes, maxCommentTotalRunes),
-				)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+					"--content reply_elements text totals %d characters at element #%d (this element: %d); the server caps the combined length at %d characters across ALL reply_elements",
+					totalRunes, index, runes, maxCommentTotalRunes).
+					WithHint("shorten the comment so the combined text across all reply_elements fits within %d characters. The server enforces this cap on the TOTAL — splitting one long element into multiple smaller text elements does NOT help (they all add up against the same %d-rune budget). Server returns an opaque [1069302] on overflow, so this check is pre-flight; no escape transform changes the count (server reads raw runes).", maxCommentTotalRunes, maxCommentTotalRunes).
+					WithParam("--content")
 			}
 			// Escape '<' and '>' so the rendered comment displays them as
 			// literal characters instead of being interpreted as markup
@@ -754,7 +750,7 @@ func parseCommentReplyElements(raw string) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 		case "mention_user":
 			mentionUser := firstNonEmptyString(input.MentionUser, input.Text)
 			if mentionUser == "" {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content element #%d type=mention_user requires text or mention_user", index)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content element #%d type=mention_user requires text or mention_user", index).WithParam("--content")
 			}
 			replyElements = append(replyElements, map[string]interface{}{
 				"type":         "mention_user",
@@ -763,14 +759,14 @@ func parseCommentReplyElements(raw string) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
 		case "link":
 			link := firstNonEmptyString(input.Link, input.Text)
 			if link == "" {
-				return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content element #%d type=link requires text or link", index)
+				return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content element #%d type=link requires text or link", index).WithParam("--content")
 			}
 			replyElements = append(replyElements, map[string]interface{}{
 				"type": "link",
 				"link": link,
 			})
 		default:
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--content element #%d has unsupported type %q; allowed values: text, mention_user, link", index, input.Type)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--content element #%d has unsupported type %q; allowed values: text, mention_user, link", index, input.Type).WithParam("--content")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -827,17 +823,17 @@ func anchorBlockIDForDryRun(blockID string) string {
 func parseSlidesBlockRef(blockID string) (string, string, error) {
 	blockID = strings.TrimSpace(blockID)
 	if blockID == "" {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("slide comments require --block-id in <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> format")
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "slide comments require --block-id in <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> format").WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 
 	parts := strings.SplitN(blockID, "!", 2)
 	if len(parts) != 2 {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("slide --block-id must be <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> (e.g. shape!bPq), got %q", blockID)
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "slide --block-id must be <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> (e.g. shape!bPq), got %q", blockID).WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	parsedType := strings.TrimSpace(parts[0])
 	parsedID := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
 	if parsedType == "" || parsedID == "" {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("slide --block-id must be <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> (e.g. shape!bPq), got %q", blockID)
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "slide --block-id must be <slide-block-type>!<xml-id> (e.g. shape!bPq), got %q", blockID).WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	return parsedID, parsedType, nil
 }
@@ -865,7 +861,7 @@ func firstPresentValue(m map[string]interface{}, keys ...string) interface{} {
 func parseSheetCellRef(input string) (*sheetAnchor, error) {
 	parts := strings.SplitN(input, "!", 2)
 	if len(parts) != 2 || parts[0] == "" || parts[1] == "" {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--block-id for sheet must be <sheetId>!<cell> (e.g. a281f9!D6), got %q", input)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--block-id for sheet must be <sheetId>!<cell> (e.g. a281f9!D6), got %q", input).WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	sheetID := parts[0]
 	cell := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
@@ -876,7 +872,7 @@ func parseSheetCellRef(input string) (*sheetAnchor, error) {
 		i++
 	}
 	if i == 0 || i >= len(cell) {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--block-id cell reference %q is invalid (expected e.g. D6)", cell)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--block-id cell reference %q is invalid (expected e.g. D6)", cell).WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	colStr := strings.ToUpper(cell[:i])
 	rowStr := cell[i:]
@@ -890,7 +886,7 @@ func parseSheetCellRef(input string) (*sheetAnchor, error) {
 
 	row, err := strconv.Atoi(rowStr)
 	if err != nil || row < 1 {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--block-id row %q is invalid (must be >= 1)", rowStr)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--block-id row %q is invalid (must be >= 1)", rowStr).WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	row-- // convert to 0-based
 
@@ -898,7 +894,7 @@ func parseSheetCellRef(input string) (*sheetAnchor, error) {
 }
 
 func fetchCommentTargetFileTitle(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fileToken string) (string, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"POST",
 		"/open-apis/drive/v1/metas/batch_query",
 		nil,
@@ -917,11 +913,11 @@ func fetchCommentTargetFileTitle(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fileToken strin
 
 	metas := common.GetSlice(data, "metas")
 	if len(metas) == 0 {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "drive metas.batch_query returned no metadata for file %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken))
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "drive metas.batch_query returned no metadata for file %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken))
 	}
 	meta, ok := metas[0].(map[string]interface{})
 	if !ok {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "drive metas.batch_query returned unexpected metadata format for file %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken))
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "drive metas.batch_query returned unexpected metadata format for file %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken))
 	}
 	return common.GetString(meta, "title"), nil
 }
@@ -936,23 +932,19 @@ func ensureSupportedFileCommentTarget(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fileToken
 		return title, extension, nil
 	}
 	if strings.TrimSpace(title) == "" {
-		return "", "", output.ErrWithHint(
-			output.ExitValidation,
-			"unsupported_file_comment_type",
-			"drive +add-comment does not support comments for this Drive file type yet; the file metadata did not return a title",
-			"file comments currently support full comments only for these extensions: "+supportedFileCommentExtensionsText(),
-		)
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"drive +add-comment does not support comments for this Drive file type yet; the file metadata did not return a title").
+			WithHint("file comments currently support full comments only for these extensions: " + supportedFileCommentExtensionsText()).
+			WithParam("--doc")
 	}
 	extensionLabel := extension
 	if extensionLabel == "" {
 		extensionLabel = "no extension"
 	}
-	return "", "", output.ErrWithHint(
-		output.ExitValidation,
-		"unsupported_file_comment_type",
-		fmt.Sprintf("drive +add-comment does not support comments for this Drive file type yet; got %q (%s)", title, extensionLabel),
-		"file comments currently support full comments only for these extensions: "+supportedFileCommentExtensionsText(),
-	)
+	return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+		"drive +add-comment does not support comments for this Drive file type yet; got %q (%s)", title, extensionLabel).
+		WithHint("file comments currently support full comments only for these extensions: " + supportedFileCommentExtensionsText()).
+		WithParam("--doc")
 }
 
 func fileCommentExtension(title string) string {
@@ -993,9 +985,9 @@ func validateFileCommentMode(mode commentMode, resolvedObjType string) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	if resolvedObjType != "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("wiki resolved to %q, but file comments only support full comments; omit --block-id and --selection-with-ellipsis", resolvedObjType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "wiki resolved to %q, but file comments only support full comments; omit --block-id and --selection-with-ellipsis", resolvedObjType)
 	}
-	return output.ErrValidation("file comments only support full comments; omit --block-id and --selection-with-ellipsis")
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "file comments only support full comments; omit --block-id and --selection-with-ellipsis")
 }
 
 func executeSheetComment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, docRef commentDocRef) error {
@@ -1006,7 +998,7 @@ func executeSheetComment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, docRef commentDocRef) e
 
 	blockID := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("block-id"))
 	if blockID == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--block-id is required for sheet comments (format: <sheetId>!<cell>, e.g. a281f9!D6)")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--block-id is required for sheet comments (format: <sheetId>!<cell>, e.g. a281f9!D6)").WithParam("--block-id")
 	}
 	anchor, err := parseSheetCellRef(blockID)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1019,7 +1011,7 @@ func executeSheetComment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, docRef commentDocRef) e
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Creating sheet comment in %s (sheet=%s, col=%d, row=%d)\n",
 		common.MaskToken(docRef.Token), anchor.SheetID, anchor.Col, anchor.Row)
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -1054,7 +1046,7 @@ func executeFileComment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, target resolvedCommentTa
 
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Creating file comment in %s (%s)\n", common.MaskToken(target.FileToken), extension)
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -1097,7 +1089,7 @@ func executeSlidesComment(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, docRef commentDocRef)
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Creating slide block comment in %s (block_id=%s, slide_block_type=%s)\n",
 		common.MaskToken(docRef.Token), blockID, slideBlockType)
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", requestPath, nil, requestBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

shortcuts/drive/drive_add_comment_test.go

@@ -9,11 +9,32 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
+// assertContentValidationHint asserts err is a typed *errs.ValidationError
+// carrying SubtypeInvalidArgument, Param "--content", and a Hint containing
+// the given substring. The over-cap message now flows through a typed
+// ValidationError instead of the legacy *output.ExitError.Detail shape.
+func assertContentValidationHint(t *testing.T, err error, wantHint string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	var valErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
+	}
+	if valErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", valErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+	if valErr.Param != "--content" {
+		t.Errorf("Param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--content")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Hint, wantHint) {
+		t.Errorf("expected hint substring %q, got %q", wantHint, valErr.Hint)
+	}
+}
+
 func decodeJSONMap(t *testing.T, raw string) map[string]interface{} {
 	t.Helper()
 
@@ -421,14 +442,8 @@ func TestParseCommentReplyElementsTextLength(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Fatalf("expected error containing %q, got %q", tt.wantErr, err.Error())
 				}
 				if tt.wantHint != "" {
-					// Hint lives on ExitError.Detail.Hint, not err.Error().
-					var exitErr *output.ExitError
-					if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-						t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with Detail, got %T (%v)", err, err)
-					}
-					if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, tt.wantHint) {
-						t.Errorf("expected hint substring %q, got %q", tt.wantHint, exitErr.Detail.Hint)
-					}
+					// Hint lives on the typed ValidationError, not err.Error().
+					assertContentValidationHint(t, err, tt.wantHint)
 				}
 				return
 			}
@@ -458,11 +473,11 @@ func TestParseCommentReplyElementsHintForbidsSplitAdvice(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected over-cap error, got nil")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with Detail, got %T (%v)", err, err)
+	var valErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
 	}
-	hint := exitErr.Detail.Hint
+	hint := valErr.Hint
 
 	// The hint must explicitly call out that splitting does NOT help.
 	if !strings.Contains(hint, "does NOT help") {

shortcuts/drive/drive_apply_permission.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ var permApplyURLMarkers = []struct {
 func resolvePermApplyTarget(raw, explicitType string) (token, docType string, err error) {
 	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
 	if raw == "" {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation("--token is required")
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--token is required").WithParam("--token")
 	}
 
 	if strings.Contains(raw, "://") {
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ func resolvePermApplyTarget(raw, explicitType string) (token, docType string, er
 			}
 		}
 		if token == "" {
-			return "", "", output.ErrValidation(
+			return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
 				"could not infer token from URL %q: supported paths are /docx/, /sheets/, /base/, /bitable/, /file/, /wiki/, /doc/, /mindnote/, /slides/. Pass a bare token with --type instead if the URL shape is unusual",
 				raw,
-			)
+			).WithParam("--token")
 		}
 	} else {
 		token = raw
@@ -71,10 +71,10 @@ func resolvePermApplyTarget(raw, explicitType string) (token, docType string, er
 		docType = explicitType
 	}
 	if docType == "" {
-		return "", "", output.ErrValidation(
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
 			"--type is required when --token is a bare token; accepted values: %s",
 			strings.Join(permApplyTypes, ", "),
-		)
+		).WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	return token, docType, nil
 }
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ var DriveApplyPermission = common.Shortcut{
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Requesting %s access on %s %s...\n",
 			runtime.Str("perm"), docType, common.MaskToken(token))
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST",
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST",
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/permissions/%s/members/apply", validate.EncodePathSegment(token)),
 			map[string]interface{}{"type": docType},
 			body,

shortcuts/drive/drive_create_folder.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ var DriveCreateFolder = common.Shortcut{
 		}
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Creating folder %q in %s...\n", spec.Name, target)
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			"POST",
 			"/open-apis/drive/v1/files/create_folder",
 			nil,
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ var DriveCreateFolder = common.Shortcut{
 
 		folderToken := common.GetString(data, "token")
 		if folderToken == "" {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "drive create_folder succeeded but returned no folder token (data.token)")
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "drive create_folder succeeded but returned no folder token (data.token)")
 		}
 		out := map[string]interface{}{
 			"created":             true,
@@ -108,14 +108,14 @@ var DriveCreateFolder = common.Shortcut{
 
 func validateDriveCreateFolderSpec(spec driveCreateFolderSpec) error {
 	if spec.Name == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--name must not be empty")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--name must not be empty").WithParam("--name")
 	}
 	if nameBytes := len([]byte(spec.Name)); nameBytes > 256 {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--name exceeds the maximum of 256 bytes (got %d)", nameBytes)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--name exceeds the maximum of 256 bytes (got %d)", nameBytes).WithParam("--name")
 	}
 	if spec.FolderToken != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FolderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 	}
 	return nil

shortcuts/drive/drive_create_shortcut.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ var DriveCreateShortcut = common.Shortcut{
 			common.MaskToken(spec.FolderToken),
 		)
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			"POST",
 			"/open-apis/drive/v1/files/create_shortcut",
 			nil,
@@ -118,19 +118,19 @@ var DriveCreateShortcut = common.Shortcut{
 // validateDriveCreateShortcutSpec validates shortcut creation inputs before API execution.
 func validateDriveCreateShortcutSpec(spec driveCreateShortcutSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FolderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 	}
 	if spec.FileType == "wiki" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: wiki. This shortcut only supports Drive file tokens; wiki documents must be resolved to their underlying file token first")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: wiki. This shortcut only supports Drive file tokens; wiki documents must be resolved to their underlying file token first").WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	if spec.FileType == "folder" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: folder. The create_shortcut API only supports Drive files, not folders")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: folder. The create_shortcut API only supports Drive files, not folders").WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	if !driveCreateShortcutAllowedTypes[spec.FileType] {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, slides", spec.FileType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, slides", spec.FileType).WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_create_shortcut_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -312,24 +313,24 @@ func TestDriveCreateShortcutClassifiesKnownAPIConstraints(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Fatal("expected API error, got nil")
 			}
 
-			var exitErr *output.ExitError
-			if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-				t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+			var apiErr *errs.APIError
+			if !errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.APIError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
 			}
-			if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
-				t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
+			if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitAPI {
+				t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitAPI)
 			}
-			if exitErr.Detail.Type != tt.wantType {
-				t.Fatalf("type = %q, want %q", exitErr.Detail.Type, tt.wantType)
+			if string(apiErr.Subtype) != tt.wantType {
+				t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", apiErr.Subtype, tt.wantType)
 			}
-			if exitErr.Detail.Code != tt.code {
-				t.Fatalf("detail code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Detail.Code, tt.code)
+			if apiErr.Code != tt.code {
+				t.Fatalf("code = %d, want %d", apiErr.Code, tt.code)
 			}
-			if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, tt.wantMsgPart) {
-				t.Fatalf("message = %q, want substring %q", exitErr.Detail.Message, tt.wantMsgPart)
+			if !strings.Contains(apiErr.Message, tt.wantMsgPart) {
+				t.Fatalf("message = %q, want substring %q", apiErr.Message, tt.wantMsgPart)
 			}
-			if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, tt.wantHint) {
-				t.Fatalf("hint = %q, want substring %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint, tt.wantHint)
+			if !strings.Contains(apiErr.Hint, tt.wantHint) {
+				t.Fatalf("hint = %q, want substring %q", apiErr.Hint, tt.wantHint)
 			}
 		})
 	}

shortcuts/drive/drive_delete.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ var DriveDelete = common.Shortcut{
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Deleting %s %s...\n", spec.FileType, common.MaskToken(spec.FileToken))
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			"DELETE",
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.FileToken)),
 			map[string]interface{}{"type": spec.FileType},
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ var DriveDelete = common.Shortcut{
 		if spec.FileType == "folder" {
 			taskID := common.GetString(data, "task_id")
 			if taskID == "" {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "delete folder returned no task_id")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "delete folder returned no task_id")
 			}
 
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Folder delete is async, polling task %s...\n", taskID)
@@ -136,13 +136,13 @@ var DriveDelete = common.Shortcut{
 
 func validateDriveDeleteSpec(spec driveDeleteSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if spec.FileType == "wiki" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: wiki. This shortcut only supports Drive files and folders; wiki documents are not supported")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: wiki. This shortcut only supports Drive files and folders; wiki documents are not supported").WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	if !driveDeleteAllowedTypes[spec.FileType] {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, folder, shortcut, slides", spec.FileType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, folder, shortcut, slides", spec.FileType).WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_download.go

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ var DriveDownload = common.Shortcut{
 		overwrite := runtime.Bool("overwrite")
 
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(fileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 		}
 
 		if outputPath == "" {
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ var DriveDownload = common.Shortcut{
 
 		// Early path validation + overwrite check
 		if _, resolveErr := runtime.ResolveSavePath(outputPath); resolveErr != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("unsafe output path: %s", resolveErr)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", resolveErr).WithParam("--output")
 		}
 		if _, statErr := runtime.FileIO().Stat(outputPath); statErr == nil && !overwrite {
-			return output.ErrValidation("output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", outputPath)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", outputPath).WithParam("--output")
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Downloading: %s\n", common.MaskToken(fileToken))
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ var DriveDownload = common.Shortcut{
 			ApiPath:    fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/download", validate.EncodePathSegment(fileToken)),
 		})
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrNetwork("download failed: %s", err)
+			return wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "download failed: %s", err)
 		}
 		defer resp.Body.Close()
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ var DriveDownload = common.Shortcut{
 			ContentLength: resp.ContentLength,
 		}, resp.Body)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapSaveErrorByCategory(err, "io")
+			return driveSaveError(err)
 		}
 
 		savedPath, _ := runtime.ResolveSavePath(outputPath)

shortcuts/drive/drive_duplicate_remote_test.go

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -823,64 +823,37 @@ func registerDownload(reg *httpmock.Registry, fileToken, body string) {
 func assertDuplicateRemotePathError(t *testing.T, err error, relPath string, tokens ...string) {
 	t.Helper()
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected duplicate_remote_path error, got nil")
+		t.Fatal("expected duplicate rel_path validation error, got nil")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
+	if validationErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", validationErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "duplicate_remote_path" {
-		t.Fatalf("error detail = %#v, want duplicate_remote_path", exitErr.Detail)
+	if validationErr.Hint == "" {
+		t.Fatal("duplicate validation error should carry a recovery hint so AI consumers know the next action")
 	}
-	detailMap, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("duplicate detail type = %T, want map[string]interface{}", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+	if len(validationErr.Params) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("duplicate validation error should carry at least one param")
 	}
-	duplicates, ok := detailMap["duplicates_remote"].([]driveDuplicateRemotePath)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("duplicate detail duplicates_remote type = %T, want []driveDuplicateRemotePath", detailMap["duplicates_remote"])
-	}
-	if len(duplicates) == 0 {
-		t.Fatal("duplicate detail should include at least one rel_path group")
-	}
-	if _, hasLegacyFilesKey := detailMap["files"]; hasLegacyFilesKey {
-		t.Fatalf("duplicate detail should not expose legacy files key: %#v", detailMap)
-	}
-	var matched bool
-	for _, duplicate := range duplicates {
-		if duplicate.RelPath != relPath {
-			continue
-		}
-		matched = true
-		if len(duplicate.Entries) != len(tokens) {
-			t.Fatalf("duplicate entry count = %d, want %d for rel_path %q", len(duplicate.Entries), len(tokens), relPath)
-		}
-		for i, token := range tokens {
-			if duplicate.Entries[i].FileToken != token {
-				t.Fatalf("duplicate entry %d file_token = %q, want %q", i, duplicate.Entries[i].FileToken, token)
-			}
-			if duplicate.Entries[i].Type == "" {
-				t.Fatalf("duplicate entry %d missing type for rel_path %q", i, relPath)
-			}
+	var matched *errs.InvalidParam
+	for i := range validationErr.Params {
+		if validationErr.Params[i].Name == relPath {
+			matched = &validationErr.Params[i]
+			break
 		}
 	}
-	if !matched {
-		t.Fatalf("duplicate detail missing rel_path group %q: %#v", relPath, duplicates)
+	if matched == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("duplicate params missing rel_path group %q: %#v", relPath, validationErr.Params)
 	}
-	raw, marshalErr := json.Marshal(exitErr.Detail.Detail)
-	if marshalErr != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("marshal detail: %v", marshalErr)
-	}
-	text := string(raw)
-	if !strings.Contains(text, relPath) {
-		t.Fatalf("duplicate detail missing rel_path %q: %s", relPath, text)
+	if matched.Reason == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("duplicate param for rel_path %q missing reason", relPath)
 	}
 	for _, token := range tokens {
-		if !strings.Contains(text, token) {
-			t.Fatalf("duplicate detail missing token %q: %s", token, text)
+		if !strings.Contains(matched.Reason, token) {
+			t.Fatalf("duplicate param reason missing token %q: %s", token, matched.Reason)
 		}
 	}
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_errors.go

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package drive
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+)
+
+// wrapDriveNetworkErr returns err unchanged when it is already a typed errs.*
+// error (preserving its subtype / code / log_id from the runtime boundary),
+// and only wraps a raw, unclassified error as a transport-level network error.
+func wrapDriveNetworkErr(err error, format string, args ...any) error {
+	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	return errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, format, args...).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+// driveInputStatError maps a FileIO.Stat/Open error for input file validation
+// to a typed validation error:
+//   - Path validation failures → "unsafe file path: ..."
+//   - Other errors → "cannot read file: ..."
+func driveInputStatError(err error) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation) {
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe file path: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+	}
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot read file: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+// driveSaveError maps a FileIO.Save error to a typed error. Path validation
+// failures are validation errors (exit code 2); mkdir / write failures are
+// internal file-I/O errors (exit code 5).
+func driveSaveError(err error) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var me *fileio.MkdirError
+	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation):
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+	case errors.As(err, &me):
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "cannot create parent directory: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+	default:
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "cannot create file: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// appendDriveExportRecoveryHint attaches a recovery hint to err while preserving
+// its original classification (typed subtype/code or legacy detail), only falling
+// back to a typed internal error when err is unclassified.
+func appendDriveExportRecoveryHint(err error, hint string) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// An already-typed error keeps its own category/subtype/code/log_id
+	// (per ERROR_CONTRACT.md "propagate typed errors unchanged"); we only
+	// append the recovery hint. p points at the embedded Problem, so the
+	// mutation is reflected in the returned err.
+	if p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(p.Hint) != "" {
+			p.Hint = p.Hint + "\n" + hint
+		} else {
+			p.Hint = hint
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	// Legacy *output.ExitError fallback: preserve the original error's
+	// class/exit code by appending the hint in place rather than downgrading
+	// to api/server_error.
+	var exitErr *output.ExitError
+	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(exitErr.Detail.Hint) != "" {
+			exitErr.Detail.Hint = exitErr.Detail.Hint + "\n" + hint
+		} else {
+			exitErr.Detail.Hint = hint
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%s", err.Error()).WithHint(hint).WithCause(err)
+}

shortcuts/drive/drive_export.go

@@ -5,13 +5,12 @@ package drive
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ var DriveExport = common.Shortcut{
 		if spec.FileExtension == "markdown" {
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Exporting docx as markdown: %s\n", common.MaskToken(spec.Token))
 			apiPath := fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/docs_ai/v1/documents/%s/fetch", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.Token))
-			data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONWithLogID(
+			data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 				"POST",
 				apiPath,
 				nil,
@@ -122,11 +121,11 @@ var DriveExport = common.Shortcut{
 			// Extract content from the V2 response: data.document.content
 			doc, ok := data["document"].(map[string]interface{})
 			if !ok {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "invalid markdown fetch response: missing document object")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "invalid markdown fetch response: missing document object")
 			}
 			content, ok := doc["content"].(string)
 			if !ok {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "invalid markdown fetch response: missing document.content")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "invalid markdown fetch response: missing document.content")
 			}
 
 			fileName := preferredFileName
@@ -207,11 +206,7 @@ var DriveExport = common.Shortcut{
 						status.FileToken,
 						recoveryCommand,
 					)
-					var exitErr *output.ExitError
-					if errors.As(err, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
-						return output.ErrWithHint(exitErr.Code, exitErr.Detail.Type, exitErr.Detail.Message, hint)
-					}
-					return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", err.Error(), hint)
+					return appendDriveExportRecoveryHint(err, hint)
 				}
 				out["ticket"] = ticket
 				out["doc_type"] = spec.DocType
@@ -225,7 +220,7 @@ var DriveExport = common.Shortcut{
 				if msg == "" {
 					msg = status.StatusLabel()
 				}
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "export task failed: %s (ticket=%s)", msg, ticket)
+				return errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeServerError, "export task failed: %s (ticket=%s)", msg, ticket)
 			}
 
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Export status %d/%d: %s\n", attempt, driveExportPollAttempts, status.StatusLabel())
@@ -238,14 +233,7 @@ var DriveExport = common.Shortcut{
 				ticket,
 				nextCommand,
 			)
-			var exitErr *output.ExitError
-			if errors.As(lastPollErr, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
-				if strings.TrimSpace(exitErr.Detail.Hint) != "" {
-					hint = exitErr.Detail.Hint + "\n" + hint
-				}
-				return output.ErrWithHint(exitErr.Code, exitErr.Detail.Type, exitErr.Detail.Message, hint)
-			}
-			return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", lastPollErr.Error(), hint)
+			return appendDriveExportRecoveryHint(lastPollErr, hint)
 		}
 
 		failed := false

shortcuts/drive/drive_export_common.go

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -127,48 +127,48 @@ func (s driveExportStatus) StatusLabel() string {
 // backend request is sent.
 func validateDriveExportSpec(spec driveExportSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.Token, "--token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--token")
 	}
 
 	switch spec.DocType {
 	case "doc", "docx", "sheet", "bitable", "slides":
 	default:
-		return output.ErrValidation("invalid --doc-type %q: allowed values are doc, docx, sheet, bitable, slides", spec.DocType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --doc-type %q: allowed values are doc, docx, sheet, bitable, slides", spec.DocType).WithParam("--doc-type")
 	}
 
 	switch spec.FileExtension {
 	case "docx", "pdf", "xlsx", "csv", "markdown", "base", "pptx":
 	default:
-		return output.ErrValidation("invalid --file-extension %q: allowed values are docx, pdf, xlsx, csv, markdown, base, pptx", spec.FileExtension)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --file-extension %q: allowed values are docx, pdf, xlsx, csv, markdown, base, pptx", spec.FileExtension).WithParam("--file-extension")
 	}
 
 	if spec.FileExtension == "markdown" && spec.DocType != "docx" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--file-extension markdown only supports --doc-type docx")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file-extension markdown only supports --doc-type docx")
 	}
 
 	if spec.FileExtension == "base" && spec.DocType != "bitable" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--file-extension base only supports --doc-type bitable")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file-extension base only supports --doc-type bitable")
 	}
 
 	if spec.FileExtension == "pptx" && spec.DocType != "slides" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--file-extension pptx only supports --doc-type slides")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file-extension pptx only supports --doc-type slides")
 	}
 
 	if spec.DocType == "slides" && spec.FileExtension != "pptx" && spec.FileExtension != "pdf" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--doc-type slides only supports --file-extension pptx or pdf")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--doc-type slides only supports --file-extension pptx or pdf")
 	}
 
 	if strings.TrimSpace(spec.SubID) != "" {
 		if spec.FileExtension != "csv" || (spec.DocType != "sheet" && spec.DocType != "bitable") {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--sub-id is only used when exporting sheet/bitable as csv")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--sub-id is only used when exporting sheet/bitable as csv").WithParam("--sub-id")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.SubID, "--sub-id"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--sub-id")
 		}
 	}
 
 	if spec.FileExtension == "csv" && (spec.DocType == "sheet" || spec.DocType == "bitable") && strings.TrimSpace(spec.SubID) == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--sub-id is required when exporting sheet/bitable as csv")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--sub-id is required when exporting sheet/bitable as csv").WithParam("--sub-id")
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -186,14 +186,14 @@ func createDriveExportTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveExportSpec)
 		body["sub_id"] = spec.SubID
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks", nil, body)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks", nil, body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
 	ticket := common.GetString(data, "ticket")
 	if ticket == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "export task created but ticket is missing")
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "export task created but ticket is missing")
 	}
 	return ticket, nil
 }
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func createDriveExportTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveExportSpec)
 // getDriveExportStatus fetches the current backend state for a previously
 // created export task.
 func getDriveExportStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, token, ticket string) (driveExportStatus, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(ticket)),
 		map[string]interface{}{"token": token},
@@ -251,12 +251,12 @@ func saveContentToOutputDir(fio fileio.FileIO, outputDir, fileName string, paylo
 	// Overwrite check via FileIO.Stat
 	if !overwrite {
 		if _, statErr := fio.Stat(target); statErr == nil {
-			return "", output.ErrValidation("output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", target)
+			return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", target)
 		}
 	}
 
 	if _, err := fio.Save(target, fileio.SaveOptions{}, bytes.NewReader(payload)); err != nil {
-		return "", common.WrapSaveErrorByCategory(err, "io")
+		return "", driveSaveError(err)
 	}
 	resolvedPath, _ := fio.ResolvePath(target)
 	if resolvedPath == "" {
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ func saveContentToOutputDir(fio fileio.FileIO, outputDir, fileName string, paylo
 // file name, and returns metadata about the saved file.
 func downloadDriveExportFile(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fileToken, outputDir, preferredName string, overwrite bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(fileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 
 	apiResp, err := runtime.DoAPI(&larkcore.ApiReq{
@@ -277,10 +277,24 @@ func downloadDriveExportFile(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext
 		ApiPath:    fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/export_tasks/file/%s/download", validate.EncodePathSegment(fileToken)),
 	}, larkcore.WithFileDownload())
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrNetwork("download failed: %s", err)
+		return nil, wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "download failed: %s", err)
 	}
 	if apiResp.StatusCode >= 400 {
-		return nil, output.ErrNetwork("download failed: HTTP %d: %s", apiResp.StatusCode, string(apiResp.RawBody))
+		subtype := errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport
+		if apiResp.StatusCode >= 500 {
+			subtype = errs.SubtypeNetworkServer
+		}
+		e := errs.NewNetworkError(subtype, "download failed: HTTP %d: %s", apiResp.StatusCode, string(apiResp.RawBody)).WithCode(apiResp.StatusCode)
+		// Mirror internal/client streamLogID: fall back to the request-id header
+		// when log-id is absent so the diagnostic ID is still populated.
+		logID := strings.TrimSpace(apiResp.Header.Get(larkcore.HttpHeaderKeyLogId))
+		if logID == "" {
+			logID = strings.TrimSpace(apiResp.Header.Get(larkcore.HttpHeaderKeyRequestId))
+		}
+		if logID != "" {
+			e = e.WithLogID(logID)
+		}
+		return nil, e
 	}
 
 	fileName := strings.TrimSpace(preferredName)

shortcuts/drive/drive_export_download.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ package drive
 import (
 	"context"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ var DriveExportDownload = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(runtime.Str("file-token"), "--file-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/drive/drive_export_test.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -360,12 +361,18 @@ func TestDriveExportMarkdownRejectsMissingDocumentObject(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for missing document object, got nil")
 	}
 
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+	var intErr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &intErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "missing document object") {
-		t.Fatalf("error message = %q, want mention of missing document object", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	if intErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+		t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", intErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(intErr.Message, "missing document object") {
+		t.Fatalf("error message = %q, want mention of missing document object", intErr.Message)
+	}
+	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", got, output.ExitInternal)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -396,12 +403,18 @@ func TestDriveExportMarkdownRejectsMissingDocumentContent(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for missing document.content, got nil")
 	}
 
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+	var intErr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &intErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "missing document.content") {
-		t.Fatalf("error message = %q, want mention of missing document.content", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	if intErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+		t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", intErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(intErr.Message, "missing document.content") {
+		t.Fatalf("error message = %q, want mention of missing document.content", intErr.Message)
+	}
+	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", got, output.ExitInternal)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -688,21 +701,25 @@ func TestDriveExportReadyDownloadFailureIncludesRecoveryHint(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected download recovery error, got nil")
 	}
 
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+	// The download itself succeeds; the local "file already exists" failure is a
+	// validation error. The recovery-hint wrapper must preserve that typed class
+	// (exit 2) instead of downgrading it to api/server_error (exit 1), per
+	// ERROR_CONTRACT.md "propagate typed errors unchanged".
+	var valErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError (preserved class), got %T", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "already exists") {
-		t.Fatalf("message missing overwrite guidance: %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Message, "already exists") {
+		t.Fatalf("message missing overwrite guidance: %q", valErr.Message)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "ticket=tk_ready") {
-		t.Fatalf("hint missing ticket: %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Hint, "ticket=tk_ready") {
+		t.Fatalf("hint missing ticket: %q", valErr.Hint)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "file_token=box_ready") {
-		t.Fatalf("hint missing file token: %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Hint, "file_token=box_ready") {
+		t.Fatalf("hint missing file token: %q", valErr.Hint)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, `lark-cli drive +export-download --file-token "box_ready" --file-name "report.pdf"`) {
-		t.Fatalf("hint missing recovery command: %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Hint, `lark-cli drive +export-download --file-token "box_ready" --file-name "report.pdf"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("hint missing recovery command: %q", valErr.Hint)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -856,18 +873,26 @@ func TestDriveExportPollErrorsReturnLastErrorWithRecoveryHint(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("stdout should stay empty on persistent poll error: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
 
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured exit error, got %v", err)
+	// The poll error is now a typed *errs.APIError (runtime.CallAPITyped).
+	// The recovery-hint wrapper must preserve that error's class and exit code
+	// (NOT downgrade it) and only append the recovery hint to the Problem in place.
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T (%v)", err, err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "temporary backend failure") {
-		t.Fatalf("message missing last poll error: %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	// Lark code 999 is unknown to the classifier, so it maps to CategoryAPI →
+	// ExitAPI — the wrapper must keep that, not force a different exit code.
+	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want preserved %d (ExitAPI)", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitAPI)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "ticket=tk_poll_fail") {
-		t.Fatalf("hint missing ticket: %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+	if !strings.Contains(p.Message, "temporary backend failure") {
+		t.Fatalf("message missing last poll error: %q", p.Message)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "lark-cli drive +task_result --scenario export --ticket tk_poll_fail --file-token docx123") {
-		t.Fatalf("hint missing recovery command: %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+	if !strings.Contains(p.Hint, "ticket=tk_poll_fail") {
+		t.Fatalf("hint missing ticket: %q", p.Hint)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(p.Hint, "lark-cli drive +task_result --scenario export --ticket tk_poll_fail --file-token docx123") {
+		t.Fatalf("hint missing recovery command: %q", p.Hint)
 	}
 }
 

shortcuts/drive/drive_import.go

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -161,10 +161,10 @@ func preflightDriveImportFile(fio fileio.FileIO, spec *driveImportSpec) (int64,
 	// and format-specific size limits before planning the upload path.
 	info, err := fio.Stat(spec.FilePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return 0, driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 	if !info.Mode().IsRegular() {
-		return 0, output.ErrValidation("file must be a regular file: %s", spec.FilePath)
+		return 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "file must be a regular file: %s", spec.FilePath).WithParam("--file")
 	}
 	if err = validateDriveImportFileSize(spec.FilePath, spec.DocType, info.Size()); err != nil {
 		return 0, err

shortcuts/drive/drive_import_common.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (s driveImportSpec) CreateTaskBody(fileToken string) map[string]interface{}
 func uploadMediaForImport(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePath, fileName, docType string) (string, error) {
 	importInfo, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(filePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return "", driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 
 	fileSize := importInfo.Size()
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func buildImportMediaExtra(filePath, docType string) (string, error) {
 		"file_extension": strings.TrimPrefix(strings.ToLower(filepath.Ext(filePath)), "."),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "json_error", "build upload extra failed: %v", err)
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "build upload extra failed: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return string(extraBytes), nil
 }
@@ -178,20 +178,20 @@ func validateDriveImportFileSize(filePath, docType string, fileSize int64) error
 	ext := strings.TrimPrefix(strings.ToLower(filepath.Ext(filePath)), ".")
 	if ext == "csv" {
 		// CSV is the only source format whose limit depends on the target type.
-		return output.ErrValidation(
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
 			"file %s exceeds %s import limit for .csv when importing as %s",
 			common.FormatSize(fileSize),
 			common.FormatSize(limit),
 			docType,
-		)
+		).WithParam("--file")
 	}
 
-	return output.ErrValidation(
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
 		"file %s exceeds %s import limit for .%s",
 		common.FormatSize(fileSize),
 		common.FormatSize(limit),
 		ext,
-	)
+	).WithParam("--file")
 }
 
 // validateDriveImportSpec enforces the CLI-level compatibility rules before any
@@ -199,18 +199,18 @@ func validateDriveImportFileSize(filePath, docType string, fileSize int64) error
 func validateDriveImportSpec(spec driveImportSpec) error {
 	ext := spec.FileExtension()
 	if ext == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("file must have an extension (e.g. .md, .docx, .xlsx, .pptx)")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "file must have an extension (e.g. .md, .docx, .xlsx, .pptx)").WithParam("--file")
 	}
 
 	switch spec.DocType {
 	case "docx", "sheet", "bitable", "slides":
 	default:
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported target document type: %s. Supported types are: docx, sheet, bitable, slides", spec.DocType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported target document type: %s. Supported types are: docx, sheet, bitable, slides", spec.DocType).WithParam("--type")
 	}
 
 	supportedTypes, ok := driveImportExtToDocTypes[ext]
 	if !ok {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file extension: %s. Supported extensions are: docx, doc, txt, md, mark, markdown, html, xlsx, xls, csv, base, pptx", ext)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file extension: %s. Supported extensions are: docx, doc, txt, md, mark, markdown, html, xlsx, xls, csv, base, pptx", ext).WithParam("--file")
 	}
 
 	typeAllowed := false
@@ -236,21 +236,21 @@ func validateDriveImportSpec(spec driveImportSpec) error {
 		default:
 			hint = fmt.Sprintf(".%s files can only be imported as 'docx', not '%s'", ext, spec.DocType)
 		}
-		return output.ErrValidation("file type mismatch: %s", hint)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "file type mismatch: %s", hint)
 	}
 
 	if strings.TrimSpace(spec.FolderToken) != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FolderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 	}
 
 	if strings.TrimSpace(spec.TargetToken) != "" {
 		if spec.DocType != "bitable" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--target-token is only supported when --type is bitable")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--target-token is only supported when --type is bitable").WithParam("--target-token")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.TargetToken, "--target-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--target-token")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -308,14 +308,14 @@ func driveImportTaskResultCommand(ticket string) string {
 // createDriveImportTask creates the server-side import task after the media
 // upload has produced a reusable file token.
 func createDriveImportTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveImportSpec, fileToken string) (string, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/import_tasks", nil, spec.CreateTaskBody(fileToken))
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/import_tasks", nil, spec.CreateTaskBody(fileToken))
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
 	ticket := common.GetString(data, "ticket")
 	if ticket == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "no ticket returned from import_tasks")
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "no ticket returned from import_tasks")
 	}
 	return ticket, nil
 }
@@ -323,10 +323,10 @@ func createDriveImportTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveImportSpec,
 // getDriveImportStatus fetches the current state of an import task by ticket.
 func getDriveImportStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, ticket string) (driveImportStatus, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(ticket, "--ticket"); err != nil {
-		return driveImportStatus{}, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return driveImportStatus{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--ticket")
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/import_tasks/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(ticket)),
 		nil,
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ func pollDriveImportTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, ticket string) (driveIm
 			if msg == "" {
 				msg = status.StatusLabel()
 			}
-			return status, false, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "import failed with status %d: %s", status.JobStatus, msg)
+			return status, false, errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeServerError, "import failed with status %d: %s", status.JobStatus, msg)
 		}
 	}
 	if !hadSuccessfulPoll && lastErr != nil {

shortcuts/drive/drive_inspect.go

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -37,18 +37,18 @@ var DriveInspect = common.Shortcut{
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		raw := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("url"))
 		if raw == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--url cannot be empty")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--url cannot be empty").WithParam("--url")
 		}
 
 		_, ok := common.ParseResourceURL(raw)
 		if !ok {
 			// Not a recognized URL pattern.
 			if strings.Contains(raw, "://") {
-				return output.ErrValidation("unsupported --url %q: use a recognized Lark document URL or a bare token with --type", raw)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported --url %q: use a recognized Lark document URL or a bare token with --type", raw).WithParam("--url")
 			}
 			// Bare token: --type is required.
 			if strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("type")) == "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--type is required when --url is a bare token (allowed: doc, docx, sheet, bitable, wiki, file, folder, mindnote, slides)")
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--type is required when --url is a bare token (allowed: doc, docx, sheet, bitable, wiki, file, folder, mindnote, slides)").WithParam("--type")
 			}
 		}
 		return nil
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ var DriveInspect = common.Shortcut{
 		// Step 2: If type is "wiki", unwrap via get_node API.
 		if docType == "wiki" {
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Inspecting wiki node: %s\n", common.MaskToken(docToken))
-			data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+			data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 				"GET",
 				"/open-apis/wiki/v2/spaces/get_node",
 				map[string]interface{}{"token": docToken},
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ var DriveInspect = common.Shortcut{
 			nodeToken := common.GetString(node, "node_token")
 
 			if objType == "" || objToken == "" {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "wiki get_node returned incomplete node data (obj_type=%q, obj_token=%q)", objType, objToken)
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "wiki get_node returned incomplete node data (obj_type=%q, obj_token=%q)", objType, objToken)
 			}
 
 			wikiNode = map[string]interface{}{

shortcuts/drive/drive_io_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"mime"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net/http"
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
@@ -1338,9 +1340,20 @@ func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsConflictingTargets(t *testing.T) {
 
 	runtime := common.TestNewRuntimeContextWithCtx(context.Background(), cmd, nil)
 	err := DriveUpload.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
-	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "mutually exclusive") {
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Validate() error = %T %v, want *errs.ValidationError", err, err)
+	}
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", verr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Error(), "mutually exclusive") {
 		t.Fatalf("Validate() error = %v, want mutually exclusive error", err)
 	}
+	// Multi-flag conflict carries no single Param.
+	if verr.Param != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("Param = %q, want empty for multi-flag conflict", verr.Param)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyWikiToken(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1361,9 +1374,7 @@ func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyWikiToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 	runtime := common.TestNewRuntimeContextWithCtx(context.Background(), cmd, nil)
 	err := DriveUpload.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
-	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--wiki-token cannot be empty") {
-		t.Fatalf("Validate() error = %v, want empty wiki-token error", err)
-	}
+	assertDriveValidationParam(t, err, "--wiki-token", "--wiki-token cannot be empty")
 }
 
 func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyFileToken(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1384,9 +1395,7 @@ func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyFileToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 	runtime := common.TestNewRuntimeContextWithCtx(context.Background(), cmd, nil)
 	err := DriveUpload.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
-	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--file-token cannot be empty") {
-		t.Fatalf("Validate() error = %v, want empty file-token error", err)
-	}
+	assertDriveValidationParam(t, err, "--file-token", "--file-token cannot be empty")
 }
 
 func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyFolderToken(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1407,8 +1416,25 @@ func TestDriveUploadValidateRejectsExplicitEmptyFolderToken(t *testing.T) {
 
 	runtime := common.TestNewRuntimeContextWithCtx(context.Background(), cmd, nil)
 	err := DriveUpload.Validate(context.Background(), runtime)
-	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--folder-token cannot be empty") {
-		t.Fatalf("Validate() error = %v, want empty folder-token error", err)
+	assertDriveValidationParam(t, err, "--folder-token", "--folder-token cannot be empty")
+}
+
+// assertDriveValidationParam asserts err is a typed *errs.ValidationError with
+// SubtypeInvalidArgument, the given Param, and a message containing wantMsg.
+func assertDriveValidationParam(t *testing.T, err error, wantParam, wantMsg string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want *errs.ValidationError", err, err)
+	}
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", verr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+	if verr.Param != wantParam {
+		t.Fatalf("Param = %q, want %q", verr.Param, wantParam)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Error(), wantMsg) {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %q, want substring %q", verr.Error(), wantMsg)
 	}
 }
 

shortcuts/drive/drive_move.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ var DriveMove = common.Shortcut{
 				return err
 			}
 			if rootToken == "" {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "get root folder token failed, root folder is empty")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "get root folder token failed, root folder is empty")
 			}
 			spec.FolderToken = rootToken
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Moving %s %s to folder %s...\n", spec.FileType, common.MaskToken(spec.FileToken), common.MaskToken(spec.FolderToken))
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			"POST",
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/move", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.FileToken)),
 			nil,
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ var DriveMove = common.Shortcut{
 		if spec.FileType == "folder" {
 			taskID := common.GetString(data, "task_id")
 			if taskID == "" {
-				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "move folder returned no task_id")
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "move folder returned no task_id")
 			}
 
 			fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Folder move is async, polling task %s...\n", taskID)
@@ -139,14 +139,14 @@ var DriveMove = common.Shortcut{
 // getRootFolderToken resolves the caller's Drive root folder token so other
 // commands can safely use it as a default destination.
 func getRootFolderToken(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (string, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("GET", "/open-apis/drive/explorer/v2/root_folder/meta", nil, nil)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("GET", "/open-apis/drive/explorer/v2/root_folder/meta", nil, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 
 	token := common.GetString(data, "token")
 	if token == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "root_folder/meta returned no token")
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "root_folder/meta returned no token")
 	}
 
 	return token, nil

shortcuts/drive/drive_move_common.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ func (s driveMoveSpec) RequestBody() map[string]interface{} {
 
 func validateDriveMoveSpec(spec driveMoveSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if strings.TrimSpace(spec.FolderToken) != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FolderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 	}
 	if !driveMoveAllowedTypes[spec.FileType] {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, folder, slides", spec.FileType)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported file type: %s. Supported types: file, docx, bitable, doc, sheet, mindnote, folder, slides", spec.FileType).WithParam("--type")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -109,10 +109,10 @@ func driveTaskCheckParams(taskID string) map[string]interface{} {
 // folder move or delete task.
 func getDriveTaskCheckStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (driveTaskCheckStatus, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(taskID, "--task-id"); err != nil {
-		return driveTaskCheckStatus{}, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return driveTaskCheckStatus{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--task-id")
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("GET", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/task_check", driveTaskCheckParams(taskID), nil)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("GET", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/task_check", driveTaskCheckParams(taskID), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return driveTaskCheckStatus{}, err
 	}
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ func pollDriveTaskCheck(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (driveTas
 			return status, true, nil
 		}
 		if status.Failed() {
-			return status, false, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "folder task failed")
+			return status, false, errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeServerError, "folder task failed")
 		}
 	}
 

shortcuts/drive/drive_pull.go

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -88,26 +88,26 @@ var DrivePull = common.Shortcut{
 		localDir := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("local-dir"))
 		folderToken := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("folder-token"))
 		if localDir == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--local-dir is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is required").WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if folderToken == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token is required").WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(folderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if _, err := validate.SafeLocalFlagPath("--local-dir", localDir); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 		if !info.IsDir() {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if runtime.Bool("delete-local") && !runtime.Bool("yes") {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--delete-local requires --yes (high-risk: deletes local files absent from Drive)")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--delete-local requires --yes (high-risk: deletes local files absent from Drive)").WithParam("--yes")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -143,18 +143,18 @@ var DrivePull = common.Shortcut{
 		// remove the wrong files outside cwd.
 		safeRoot, err := validate.SafeInputPath(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		cwdCanonical, err := validate.SafeInputPath(".")
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
 		}
 		// rootRelToCwd is the localDir form FileIO.Save accepts (it
 		// rejects absolute paths). For cwd itself it becomes ".", which
 		// joins cleanly with the rel_paths returned by the lister.
 		rootRelToCwd, err := filepath.Rel(cwdCanonical, safeRoot)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir resolves outside cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir resolves outside cwd: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Listing Drive folder: %s\n", common.MaskToken(folderToken))
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ var DrivePull = common.Shortcut{
 		//     treated as orphaned.
 		remoteFiles, remotePaths, err := drivePullRemoteViews(entries, duplicateRemote)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%s", err)
+			return errs.WrapInternal(err)
 		}
 
 		var downloaded, skipped, failed, deletedLocal int
@@ -293,26 +293,25 @@ var DrivePull = common.Shortcut{
 		// Item-level failures (download error, dir/file conflict, delete
 		// error) must surface as a non-zero exit so AI / script callers
 		// don't have to reach into summary.failed to detect a partial
-		// sync. The same structured payload rides along in error.detail
-		// so forensics aren't lost. When --delete-local was skipped
-		// because of an earlier download failure, callers see
-		// deleted_local=0 plus the download failure that aborted it,
-		// which is what makes the partial state self-explanatory.
+		// sync. On any failure the structured payload (summary + items +
+		// a "note" carrying the human guidance) is written to stdout as an
+		// ok:false result via OutPartialFailure, which also sets the exit
+		// code, so the per-item context is never lost. When --delete-local
+		// was skipped because
+		// of an earlier download failure, callers see deleted_local=0
+		// plus the download failure that aborted it, which is what makes
+		// the partial state self-explanatory.
 		if failed > 0 {
-			msg := fmt.Sprintf("%d item(s) failed during +pull; partial sync — re-run after resolving the failures", failed)
+			note := fmt.Sprintf("%d item(s) failed during +pull; partial sync — re-run after resolving the failures", failed)
 			if deleteLocal && downloadFailed > 0 {
-				msg += " (--delete-local was skipped because the download pass had failures)"
-			}
-			return &output.ExitError{
-				Code: output.ExitAPI,
-				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-					Type:    "partial_failure",
-					Message: msg,
-					Detail:  payload,
-				},
+				note += " (--delete-local was skipped because the download pass had failures)"
 			}
+			payload["note"] = note
 		}
 
+		if failed > 0 {
+			return runtime.OutPartialFailure(payload, nil)
+		}
 		runtime.Out(payload, nil)
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -326,14 +325,14 @@ func drivePullDownload(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 		ApiPath:    fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/download", validate.EncodePathSegment(fileToken)),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.ErrNetwork("download %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
+		return wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "download %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 	if _, err := runtime.FileIO().Save(target, fileio.SaveOptions{
 		ContentType:   resp.Header.Get("Content-Type"),
 		ContentLength: resp.ContentLength,
 	}, resp.Body); err != nil {
-		return common.WrapSaveErrorByCategory(err, "io")
+		return driveSaveError(err)
 	}
 	if err := drivePullApplyRemoteModifiedTime(target, remoteModifiedTime, runtime); err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Downloaded %s but could not preserve remote modified_time: %s\n", target, err)
@@ -350,10 +349,10 @@ func drivePullApplyRemoteModifiedTime(target, remoteModifiedTime string, runtime
 	}
 	resolved, err := runtime.FileIO().ResolvePath(target)
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsafe output path: %s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", err)
 	}
 	if err := drivePullChtimes(resolved, remoteTime, remoteTime); err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "io", "cannot preserve remote modified_time on local file: %s", err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "cannot preserve remote modified_time on local file: %s", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -437,7 +436,7 @@ func drivePullRemoteViews(entries []driveRemoteEntry, duplicateRemote string) (m
 			remoteFiles[rel] = drivePullTarget{DownloadToken: chosen.FileToken, ItemFileToken: chosen.FileToken, ModifiedTime: chosen.ModifiedTime}
 			remotePaths[rel] = struct{}{}
 		default:
-			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported duplicate remote strategy %q", duplicateRemote)
+			return nil, nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "unsupported duplicate remote strategy %q", duplicateRemote)
 		}
 	}
 	return remoteFiles, remotePaths, nil
@@ -467,7 +466,7 @@ func drivePullWalkLocal(root string) ([]string, error) {
 		return nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "io", "walk %s: %s", root, err)
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "walk %s: %s", root, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return paths, nil
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_pull_test.go

@@ -478,9 +478,9 @@ func TestDrivePullSkipsWhenSmartIgnoresRemoteSize(t *testing.T) {
 // already a directory locally. SafeOutputPath would refuse to overwrite
 // the directory at write time, but if --if-exists=skip silently swallows
 // the collision the caller sees "skipped" and assumes the mirror is
-// in sync. The fix surfaces it as a structured `partial_failure`
-// ExitError (non-zero exit + items[] in error.detail) under both skip
-// and overwrite policies so callers can react via exit code.
+// in sync. The fix surfaces it as a partial-failure (ok:false items[] payload
+// on stdout + non-zero exit) under both skip and overwrite policies so callers
+// can react via exit code.
 func TestDrivePullSurfacesDirectoryFileMirrorConflict(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, policy := range []string{"overwrite", "skip"} {
 		t.Run(policy, func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -515,8 +515,8 @@ func TestDrivePullSurfacesDirectoryFileMirrorConflict(t *testing.T) {
 				"--if-exists", policy,
 				"--as", "bot",
 			}, f, stdout)
-			detail := assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
-			summary, items := splitDrivePullDetail(t, detail)
+			assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
+			summary, items := splitDrivePullStdout(t, stdout.Bytes())
 			if got := summary["failed"]; got != float64(1) {
 				t.Errorf("[%s] summary.failed = %v, want 1", policy, got)
 			}
@@ -529,9 +529,6 @@ func TestDrivePullSurfacesDirectoryFileMirrorConflict(t *testing.T) {
 			if msg, _ := items[0]["error"].(string); !strings.Contains(msg, "is a directory") {
 				t.Errorf("[%s] error message should mention the directory conflict, got: %q", policy, msg)
 			}
-			if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-				t.Errorf("[%s] stdout should be empty on partial_failure, got: %s", policy, stdout.String())
-			}
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -900,8 +897,8 @@ func TestDrivePullDeleteLocalPreservesLocalFileShadowedByRemoteFolder(t *testing
 
 // TestDrivePullDeleteLocalCountsFailureInSummary pins the contract that
 // a failed delete shows up in summary.failed (not just in items[]) AND
-// surfaces as a partial_failure ExitError so callers can detect the
-// half-synced state via exit code. Before the fix, the delete_failed
+// surfaces as a non-zero exit (partial-failure signal) so callers can detect
+// the half-synced state via exit code. Before the fix, the delete_failed
 // branches appended an item but left `failed` at zero AND returned nil,
 // so the JSON envelope reported `ok=true`+`exit=0` even when the mirror
 // was incomplete. Setup forces os.Remove to fail by making the file's
@@ -947,8 +944,8 @@ func TestDrivePullDeleteLocalCountsFailureInSummary(t *testing.T) {
 		"--yes",
 		"--as", "bot",
 	}, f, stdout)
-	detail := assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
-	summary, items := splitDrivePullDetail(t, detail)
+	assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
+	summary, items := splitDrivePullStdout(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if got := summary["failed"]; got != float64(1) {
 		t.Errorf("summary.failed = %v, want 1 (delete_failed must increment failed)", got)
 	}
@@ -958,15 +955,12 @@ func TestDrivePullDeleteLocalCountsFailureInSummary(t *testing.T) {
 	if len(items) != 1 || items[0]["action"] != "delete_failed" {
 		t.Errorf("expected one items[] entry with action=delete_failed, got: %#v", items)
 	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("stdout should be empty on partial_failure, got: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
 }
 
 // TestDrivePullDownloadFailureSkipsDeleteLocalAndExitsNonZero pins the
 // gating contract for --delete-local: when the download pass produced
 // any failure, the delete walk MUST be skipped entirely and the command
-// MUST exit non-zero with type=partial_failure. The half-synced state
+// MUST exit non-zero via the partial-failure signal. The half-synced state
 // where some Drive files are missing locally AND some local-only files
 // have been removed is never observable.
 func TestDrivePullDownloadFailureSkipsDeleteLocalAndExitsNonZero(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1014,12 +1008,12 @@ func TestDrivePullDownloadFailureSkipsDeleteLocalAndExitsNonZero(t *testing.T) {
 		"--yes",
 		"--as", "bot",
 	}, f, stdout)
-	exitErr := assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "--delete-local was skipped") {
-		t.Errorf("expected message to mention --delete-local skip, got: %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t, err)
+	if note := drivePullStdoutNote(t, stdout.Bytes()); !strings.Contains(note, "--delete-local was skipped") {
+		t.Errorf("expected note to mention --delete-local skip, got: %q", note)
 	}
 
-	summary, items := splitDrivePullDetail(t, exitErr)
+	summary, items := splitDrivePullStdout(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if got := summary["failed"]; got != float64(1) {
 		t.Errorf("summary.failed = %v, want 1", got)
 	}
@@ -1036,9 +1030,6 @@ func TestDrivePullDownloadFailureSkipsDeleteLocalAndExitsNonZero(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, statErr := os.Stat(stale); statErr != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("stale.txt must survive when --delete-local is skipped after a download failure; stat err=%v", statErr)
 	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("stdout should be empty on partial_failure, got: %s", stdout.String())
-	}
 }
 
 // TestDrivePullDeleteLocalDoesNotEscapeViaSymlinkParentRef is the
@@ -1343,49 +1334,60 @@ func mustReadFile(t *testing.T, path, want string) {
 	}
 }
 
-// assertDrivePullPartialFailure asserts that err is the structured
-// partial_failure ExitError +pull returns when any item-level failure
-// happens, and returns the unwrapped *ExitError so the caller can drill
-// into Detail.Detail without re-doing the type assertion.
-func assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t *testing.T, err error) *output.ExitError {
+// assertDrivePullPartialFailure asserts that err is the typed partial-failure
+// exit signal +pull returns on any item-level failure. The structured
+// {summary, items, note} payload rides on stdout as an ok:false envelope via
+// runtime.OutPartialFailure (in alignment with +push/+sync), so this helper
+// only checks the exit-code signal; callers read the payload from stdout via
+// splitDrivePullStdout.
+func assertDrivePullPartialFailure(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	t.Helper()
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected partial_failure ExitError, got nil")
+		t.Fatal("expected partial-failure exit signal, got nil")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.PartialFailureError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
+	if pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", pfErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("ExitError.Detail must be set on partial_failure")
-	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "partial_failure" {
-		t.Errorf("error.type = %q, want partial_failure", exitErr.Detail.Type)
-	}
-	return exitErr
 }
 
-// splitDrivePullDetail extracts the {summary, items[]} payload from the
-// ExitError detail. We round-trip through JSON so test assertions don't
-// depend on the concrete map types the production code happens to use.
-func splitDrivePullDetail(t *testing.T, exitErr *output.ExitError) (map[string]interface{}, []map[string]interface{}) {
+// splitDrivePullStdout extracts the {summary, items[]} payload from the
+// stdout envelope written by runtime.Out. We round-trip through JSON so test
+// assertions don't depend on the concrete map types the production code
+// happens to use.
+func splitDrivePullStdout(t *testing.T, stdout []byte) (map[string]interface{}, []map[string]interface{}) {
 	t.Helper()
-	raw, err := json.Marshal(exitErr.Detail.Detail)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("marshal detail: %v", err)
+	var envelope struct {
+		Data struct {
+			Summary map[string]interface{}   `json:"summary"`
+			Items   []map[string]interface{} `json:"items"`
+		} `json:"data"`
 	}
-	var got struct {
-		Summary map[string]interface{}   `json:"summary"`
-		Items   []map[string]interface{} `json:"items"`
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout, &envelope); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal stdout: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(stdout))
 	}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &got); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unmarshal detail: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(raw))
+	if envelope.Data.Summary == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout missing data.summary; raw=%s", string(stdout))
 	}
-	if got.Summary == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("error.detail missing summary; raw=%s", string(raw))
-	}
-	return got.Summary, got.Items
+	return envelope.Data.Summary, envelope.Data.Items
+}
+
+// drivePullStdoutNote extracts the partial-failure "note" guidance from the
+// stdout envelope. The human-readable note that used to live in the
+// partial_failure ExitError message now rides on stdout alongside the
+// summary + items payload.
+func drivePullStdoutNote(t *testing.T, stdout []byte) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	var envelope struct {
+		Data struct {
+			Note string `json:"note"`
+		} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout, &envelope); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal stdout: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(stdout))
+	}
+	return envelope.Data.Note
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_push.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package drive
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -112,26 +112,26 @@ var DrivePush = common.Shortcut{
 		localDir := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("local-dir"))
 		folderToken := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("folder-token"))
 		if localDir == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--local-dir is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is required").WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if folderToken == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token is required").WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(folderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if _, err := validate.SafeLocalFlagPath("--local-dir", localDir); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 		if !info.IsDir() {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if runtime.Bool("delete-remote") && !runtime.Bool("yes") {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--delete-remote requires --yes (high-risk: deletes Drive files absent locally)")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--delete-remote requires --yes (high-risk: deletes Drive files absent locally)").WithParam("--yes")
 		}
 		// Conditional scope pre-check: when --delete-remote --yes is set, the
 		// run will issue DELETE /open-apis/drive/v1/files/<token> after the
@@ -185,11 +185,11 @@ var DrivePush = common.Shortcut{
 		// FileIO.Open's SafeInputPath check still accepts.
 		safeRoot, err := validate.SafeInputPath(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		cwdCanonical, err := validate.SafeInputPath(".")
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Walking local: %s\n", localDir)
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ var DrivePush = common.Shortcut{
 		//     reruns.
 		remoteFiles, remoteFolders, remoteFileGroups, err := drivePushRemoteViews(entries, duplicateRemote)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%s", err)
+			return errs.WrapInternal(err)
 		}
 
 		var uploaded, skipped, failed, deletedRemote int
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ var DrivePush = common.Shortcut{
 			}
 		}
 
-		runtime.Out(map[string]interface{}{
+		payload := map[string]interface{}{
 			"summary": map[string]interface{}{
 				"uploaded":       uploaded,
 				"skipped":        skipped,
@@ -382,15 +382,15 @@ var DrivePush = common.Shortcut{
 				"deleted_remote": deletedRemote,
 			},
 			"items": items,
-		}, nil)
-		// Bump the exit code on any item-level failure (upload, overwrite,
-		// folder, or delete) so callers / scripts / agents can react. The
-		// summary + items[] envelope was just written to stdout via Out(),
-		// so ErrBare here only affects the exit code — the structured
-		// per-item context is still in the stdout JSON.
-		if failed > 0 {
-			return output.ErrBare(output.ExitAPI)
 		}
+		// On any item-level failure (upload, overwrite, folder, or delete) the
+		// command reports a partial failure: the summary + per-item items[] stay
+		// machine-readable on stdout (ok:false) and the process exits non-zero,
+		// so callers / scripts / agents can react.
+		if failed > 0 {
+			return runtime.OutPartialFailure(payload, nil)
+		}
+		runtime.Out(payload, nil)
 		return nil
 	},
 }
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ func drivePushWalkLocal(root, cwdCanonical string) (map[string]drivePushLocalFil
 		return nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "io", "walk %s: %s", root, err)
+		return nil, nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "walk %s: %s", root, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	dirs := make([]string, 0, len(dirsSet))
 	for d := range dirsSet {
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ func drivePushRemoteViews(entries []driveRemoteEntry, duplicateRemote string) (m
 			}
 			remoteFiles[rel] = chosen
 		default:
-			return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported duplicate remote strategy %q", duplicateRemote)
+			return nil, nil, nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "unsupported duplicate remote strategy %q", duplicateRemote)
 		}
 	}
 	return remoteFiles, remoteFolders, fileGroups, nil
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ func drivePushEnsureFolder(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 		return "", err
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"POST",
 		"/open-apis/drive/v1/files/create_folder",
 		nil,
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ func drivePushEnsureFolder(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 	}
 	token := common.GetString(data, "token")
 	if token == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "create_folder for %q returned no folder token", relDir)
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "create_folder for %q returned no folder token", relDir)
 	}
 	folderCache[relDir] = token
 	return token, nil
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ func drivePushUploadFile(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fi
 func drivePushUploadAll(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file drivePushLocalFile, existingToken, parentToken string) (string, string, error) {
 	f, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(file.OpenPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", "", common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return "", "", driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 
@@ -644,27 +644,22 @@ func drivePushUploadAll(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 		if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
 			return "", "", err
 		}
-		return "", "", output.ErrNetwork("upload failed: %v", err)
+		return "", "", wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "upload failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	var result map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &result); err != nil {
-		return "", "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload failed: invalid response JSON: %v", err)
-	}
-	// Extract the token before the larkCode check: the backend can produce
-	// a partial-success response (code != 0 alongside a non-empty
-	// data.file_token) where bytes have already landed under that token.
-	// Returning "" here would force the caller to fall back to
+	// ClassifyAPIResponse returns the data even on a non-zero code, so the
+	// token is available on a partial-success response (code != 0 alongside a
+	// non-empty data.file_token) where bytes have already landed under that
+	// token. Returning "" would force the caller to fall back to
 	// entry.FileToken and silently lose the token Drive actually used,
 	// defeating the overwrite-error token-stability handling in Execute.
-	data, _ := result["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	data, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp)
 	token := common.GetString(data, "file_token")
-	if larkCode := int(common.GetFloat(result, "code")); larkCode != 0 {
-		msg, _ := result["msg"].(string)
-		return token, "", output.ErrAPI(larkCode, fmt.Sprintf("upload failed: [%d] %s", larkCode, msg), result["error"])
+	if err != nil {
+		return token, "", err
 	}
 	if token == "" {
-		return "", "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload failed: no file_token returned")
+		return "", "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "upload failed: no file_token returned")
 	}
 	version := common.GetString(data, "version")
 	if version == "" {
@@ -677,7 +672,7 @@ func drivePushUploadAll(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 		// deployed backend hasn't shipped the field yet we surface the gap
 		// rather than report a phantom success — callers can downgrade to
 		// --if-exists=skip in the meantime.
-		return token, "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "overwrite for %q succeeded but no version was returned by upload_all", file.RelPath)
+		return token, "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "overwrite for %q succeeded but no version was returned by upload_all", file.RelPath)
 	}
 	return token, version, nil
 }
@@ -692,7 +687,7 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 	if existingToken != "" {
 		prepareBody["file_token"] = existingToken
 	}
-	prepareResult, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_prepare", nil, prepareBody)
+	prepareResult, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_prepare", nil, prepareBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
@@ -701,7 +696,7 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 	blockSize := int64(common.GetFloat(prepareResult, "block_size"))
 	blockNum := int(common.GetFloat(prepareResult, "block_num"))
 	if uploadID == "" || blockSize <= 0 || blockNum <= 0 {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error",
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse,
 			"upload_prepare returned invalid data: upload_id=%q, block_size=%d, block_num=%d",
 			uploadID, blockSize, blockNum)
 	}
@@ -717,7 +712,7 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 	// one Open + Close + path-validation per block).
 	partFile, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(file.OpenPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return "", driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 	defer partFile.Close()
 
@@ -744,21 +739,16 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 			if errors.As(doErr, &exitErr) {
 				return "", doErr
 			}
-			return "", output.ErrNetwork("upload part %d/%d failed: %v", seq+1, blockNum, doErr)
+			return "", wrapDriveNetworkErr(doErr, "upload part %d/%d failed: %v", seq+1, blockNum, doErr)
 		}
 
-		var partResult map[string]interface{}
-		if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &partResult); err != nil {
-			return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload part %d/%d: invalid response JSON: %v", seq+1, blockNum, err)
-		}
-		if larkCode := int(common.GetFloat(partResult, "code")); larkCode != 0 {
-			msg, _ := partResult["msg"].(string)
-			return "", output.ErrAPI(larkCode, fmt.Sprintf("upload part %d/%d failed: [%d] %s", seq+1, blockNum, larkCode, msg), partResult["error"])
+		if _, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp); err != nil {
+			return "", err
 		}
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "  Block %d/%d uploaded (%s)\n", seq+1, blockNum, common.FormatSize(partSize))
 	}
 
-	finishResult, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_finish", nil, map[string]interface{}{
+	finishResult, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_finish", nil, map[string]interface{}{
 		"upload_id": uploadID,
 		"block_num": blockNum,
 	})
@@ -767,7 +757,7 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 	}
 	token := common.GetString(finishResult, "file_token")
 	if token == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload_finish succeeded but no file_token returned")
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "upload_finish succeeded but no file_token returned")
 	}
 	return token, nil
 }
@@ -776,7 +766,7 @@ func drivePushUploadMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext,
 // never reached here because --delete-remote only iterates the type=file
 // subset of the remote listing.
 func drivePushDeleteFile(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fileToken string) error {
-	_, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	_, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"DELETE",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(fileToken)),
 		map[string]interface{}{"type": driveTypeFile},

shortcuts/drive/drive_push_test.go

@@ -871,21 +871,19 @@ func TestDrivePushOverwriteWithoutVersionFails(t *testing.T) {
 		"--if-exists", "overwrite",
 		"--as", "bot",
 	}, f, stdout)
-	// Item-level failures bump the exit code via output.ErrBare(ExitAPI),
-	// preserving the structured items[] envelope on stdout. Older behavior
-	// was to silently return nil; the assertion below pins the new contract.
+	// Item-level failures report a partial failure: an ok:false items[]
+	// envelope on stdout + a non-zero exit via the partial-failure signal.
+	// Older behavior was to silently return nil; the assertion below pins
+	// the new contract.
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected non-zero exit on item-level failure, got nil\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.PartialFailureError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Errorf("expected ExitAPI (%d), got code=%d", output.ExitAPI, exitErr.Code)
-	}
-	if exitErr.Detail != nil {
-		t.Errorf("ErrBare should carry no Detail (the items[] envelope already covered the per-item error), got: %#v", exitErr.Detail)
+	if pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Errorf("expected ExitAPI (%d), got code=%d", output.ExitAPI, pfErr.Code)
 	}
 
 	out := stdout.String()
@@ -959,12 +957,19 @@ func TestDrivePushOverwritePartialSuccessSurfacesReturnedToken(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected non-zero exit on item-level failure, got nil\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI from output.ExitError, got %T %v", err, err)
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) || pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI from *output.PartialFailureError, got %T %v", err, err)
 	}
 
 	out := stdout.String()
+	// Partial failure reports an ok:false result envelope on stdout (not a
+	// misleading ok:true) while still carrying BOTH the succeeded and failed
+	// items — consistent with the pre-change payload. The failed side is
+	// asserted via "failed": 1 and the succeeded side via tok_keep_partial.
+	if !strings.Contains(out, `"ok": false`) {
+		t.Errorf("partial failure must emit an ok:false result envelope, got: %s", out)
+	}
 	if !strings.Contains(out, `"failed": 1`) {
 		t.Errorf("expected failed=1, got: %s", out)
 	}
@@ -1042,9 +1047,9 @@ func TestDrivePushSkipsDeleteAfterUploadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected non-zero exit on overwrite failure, got nil\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI ExitError, got %v", err)
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) || pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ExitAPI *output.PartialFailureError, got %v", err)
 	}
 
 	out := stdout.String()
@@ -1065,7 +1070,7 @@ func TestDrivePushSkipsDeleteAfterUploadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestDrivePushExitsZeroOnCleanRun pins the inverse: a successful run
 // with no failures must NOT bump the exit code. Without this the
-// ErrBare-on-failure path could regress to "always non-zero" silently.
+// partial-failure path could regress to "always non-zero" silently.
 func TestDrivePushExitsZeroOnCleanRun(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, driveTestConfig())
 

shortcuts/drive/drive_search.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ package drive
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math"
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -219,13 +219,13 @@ func readDriveSearchSpec(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) driveSearchSpec {
 // that depends on the combination of flag values.
 func buildDriveSearchRequest(spec driveSearchSpec, userOpenID string, now time.Time) (map[string]interface{}, []string, error) {
 	if spec.Mine && len(spec.CreatorIDs) > 0 {
-		return nil, nil, output.ErrValidation("cannot combine --mine and --creator-ids")
+		return nil, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot combine --mine and --creator-ids")
 	}
 	if len(spec.FolderTokens) > 0 && len(spec.SpaceIDs) > 0 {
-		return nil, nil, output.ErrValidation("cannot combine --folder-tokens and --space-ids; doc and wiki scoped search cannot be combined")
+		return nil, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot combine --folder-tokens and --space-ids; doc and wiki scoped search cannot be combined")
 	}
 	if spec.Mine && userOpenID == "" {
-		return nil, nil, output.ErrValidation("--mine requires a logged-in user open_id, but none is configured; run `lark-cli auth login` or set user open_id in config")
+		return nil, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--mine requires a logged-in user open_id, but none is configured; run `lark-cli auth login` or set user open_id in config").WithParam("--mine")
 	}
 
 	if err := validateDocTypes(spec.DocTypes); err != nil {
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ func parseDriveSearchPageSize(raw string) (int, error) {
 	}
 	n, err := strconv.Atoi(raw)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, output.ErrValidation("--page-size must be a number, got %q", raw)
+		return 0, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--page-size must be a number, got %q", raw).WithParam("--page-size")
 	}
 	if n <= 0 {
 		return 15, nil
@@ -355,23 +355,23 @@ func parseDriveSearchPageSize(raw string) (int, error) {
 func validateDriveSearchIDs(spec driveSearchSpec) error {
 	for _, id := range spec.CreatorIDs {
 		if _, err := common.ValidateUserID(id); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--creator-ids %q: %s", id, err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--creator-ids %q: %s", id, err).WithParam("--creator-ids")
 		}
 	}
 	if n := len(spec.ChatIDs); n > driveSearchMaxChatIDs {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--chat-ids: max %d values per request, got %d", driveSearchMaxChatIDs, n)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--chat-ids: max %d values per request, got %d", driveSearchMaxChatIDs, n).WithParam("--chat-ids")
 	}
 	for _, id := range spec.ChatIDs {
 		if _, err := common.ValidateChatID(id); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--chat-ids %q: %s", id, err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--chat-ids %q: %s", id, err).WithParam("--chat-ids")
 		}
 	}
 	if n := len(spec.SharerIDs); n > driveSearchMaxSharerIDs {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--sharer-ids: max %d values per request, got %d", driveSearchMaxSharerIDs, n)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--sharer-ids: max %d values per request, got %d", driveSearchMaxSharerIDs, n).WithParam("--sharer-ids")
 	}
 	for _, id := range spec.SharerIDs {
 		if _, err := common.ValidateUserID(id); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--sharer-ids %q: %s", id, err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--sharer-ids %q: %s", id, err).WithParam("--sharer-ids")
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ func validateDocTypes(values []string) error {
 		// values are already upper-cased by readDriveSearchSpec; compare as-is
 		// so the filter we emit to the server matches what we validated.
 		if _, ok := driveSearchDocTypeSet[v]; !ok {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--doc-types contains unknown value %q (allowed: doc,sheet,bitable,mindnote,file,wiki,docx,folder,catalog,slides,shortcut)", v)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--doc-types contains unknown value %q (allowed: doc,sheet,bitable,mindnote,file,wiki,docx,folder,catalog,slides,shortcut)", v).WithParam("--doc-types")
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -417,13 +417,13 @@ func clampOpenedTimeWindow(spec *driveSearchSpec, now time.Time) (string, error)
 	}
 	sinceUnix, err := parseTimeValue(spec.OpenedSince, now)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("invalid --opened-since %q: %s", spec.OpenedSince, err)
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --opened-since %q: %s", spec.OpenedSince, err).WithParam("--opened-since")
 	}
 	var untilUnix int64
 	if spec.OpenedUntil != "" {
 		untilUnix, err = parseTimeValue(spec.OpenedUntil, now)
 		if err != nil {
-			return "", output.ErrValidation("invalid --opened-until %q: %s", spec.OpenedUntil, err)
+			return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --opened-until %q: %s", spec.OpenedUntil, err).WithParam("--opened-until")
 		}
 	} else {
 		untilUnix = now.Unix()
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ func clampOpenedTimeWindow(spec *driveSearchSpec, now time.Time) (string, error)
 	}
 	maxSecs := int64(driveSearchMaxOpenedSpanDays) * 24 * 3600
 	if spanSecs > maxSecs {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation(
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
 			"--opened-* window spans %d days, exceeds the %d-day (1-year) maximum; narrow the range or run multiple queries",
 			spanSecs/86400, driveSearchMaxOpenedSpanDays,
 		)
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ func buildTimeRangeFilter(key, since, until string, now time.Time) (map[string]i
 	if since != "" {
 		unix, err := parseTimeValue(since, now)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid --%s-since %q: %s", timeDimCLIName(key), since, err)
+			return nil, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --%s-since %q: %s", timeDimCLIName(key), since, err).WithParam(fmt.Sprintf("--%s-since", timeDimCLIName(key)))
 		}
 		if hourAggregated && unix%3600 != 0 {
 			snapped := floorHour(unix)
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ func buildTimeRangeFilter(key, since, until string, now time.Time) (map[string]i
 	if until != "" {
 		unix, err := parseTimeValue(until, now)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, output.ErrValidation("invalid --%s-until %q: %s", timeDimCLIName(key), until, err)
+			return nil, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --%s-until %q: %s", timeDimCLIName(key), until, err).WithParam(fmt.Sprintf("--%s-until", timeDimCLIName(key)))
 		}
 		if hourAggregated && unix%3600 != 0 {
 			snapped := ceilHour(unix)
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ var driveSearchRelativeRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^(\d+)([dmy])$`)
 func parseTimeValue(input string, now time.Time) (int64, error) {
 	s := strings.TrimSpace(input)
 	if s == "" {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("empty value")
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("empty value") //nolint:forbidigo // intermediate parse helper; caller wraps into typed ValidationError
 	}
 
 	if m := driveSearchRelativeRe.FindStringSubmatch(s); m != nil {
@@ -616,34 +616,27 @@ func parseTimeValue(input string, now time.Time) (int64, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return 0, fmt.Errorf("expected relative (7d/1m/1y), date (YYYY-MM-DD[ HH:MM:SS]), RFC3339, or unix seconds")
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("expected relative (7d/1m/1y), date (YYYY-MM-DD[ HH:MM:SS]), RFC3339, or unix seconds") //nolint:forbidigo // intermediate parse helper; caller wraps into typed ValidationError
 }
 
 func callDriveSearchAPI(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, reqBody map[string]interface{}) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/search/v2/doc_wiki/search", nil, reqBody)
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/search/v2/doc_wiki/search", nil, reqBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, enrichDriveSearchError(err)
 	}
 	return data, nil
 }
 
-// enrichDriveSearchError adds a +search-specific hint for known opaque Lark
-// codes; other errors pass through unchanged.
+// enrichDriveSearchError adds a +search-specific hint for a known opaque Lark
+// code; other errors pass through unchanged. The hint is appended in place on
+// the typed Problem, preserving its category / subtype / code / log_id.
 func enrichDriveSearchError(err error) error {
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok || p.Code != driveSearchErrUserNotVisible {
 		return err
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Code != driveSearchErrUserNotVisible {
-		return err
-	}
-	detail := *exitErr.Detail
-	detail.Hint = "one or more open_ids in --creator-ids / --sharer-ids are outside this app's user-visibility scope (this is the app's contact visibility, not the search:docs:read API scope); ask an admin to grant the app visibility to those users in the developer console, or drop the unreachable open_ids"
-	return &output.ExitError{
-		Code:   exitErr.Code,
-		Detail: &detail,
-		Err:    exitErr.Err,
-	}
+	p.Hint = "one or more open_ids in --creator-ids / --sharer-ids are outside this app's user-visibility scope (this is the app's contact visibility, not the search:docs:read API scope); ask an admin to grant the app visibility to those users in the developer console, or drop the unreachable open_ids"
+	return err
 }
 
 func cloneDriveSearchFilter(src map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {

shortcuts/drive/drive_search_test.go

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
@@ -258,6 +260,19 @@ func TestValidateDriveSearchIDs(t *testing.T) {
 		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--creator-ids") {
 			t.Fatalf("expected --creator-ids error, got: %v", err)
 		}
+		var vErr *errs.ValidationError
+		if !errors.As(err, &vErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+		}
+		if vErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+			t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", vErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+		}
+		if vErr.Param != "--creator-ids" {
+			t.Fatalf("Param = %q, want --creator-ids", vErr.Param)
+		}
+		if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
+			t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want ExitValidation (%d)", got, output.ExitValidation)
+		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("bad chat id format", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -625,51 +640,39 @@ func TestEnrichDriveSearchError(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("ExitError without Detail passes through", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("typed error with non-matching code passes through", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		orig := &output.ExitError{Code: 1}
-		if got := enrichDriveSearchError(orig); got != orig {
-			t.Fatalf("ExitError without Detail should pass through unchanged")
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("ExitError with non-matching code passes through", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		orig := &output.ExitError{
-			Code:   1,
-			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{Code: 12345, Message: "other"},
-		}
+		orig := errclass.BuildAPIError(
+			map[string]any{"code": float64(12345), "msg": "other"},
+			errclass.ClassifyContext{},
+		)
 		if got := enrichDriveSearchError(orig); got != orig {
 			t.Fatalf("non-matching code should pass through unchanged")
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("matching code rewrites Hint without mutating original", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("matching code decorates the typed error's hint in place", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
-		orig := &output.ExitError{
-			Code: 1,
-			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-				Code:    driveSearchErrUserNotVisible,
-				Message: "[99992351] user not visible",
-				Hint:    "",
-			},
-		}
+		orig := errclass.BuildAPIError(
+			map[string]any{"code": float64(driveSearchErrUserNotVisible), "msg": "[99992351] user not visible"},
+			errclass.ClassifyContext{},
+		)
+		// Terminal decoration of an upstream error: the hint is set in place on
+		// the existing typed Problem and that same error is returned (no new
+		// error is constructed).
 		enriched := enrichDriveSearchError(orig)
-		eErr, ok := enriched.(*output.ExitError)
+		if enriched != orig {
+			t.Fatal("should decorate and return the upstream error, not construct a new one")
+		}
+		p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(enriched)
 		if !ok {
-			t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", enriched)
+			t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T", enriched)
 		}
-		if eErr == orig {
-			t.Fatal("should return a new ExitError, not mutate the original")
+		if !strings.Contains(p.Hint, "--creator-ids") {
+			t.Fatalf("hint should mention --creator-ids, got %q", p.Hint)
 		}
-		if orig.Detail.Hint != "" {
-			t.Fatal("original Detail.Hint must remain unchanged")
-		}
-		if !strings.Contains(eErr.Detail.Hint, "--creator-ids") {
-			t.Fatalf("hint should mention --creator-ids, got %q", eErr.Detail.Hint)
-		}
-		if eErr.Detail.Message != orig.Detail.Message {
-			t.Fatalf("Message should be preserved, got %q", eErr.Detail.Message)
+		if p.Message != "[99992351] user not visible" {
+			t.Fatalf("Message should be preserved, got %q", p.Message)
 		}
 	})
 }
@@ -739,6 +742,18 @@ func TestBuildDriveSearchRequest(t *testing.T) {
 		if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--mine") {
 			t.Fatalf("expected exclusion error, got: %v", err)
 		}
+		// Mutual-exclusion error: typed validation, but no single attributable
+		// flag, so Param stays empty.
+		var vErr *errs.ValidationError
+		if !errors.As(err, &vErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+		}
+		if vErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+			t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", vErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+		}
+		if vErr.Param != "" {
+			t.Fatalf("Param = %q, want empty for mutual-exclusion error", vErr.Param)
+		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("--folder-tokens + --space-ids mutually exclusive", func(t *testing.T) {

shortcuts/drive/drive_secure_label.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ var DriveSecureLabelList = common.Shortcut{
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		pageSize := runtime.Int("page-size")
 		if pageSize < 1 || pageSize > 10 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--page-size must be between 1 and 10")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--page-size must be between 1 and 10").WithParam("--page-size")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ var DriveSecureLabelList = common.Shortcut{
 			Params(buildSecureLabelListParams(runtime))
 	},
 	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("GET",
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("GET",
 			"/open-apis/drive/v2/my_secure_labels",
 			buildSecureLabelListParams(runtime),
 			nil,
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ var DriveSecureLabelUpdate = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 		body := map[string]interface{}{"id": runtime.Str("label-id")}
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI("PATCH",
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("PATCH",
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v2/files/%s/secure_label", validate.EncodePathSegment(token)),
 			map[string]interface{}{"type": docType},
 			body,

shortcuts/drive/drive_status.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -75,27 +75,27 @@ var DriveStatus = common.Shortcut{
 		localDir := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("local-dir"))
 		folderToken := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("folder-token"))
 		if localDir == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--local-dir is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is required").WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if folderToken == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token is required").WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(folderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		// Path safety (absolute paths, traversal, symlink escape) is enforced
 		// upfront by the framework helper so the error message references the
 		// correct flag name; FileIO().Stat below would do the same check, but
 		// surface --file in its hint.
 		if _, err := validate.SafeLocalFlagPath("--local-dir", localDir); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 		if !info.IsDir() {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		// Conditional scope pre-check: quick mode only compares local mtime with
 		// Drive modified_time, so it must not be blocked on the download grant.
@@ -144,11 +144,11 @@ var DriveStatus = common.Shortcut{
 		// only possible under a Validate↔Execute race.
 		safeRoot, err := validate.SafeInputPath(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		cwdCanonical, err := validate.SafeInputPath(".")
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "Walking local: %s\n", localDir)
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ func walkLocalForStatus(root, cwdCanonical string) (map[string]driveStatusLocalF
 		return nil
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "io", "walk %s: %s", root, err)
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "walk %s: %s", root, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return files, nil
 }
@@ -276,12 +276,12 @@ func driveStatusShouldTreatAsUnchangedQuick(remoteModified string, local time.Ti
 func hashLocalForStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, path string) (string, error) {
 	f, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(path)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return "", driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 	h := sha256.New()
 	if _, err := io.Copy(h, f); err != nil {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "io", "hash %s: %s", path, err)
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "hash %s: %s", path, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil)), nil
 }
@@ -292,12 +292,12 @@ func hashRemoteForStatus(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, fi
 		ApiPath:    fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/download", validate.EncodePathSegment(fileToken)),
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrNetwork("download %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
+		return "", wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "download %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 	h := sha256.New()
 	if _, err := io.Copy(h, resp.Body); err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrNetwork("hash remote %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
+		return "", wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "hash remote %s: %s", common.MaskToken(fileToken), err)
 	}
 	return hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil)), nil
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_status_test.go

@@ -822,12 +822,15 @@ func TestWalkLocalForStatusMissingRootReturnsInternalError(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected walkLocalForStatus() to fail for missing root")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got %T", err)
+	var internalErr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &internalErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "io" {
-		t.Fatalf("expected io error detail, got %#v", exitErr.Detail)
+	if internalErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFileIO {
+		t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", internalErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeFileIO)
+	}
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitInternal)", code, output.ExitInternal)
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "walk") {
 		t.Fatalf("expected walk-related error, got: %v", err)

shortcuts/drive/drive_sync.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -72,23 +72,23 @@ var DriveSync = common.Shortcut{
 		localDir := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("local-dir"))
 		folderToken := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("folder-token"))
 		if localDir == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--local-dir is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is required").WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		if folderToken == "" {
-			return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token is required")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token is required").WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(folderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 		if _, err := validate.SafeLocalFlagPath("--local-dir", localDir); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 		if !info.IsDir() {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir is not a directory: %s", localDir).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -118,15 +118,15 @@ var DriveSync = common.Shortcut{
 
 		safeRoot, err := validate.SafeInputPath(localDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 		cwdCanonical, err := validate.SafeInputPath(".")
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "could not resolve cwd: %s", err)
 		}
 		rootRelToCwd, err := filepath.Rel(cwdCanonical, safeRoot)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--local-dir resolves outside cwd: %s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--local-dir resolves outside cwd: %s", err).WithParam("--local-dir")
 		}
 
 		// --- Phase 1: Compute diff (same logic as +status) ---
@@ -176,18 +176,18 @@ var DriveSync = common.Shortcut{
 			}
 		}
 		if len(typeConflicts) > 0 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("+sync cannot proceed: path type conflict — %s; remove the local entry or the remote entry and retry", strings.Join(typeConflicts, "; "))
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "+sync cannot proceed: path type conflict — %s; remove the local entry or the remote entry and retry", strings.Join(typeConflicts, "; "))
 		}
 
 		// Build the exact remote-file views that later execution will use so the
 		// diff phase classifies files against the same duplicate-resolution choice.
 		pullRemoteFiles, _, err := drivePullRemoteViews(entries, duplicateRemote)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%s", err)
+			return errs.WrapInternal(err)
 		}
 		remoteEntriesForPush, remoteFolders, _, err := drivePushRemoteViews(entries, duplicateRemote)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%s", err)
+			return errs.WrapInternal(err)
 		}
 
 		remoteFiles := driveSyncStatusRemoteFiles(pullRemoteFiles)
@@ -240,43 +240,19 @@ var DriveSync = common.Shortcut{
 
 		conflictResolutions := make(map[string]string, len(modified))
 		if onConflict == driveSyncOnConflictAsk && len(modified) > 0 && runtime.IO().In == nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--on-conflict=ask requires interactive stdin when modified files exist")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--on-conflict=ask requires interactive stdin when modified files exist").WithParam("--on-conflict")
 		}
 		for _, entry := range modified {
 			resolved := onConflict
 			if resolved == driveSyncOnConflictAsk {
 				resolved, err = driveSyncAskConflict(entry.RelPath, runtime)
 				if err != nil {
-					payload := map[string]interface{}{
-						"detection": detection,
-						"diff": map[string]interface{}{
-							"new_local":  emptyIfNil(newLocal),
-							"new_remote": emptyIfNil(newRemote),
-							"modified":   emptyIfNil(modified),
-							"unchanged":  emptyIfNil(unchanged),
-						},
-						"summary": map[string]interface{}{
-							"pulled":  0,
-							"pushed":  0,
-							"skipped": 0,
-							"failed":  1,
-						},
-						"items": []driveSyncItem{{
-							RelPath:   entry.RelPath,
-							FileToken: entry.FileToken,
-							Action:    "failed",
-							Direction: "conflict",
-							Error:     err.Error(),
-						}},
-					}
-					return &output.ExitError{
-						Code: output.ExitAPI,
-						Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-							Type:    "partial_failure",
-							Message: fmt.Sprintf("cannot collect conflict decisions for +sync: %v", err),
-							Detail:  payload,
-						},
-					}
+					// Phase-1 setup abort: no sync operation ran yet, so this
+					// is not a batch partial-failure. driveSyncAskConflict
+					// already returns a typed *errs.ValidationError; propagate
+					// it unchanged rather than re-wrapping it as a synthetic
+					// partial_failure payload.
+					return err
 				}
 			}
 			conflictResolutions[entry.RelPath] = resolved
@@ -521,17 +497,12 @@ var DriveSync = common.Shortcut{
 		}
 
 		if failed > 0 {
-			msg := fmt.Sprintf("%d item(s) failed during +sync", failed)
-			return &output.ExitError{
-				Code: output.ExitAPI,
-				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-					Type:    "partial_failure",
-					Message: msg,
-					Detail:  payload,
-				},
-			}
+			payload["note"] = fmt.Sprintf("%d item(s) failed during +sync", failed)
 		}
 
+		if failed > 0 {
+			return runtime.OutPartialFailure(payload, nil)
+		}
 		runtime.Out(payload, nil)
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -555,7 +526,7 @@ func driveSyncStatusRemoteFiles(pullRemoteFiles map[string]drivePullTarget) map[
 func driveSyncAskConflict(relPath string, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (string, error) {
 	fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "CONFLICT: both sides modified %q. Choose: [R]emote-wins / [L]ocal-wins / [K]eep-both / [S]kip (default: R): ", relPath)
 	if runtime.IO().In == nil {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("cannot resolve conflict for %q with --on-conflict=ask: stdin is not available", relPath)
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot resolve conflict for %q with --on-conflict=ask: stdin is not available", relPath).WithParam("--on-conflict")
 	}
 	reader, ok := runtime.IO().In.(*bufio.Reader)
 	if !ok {
@@ -564,12 +535,12 @@ func driveSyncAskConflict(relPath string, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (strin
 	}
 	line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
 	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("cannot read conflict choice for %q: %s", relPath, err)
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot read conflict choice for %q: %s", relPath, err).WithParam("--on-conflict")
 	}
 	answer := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(line))
 	if answer == "" {
 		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
-			return "", output.ErrValidation("cannot resolve conflict for %q with --on-conflict=ask: stdin reached EOF before any choice was provided", relPath)
+			return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "cannot resolve conflict for %q with --on-conflict=ask: stdin reached EOF before any choice was provided", relPath).WithParam("--on-conflict")
 		}
 		return driveSyncOnConflictRemoteWins, nil
 	}
@@ -583,7 +554,7 @@ func driveSyncAskConflict(relPath string, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (strin
 	case "r", "remote", "remote-wins":
 		return driveSyncOnConflictRemoteWins, nil
 	default:
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("invalid conflict choice for %q: %q (expected one of remote/local/keep/skip)", relPath, strings.TrimSpace(line))
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid conflict choice for %q: %q (expected one of remote/local/keep/skip)", relPath, strings.TrimSpace(line)).WithParam("--on-conflict")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -635,16 +606,16 @@ func driveSyncNeedsCreateScope(uploadPaths []string, localDirs []string, folderC
 func driveSyncRollbackRenamedLocal(oldAbsPath, newAbsPath string) error {
 	if info, err := os.Stat(oldAbsPath); err == nil { //nolint:forbidigo // shortcuts cannot import internal/vfs (depguard rule shortcuts-no-vfs); safeRoot is validated.
 		if info.IsDir() {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "rollback", "original path became a directory during rollback: %s", oldAbsPath)
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "original path became a directory during rollback: %s", oldAbsPath)
 		}
 		if err := os.Remove(oldAbsPath); err != nil { //nolint:forbidigo // shortcuts cannot import internal/vfs (depguard rule shortcuts-no-vfs); safeRoot is validated.
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "rollback", "remove partial restored path %q: %s", oldAbsPath, err)
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "remove partial restored path %q: %s", oldAbsPath, err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 	} else if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "rollback", "stat original path %q during rollback: %s", oldAbsPath, err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "stat original path %q during rollback: %s", oldAbsPath, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if err := os.Rename(newAbsPath, oldAbsPath); err != nil { //nolint:forbidigo // shortcuts cannot import internal/vfs (depguard rule shortcuts-no-vfs); safeRoot is validated.
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "rollback", "restore renamed local file %q: %s", oldAbsPath, err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "restore renamed local file %q: %s", oldAbsPath, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/drive/drive_sync_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -1434,14 +1435,15 @@ func TestDriveSyncAskConflictEOFDuringExecuteReportsFailedItem(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected EOF failure during ask execution\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
+	// Collecting conflict decisions runs in the Phase-1 setup pass, before
+	// any sync operation executes, so the EOF abort propagates the typed
+	// *errs.ValidationError unchanged rather than a synthetic partial_failure.
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
-	if len(items) == 0 || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "stdin reached EOF") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed ask item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+	if !strings.Contains(validationErr.Error(), "stdin reached EOF") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected EOF failure, got: %v", validationErr)
 	}
 	data, readErr := os.ReadFile("local/a.txt")
 	if readErr != nil {
@@ -1503,12 +1505,15 @@ func TestDriveSyncAskConflictEOFDuringPlanningPreventsAnyWrites(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected EOF failure during ask planning\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "partial_failure" || !strings.Contains(exitErr.Error(), "stdin reached EOF") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected planning failure detail mentioning EOF, got: %#v", exitErr.Detail)
+	if validationErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", validationErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(validationErr.Error(), "stdin reached EOF") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected planning failure mentioning EOF, got: %v", validationErr)
 	}
 	if data, readErr := os.ReadFile("local/a.txt"); readErr != nil || string(data) != "local-a" {
 		t.Fatalf("a.txt should remain untouched, readErr=%v content=%q", readErr, string(data))
@@ -1706,14 +1711,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncReportsNewRemoteDownloadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected download failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if len(items) == 0 || items[0].Direction != "pull" || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "save failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed pull item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed pull item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1758,14 +1759,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncReportsNewLocalEnsureFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected ensure failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if len(items) == 0 || items[0].Direction != "push" || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "create parent failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed push item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed push item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1810,14 +1807,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncReportsNewLocalUploadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected upload failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if len(items) == 0 || items[0].Direction != "push" || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "upload failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed upload item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed upload item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1875,14 +1868,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncLocalWinsReportsUploadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected local-wins upload failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if len(items) == 0 || items[0].Direction != "push" || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "overwrite failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed overwrite item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed overwrite item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1965,30 +1954,13 @@ func TestDriveSyncKeepBothReportsRenameFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected keep-both suffix exhaustion error\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	// The error may be a plain ExitError (no Detail.Detail) or a
-	// partial_failure with items. Either way it must mention the
-	// suffix exhaustion.
-	errMsg := err.Error()
-	// The suffix exhaustion message may be in the top-level error or
-	// inside a partial_failure detail item. Check both.
-	foundSuffixError := strings.Contains(errMsg, "could not generate a unique rel_path")
-	if !foundSuffixError {
-		var exitErr *output.ExitError
-		if errors.As(err, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
-			detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-			items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
-			for _, item := range items {
-				if strings.Contains(item.Error, "could not generate a unique rel_path") {
-					foundSuffixError = true
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			if !foundSuffixError {
-				t.Fatalf("expected suffix exhaustion error, got: %s; detail: %#v", errMsg, exitErr.Detail.Detail)
-			}
-		} else {
-			t.Fatalf("expected suffix exhaustion error, got: %s", errMsg)
-		}
+	// The suffix-exhaustion failure is an item-level conflict failure, so
+	// it surfaces as the partial-failure signal: a typed PartialFailureError
+	// on the error channel and the ok:false items[] payload (carrying the
+	// suffix message) on stdout via OutPartialFailure.
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "could not generate a unique rel_path") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected suffix exhaustion error in stdout items, got: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2341,14 +2313,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncRemoteWinsReportsModifiedPullFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected modified pull failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if len(items) == 0 || items[0].Direction != "pull" || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "save failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed modified pull item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed modified pull item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2411,14 +2379,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncKeepBothReportsRollbackFailureAfterPullError(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected keep-both rollback failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if len(items) == 0 || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "rollback failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected rollback failure in item error, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected rollback failure in item error, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2500,14 +2464,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncLocalWinsNestedFileReportsParentEnsureFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected parent ensure failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if len(items) == 0 || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "create parent failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed item with create_folder error, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed item with create_folder error, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2704,7 +2664,7 @@ func TestDriveSyncKeepBothReportsSuffixError(t *testing.T) {
 // TestDriveSyncKeepBothRollbackSucceedsOnPullFailure verifies the full
 // keep-both rollback path: when the pull download fails after the local
 // file has been renamed, the rollback restores the original file and
-// the error is reported as a partial_failure.
+// the failure is reported via the partial-failure signal.
 func TestDriveSyncKeepBothRollbackSucceedsOnPullFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	syncTestConfig := &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID: "drive-sync-keep-both-rollback-pull-fail", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
@@ -2762,14 +2722,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncKeepBothRollbackSucceedsOnPullFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected keep-both pull failure with rollback\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if len(items) == 0 || !strings.Contains(items[0].Error, "save failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected save failure in item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected save failure in item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 
 	// Rollback should have restored the original file.
@@ -2978,14 +2934,10 @@ func TestDriveSyncLocalWinsUsesReturnedTokenOnUploadFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected local-wins upload failure\nstdout: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected structured ExitError, got: %v", err)
-	}
-	detailMap, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	items, _ := detailMap["items"].([]driveSyncItem)
+	assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t, err)
+	items := driveSyncStdoutItems(t, stdout.Bytes())
 	if len(items) == 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected failed item, got detail: %#v", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected failed item, got detail: %#v", stdout.String())
 	}
 	// The reported token should be the new one from the partial-success
 	// response, not the stale existingToken ("tok_a").
@@ -3095,3 +3047,39 @@ func TestDriveSyncRejectsLocalDirVsRemoteFileTypeConflict(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("error should mention local directory, got: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+// assertDriveSyncPartialFailure asserts that err is the typed partial-failure
+// exit signal +sync returns on any item-level failure. The structured
+// {detection, diff, summary, items, note} payload rides on stdout as an
+// ok:false envelope via runtime.OutPartialFailure (in alignment with
+// +push/+pull), so this helper only checks the exit-code signal; callers read
+// the payload from stdout.
+func assertDriveSyncPartialFailure(t *testing.T, err error) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected partial-failure exit signal, got nil")
+	}
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.PartialFailureError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", pfErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
+	}
+}
+
+// driveSyncStdoutItems extracts the items[] payload from the stdout envelope
+// written by runtime.Out. The per-item failure context that used to live in
+// the partial_failure ExitError detail now rides on stdout.
+func driveSyncStdoutItems(t *testing.T, stdout []byte) []driveSyncItem {
+	t.Helper()
+	var envelope struct {
+		Data struct {
+			Items []driveSyncItem `json:"items"`
+		} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout, &envelope); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal stdout: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(stdout))
+	}
+	return envelope.Data.Items
+}

shortcuts/drive/drive_task_result.go

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -43,34 +43,34 @@ var DriveTaskResult = common.Shortcut{
 			"wiki_delete_node":  true,
 		}
 		if !validScenarios[scenario] {
-			return output.ErrValidation("unsupported scenario: %s. Supported scenarios: import, export, task_check, wiki_move, wiki_delete_space, wiki_delete_node", scenario)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsupported scenario: %s. Supported scenarios: import, export, task_check, wiki_move, wiki_delete_space, wiki_delete_node", scenario).WithParam("--scenario")
 		}
 
 		// Validate required params based on scenario
 		switch scenario {
 		case "import", "export":
 			if runtime.Str("ticket") == "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--ticket is required for %s scenario", scenario)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--ticket is required for %s scenario", scenario).WithParam("--ticket")
 			}
 			if err := validate.ResourceName(runtime.Str("ticket"), "--ticket"); err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--ticket")
 			}
 		case "task_check", "wiki_move", "wiki_delete_space", "wiki_delete_node":
 			if runtime.Str("task-id") == "" {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--task-id is required for %s scenario", scenario)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--task-id is required for %s scenario", scenario).WithParam("--task-id")
 			}
 			if err := validate.ResourceName(runtime.Str("task-id"), "--task-id"); err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--task-id")
 			}
 		}
 
 		// For export scenario, file-token is required
 		if scenario == "export" && runtime.Str("file-token") == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--file-token is required for export scenario")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file-token is required for export scenario").WithParam("--file-token")
 		}
 		if scenario == "export" {
 			if err := validate.ResourceName(runtime.Str("file-token"), "--file-token"); err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -261,9 +261,10 @@ func requireDriveScopes(storedScopes string, required []string) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAuth, "missing_scope",
-		fmt.Sprintf("missing required scope(s): %s", strings.Join(missing, ", ")),
-		fmt.Sprintf("run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"%s\"` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.", strings.Join(missing, " ")))
+	return errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope,
+		"missing required scope(s): %s", strings.Join(missing, ", ")).
+		WithMissingScopes(missing...).
+		WithHint("run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"%s\"` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.", strings.Join(missing, " "))
 }
 
 func missingDriveScopes(storedScopes string, required []string) []string {
@@ -408,10 +409,10 @@ func queryWikiMoveTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (map[strin
 
 func getWikiMoveTaskStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(taskID, "--task-id"); err != nil {
-		return wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus{}, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--task-id")
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/wiki/v2/tasks/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(taskID)),
 		map[string]interface{}{"task_type": "move"},
@@ -426,7 +427,7 @@ func getWikiMoveTaskStatus(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (wikiM
 
 func parseWikiMoveTaskQueryStatus(taskID string, task map[string]interface{}) (wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus, error) {
 	if task == nil {
-		return wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "wiki task response missing task")
+		return wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "wiki task response missing task")
 	}
 
 	status := wikiMoveTaskQueryStatus{
@@ -490,10 +491,10 @@ func appendWikiMoveNodeFields(out, node map[string]interface{}) {
 // rather than the per-node array used by wiki move.
 func queryWikiDeleteSpaceTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(taskID, "--task-id"); err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--task-id")
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/wiki/v2/tasks/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(taskID)),
 		map[string]interface{}{"task_type": "delete_space"},
@@ -505,7 +506,7 @@ func queryWikiDeleteSpaceTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (ma
 
 	task := common.GetMap(data, "task")
 	if task == nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "wiki task response missing task")
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "wiki task response missing task")
 	}
 
 	resolvedTaskID := common.GetString(task, "task_id")
@@ -558,10 +559,10 @@ func queryWikiDeleteSpaceTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (ma
 // keep drive from depending on shortcuts/wiki.
 func queryWikiDeleteNodeTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(taskID, "--task-id"); err != nil {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--task-id")
 	}
 
-	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 		"GET",
 		fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/wiki/v2/tasks/%s", validate.EncodePathSegment(taskID)),
 		map[string]interface{}{"task_type": "delete_node"},
@@ -573,7 +574,7 @@ func queryWikiDeleteNodeTask(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, taskID string) (map
 
 	task := common.GetMap(data, "task")
 	if task == nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "wiki task response missing task")
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "wiki task response missing task")
 	}
 
 	resolvedTaskID := common.GetString(task, "task_id")

shortcuts/drive/drive_task_result_test.go

@@ -13,10 +13,12 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -86,6 +88,16 @@ func TestDriveTaskResultValidateErrorsByScenario(t *testing.T) {
 			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tt.wantErr) {
 				t.Fatalf("expected error containing %q, got %v", tt.wantErr, err)
 			}
+			var vErr *errs.ValidationError
+			if !errors.As(err, &vErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+			}
+			if vErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+				t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", vErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+			}
+			if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
+				t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want ExitValidation (%d)", got, output.ExitValidation)
+			}
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -428,6 +440,16 @@ func TestValidateDriveTaskResultScopesWikiScenariosRequireWikiScope(t *testing.T
 			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "missing required scope(s): wiki:space:read") {
 				t.Fatalf("expected missing wiki scope error, got %v", err)
 			}
+			var permErr *errs.PermissionError
+			if !errors.As(err, &permErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.PermissionError, got %T", err)
+			}
+			if permErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeMissingScope {
+				t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", permErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeMissingScope)
+			}
+			if len(permErr.MissingScopes) != 1 || permErr.MissingScopes[0] != "wiki:space:read" {
+				t.Fatalf("MissingScopes = %v, want [wiki:space:read]", permErr.MissingScopes)
+			}
 		})
 		t.Run(scenario+"/accepts wiki scope", func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
@@ -663,6 +685,19 @@ func TestParseWikiMoveTaskQueryStatusRejectsMissingTask(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "missing task") {
 		t.Fatalf("expected missing task error, got %v", err)
 	}
+	// A successful API call (code==0) that omits the `task` field is a
+	// malformed RESPONSE, not a user error: classify as internal /
+	// invalid_response (exit 5), not an API business error (exit 1).
+	var iErr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &iErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if iErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+		t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", iErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+	}
+	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want ExitInternal (%d)", got, output.ExitInternal)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestWikiMoveTaskQueryStatusPrimarySurfacesFailureOverEarlierSuccess(t *testing.T) {

shortcuts/drive/drive_upload.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package drive
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ var DriveUpload = common.Shortcut{
 
 		info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(spec.FilePath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 		fileSize := info.Size()
 
@@ -194,13 +194,13 @@ var DriveUpload = common.Shortcut{
 
 func validateDriveUploadSpec(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveUploadSpec) error {
 	if driveUploadFlagExplicitlyEmpty(runtime, "file-token") {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--file-token cannot be empty; omit --file-token for a new upload or pass an existing file token to overwrite")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file-token cannot be empty; omit --file-token for a new upload or pass an existing file token to overwrite").WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if driveUploadFlagExplicitlyEmpty(runtime, "folder-token") {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token cannot be empty; omit --folder-token to upload into Drive root folder or pass a folder token")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token cannot be empty; omit --folder-token to upload into Drive root folder or pass a folder token").WithParam("--folder-token")
 	}
 	if driveUploadFlagExplicitlyEmpty(runtime, "wiki-token") {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--wiki-token cannot be empty; omit --wiki-token to upload into Drive root folder or pass a wiki node token")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--wiki-token cannot be empty; omit --wiki-token to upload into Drive root folder or pass a wiki node token").WithParam("--wiki-token")
 	}
 
 	targets := 0
@@ -211,21 +211,21 @@ func validateDriveUploadSpec(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveUploadSpe
 		targets++
 	}
 	if targets > 1 {
-		return common.FlagErrorf("--folder-token and --wiki-token are mutually exclusive")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--folder-token and --wiki-token are mutually exclusive")
 	}
 	if spec.FolderToken != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FolderToken, "--folder-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--folder-token")
 		}
 	}
 	if spec.WikiToken != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.WikiToken, "--wiki-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--wiki-token")
 		}
 	}
 	if spec.FileToken != "" {
 		if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ func driveUploadFlagExplicitlyEmpty(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, flagName str
 func uploadFileToDrive(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, filePath, fileName string, target driveUploadTarget, fileSize int64, existingFileToken string) (driveUploadResult, error) {
 	f, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(filePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return driveUploadResult{}, common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+		return driveUploadResult{}, driveInputStatError(err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
 
@@ -265,23 +265,16 @@ func uploadFileToDrive(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 		if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
 			return driveUploadResult{}, err
 		}
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.ErrNetwork("upload failed: %v", err)
+		return driveUploadResult{}, wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "upload failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	var result map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &result); err != nil {
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload failed: invalid response JSON: %v", err)
+	data, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return driveUploadResult{}, err
 	}
-
-	if larkCode := int(common.GetFloat(result, "code")); larkCode != 0 {
-		msg, _ := result["msg"].(string)
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.ErrAPI(larkCode, fmt.Sprintf("upload failed: [%d] %s", larkCode, msg), result["error"])
-	}
-
-	data, _ := result["data"].(map[string]interface{})
 	fileToken := common.GetString(data, "file_token")
 	if fileToken == "" {
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload failed: no file_token returned")
+		return driveUploadResult{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "upload failed: no file_token returned")
 	}
 	return driveUploadResult{
 		FileToken: fileToken,
@@ -304,7 +297,7 @@ func uploadFileMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 	if existingFileToken != "" {
 		prepareBody["file_token"] = existingFileToken
 	}
-	prepareResult, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_prepare", nil, prepareBody)
+	prepareResult, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_prepare", nil, prepareBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return driveUploadResult{}, err
 	}
@@ -316,7 +309,7 @@ func uploadFileMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 	blockNum := int(blockNumF)
 
 	if uploadID == "" || blockSize <= 0 || blockNum <= 0 {
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error",
+		return driveUploadResult{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse,
 			"upload_prepare returned invalid data: upload_id=%q, block_size=%d, block_num=%d",
 			uploadID, blockSize, blockNum)
 	}
@@ -334,7 +327,7 @@ func uploadFileMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 
 		partFile, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(filePath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return driveUploadResult{}, common.WrapInputStatError(err)
+			return driveUploadResult{}, driveInputStatError(err)
 		}
 
 		fd := larkcore.NewFormdata()
@@ -354,16 +347,11 @@ func uploadFileMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 			if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
 				return driveUploadResult{}, err
 			}
-			return driveUploadResult{}, output.ErrNetwork("upload part %d/%d failed: %v", seq+1, blockNum, err)
+			return driveUploadResult{}, wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "upload part %d/%d failed: %v", seq+1, blockNum, err)
 		}
 
-		var partResult map[string]interface{}
-		if err := json.Unmarshal(apiResp.RawBody, &partResult); err != nil {
-			return driveUploadResult{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload part %d/%d: invalid response JSON: %v", seq+1, blockNum, err)
-		}
-		if larkCode := int(common.GetFloat(partResult, "code")); larkCode != 0 {
-			msg, _ := partResult["msg"].(string)
-			return driveUploadResult{}, output.ErrAPI(larkCode, fmt.Sprintf("upload part %d/%d failed: [%d] %s", seq+1, blockNum, larkCode, msg), partResult["error"])
+		if _, err := runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp); err != nil {
+			return driveUploadResult{}, err
 		}
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(runtime.IO().ErrOut, "  Block %d/%d uploaded (%s)\n", seq+1, blockNum, common.FormatSize(partSize))
@@ -374,14 +362,14 @@ func uploadFileMultipart(_ context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext, file
 		"upload_id": uploadID,
 		"block_num": blockNum,
 	}
-	finishResult, err := runtime.CallAPI("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_finish", nil, finishBody)
+	finishResult, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("POST", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files/upload_finish", nil, finishBody)
 	if err != nil {
 		return driveUploadResult{}, err
 	}
 
 	fileToken := common.GetString(finishResult, "file_token")
 	if fileToken == "" {
-		return driveUploadResult{}, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "upload_finish succeeded but no file_token returned")
+		return driveUploadResult{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "upload_finish succeeded but no file_token returned")
 	}
 
 	return driveUploadResult{

shortcuts/drive/drive_version.go

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ import (
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ type driveVersionHistorySpec struct {
 func validateDriveNumericValue(value, flagName, valueLabel string) error {
 	value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
 	if value == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s cannot be empty", flagName)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s cannot be empty", flagName).WithParam(flagName)
 	}
 	if !driveVersionNumberRe.MatchString(value) {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s must be a numeric %s", flagName, valueLabel)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s must be a numeric %s", flagName, valueLabel).WithParam(flagName)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ func validateDriveCursorValue(value, flagName string) error {
 
 func validateDriveVersionHistorySpec(spec driveVersionHistorySpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if spec.Limit < 1 || spec.Limit > 200 {
-		return output.ErrValidation("invalid --limit %d: must be between 1 and 200", spec.Limit)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --limit %d: must be between 1 and 200", spec.Limit).WithParam("--limit")
 	}
 	if spec.Cursor != "" {
 		if err := validateDriveCursorValue(spec.Cursor, "--cursor"); err != nil {
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ var DriveVersionHistory = common.Shortcut{
 			Cursor:    strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("cursor")),
 		}
 
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		data, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			http.MethodGet,
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/history", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.FileToken)),
 			driveVersionHistoryParams(spec),
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ type driveVersionGetSpec struct {
 
 func validateDriveVersionGetSpec(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveVersionGetSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	if err := validateDriveVersionValue(spec.Version, "--version"); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ func validateDriveVersionGetSpec(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, spec driveVersi
 		return nil
 	}
 	if _, err := validate.SafeOutputPath(spec.Output); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("unsafe output path: %s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", err).WithParam("--output")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ var DriveVersionGet = common.Shortcut{
 			},
 		})
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.ErrNetwork("download failed: %s", err)
+			return wrapDriveNetworkErr(err, "download failed: %s", err)
 		}
 		defer resp.Body.Close()
 
@@ -315,10 +315,10 @@ var DriveVersionGet = common.Shortcut{
 			outputPath, _ = common.AutoAppendDownloadExtension(outputPath, resp.Header, "")
 		}
 		if _, resolveErr := runtime.ResolveSavePath(outputPath); resolveErr != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("unsafe output path: %s", resolveErr)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "unsafe output path: %s", resolveErr).WithParam("--output")
 		}
 		if _, statErr := runtime.FileIO().Stat(outputPath); statErr == nil && !spec.Overwrite {
-			return output.ErrValidation("output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", outputPath)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "output file already exists: %s (use --overwrite to replace)", outputPath).WithParam("--output")
 		}
 
 		result, err := runtime.FileIO().Save(outputPath, fileio.SaveOptions{
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ var DriveVersionGet = common.Shortcut{
 			ContentLength: resp.ContentLength,
 		}, resp.Body)
 		if err != nil {
-			return common.WrapSaveErrorByCategory(err, "io")
+			return driveSaveError(err)
 		}
 
 		savedPath, _ := runtime.ResolveSavePath(outputPath)
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ type driveVersionMutationSpec struct {
 
 func validateDriveVersionMutationSpec(spec driveVersionMutationSpec) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(spec.FileToken, "--file-token"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%s", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam("--file-token")
 	}
 	return validateDriveVersionValue(spec.Version, "--version")
 }
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ var DriveVersionRevert = common.Shortcut{
 			FileToken: strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("file-token")),
 			Version:   strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("version")),
 		}
-		if _, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		if _, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			http.MethodPost,
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/revert", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.FileToken)),
 			nil,
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ var DriveVersionDelete = common.Shortcut{
 			FileToken: strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("file-token")),
 			Version:   strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("version")),
 		}
-		if _, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		if _, err := runtime.CallAPITyped(
 			http.MethodPost,
 			fmt.Sprintf("/open-apis/drive/v1/files/%s/version_del", validate.EncodePathSegment(spec.FileToken)),
 			nil,

shortcuts/drive/drive_version_test.go

@@ -5,14 +5,17 @@ package drive
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -53,6 +56,16 @@ func TestValidateDriveVersionHistorySpec(t *testing.T) {
 			if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tt.wantErr) {
 				t.Fatalf("expected error containing %q, got %v", tt.wantErr, err)
 			}
+			var vErr *errs.ValidationError
+			if !errors.As(err, &vErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+			}
+			if vErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+				t.Fatalf("Subtype = %q, want %q", vErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+			}
+			if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
+				t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want ExitValidation (%d)", got, output.ExitValidation)
+			}
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -255,6 +268,13 @@ func TestDriveVersionGetRejectsExistingFileWithoutOverwrite(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "output file already exists") {
 		t.Fatalf("expected output exists error, got %v", err)
 	}
+	var vErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &vErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if vErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument || vErr.Param != "--output" {
+		t.Fatalf("typed shape = subtype %q param %q, want invalid_argument/--output", vErr.Subtype, vErr.Param)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestDriveVersionGetOverwritesExistingFileWhenRequested(t *testing.T) {

shortcuts/drive/list_remote.go

@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ func listRemoteFolderEntries(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext
 		if pageToken != "" {
 			params["page_token"] = pageToken
 		}
-		result, err := runtime.CallAPI("GET", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files", params, nil)
+		result, err := runtime.CallAPITyped("GET", "/open-apis/drive/v1/files", params, nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -176,24 +177,27 @@ func duplicateRemoteFilePaths(entries []driveRemoteEntry) []driveDuplicateRemote
 	return duplicates
 }
 
-// Deprecated: duplicateRemotePathError produces a legacy *output.ExitError
-// that predates the typed error contract introduced by errs/. New code MUST
-// NOT use it — duplicate-path signals should move to a typed
-// *errs.ValidationError (with duplicates metadata as a typed extension
-// field) when the drive shortcut migrates to typed errors. This helper is
-// retained only while existing call sites are migrated; it will be removed
-// once they have moved to the typed surface.
-func duplicateRemotePathError(duplicates []driveDuplicateRemotePath) *output.ExitError {
-	return &output.ExitError{
-		Code: output.ExitAPI,
-		Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "duplicate_remote_path",
-			Message: "multiple Drive entries map to the same rel_path",
-			Detail: map[string]interface{}{
-				"duplicates_remote": duplicates,
-			},
-		},
+// duplicateRemotePathError reports that multiple Drive entries resolve to the
+// same rel_path. Each colliding rel_path becomes one InvalidParam whose Name is
+// the rel_path and whose Reason enumerates the colliding entries (type +
+// file_token), so an AI agent reading the typed envelope can identify exactly
+// which Drive objects collide without re-listing the folder.
+func duplicateRemotePathError(duplicates []driveDuplicateRemotePath) error {
+	params := make([]errs.InvalidParam, 0, len(duplicates))
+	for _, d := range duplicates {
+		descriptions := make([]string, 0, len(d.Entries))
+		for _, entry := range d.Entries {
+			descriptions = append(descriptions, fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", entry.Type, entry.FileToken))
+		}
+		params = append(params, errs.InvalidParam{
+			Name:   d.RelPath,
+			Reason: fmt.Sprintf("%d Drive entries collide here: %s", len(d.Entries), strings.Join(descriptions, ", ")),
+		})
 	}
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition,
+		"%d rel_path(s) map to multiple Drive entries", len(duplicates)).
+		WithHint("resolve the duplicate remote files first: re-run +pull with --on-duplicate-remote=rename (downloads each with a hashed suffix), or use --on-duplicate-remote=newest|oldest (supported by +pull/+sync/+push) to pick one, or delete the extra remote files; a plain retry will not help").
+		WithParams(params...)
 }
 
 const (
@@ -300,7 +304,7 @@ func compareDriveRemoteModifiedToLocal(remoteModified string, local time.Time) (
 
 func chooseRemoteFile(files []driveRemoteEntry, strategy string) (driveRemoteEntry, error) {
 	if len(files) == 0 {
-		return driveRemoteEntry{}, fmt.Errorf("no Drive entries available for strategy %q", strategy)
+		return driveRemoteEntry{}, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "no Drive entries available for strategy %q", strategy)
 	}
 	candidates := append([]driveRemoteEntry(nil), files...)
 	sortRemoteFiles(candidates, strategy)
@@ -385,7 +389,7 @@ func relPathWithUniqueFileTokenSuffix(relPath, fileToken string, occupied map[st
 			return candidate, nil
 		}
 	}
-	return "", fmt.Errorf("could not generate a unique rel_path for %q after %d attempts", relPath, driveUniqueSuffixMaxSeq)
+	return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "could not generate a unique rel_path for %q after %d attempts", relPath, driveUniqueSuffixMaxSeq)
 }
 
 // joinRelDrive joins a rel_path base with an entry name using "/".

shortcuts/slides/shortcuts.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 func Shortcuts() []common.Shortcut {
 	return []common.Shortcut{
 		SlidesCreate,
+		SlidesCreateSVG,
 		SlidesMediaUpload,
 		SlidesReplaceSlide,
 	}

shortcuts/slides/slides_create.go

@@ -121,35 +121,19 @@ var SlidesCreate = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		title := effectiveTitle(runtime.Str("title"))
-		content := buildPresentationXML(title)
 		slidesStr := runtime.Str("slides")
 
-		// Step 1: Create presentation
-		data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
-			"POST",
-			"/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations",
-			nil,
-			map[string]interface{}{
-				"xml_presentation": map[string]interface{}{
-					"content": content,
-				},
-			},
-		)
+		presentationID, revisionID, err := createEmptyPresentation(runtime, title)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		presentationID := common.GetString(data, "xml_presentation_id")
-		if presentationID == "" {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "slides create returned no xml_presentation_id")
-		}
-
 		result := map[string]interface{}{
 			"xml_presentation_id": presentationID,
 			"title":               title,
 		}
-		if revisionID := common.GetFloat(data, "revision_id"); revisionID > 0 {
-			result["revision_id"] = int(revisionID)
+		if revisionID > 0 {
+			result["revision_id"] = revisionID
 		}
 
 		// Step 2: Add slides if provided
@@ -198,6 +182,9 @@ var SlidesCreate = common.Shortcut{
 					if sid := common.GetString(slideData, "slide_id"); sid != "" {
 						slideIDs = append(slideIDs, sid)
 					}
+					if latest := common.GetFloat(slideData, "revision_id"); latest > 0 {
+						result["revision_id"] = int(latest)
+					}
 				}
 
 				result["slide_ids"] = slideIDs
@@ -205,34 +192,7 @@ var SlidesCreate = common.Shortcut{
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Fetch presentation URL via drive meta (best-effort)
-		if metaData, err := runtime.CallAPI(
-			"POST",
-			"/open-apis/drive/v1/metas/batch_query",
-			nil,
-			map[string]interface{}{
-				"request_docs": []map[string]interface{}{
-					{
-						"doc_token": presentationID,
-						"doc_type":  "slides",
-					},
-				},
-				"with_url": true,
-			},
-		); err == nil {
-			metas := common.GetSlice(metaData, "metas")
-			if len(metas) > 0 {
-				if meta, ok := metas[0].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
-					if url := common.GetString(meta, "url"); url != "" {
-						result["url"] = url
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		if grant := common.AutoGrantCurrentUserDrivePermission(runtime, presentationID, "slides"); grant != nil {
-			result["permission_grant"] = grant
-		}
+		fillPresentationResult(runtime, presentationID, result)
 
 		runtime.Out(result, nil)
 		return nil
@@ -259,6 +219,41 @@ func buildPresentationXML(title string) string {
 	)
 }
 
+func createEmptyPresentation(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, title string) (string, int, error) {
+	data, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+		"POST",
+		"/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations",
+		nil,
+		map[string]interface{}{
+			"xml_presentation": map[string]interface{}{
+				"content": buildPresentationXML(title),
+			},
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+
+	presentationID := common.GetString(data, "xml_presentation_id")
+	if presentationID == "" {
+		return "", 0, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "slides create returned no xml_presentation_id")
+	}
+	revisionID := 0
+	if rev := common.GetFloat(data, "revision_id"); rev > 0 {
+		revisionID = int(rev)
+	}
+	return presentationID, revisionID, nil
+}
+
+func fillPresentationResult(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, presentationID string, result map[string]interface{}) {
+	if url, err := common.FetchDriveMetaURL(runtime, presentationID, "slides"); err == nil && url != "" {
+		result["url"] = url
+	}
+	if grant := common.AutoGrantCurrentUserDrivePermission(runtime, presentationID, "slides"); grant != nil {
+		result["permission_grant"] = grant
+	}
+}
+
 // uploadSlidesPlaceholders uploads each unique placeholder path against the
 // presentation and returns the path→file_token map. The second return value is
 // the number of files successfully uploaded before any error, so callers can

shortcuts/slides/slides_create_svg.go

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package slides
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// SlidesCreateSVG creates a new Lark Slides presentation from one or more
+// SVGlide SVG files by adding each page through the existing XML slide route.
+var SlidesCreateSVG = common.Shortcut{
+	Service:     "slides",
+	Command:     "+create-svg",
+	Description: "Create a Lark Slides presentation from SVG",
+	Risk:        "write",
+	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
+	Scopes: []string{
+		"slides:presentation:create",
+		"slides:presentation:write_only",
+		"docs:document.media:upload",
+	},
+	Flags: []common.Flag{
+		{Name: "title", Desc: "presentation title"},
+		{
+			Name:     "file",
+			Type:     "string_array",
+			Required: true,
+			Desc:     "SVG file path; repeat for multiple pages",
+		},
+		{Name: "assets", Desc: "optional assets.json path mapping SVG @path placeholders to uploaded file tokens"},
+	},
+	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		if err := validateSVGFileInputs(runtime, runtime.StrArray("file")); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return validateSVGAssetsPath(runtime, runtime.Str("assets"))
+	},
+	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
+		title := effectiveTitle(runtime.Str("title"))
+		filePaths := runtime.StrArray("file")
+		svgs, err := readSVGFiles(runtime, filePaths)
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.NewDryRunAPI().Set("error", err.Error())
+		}
+		assets, err := parseSVGAssets(runtime, runtime.Str("assets"))
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.NewDryRunAPI().Set("error", err.Error())
+		}
+		classified, err := classifySVGlideSVGPages(filePaths, svgs)
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.NewDryRunAPI().Set("error", err.Error())
+		}
+		rewriteResult, uploadPaths, err := dryRunRewriteClassifiedSVGPages(classified, assets)
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.NewDryRunAPI().Set("error", err.Error())
+		}
+		pages := rewriteResult.Pages
+
+		dry := common.NewDryRunAPI()
+		total := 1 + len(uploadPaths) + len(pages)
+		descSuffix := ""
+		if len(uploadPaths) > 0 {
+			descSuffix = fmt.Sprintf(" + upload %d image(s)", len(uploadPaths))
+		}
+		dry.Desc(fmt.Sprintf("Create presentation from %d SVG page(s)%s", len(pages), descSuffix)).
+			POST("/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations").
+			Desc(fmt.Sprintf("[1/%d] Create presentation", total)).
+			Body(map[string]interface{}{
+				"xml_presentation": map[string]interface{}{"content": buildPresentationXML(title)},
+			})
+
+		for i, path := range uploadPaths {
+			appendSlidesUploadDryRun(dry, path, "<xml_presentation_id>", i+2)
+		}
+
+		slideStepStart := 2 + len(uploadPaths)
+		for i, page := range pages {
+			content, injectErr := injectSVGTransportAssetMetadata(page.Content, page.Tokens)
+			if injectErr != nil {
+				return common.NewDryRunAPI().Set("error", injectErr.Error())
+			}
+			dry.POST("/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/<xml_presentation_id>/slide").
+				Desc(fmt.Sprintf("[%d/%d] Add SVG page %d", slideStepStart+i, total, i+1)).
+				Params(map[string]interface{}{"revision_id": -1}).
+				Body(buildCreateSVGBody(content))
+		}
+
+		if runtime.IsBot() {
+			dry.Desc("After creation succeeds in bot mode, the CLI will also try to grant the current CLI user full_access (可管理权限) on the new presentation.")
+		}
+		return dry.Set("title", title)
+	},
+	Execute: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+		title := effectiveTitle(runtime.Str("title"))
+		filePaths := runtime.StrArray("file")
+		svgs, err := readSVGFiles(runtime, filePaths)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		assets, err := parseSVGAssets(runtime, runtime.Str("assets"))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		classified, err := classifySVGlideSVGPages(filePaths, svgs)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if hasFallbackPages(classified) {
+			if err := svgFallbackRasterizer.CheckAvailable(ctx); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		renderedFallbacks, err := renderSVGFallbackPages(ctx, classified, svgFallbackRasterizer)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer cleanupRenderedSVGFallbacks(renderedFallbacks)
+
+		presentationID, revisionID, err := createEmptyPresentation(runtime, title)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		result := map[string]interface{}{
+			"xml_presentation_id": presentationID,
+			"title":               title,
+		}
+		if revisionID > 0 {
+			result["revision_id"] = revisionID
+		}
+
+		rewriteResult, err := rewriteClassifiedSVGPages(runtime, presentationID, classified, assets, renderedFallbacks)
+		if err != nil {
+			return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error",
+				"image upload failed: %v (presentation %s was created; %d image(s) uploaded before failure)",
+				err, presentationID, rewriteResult.ImagesUploaded)
+		}
+		if rewriteResult.ImagesUploaded > 0 {
+			result["images_uploaded"] = rewriteResult.ImagesUploaded
+		}
+		if rewriteResult.FallbackPages > 0 {
+			result["fallback_pages"] = rewriteResult.FallbackPages
+		}
+		pages := rewriteResult.Pages
+
+		slideURL := fmt.Sprintf(
+			"/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/%s/slide",
+			validate.EncodePathSegment(presentationID),
+		)
+		var slideIDs []string
+		for i, page := range pages {
+			content, err := injectSVGTransportAssetMetadata(page.Content, page.Tokens)
+			if err != nil {
+				return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
+					"page %d/%d failed before API call: %v (presentation %s was created; %d slide(s) added; slide_ids=%s)",
+					i+1, len(pages), err, presentationID, len(slideIDs), strings.Join(slideIDs, ","))
+			}
+			slideData, err := runtime.CallAPI(
+				"POST",
+				slideURL,
+				map[string]interface{}{"revision_id": -1},
+				buildCreateSVGBody(content),
+			)
+			if err != nil {
+				return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error",
+					"page %d/%d failed: %v%s (presentation %s was created; %d slide(s) added; slide_ids=%s)",
+					i+1, len(pages), err, formatSVGlideErrorSuffix(err), presentationID, len(slideIDs), strings.Join(slideIDs, ","))
+			}
+			if sid := common.GetString(slideData, "slide_id"); sid != "" {
+				slideIDs = append(slideIDs, sid)
+			}
+			if latest := common.GetFloat(slideData, "revision_id"); latest > 0 {
+				result["revision_id"] = int(latest)
+			}
+		}
+
+		result["slide_ids"] = slideIDs
+		result["slides_added"] = len(slideIDs)
+		fillPresentationResult(runtime, presentationID, result)
+		runtime.Out(result, nil)
+		return nil
+	},
+}

shortcuts/slides/slides_create_svg_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package slides
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+)
+
+const testSVGlidePage1 = `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><rect slide:role="shape" x="80" y="80" width="320" height="180"/></svg>`
+const testSVGlidePage2 = `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="80" y="80" width="320" height="80"><p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">second</p></foreignObject></svg>`
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGMissingFileFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--title", "missing file",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected missing --file error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "file") {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want mention of file", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGFileMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "missing.svg",
+		"--title", "missing svg",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected validation error for missing SVG")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "missing.svg") {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want mention of missing.svg", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGEmptyFile(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+	if err := os.WriteFile("empty.svg", nil, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write empty.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "empty.svg",
+		"--title", "empty svg",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected validation error for empty SVG")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "empty.svg") || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "empty") {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want empty.svg empty-file message", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGExecuteCreatesSlidesInFileOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+	if err := os.WriteFile("page1.svg", []byte(testSVGlidePage1), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write page1.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile("page2.svg", []byte(testSVGlidePage2), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write page2.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0,
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"xml_presentation_id": "pres_svg",
+				"revision_id":         1,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	slideStub1 := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/pres_svg/slide",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"slide_id": "slide_1", "revision_id": 2}},
+	}
+	slideStub2 := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/pres_svg/slide",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"slide_id": "slide_2", "revision_id": 3}},
+	}
+	reg.Register(slideStub1)
+	reg.Register(slideStub2)
+	registerBatchQueryStub(reg, "pres_svg", "https://x.feishu.cn/slides/pres_svg")
+
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "page1.svg",
+		"--file", "page2.svg",
+		"--title", "SVG Deck",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	data := decodeSlidesCreateEnvelope(t, stdout)
+	if data["xml_presentation_id"] != "pres_svg" {
+		t.Fatalf("xml_presentation_id = %v, want pres_svg", data["xml_presentation_id"])
+	}
+	if data["slides_added"] != float64(2) {
+		t.Fatalf("slides_added = %v, want 2", data["slides_added"])
+	}
+	if data["revision_id"] != float64(3) {
+		t.Fatalf("revision_id = %v, want latest revision 3", data["revision_id"])
+	}
+	slideIDs, ok := data["slide_ids"].([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(slideIDs) != 2 || slideIDs[0] != "slide_1" || slideIDs[1] != "slide_2" {
+		t.Fatalf("slide_ids = %v, want [slide_1 slide_2]", data["slide_ids"])
+	}
+
+	assertSlideCreateBodyContains(t, slideStub1, `slide:contract-version="svglide-authoring-contract/v1"`)
+	assertSlideCreateBodyContains(t, slideStub1, `<rect slide:role="shape" x="80" y="80" width="320" height="180"/>`)
+	assertSlideCreateBodyContains(t, slideStub2, `slide:contract-version="svglide-authoring-contract/v1"`)
+	assertSlideCreateBodyContains(t, slideStub2, `<foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="80" y="80" width="320" height="80">`)
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGPartialFailureIncludesRecoveryContext(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+	if err := os.WriteFile("page1.svg", []byte(testSVGlidePage1), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write page1.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile("page2.svg", []byte(testSVGlidePage2), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write page2.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0,
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"xml_presentation_id": "pres_svg_partial",
+				"revision_id":         1,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/pres_svg_partial/slide",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"slide_id": "slide_ok", "revision_id": 2}},
+	})
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/pres_svg_partial/slide",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 400,
+			"msg":  "invalid svg",
+		},
+	})
+
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "page1.svg",
+		"--file", "page2.svg",
+		"--title", "partial svg",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected slide create failure")
+	}
+	errMsg := err.Error()
+	for _, want := range []string{"pres_svg_partial", "page 2/2", "1 slide(s) added", "slide_ok"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(errMsg, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("err = %v, want mention of %q", err, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGFailureExtractsSVGlideMarker(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+	if err := os.WriteFile("page.svg", []byte(testSVGlidePage1), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write page.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"xml_presentation_id": "pres_marker", "revision_id": 1}},
+	})
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/pres_marker/slide",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 400,
+			"msg":  `SVGLIDE_ERROR_JSON:{"type":"svg_validation_error","page_index":0,"tag_name":"foreignObject","hint":"Use supported elements"}`,
+		},
+	})
+
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "page.svg",
+		"--title", "marker",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected marker failure")
+	}
+	errMsg := err.Error()
+	for _, want := range []string{"svglide_error=", "svg_validation_error", "foreignObject", "Use supported elements"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(errMsg, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("err = %v, want marker field %q", err, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGAssetsReplaceImageAndInjectMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+	svg := `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><image slide:role="image" xlink:href='@./hero.png' x="0" y="0" width="320" height="180"/></svg>`
+	if err := os.WriteFile("page.svg", []byte(svg), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write page.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile("assets.json", []byte(`{"@./hero.png":"boxcn_asset"}`), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write assets.json: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"xml_presentation_id": "pres_asset", "revision_id": 1}},
+	})
+	slideStub := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/pres_asset/slide",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"slide_id": "slide_asset", "revision_id": 2}},
+	}
+	reg.Register(slideStub)
+	registerBatchQueryStub(reg, "pres_asset", "https://x.feishu.cn/slides/pres_asset")
+
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "page.svg",
+		"--assets", "assets.json",
+		"--title", "assets",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var body map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(slideStub.CapturedBody, &body); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode slide body: %v", err)
+	}
+	content := body["slide"].(map[string]interface{})["content"].(string)
+	if strings.Contains(content, "@./hero.png") || strings.Contains(content, "xlink:href") {
+		t.Fatalf("content should canonicalize asset placeholder: %s", content)
+	}
+	for _, want := range []string{`href="boxcn_asset"`, `<metadata data-svglide-assets="true">`, `<img src="boxcn_asset" />`} {
+		if !strings.Contains(content, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("content missing %s: %s", want, content)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, ok := decodeSlidesCreateEnvelope(t, stdout)["images_uploaded"]; ok {
+		t.Fatalf("--assets token mapping should not upload local images")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGNestedImageAssetsReplaceAndInjectMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+	svg := `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><g transform="translate(10 20)"><image slide:role="image" xlink:href='@./hero.png' x="0" y="0" width="320" height="180"/></g></svg>`
+	if err := os.WriteFile("page.svg", []byte(svg), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write page.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile("assets.json", []byte(`{"@./hero.png":"boxcn_asset"}`), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write assets.json: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"xml_presentation_id": "pres_nested_asset", "revision_id": 1}},
+	})
+	slideStub := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/pres_nested_asset/slide",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"slide_id": "slide_nested_asset", "revision_id": 2}},
+	}
+	reg.Register(slideStub)
+	registerBatchQueryStub(reg, "pres_nested_asset", "https://x.feishu.cn/slides/pres_nested_asset")
+
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "page.svg",
+		"--assets", "assets.json",
+		"--title", "nested assets",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var body map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(slideStub.CapturedBody, &body); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode slide body: %v", err)
+	}
+	content := body["slide"].(map[string]interface{})["content"].(string)
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		`href="boxcn_asset"`,
+		`<metadata data-svglide-assets="true">`,
+		`<img src="boxcn_asset" />`,
+		`<g transform="translate(10 20)">`,
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(content, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("content missing %s: %s", want, content)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, notWant := range []string{`xlink:href`, `@./hero.png`} {
+		if strings.Contains(content, notWant) {
+			t.Fatalf("content should not contain %s: %s", notWant, content)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, ok := decodeSlidesCreateEnvelope(t, stdout)["images_uploaded"]; ok {
+		t.Fatalf("--assets token mapping should not upload local images")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGUploadsLocalImagesAndInjectsMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+	svg := `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><image slide:role="image" href="@hero.png" x="0" y="0" width="320" height="180"/></svg>`
+	if err := os.WriteFile("page.svg", []byte(svg), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write page.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile("hero.png", []byte("png"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write hero.png: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"xml_presentation_id": "pres_upload", "revision_id": 1}},
+	})
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/drive/v1/medias/upload_all",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"file_token": "boxcn_uploaded"}},
+	})
+	slideStub := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/pres_upload/slide",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"slide_id": "slide_upload", "revision_id": 2}},
+	}
+	reg.Register(slideStub)
+	registerBatchQueryStub(reg, "pres_upload", "https://x.feishu.cn/slides/pres_upload")
+
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "page.svg",
+		"--title", "upload",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	data := decodeSlidesCreateEnvelope(t, stdout)
+	if data["images_uploaded"] != float64(1) {
+		t.Fatalf("images_uploaded = %v, want 1", data["images_uploaded"])
+	}
+	var body map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(slideStub.CapturedBody, &body); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode slide body: %v", err)
+	}
+	content := body["slide"].(map[string]interface{})["content"].(string)
+	for _, want := range []string{`href="boxcn_uploaded"`, `<img src="boxcn_uploaded" />`} {
+		if !strings.Contains(content, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("content missing %s: %s", want, content)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGFallbackRendersUploadsAndAddsImageOnlySVG(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+	svg := `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><text x="80" y="120">render me</text></svg>`
+	if err := os.WriteFile("fallback.svg", []byte(svg), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write fallback.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	fake := &fakeSVGFallbackRasterizer{pngPath: "fallback.png", pngBytes: []byte("png-bytes")}
+	restore := setTestSVGFallbackRasterizer(fake)
+	defer restore()
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"xml_presentation_id": "pres_fallback", "revision_id": 1}},
+	})
+	uploadStub := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/drive/v1/medias/upload_all",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"file_token": "boxcn_fallback"}},
+	}
+	reg.Register(uploadStub)
+	slideStub := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/pres_fallback/slide",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"slide_id": "slide_fallback", "revision_id": 2}},
+	}
+	reg.Register(slideStub)
+	registerBatchQueryStub(reg, "pres_fallback", "https://x.feishu.cn/slides/pres_fallback")
+
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "fallback.svg",
+		"--title", "fallback",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(fake.calls) != 1 || fake.calls[0] != "fallback.svg" {
+		t.Fatalf("rasterizer calls = %v, want [fallback.svg]", fake.calls)
+	}
+	data := decodeSlidesCreateEnvelope(t, stdout)
+	if data["fallback_pages"] != float64(1) {
+		t.Fatalf("fallback_pages = %v, want 1", data["fallback_pages"])
+	}
+	if data["images_uploaded"] != float64(1) {
+		t.Fatalf("images_uploaded = %v, want 1", data["images_uploaded"])
+	}
+
+	var body map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(slideStub.CapturedBody, &body); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode slide body: %v", err)
+	}
+	content := body["slide"].(map[string]interface{})["content"].(string)
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		`slide:contract-version="svglide-authoring-contract/v1"`,
+		`<image slide:role="image" href="boxcn_fallback" x="0" y="0" width="1280" height="720" preserveAspectRatio="none"/>`,
+		`<metadata data-svglide-assets="true"><img src="boxcn_fallback" /></metadata>`,
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(content, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("fallback slide content missing %s: %s", want, content)
+		}
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(content, "<text") {
+		t.Fatalf("fallback slide content should not contain original text node: %s", content)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGRejectsUnsafeBeforePresentationCreate(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+	svg := `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><script>alert(1)</script></svg>`
+	if err := os.WriteFile("unsafe.svg", []byte(svg), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write unsafe.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "unsafe.svg",
+		"--title", "unsafe",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected preflight reject")
+	}
+	for _, want := range []string{"disallowed_script", "unsafe.svg"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), want) {
+			t.Fatalf("err = %v, want %q", err, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGRendererUnavailableBeforePresentationCreate(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+	svg := `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><text x="80" y="120">needs fallback</text></svg>`
+	if err := os.WriteFile("fallback.svg", []byte(svg), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write fallback.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	fake := &fakeSVGFallbackRasterizer{
+		availableErr: newSVGlideDiagnosticsError("renderer unavailable", []SVGlideDiagnostic{{
+			Code:     svgDiagRendererUnavailable,
+			Severity: svgDiagSeverityError,
+			Path:     "fallback.svg",
+			Message:  "renderer missing",
+		}}),
+	}
+	restore := setTestSVGFallbackRasterizer(fake)
+	defer restore()
+
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "fallback.svg",
+		"--title", "renderer unavailable",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected renderer unavailable error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), svgDiagRendererUnavailable) {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want renderer_unavailable", err)
+	}
+	if len(fake.calls) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("rasterizer should not render when availability check fails, calls=%v", fake.calls)
+	}
+	if fake.checkCalls != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("renderer availability checks = %d, want 1", fake.checkCalls)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGRasterFailureBeforePresentationCreate(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	withSlidesTestWorkingDir(t, dir)
+	svg := `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><text x="80" y="120">needs fallback</text></svg>`
+	if err := os.WriteFile("fallback.svg", []byte(svg), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write fallback.svg: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	fake := &fakeSVGFallbackRasterizer{
+		renderErr: newSVGlideDiagnosticsError("render failed", []SVGlideDiagnostic{{
+			Code:     svgDiagRendererFailed,
+			Severity: svgDiagSeverityError,
+			Path:     "fallback.svg",
+			Message:  "render failed",
+		}}),
+	}
+	restore := setTestSVGFallbackRasterizer(fake)
+	defer restore()
+
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, slidesTestConfig(t, ""))
+	err := runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t, f, stdout, []string{
+		"+create-svg",
+		"--file", "fallback.svg",
+		"--title", "render failure",
+		"--as", "user",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected raster failure error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), svgDiagRendererFailed) {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want renderer_failed", err)
+	}
+	if len(fake.calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("rasterizer calls = %v, want one render attempt", fake.calls)
+	}
+}
+
+type fakeSVGFallbackRasterizer struct {
+	availableErr error
+	renderErr    error
+	pngPath      string
+	pngBytes     []byte
+	checkCalls   int
+	calls        []string
+}
+
+func (f *fakeSVGFallbackRasterizer) CheckAvailable(context.Context) error {
+	f.checkCalls++
+	return f.availableErr
+}
+
+func (f *fakeSVGFallbackRasterizer) Rasterize(_ context.Context, svgPath string) (string, int64, error) {
+	f.calls = append(f.calls, svgPath)
+	if f.renderErr != nil {
+		return "", 0, f.renderErr
+	}
+	if f.pngPath == "" {
+		f.pngPath = "fallback.png"
+	}
+	if len(f.pngBytes) == 0 {
+		f.pngBytes = []byte("png")
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(f.pngPath, f.pngBytes, 0o644); err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	return f.pngPath, int64(len(f.pngBytes)), nil
+}
+
+func setTestSVGFallbackRasterizer(r svgRasterizer) func() {
+	old := svgFallbackRasterizer
+	svgFallbackRasterizer = r
+	return func() {
+		svgFallbackRasterizer = old
+	}
+}
+
+func runSlidesCreateSVGShortcut(t *testing.T, f *cmdutil.Factory, stdout *bytes.Buffer, args []string) error {
+	t.Helper()
+	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "slides"}
+	SlidesCreateSVG.Mount(parent, f)
+	parent.SetArgs(args)
+	parent.SilenceErrors = true
+	parent.SilenceUsage = true
+	if stdout != nil {
+		stdout.Reset()
+	}
+	return parent.Execute()
+}
+
+func assertSlideCreateBodyContains(t *testing.T, stub *httpmock.Stub, want string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	var body map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stub.CapturedBody, &body); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode slide body: %v\nraw=%s", err, string(stub.CapturedBody))
+	}
+	slide, _ := body["slide"].(map[string]interface{})
+	content, _ := slide["content"].(string)
+	if !strings.Contains(content, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("slide content = %s\nwant to contain %s", content, want)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/slides/svg_helpers_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package slides
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestExtractSVGImagePlaceholderPaths(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	svgs := []string{
+		`<svg><image slide:role="image" href="@./hero.png"/><a href="@./link.png"/></svg>`,
+		`<svg><image xlink:href='@./hero.png'/><image href = "@./other.png"/></svg>`,
+	}
+	got := extractSVGImagePlaceholderPaths(svgs, map[string]string{"@./other.png": "boxcn_other"})
+	want := []string{"./hero.png"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("got %v, want %v", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRewriteSVGImagePlaceholdersWithTokens(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	in := `<svg><image slide:role="image" href="@./hero.png"/><image xlink:href='@./logo.png'/><image data-href="@./ignored.png"/><a href="@./link.png">link</a><image href="https://example.com/noop.png"/></svg>`
+	got, tokens := rewriteSVGImagePlaceholdersWithTokens(in, map[string]string{
+		"./hero.png": "boxcn_hero",
+		"./logo.png": "boxcn_logo",
+	})
+	for _, want := range []string{`href="boxcn_hero"`, `href="boxcn_logo"`} {
+		if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("rewritten SVG missing %s: %s", want, got)
+		}
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(got, "xlink:href") {
+		t.Fatalf("rewritten SVG must not retain xlink:href: %s", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(got, `<a href="@./link.png">`) {
+		t.Fatalf("non-image href should be untouched: %s", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(got, `data-href="@./ignored.png"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("non-href image attribute should be untouched: %s", got)
+	}
+	wantTokens := []string{"boxcn_hero", "boxcn_logo"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(tokens, wantTokens) {
+		t.Fatalf("tokens = %v, want %v", tokens, wantTokens)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInjectSVGTransportAssetMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	in := `<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE svg><!-- lead --><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><rect/></svg>`
+	got, err := injectSVGTransportAssetMetadata(in, []string{"boxcn_a", "boxcn_b", "boxcn_a"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	rootIdx := strings.Index(got, "<svg")
+	metaIdx := strings.Index(got, `<metadata data-svglide-assets="true">`)
+	if rootIdx < 0 || metaIdx < rootIdx {
+		t.Fatalf("metadata should be injected inside root <svg>, got: %s", got)
+	}
+	if strings.Count(got, `src="boxcn_a"`) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("boxcn_a should be deduped, got: %s", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(got, `src="boxcn_b"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("boxcn_b missing, got: %s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInjectSVGTransportAssetMetadataMergesExisting(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	in := `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><metadata data-svglide-assets="true"><img src="boxcn_a" /></metadata><image href="boxcn_a"/></svg>`
+	got, err := injectSVGTransportAssetMetadata(in, []string{"boxcn_a", "boxcn_b"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if strings.Count(got, `<metadata data-svglide-assets="true">`) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("should keep a single transport metadata block, got: %s", got)
+	}
+	if strings.Count(got, `src="boxcn_a"`) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("boxcn_a should remain deduped, got: %s", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(got, `src="boxcn_b"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("boxcn_b should be appended, got: %s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifySVGlideSVGPageRoutes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		svg      string
+		wantMode svgClassifyMode
+		wantCode string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "native supported shape",
+			svg:      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`,
+			wantMode: svgClassifyNative,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "native supported server line role",
+			svg:      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><line slide:role="line" x1="0" y1="0" x2="100" y2="60" stroke="#112233"/></svg>`,
+			wantMode: svgClassifyNative,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "native supported server text role",
+			svg:      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject slide:role="text" x="0" y="0" width="300" height="80"><p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">SVGlide</p></foreignObject></svg>`,
+			wantMode: svgClassifyNative,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "marked svg text still falls back",
+			svg:      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><text slide:role="text" x="20" y="40">render me</text></svg>`,
+			wantMode: svgClassifyFallback,
+			wantCode: svgDiagNativeUnsupported,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "wrong contract native rejects",
+			svg:      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" slide:contract-version="svglide-authoring-contract/v0" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`,
+			wantMode: svgClassifyReject,
+			wantCode: svgDiagContractVersion,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "wrong contract server text role rejects",
+			svg:      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" slide:contract-version="svglide-authoring-contract/v0" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject slide:role="text" x="0" y="0" width="300" height="80"><p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">SVGlide</p></foreignObject></svg>`,
+			wantMode: svgClassifyReject,
+			wantCode: svgDiagContractVersion,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "unsupported but renderable text falls back",
+			svg:      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><text x="20" y="40">render me</text></svg>`,
+			wantMode: svgClassifyFallback,
+			wantCode: svgDiagNativeUnsupported,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "wrong contract fallback-only svg still falls back",
+			svg:      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" slide:contract-version="svglide-authoring-contract/v0" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><text x="20" y="40">render me</text></svg>`,
+			wantMode: svgClassifyFallback,
+			wantCode: svgDiagNativeUnsupported,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "table defaults to fallback",
+			svg:      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject x="20" y="40" width="400" height="240"><table xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><tr><td>a</td></tr></table></foreignObject></svg>`,
+			wantMode: svgClassifyFallback,
+			wantCode: svgDiagNativeUnsupported,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "script rejects before create",
+			svg:      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><script>alert(1)</script></svg>`,
+			wantMode: svgClassifyReject,
+			wantCode: svgDiagDisallowedScript,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "external href rejects before create",
+			svg:      `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><image href="https://example.com/a.png" x="0" y="0" width="10" height="10"/></svg>`,
+			wantMode: svgClassifyReject,
+			wantCode: svgDiagExternalReference,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			got := classifySVGlideSVGPage(tt.svg, "page.svg", 0)
+			if got.Mode != tt.wantMode {
+				t.Fatalf("mode = %s, want %s; diagnostics=%v", got.Mode, tt.wantMode, got.Diagnostics)
+			}
+			if tt.wantCode == "" {
+				return
+			}
+			if len(got.Diagnostics) == 0 || got.Diagnostics[0].Code != tt.wantCode {
+				t.Fatalf("diagnostics = %v, want first code %s", got.Diagnostics, tt.wantCode)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildSVGFallbackImageOnlyPage(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	source := `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><text x="20" y="40">fallback</text></svg>`
+	got, err := buildSVGFallbackImageOnlyPage(source, "boxcn_full_page")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		`xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns"`,
+		`slide:role="slide"`,
+		`slide:contract-version="svglide-authoring-contract/v1"`,
+		`viewBox="0 0 1280 720"`,
+		`<image slide:role="image" href="boxcn_full_page" x="0" y="0" width="1280" height="720" preserveAspectRatio="none"/>`,
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(got, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("image-only SVG missing %s: %s", want, got)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := validateSVGlideSVG(got, "fallback.svg"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("image-only SVG should be native-valid: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnsureSVGlideContractRootAttrsInjectsMissingVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	source := `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`
+	got, err := ensureSVGlideContractRootAttrs(source)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(got, `slide:contract-version="svglide-authoring-contract/v1"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("contract version missing: %s", got)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(got, `slide:contract-version="svglide-authoring-contract/v1" slide:contract-version`) {
+		t.Fatalf("contract version duplicated: %s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCommandSVGRasterizerUnavailableDiagnostic(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	r := commandSVGRasterizer{
+		command: "missing-svglide-renderer",
+		lookPath: func(string) (string, error) {
+			return "", os.ErrNotExist
+		},
+	}
+	err := r.CheckAvailable(context.Background())
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected renderer unavailable error")
+	}
+	diags := svglideDiagnosticsFromError(err)
+	if len(diags) != 1 || diags[0].Code != svgDiagRendererUnavailable {
+		t.Fatalf("diagnostics = %v, want renderer_unavailable", diags)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCommandSVGRasterizerArgvAndOutputSize(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	script := filepath.Join(dir, "fake-resvg")
+	argvFile := filepath.Join(dir, "argv.txt")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(script, []byte("#!/bin/sh\nprintf '%s\\n' \"$@\" > \"$ARGV_FILE\"\nprintf png > \"$2\"\n"), 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write fake renderer: %v", err)
+	}
+	in := filepath.Join(dir, "page.svg")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(in, []byte(`<svg/>`), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write svg: %v", err)
+	}
+	r := commandSVGRasterizer{
+		command:       script,
+		timeout:       time.Second,
+		maxOutputSize: 20,
+		env:           []string{"ARGV_FILE=" + argvFile},
+	}
+
+	out, size, err := r.Rasterize(context.Background(), in)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected rasterize error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if size != int64(len("png")) {
+		t.Fatalf("size = %d, want %d", size, len("png"))
+	}
+	if _, err := os.Stat(out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("output file missing: %v", err)
+	}
+	argv, err := os.ReadFile(argvFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read argv: %v", err)
+	}
+	lines := strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(string(argv)), "\n")
+	if len(lines) != 2 || lines[0] != in || lines[1] != out {
+		t.Fatalf("argv = %q, want input and output path", string(argv))
+	}
+
+	r.maxOutputSize = 2
+	_, _, err = r.Rasterize(context.Background(), in)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected output-size validation error")
+	}
+	diags := svglideDiagnosticsFromError(err)
+	if len(diags) == 0 || diags[0].Code != svgDiagRasterOutputTooLarge {
+		t.Fatalf("diagnostics = %v, want raster_output_too_large", diags)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateSVGlideSVGRecursiveChildren(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		svg     string
+		wantErr string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "supported shape rect",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "supported text foreignObject",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="0" y="0" width="200" height="80"><p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">hello</p></foreignObject></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "supported server text foreignObject",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><foreignObject slide:role="text" x="0" y="0" width="200" height="80"><p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">hello</p></foreignObject></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "supported server line role",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><line slide:role="line" x1="0" y1="0" x2="100" y2="60"/></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "supported image href",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><image slide:role="image" href="boxcn_img" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "supported image xlink href before rewrite",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><image slide:role="image" xlink:href="@./hero.png" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "supported path commands",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><path slide:role="shape" d="M1e-3 0 L80 0 H120 V40 C120 60 100 80 80 80 Q40 80 20 40 Z" fill="#123456"/></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "defs and metadata are ignored",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><defs><rect id="r"/></defs><metadata data-svglide-assets="true"><img src="boxcn_img"/></metadata><circle slide:role="shape" cx="50" cy="50" r="20"/></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "group container with role-fixed child",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><g fill="#112233" transform="translate(10 20)"><rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></g></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "nested svg container with role-fixed child",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle slide:role="shape" cx="50" cy="50" r="20"/></svg></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "group container ignores its own role",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><g slide:role="shape"><rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></g></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "nested svg container ignores its own role",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><svg slide:role="shape" viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle slide:role="shape" cx="50" cy="50" r="20"/></svg></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "style and nested defs are ignored",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><style>.primary{fill:#123456}</style><g><defs><linearGradient id="g"><stop offset="0%" stop-color="#fff"/><stop offset="100%" stop-color="#000"/></linearGradient></defs></g><rect slide:role="shape" class="primary" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60" fill="url(#g)"/></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "filter and shadow styles are preserved",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><style>.card{filter:drop-shadow(2px 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2));box-shadow:0 8px 20px rgba(0,0,0,.18)}</style><g><defs><filter id="shadow"><feDropShadow dx="2" dy="3" stdDeviation="5" flood-color="#000" flood-opacity=".25"/></filter></defs></g><rect slide:role="shape" class="card" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60" filter="url(#shadow)"/></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "foreignObject XHTML subtree is not role-validated",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="0" y="0" width="200" height="80"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span>hello</span></div></foreignObject></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "foreignObject XHTML br is allowed",
+			svg:  `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="0" y="0" width="200" height="80"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">hello<br />world</div></foreignObject></svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "namespaced root is rejected with precise message",
+			svg:     `<svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg:svg>`,
+			wantErr: `root element must be non-namespaced <svg>`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "root child missing role",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><rect x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<rect> must include slide:role="shape", "image", "line", or "text"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "group child missing role is rejected",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><g><rect x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></g></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<rect> must include slide:role="shape", "image", "line", or "text"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "unsupported text element remains rejected",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><text slide:role="shape" x="0" y="20">bad</text></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<text slide:role="shape"> is not supported by SVGlide`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "rect shape requires geometry",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" height="60"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<rect slide:role="shape"> missing required attribute "width"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "path shape requires d",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><path slide:role="shape" fill="#123456"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<path slide:role="shape"> missing required attribute "d"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "rect rejects percent geometry",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" width="50%" height="60"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `attribute "width" must be a number or px length`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "rect rejects calc geometry",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><rect slide:role="shape" x="calc(10px)" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `attribute "x" must be a number or px length`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "container transform rejects percent argument",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><g transform="translate(10% 20)"><rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></g></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `transform translate() argument must be a number or px length`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "path rejects arc command",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><path slide:role="shape" d="M0 0 A10 10 0 0 1 20 20" fill="#123456"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `unsupported path command or character "A"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "path rejects smooth command",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><path slide:role="shape" d="M0 0 S10 10 20 20" fill="#123456"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `unsupported path command or character "S"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "plain metadata remains rejected",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><metadata><desc>not transport metadata</desc></metadata></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<metadata> must include slide:role="shape", "image", "line", or "text"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "foreignObject shape requires text type",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><foreignObject slide:role="shape"><p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">hello</p></foreignObject></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<foreignObject slide:role="shape"> must include slide:shape-type="text"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "line role must be line tag",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><rect slide:role="line" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<rect slide:role="line"> is not supported`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "text role must be foreignObject tag",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><rect slide:role="text" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<rect slide:role="text"> is not supported`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "svg text role is not native yet",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><text slide:role="text" x="0" y="20">later</text></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<text slide:role="text"> is not supported`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "image role must be image tag",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><rect slide:role="image" href="boxcn_img"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<rect slide:role="image"> is not supported`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "image requires href",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><image slide:role="image" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<image slide:role="image"> must include href`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "image requires geometry",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><image slide:role="image" href="boxcn_img" x="0" y="0" height="60"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<image slide:role="image"> missing required attribute "width"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "image rejects external href",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><image slide:role="image" href="https://images.unsplash.com/photo.jpg" x="0" y="0" width="100" height="60"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `<image slide:role="image"> must not use external http(s) or data href`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "unsupported role",
+			svg:     `<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide"><rect slide:role="decor"/></svg>`,
+			wantErr: `unsupported slide:role="decor"`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			err := validateSVGlideSVG(tt.svg, "page.svg")
+			if tt.wantErr == "" {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected error containing %q", tt.wantErr)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tt.wantErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("error = %q, want to contain %q", err.Error(), tt.wantErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExtractSVGlideErrorJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	err := errors.New(`api error: SVGLIDE_ERROR_JSON:{"type":"svg_validation_error","page_index":0,"tag_name":"foreignObject","hint":"Use supported elements"}`)
+	got := extractSVGlideErrorJSON(err)
+	if got["type"] != "svg_validation_error" {
+		t.Fatalf("type = %v", got["type"])
+	}
+	if got["tag_name"] != "foreignObject" {
+		t.Fatalf("tag_name = %v", got["tag_name"])
+	}
+	suffix := formatSVGlideErrorSuffix(err)
+	for _, want := range []string{"svglide_error=", "svg_validation_error", "foreignObject"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(suffix, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("suffix = %q, want %q", suffix, want)
+		}
+	}
+}

skills/lark-slides/SKILL.md

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ metadata:
 | 用户需求 | 优先动作 | 关键文档 / 命令 |
 |----------|----------|-----------------|
 | 新建 PPT | 先规划 `slide_plan.json`，再按复杂度选择一步或两步创建 | `planning-layer.md`、`visual-planning.md`、`asset-planning.md`、`slides +create` |
+| AI 生成 SVG 创建 PPT | 复用 `.lark-slides/plan/<deck-or-task-id>/slide_plan.json` 规划，生成 SVGlide SVG 后调用 `slides +create-svg` | `lark-slides-create-svg.md`、`svg-protocol.md` |
 | 大幅改写页面 | 先回读现有 XML，写入新 plan，再替换或重建相关页面 | `xml_presentations.get`、`+replace-slide`、`lark-slides-edit-workflows.md` |
 | 编辑单个标题、文本块、图片或局部元素 | 优先块级替换/插入，不改页序 | `slides +replace-slide`、`lark-slides-replace-slide.md` |
 | 读取或分析已有 PPT | 解析 slides/wiki token，回读全文或单页 XML，保存 `xml_presentation_id`、`slide_id`、`revision_id` | `xml_presentations.get`、`xml_presentation.slide.get` |
@@ -24,15 +25,19 @@ metadata:
 
 **CRITICAL — 开始前 MUST 先用 Read 工具读取 [`../lark-shared/SKILL.md`](../lark-shared/SKILL.md)，其中包含认证、权限处理**
 
-**CRITICAL — 生成任何 XML 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取 [xml-schema-quick-ref.md](references/xml-schema-quick-ref.md)，禁止凭记忆猜测 XML 结构。**
+**CRITICAL — 走 XML 创建/编辑路径时，生成任何 XML 之前，MUST 先用 Read 工具读取 [xml-schema-quick-ref.md](references/xml-schema-quick-ref.md)，禁止凭记忆猜测 XML 结构。走 SVG 创建路径（`slides +create-svg`）时，MUST 改读 [svg-protocol.md](references/svg-protocol.md)，不要求读取 XML schema。**
 
-**CRITICAL — 新建演示文稿或大幅改写页面时，MUST 先生成 `.lark-slides/plan/<deck-or-task-id>/slide_plan.json`，再生成 XML。先创建对应目录，规划层规则和中间产物生命周期见 [planning-layer.md](references/planning-layer.md)。仅替换一个标题、插入一个块等小型已有页编辑可豁免。**
+**CRITICAL — 走 `slides +create-svg` 时，输入必须是 SVGlide SVG：root `<svg>` 声明 `xmlns:slide` 且 `slide:role="slide"`；可渲染 SVG 元素必须用 `slide:role="shape"` 或 `slide:role="image"` 表达；`g` / 嵌套 `svg` 可作为容器，但容器内实际渲染元素仍必须各自声明 role。CLI 只读取文件、上传/替换图片占位符、注入 transport metadata 和调用现有 `/slide` 路由，不会把普通 SVG 自动补齐成协议 SVG。**
+
+**CRITICAL — 高质量 SVG deck 生成时，MUST 同时读取 [lark-slides-create-svg.md](references/lark-slides-create-svg.md)：复用现有 `.lark-slides/plan/<deck-or-task-id>/slide_plan.json` 作为设计状态，先做 deck-level density plan，再定义布局盒，给 `foreignObject` 文本留足安全高度，默认必须使用真实图片资产（本地 `@./path` 或 file token），相邻页面要显著换版式；调用 API 前必须跑本地 preflight（优先使用 [`scripts/svg_preflight.py`](scripts/svg_preflight.py)），live 创建后必须 readback 校验。这些是生成技巧，不替代 [svg-protocol.md](references/svg-protocol.md) 的硬协议约束。**
+
+**CRITICAL — 新建演示文稿或大幅改写页面时，MUST 先生成 `.lark-slides/plan/<deck-or-task-id>/slide_plan.json`，再生成 XML 或 SVGlide SVG。先创建对应目录，规划层规则和中间产物生命周期见 [planning-layer.md](references/planning-layer.md)。仅替换一个标题、插入一个块等小型已有页编辑可豁免。**
 
 **CRITICAL — 新建演示文稿或大幅改写页面时，生成 XML 前 MUST 读取 [visual-planning.md](references/visual-planning.md)，确保 `layout_type`、`visual_focus`、`text_density` 实际改变页面几何、主视觉和文本量。**
 
 **CRITICAL — 新建演示文稿或大幅改写页面时，规划 `asset_need` MUST 遵循 [asset-planning.md](references/asset-planning.md)：只做元数据规划，必须有 `fallback_if_missing`，不得要求真实搜索、下载或上传素材。**
 
-**CRITICAL — 创建或大幅改写后，MUST 按 [validation-checklist.md](references/validation-checklist.md) 做显式验证：回读全文 XML、核对页数和关键元素、检查空白/破损页、明显溢出、布局风险；XML 语法和文本重叠静态检查优先使用 [`scripts/xml_text_overlap_lint.py`](scripts/xml_text_overlap_lint.py)。**
+**CRITICAL — 创建或大幅改写后，MUST 按 [validation-checklist.md](references/validation-checklist.md) 做显式验证：回读全文 XML、核对页数和关键元素、检查空白/破损页、明显溢出、布局风险；XML 语法和文本重叠静态检查优先使用 [`scripts/xml_text_overlap_lint.py`](scripts/xml_text_overlap_lint.py)，SVG 创建前的本地 preflight 优先使用 [`scripts/svg_preflight.py`](scripts/svg_preflight.py)。**
 
 **CRITICAL — 创建前自检或失败排障时，MUST 按 [troubleshooting.md](references/troubleshooting.md) 检查 XML 转义、结构、shell 截断、图片 token、3350001 和布局风险。**
 
@@ -77,7 +82,7 @@ lark-cli auth login --domain slides
 
 按需再读：
 
-- 创建：[`lark-slides-create.md`](references/lark-slides-create.md)
+- 创建：[`lark-slides-create.md`](references/lark-slides-create.md)；SVG 创建：[`lark-slides-create-svg.md`](references/lark-slides-create-svg.md)、[`svg-protocol.md`](references/svg-protocol.md)
 - 编辑：[`lark-slides-edit-workflows.md`](references/lark-slides-edit-workflows.md)、[`lark-slides-replace-slide.md`](references/lark-slides-replace-slide.md)
 - 图片：[`lark-slides-media-upload.md`](references/lark-slides-media-upload.md)
 - 模板：[`template-catalog.md`](references/template-catalog.md)、[`scripts/template_tool.py`](scripts/template_tool.py)
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ lark-cli auth login --domain slides
 - **背景一致性**：先确定全 deck 的背景策略，默认保持同一明暗基调和底色体系；只有分节、转场或强调页才有意改变背景，并必须通过相同主色、纹理、边栏或 motif 让变化看起来属于同一套设计。无论深浅，都要保证正文、图标和线条对比充足。
 - **统一 motif**：选择一个可复用视觉母题贯穿全文，例如粗侧边栏、圆形图标底、半出血图片区、编号节点、卡片左上角色块或大号数字。不要每页换一套装饰语言。
 
-每页至少要有一个视觉元素：图片、图标、图表、表格、流程、对比结构、大号数字、示意图或由 shape 组成的抽象视觉。文本框本身不算主视觉。
+每页至少要有一个视觉元素：图片、图标、图表、表格、流程、对比结构、大号数字、示意图或由 shape 组成的抽象视觉。文本框本身不算主视觉。展示型、宣传型、产品型和案例型 deck 不能全程纯矢量，必须包含真实图片资产作为封面、半出血主视觉、案例场景、产品截图或材质背景。
 
 可优先考虑这些页面形态：
 
@@ -123,7 +128,8 @@ lark-cli auth login --domain slides
 - 不要所有页面复用同一种标题 + 三 bullets 版式。
 - 不要用低对比文字或低对比图标，例如浅灰字压在浅色背景上。
 - 不要让装饰线穿过文字，或让页脚、来源、编号挤压主体内容。
-- 不要把素材缺失表现为空白图片框；必须按 `fallback_if_missing` 生成 XML-native 视觉。
+- 不要使用版权状态不明的图片、logo、截图或素材；图片必须来自用户提供、公司/项目自有、明确可商用授权图库，或授权条件清晰的 AI 生成资产，并在产物说明或素材清单中记录来源、授权/许可类型、原始 URL 和是否需要署名。
+- 不要把素材缺失表现为空白图片框；必须先尝试获取或生成可用图片资产。只有用户明确要求纯矢量、网络/权限不可用，或主题确实不适合图片时，才按 `fallback_if_missing` 生成 XML-native 视觉，并在结果中说明。
 - 不要留下模板占位文案、示例公司名、示例日期或与用户主题无关的原模板内容。
 
 ### 创建方式选择
@@ -132,6 +138,7 @@ lark-cli auth login --domain slides
 |------|----------|
 | 简单 XML（1-3 页、结构简单、几乎无复杂中文和特殊字符） | `slides +create --slides '[...]'` 一步创建 |
 | 复杂 XML（多页、含中文、大段文本、复杂布局、嵌套引号、特殊字符较多） | **两步创建**：先 `slides +create` 创建空白 PPT，再用 `xml_presentation.slide create` 逐页添加 |
+| AI 生成 SVGlide SVG（希望减少 shell XML 转义、按文件逐页创建） | `slides +create-svg --file page1.svg --file page2.svg --title "<标题>"` |
 | 已有 PPT 继续追加或插入页面 | 使用 `xml_presentation.slide create`，必要时配合 `before_slide_id` |
 
 > [!WARNING]
@@ -160,10 +167,10 @@ Step 2: 生成大纲 → 用户确认 → 写入 slide_plan.json
   - 新建 / 大幅改写必须先创建目录并写入 `.lark-slides/plan/<deck-or-task-id>/slide_plan.json`
   - plan 字段、路径命名、模板边界和 `asset_need` 结构按 planning-layer.md / asset-planning.md 执行
 
-Step 3: 按 slide_plan.json 生成 XML → 创建
+Step 3: 按 slide_plan.json 生成 XML 或 SVGlide SVG → 创建
   - 逐页消费 plan：key_message 定主结论，layout_type 定几何，visual_focus 定主视觉，text_density 定文本量
   - 缺少真实素材时必须用 `fallback_if_missing` 生成 XML-native 兜底视觉；不要留空
-  - 创建方式按“创建方式选择”判断；图片、复杂 XML、转义和 3350001 排查按 lark-slides-create.md、media-upload.md、troubleshooting.md 执行
+  - XML 路径按 lark-slides-create.md、media-upload.md、troubleshooting.md 执行；SVG 路径按 lark-slides-create-svg.md 和 svg-protocol.md 执行，产物是 `.svg` 文件而不是 Slides XML，仍复用同一个 `.lark-slides/plan/<deck-or-task-id>/slide_plan.json`
 
 Step 4: 审查 & 交付
   - 创建完成后，必须用 xml_presentations.get 读取全文 XML，并按 validation-checklist.md 做显式验证记录，包括 XML 文本重叠检查
@@ -259,6 +266,7 @@ Shortcut 是对常用操作的高级封装（`lark-cli slides +<verb> [flags]`
 | Shortcut | 说明 |
 |----------|------|
 | [`+create`](references/lark-slides-create.md) | 创建 PPT（可选 `--slides` 一步添加页面，支持 `<img src="@./local.png">` 占位符自动上传） |
+| [`+create-svg`](references/lark-slides-create-svg.md) | 从一个或多个 SVGlide SVG 文件创建 PPT，按 `--file` 顺序逐页调用现有 `/slide` 路由 |
 | [`+media-upload`](references/lark-slides-media-upload.md) | 上传本地图片到指定演示文稿，返回 `file_token`（用作 `<img src="...">`），最大 20 MB |
 | [`+replace-slide`](references/lark-slides-replace-slide.md) | 对已有幻灯片页面进行块级替换/插入（`block_replace` / `block_insert`），自动注入 id 和 `<content/>`，不改变页序 |
 
@@ -272,19 +280,20 @@ lark-cli slides <resource> <method> [flags] # 调用 API
 ## 核心规则
 
 1. **先规划再写 XML**：新建演示文稿或大幅改写页面时，必须先写入 `.lark-slides/plan/<deck-or-task-id>/slide_plan.json`；模板、风格和大纲只能作为规划输入，不能绕过规划层
-2. **创建流程**：简单短 XML（1-3 页、结构简单、特殊字符少）可用 `slides +create --slides '[...]'` 一步创建；复杂内容、含图片/中文大段文本/嵌套引号/较多特殊字符，或超过 10 页时，默认先 `slides +create` 创建空白 PPT，再用 `xml_presentation.slide.create` 逐页添加
+2. **创建流程**：简单短 XML（1-3 页、结构简单、特殊字符少）可用 `slides +create --slides '[...]'` 一步创建；复杂内容、含图片/中文大段文本/嵌套引号/较多特殊字符，或超过 10 页时，默认先 `slides +create` 创建空白 PPT，再用 `xml_presentation.slide.create` 逐页添加；AI SVG 路径使用 `slides +create-svg`，不要把 SVG 塞进 `--slides`
 3. **`<slide>` 直接子元素只有 `<style>`、`<data>`、`<note>`**：文本和图形必须放在 `<data>` 内
 4. **文本通过 `<content>` 表达**：必须用 `<content><p>...</p></content>`，不能把文字直接写在 shape 内
 5. **保存关键 ID**：后续操作需要 `xml_presentation_id`、`slide_id`、`revision_id`
 6. **删除谨慎**：删除操作不可逆，且至少保留一页幻灯片
 7. **编辑已有页面优先块级替换**：修改单个 shape/img 用 `+replace-slide`（`block_replace` / `block_insert`），不要整页重建；只有需要替换整页结构时才用 `slide.delete` + `slide.create`
-8. **`<img src>` 只能用上传到飞书 drive 的 `file_token`，禁止使用 http(s) 外链 URL**：飞书 slides 渲染端不会代理外链图片，外链 src 在 PPT 里通常不显示或显示破图。流程必须是「先把图存到本地 → 用 `slides +media-upload` 上传或 `+create --slides` 的 `@./path` 占位符自动上传 → 拿 `file_token` 写进 `<img src>`」。如果用户给了网图链接，先 `curl`/下载到 CWD 内再走上传流程，不要直接把外链 URL 塞进 `src`。**图片最大 20 MB**（slides upload API 不支持分片上传）。
+8. **图片只能用上传到飞书 drive 的 `file_token`，禁止使用 http(s) 外链 URL**：XML 路径使用 `<img src="...">`；SVG 路径使用 `<image slide:role="image" href="...">`。流程必须是「先把图存到本地 → 用 `slides +media-upload` 上传，或 `+create --slides` / `+create-svg` 的 `@./path` 占位符自动上传 → 拿 `file_token` 写进图片引用」。如果用户给了网图链接，先 `curl`/下载到 CWD 内再走上传流程，不要直接把外链 URL 塞进 `src` / `href`。**图片最大 20 MB**（slides upload API 不支持分片上传）。
 
 ## 权限速查
 
 | 方法 | 所需 scope |
 |------|-----------|
 | `slides +create` | `slides:presentation:create`, `slides:presentation:write_only`（含 `@` 占位符时还需 `docs:document.media:upload`） |
+| `slides +create-svg` | `slides:presentation:create`, `slides:presentation:write_only`, `docs:document.media:upload` |
 | `slides +media-upload` | `docs:document.media:upload`（wiki URL 解析还需 `wiki:node:read`） |
 | `slides +replace-slide` | `slides:presentation:update`（wiki URL 解析还需 `wiki:node:read`） |
 | `xml_presentations.get` | `slides:presentation:read` |
@@ -293,4 +302,12 @@ lark-cli slides <resource> <method> [flags] # 调用 API
 | `xml_presentation.slide.get` | `slides:presentation:read` |
 | `xml_presentation.slide.replace` | `slides:presentation:update` |
 
-> **注意**：如果 md 内容与 `slides_xml_schema_definition.xml` 或 `lark-cli schema slides.<resource>.<method>` 输出不一致，以后两者为准。
+> **注意**：XML 路径如果 md 内容与 `slides_xml_schema_definition.xml` 或 `lark-cli schema slides.<resource>.<method>` 输出不一致，以后两者为准；SVG 路径以 [svg-protocol.md](references/svg-protocol.md) 为准。
+
+## SVG 排障
+
+`slides +create-svg` 失败时，优先查看错误中是否包含 `svglide_error` 或服务端 `SVGLIDE_ERROR_JSON:` marker。常见修复：
+
+- `svg_validation_error`：按 [svg-protocol.md](references/svg-protocol.md) 修正 root `<svg>`、`xmlns:slide`、`slide:role` 或不支持元素。
+- 图片不显示：确认 `<image>` 使用 canonical `href="file_token"`，不要保留 `xlink:href`；本地图片用 `href="@./image.png"` 让 CLI 上传，或用 `--assets assets.json` 提供 token 映射。
+- 有 file token 仍失败：确认 SVG 内存在 transport metadata：`<metadata data-svglide-assets="true"><img src="同一个 file_token" /></metadata>`；`+create-svg` 会自动注入，手写 SVG 时不要删除。

skills/lark-slides/references/lark-slides-create-svg.md

@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+# slides +create-svg
+
+从一个或多个 SVGlide SVG 文件创建飞书幻灯片：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli slides +create-svg \
+  --as user \
+  --title "Demo" \
+  --file page1.svg \
+  --file page2.svg
+```
+
+## 适用场景
+
+- AI 已经能生成符合 [svg-protocol.md](svg-protocol.md) 的 SVGlide SVG。
+- 希望按文件逐页创建，避免把大段 XML/SVG 塞进 shell 参数。
+- 需要 SVG 内本地图片占位符自动上传并替换为 file token。
+
+不适用：
+
+- 你只有普通 SVG，且没有 `slide:role` 协议标记。
+- 复杂普通 SVG 不能直接提交；需要把实际可渲染元素标成 SVGlide role。`g` / 嵌套 `svg` 容器可以保留，但不能代替子元素 role。
+- 你需要插入到指定页前；MVP 只创建新 presentation 并按顺序追加页面。
+
+## Flags
+
+| Flag | 说明 |
+|------|------|
+| `--title` | presentation 标题，省略时为 `Untitled` |
+| `--file` | SVG 文件路径；可重复，页面顺序就是 flag 顺序 |
+| `--assets` | 可选 `assets.json`，把 SVG `@path` 映射到已上传 file token |
+| `--dry-run` | 展示创建空白 presentation + N 次 `/slide` 调用，不真实创建 |
+
+## 请求链路
+
+CLI 先创建空白 presentation：
+
+```http
+POST /open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations
+```
+
+随后对每个 SVG 文件调用现有 slide create 路由：
+
+```http
+POST /open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/{xml_presentation_id}/slide?revision_id=-1
+```
+
+body：
+
+```json
+{
+  "slide": {
+    "content": "<svg ...>...</svg>"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+不会新增 `/svg_slide` 路由，也不会把 `file_meta_map` 当成 CLI 到服务端的契约。
+
+## 图片处理
+
+SVG 内本地图片写成：
+
+```xml
+<image slide:role="image" href="@./hero.png" x="0" y="0" width="320" height="180" />
+```
+
+`<image>` 可以位于 `g` / 嵌套 `svg` 容器中；CLI 会全局扫描 `<image href="@...">` 或 `<image xlink:href="@...">` 并替换为 canonical `href="file_token"`。
+
+CLI 会：
+
+1. 上传本地图片到新 presentation。
+2. 把 `href="@./hero.png"` 或 `xlink:href="@./hero.png"` 替换为 canonical `href="file_token"`。
+3. 注入 transport metadata：`<metadata data-svglide-assets="true"><img src="file_token" /></metadata>`。
+
+预上传资源可用 `--assets`：
+
+```json
+{
+  "@./hero.png": "boxcn..."
+}
+```
+
+## 生成质量规则
+
+这些规则用于生成阶段主动规避服务端降级、近似和泛化错误。几何数值、path 命令、role/必填属性、图片 href 等基础约束已由 CLI 强校验；版式、美观和文本溢出仍需要生成器或人工复核。
+
+### 与现有规划层对齐
+
+SVG 创建不使用单独的规划目录。新建或大幅改写 SVG deck 时，仍然复用 [planning-layer.md](planning-layer.md) 规定的 `.lark-slides/plan/<deck-or-task-id>/slide_plan.json`，不要另建 `.lark-slides/svg-plan` 或只保留散落的 `.svg` 文件。
+
+在通用 plan 字段基础上，SVG deck 还应补充这些 SVG 专属字段：
+
+```json
+{
+  "output_mode": "svglide-svg",
+  "canvas": {"width": 960, "height": 540, "viewBox": "0 0 960 540"},
+  "safe_area": {"x": 48, "y": 40, "width": 864, "height": 460},
+  "svg_constraints": {
+    "text_element": "foreignObject slide:role=shape slide:shape-type=text",
+    "path_commands": "M/L/H/V/C/Q/Z only",
+    "image_href": "@./path or file token only",
+    "css": "explicit font-size/font-weight/color/line-height/text-align; no font shorthand"
+  },
+  "svg_files": [
+    {"page": 1, "path": ".lark-slides/plan/<deck-id>/pages/page-001.svg"}
+  ],
+  "preflight": {
+    "command": "python3 skills/lark-slides/scripts/svg_preflight.py --input .lark-slides/plan/<deck-id>/pages/page-001.svg",
+    "status": "pending"
+  },
+  "readback_verification": {
+    "status": "pending",
+    "checks": ["page_count", "blank_page", "canvas_bounds", "text_overlap", "asset_tokens", "closing_slide"]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+模板也复用现有 `template_tool.py search -> summarize -> extract` 路由。模板摘要只用于选择主题、页面流、视觉节奏和布局骨架；生成 SVG 时要把模板结构翻译成 SVG layout boxes / visual recipes，不要照搬模板 XML，也不要读取完整模板 XML。
+
+### 生成前强约束
+
+以下规则来自实际 SVGlide live 生成、回读和修复经验，生成器必须先满足这些规则，再追求视觉复杂度。
+
+- MUST: 默认使用 Lark Slides 当前回读画布 `960 x 540`，即 root 写成 `width="960" height="540" viewBox="0 0 960 540"`。不要默认用 `1280 x 720`，否则服务端回读后可能整页偏大并裁切。
+- MUST: 主体元素使用安全区，建议 `safe = x:48 y:40 w:864 h:460`。除全屏背景外，文本、卡片、图表、标签、节点和图例都必须落在安全区内。
+- MUST: 多页 deck 应包含明确的 closing slide。8 页以上讲解/汇报型 deck 不要把 roadmap / next-playbook 当作结束页；最后一页应包含 `closing`、`summary`、`Q&A`、`Thanks` 或下一步联系信息。
+- MUST: `foreignObject` 文本样式使用显式 CSS：`font-size`、`font-weight`、`font-family`、`color`、`line-height`、`text-align`。不要用 `font:` shorthand 表达关键字号和加粗。
+- MUST: 提交前和 live 回读后都检查边界和重叠：非背景元素不得越过 `960 x 540`，第 2/3 页等信息密集页必须额外检查 text bbox overlap。
+- SHOULD: 如果本地预览使用更大画布，例如 `1280 x 720`，必须在输出给 `slides +create-svg` 前按比例换算为 `960 x 540`，而不是只改 root viewBox。
+
+### 生成器实现约束与 Preflight
+
+生成器必须先把高概率错误拦在本地，再调用 `lark-cli`。不要依赖 live 创建后的人工修补来发现基础问题。
+
+实现约束：
+
+- MUST: SVG 生成 helper 的返回类型保持一致。推荐统一返回 `string`，或统一返回 `string[]` 后在页面末尾 `flat().filter(Boolean).join("\n")`；不要混用 `...items.map(...).join("\n")`，这会把已拼好的 SVG 标签按字符展开，生成非法 XML。
+- MUST: 所有组件都从稳定布局盒推导坐标，避免散点手调。文本、标签、图例、曲线端点和卡片内容应有明确的父盒和对齐规则。
+- MUST: 生成脚本要先写 deck plan / asset list，再写页面；不能边补坐标边生成最终 SVG。
+- SHOULD: 对高风险页面使用更保守的留白：标题与图表标签至少相隔 24px，曲线端点标签不要压在标题/图例区域，卡片内文字与边框至少留 10-14px。
+- SHOULD: 把每页的 `safe`、`titleBox`、`visualBox`、`textBox` 等布局盒保存为可检查数据，便于自动计算越界和重叠。
+
+本地 preflight 必须在 `slides +create-svg` 前执行，失败即停：
+
+- `python3 skills/lark-slides/scripts/svg_preflight.py --input page-*.svg` 通过；如果脚本不可用，再退回 `xmllint --noout page-*.svg` 加人工检查。
+- root 是 `width="960" height="540" viewBox="0 0 960 540"`。
+- root / leaf `slide:role` 完整，所有 leaf 有几何必填属性。
+- 禁止 `font:` shorthand、http(s) / data URL 图片、未下载的远程图片、空图片框。
+- 禁止 unsupported path command；`path d` 只含 `M/L/H/V/C/Q/Z`。
+- 非背景元素不得越界；主体元素应在 safe area 内。
+- 文本框做 bbox overlap 近似检查，尤其是目录、痛点、竞品表、案例图表和总结页。
+- 图片资产文件存在、大小合理、授权来源清单完整。
+
+创建顺序：
+
+```text
+generate deck plan -> generate assets -> generate SVG files
+-> local preflight -> lark-cli slides +create-svg --dry-run
+-> live create -> xml_presentations get readback
+-> readback bbox / text overlap / closing slide checks
+```
+
+readback 不能省略。服务端会把 SVGlide 转成 Slides XML，文字 bbox、path bounds 和图片 token 可能和本地 SVG 预估不同；本地 preflight 负责拦住确定错误，readback 负责发现转换后的版式漂移。
+
+### Deck 级密度规划
+
+生成多页 SVG deck 前，先写 deck-level plan。页面类型只定义叙事职责，密度由 `deck_type`、受众、页面目的和节奏共同决定，不要把某个 page type 永久绑定为固定密度。
+
+最小 plan schema：
+
+```json
+{
+  "deck_type": "explain | decision | product | brand | technical | education | report",
+  "audience": "who will read it",
+  "goal": "what the deck should make the audience understand or decide",
+  "density_strategy": "how low/medium/high density pages are distributed",
+  "asset_strategy": "which real images are needed, where they will be used, copyright/license source, and fallback if unavailable",
+  "visual_rhythm": "how layout, imagery, charts, and text density vary across pages",
+  "slides": [
+    {
+      "page": 1,
+      "page_type": "cover",
+      "density": "low",
+      "density_mode": "visual-dense",
+      "takeaway": "one sentence the audience should remember",
+      "evidence": [],
+      "visual_structure": "full-bleed image with title overlay",
+      "layout_guardrails": ["large hero title", "no dense body copy"]
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+常用 `page_type`：
+
+```text
+cover, opener, agenda, section-divider, context, problem, opportunity,
+executive-summary, content, data, comparison, process, case-study, demo,
+architecture, system, roadmap, timeline, decision, recommendation,
+risk, tradeoff, summary, closing, q-and-a, appendix
+```
+
+密度规则：
+
+- MUST: 每页都要有明确 `takeaway`，即使是封面、分隔页和结束页。
+- MUST: 每个 SVG deck 默认都要包含真实图片资产，不要全程只用矢量 shape 冒充“配图”。展示型、宣传型、产品型、品牌型和案例型 deck 至少包含 3 处图片使用，其中至少 1 页使用全幅或半出血图片主视觉。
+- MUST: 高密度页必须有承载信息的视觉结构，例如矩阵、流程、地图、时间线、标注图、案例卡或手绘微图表，不能只有装饰图形。
+- SHOULD: 高密度内容页通常包含 3-6 个信息块和若干可读细节，但 executive brief、品牌页、产品视觉页、短汇报可以降低数量，只保留强结论、关键证据和视觉锚点。
+- SHOULD NOT: 不要让所有高密度页长成同一种“主结论 + 3-6 卡片 + 3 个 callout”模板。
+- MUST NOT: 缺少素材或数据时不要编造数字、客户名、logo、排名、引用或真实案例；用 qualitative label、relative scale、hypothesis/assumption 标注兜底。
+
+### 结构示例
+
+8-10 页讲解型 deck 可参考这个节奏，但不要把它当成唯一模板；如果 deck 已经包含 roadmap / playbook，仍建议再补一页 closing：
+
+```text
+cover -> opener/context -> agenda/map -> content -> data/comparison
+-> process/system breakdown -> case-study/demo -> content/implications
+-> summary -> closing
+```
+
+5 页决策汇报优先前置结论：
+
+```text
+cover -> executive-summary -> options/comparison -> recommendation/risk -> next steps
+```
+
+6 页产品/品牌 deck 可以强化视觉叙事：
+
+```text
+cover -> value proposition -> user scenario -> feature map/demo
+-> proof/roadmap -> closing
+```
+
+边界处理：
+
+- 3-5 页短 deck 可以省略 agenda，把 summary 并入 closing。
+- 15 页以上长 deck 应增加 section-divider 或 recap，避免连续高密度阅读疲劳。
+- 技术方案要混合 architecture、process、tradeoff、risk，不要连续堆文字。
+- 教学讲解要前置 context / concept map，逐步增加密度。
+- 素材不足时，用抽象视觉系统、定性矩阵、annotated wireframe、scenario card 兜底，并标明假设。
+
+### 先定义布局盒
+
+不要直接手写散点坐标。每页先定义稳定布局盒，再把文字、图形、图例和图片放进盒内：
+
+```text
+page = 960 x 540
+safe = x:48 y:40 w:864 h:460
+titleBox = x:54 y:52 w:600 h:96
+visualBox = x:516 y:176 w:350 h:260
+notesGrid = x:54 y:430 w:760 h:48
+```
+
+生成后检查：
+
+- 关键元素必须在 safe area 内。
+- 同组元素使用同一个父盒推导坐标。
+- 图例、标签、指标不能浮在不上不下的位置，必须相对主视觉左/右/下边对齐。
+- 如果页面有圆、节点、卡片或框体，内容中心应和外框中心基本一致，不靠手调 `x + 10`、`y + 10` 维持观感。
+- 不要把 1280x720 的坐标直接提交给 `slides +create-svg`。当前服务端回读画布通常是 960x540，错误坐标系会表现为每页偏大、右侧卡片裁切、底部标签越界。
+
+### 文本安全余量
+
+`foreignObject` 文本优先使用显式 CSS。为了服务端转换到 SXSD/XML 后保留样式，字号、加粗、颜色、行距和对齐必须写成独立属性；不要把关键样式藏在 `font:` shorthand 或只写在复杂外层 wrapper 上：
+
+```xml
+<foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="54" y="62" width="600" height="42">
+  <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+       style="margin:0;padding:0;font-size:30px;font-weight:900;font-family:Arial,'Source Han Sans SC';color:#111827;line-height:1.12;text-align:left;letter-spacing:0;">
+    关键结论：增长来自三件事
+  </div>
+</foreignObject>
+```
+
+中文和混排字体要留安全高度：
+
+- subtitle 不小于 64px。
+- note / chip 单行文本盒不小于 20px。
+- 小型标签文本盒不小于 14px。
+- 多行文字要按行高预估高度，再额外留 8-12px。
+- 右侧图例或矩阵格里的文字不得贴边，水平 padding 至少 10-14px。
+- 服务端支持 `foreignObject` 内的 `<br />`。为了本地预览和标题排版稳定，标题/大段文本优先使用多个块级 `div` 或 `p` 控制行高，不要只靠 `<br />` 调整复杂布局。
+- 如果需要垂直居中，优先通过更准确的文本框高度、段落行高和 y 坐标解决；布局 wrapper 可以使用，但实际文字节点仍要带显式 `font-size` / `font-weight` / `color`。
+
+### 几何与 path 安全线
+
+leaf 几何属性必须写数字或 `px`，不要生成百分比、`em/rem`、`calc(...)`：
+
+```xml
+<rect slide:role="shape" x="80" y="96" width="420px" height="240px" />
+```
+
+`path d` 只生成 `M/L/H/V/C/Q/Z` 命令。不要生成 `A`、`S`、`T` 等命令；需要圆角或弧线时，用 `C` / `Q` 近似，或改用 `circle` / `ellipse` / `rect`。
+
+Transform 参数同样使用数字或 `px`。不要写 `translate(10%, 20%)`，先在布局盒里换算成绝对坐标。
+
+### 版式节奏
+
+同一 deck 不能连续复用同一种“暗色网格 + 左文案 + 右卡片 + 底部 chips”。10 页左右的讲解型 deck 至少混用这些结构：
+
+- 封面 / 全幅图片背景页。
+- 目录矩阵页或行业地图页。
+- 左文右图 / 左图右文双栏页。
+- 全幅路线图或时间线页。
+- 2x2 / 2x4 总结矩阵页。
+- 数据仪表页、流程页、对比页或案例页。
+
+相邻页面至少改变一个主结构维度：主视觉位置、网格列数、图片用法、文本密度或阅读方向。
+
+### 图片使用
+
+默认必须规划和使用图片资产，并规避版权风险。图片必须来自用户提供、公司/项目自有、明确可商用授权图库，或授权条件清晰的 AI 生成资产；不要使用版权状态不明的图片、logo、截图、新闻配图、竞品官网图或搜索引擎随手抓取的素材。正确流程是先下载或生成到本地，再写成本地占位符：
+
+```xml
+<image slide:role="image" href="@./assets/hero.jpg" x="0" y="0" width="960" height="540" />
+```
+
+图片不只用于局部卡片背景，也可以作为整页背景、半出血主视觉、材质纹理、案例示例、产品截图、数据仪表截图或图鉴封面。作为整页背景时，必须叠加半透明遮罩或暗角，保证标题和正文对比度。
+
+图片数量与用法建议：
+
+- MUST: 在 `asset_strategy` 或产物 README 中记录图片来源、授权/许可类型、下载 URL 或生成方式；无法确认授权时不得使用。
+- MUST: 5 页以上 deck 至少使用 1 张真实图片；8 页以上 deck 至少使用 2 张；宣传/产品/品牌/案例型 deck 至少使用 3 张。
+- MUST: 封面优先使用图片或图片+抽象图形混合主视觉，不要只用网格、光效和几何背景。
+- MUST: 案例页优先使用行业场景图、产品截图、仪表盘截图或真实质感背景，并叠加数据 callout。
+- SHOULD: 同一 deck 中混用全幅背景、半出血图片、卡片图、纹理/材质背景和标注型截图，避免所有图片都只是小卡片背景。
+- MUST NOT: 保留空图片框、破图、http(s) 外链或 data URL。素材不可用时要重新获取/生成，或在最终说明中明确为什么退回矢量。
+
+优先使用这些来源，但每张图仍必须检查并记录具体页面上的授权信息：
+
+| Source | 适合用途 | 规则 |
+|--------|----------|------|
+| Unsplash | 高质量摄影、封面背景、场景图 | 可商用图库；记录图片页 URL 和 license |
+| Pexels | 商务、科技、生活类配图 | 可商用图库；记录图片页 URL 和 license |
+| Pixabay | 图片、插画、视频、音频 | 可商用图库；避开人物/品牌/商标误导 |
+| Openverse | CC / Public Domain 搜索 | 每张图 license 不同；按单图要求署名 |
+| Wikimedia Commons | 百科、历史、技术、公共领域素材 | 每张图 license 不同；常见需要署名 |
+| The Met Open Access | 艺术品、历史图像、文化视觉 | 仅使用 Open Access / CC0 条目 |
+| Smithsonian Open Access | 博物馆、科学、历史、2D/3D 资产 | 仅使用 Open Access / CC0 条目 |
+| NASA Image and Video Library | 太空、科技、地球、航天视觉 | 避开 NASA 标识商业背书、人物肖像和第三方权利 |
+
+素材清单建议字段：
+
+```json
+{
+  "local_path": "./assets/hero.jpg",
+  "source": "Unsplash",
+  "source_url": "https://...",
+  "license": "Unsplash License",
+  "commercial_use": true,
+  "attribution_required": false,
+  "notes": "No recognizable trademark or misleading endorsement"
+}
+```
+
+### 信息密度与图鉴感
+
+短 note 不要占一个很宽胶囊。优先写成“编号/标签 + 主句 + 微解释/数值”：
+
+```text
+03 GRID ENERGY 86% | storage demand peaks before grid balancing
+```
+
+内容页可以用三种方式提高密度，不要把高密度等同于堆文字：
+
+- `text-dense`: 多解释、多证据、多注释，适合背景分析和概念讲解。
+- `chart-dense`: SVG shape 手绘矩阵、流程、时间线、微柱状、雷达、散点、标尺；不要默认依赖 Slides 原生 chart，也不要把外部图表截图当成唯一方案。
+- `visual-dense`: 高级视觉图案或图片上叠加标注层、数据 callout、局部标签、对比线和图例。
+
+视觉区要补足可读细节，避免只有装饰符号：
+
+- 局部标注、刻度、坐标轴、图例。
+- 行业标签、材料纹理、指标卡。
+- 路线节点、连接线、层级分区。
+- 小型表格、雷达/柱状/散点等微图表。
+
+### 生成后检查
+
+生成脚本或人工复核必须检查：
+
+- 是否已执行本地 preflight，且所有 SVG 通过 XML、协议、资产、bbox 和文本重叠检查。
+- 是否已执行 `slides +create-svg --dry-run`，确认请求链路是创建 presentation + 按页追加 SVG。
+- live 创建后是否已用 `xml_presentations get` 读回，重新检查画布、页数、越界、文本重叠和 closing slide。
+- root / leaf role 是否完整。
+- 每个 leaf 是否有 [svg-protocol.md](svg-protocol.md) 中列出的几何必填属性。
+- 几何属性和 transform 参数是否只使用数字或 `px`。
+- `path d` 是否只包含 `M/L/H/V/C/Q/Z`。
+- 文本是否截断、重叠或贴边。
+- 内容是否在 safe area 内，关键图例和外框是否对齐。
+- 相邻页面是否明显换版式。
+- 每页是否有明确 takeaway；高密度页的视觉结构是否承载信息，而不只是装饰。
+- 内容页是否避免了“大标题 + 大图 + 2-3 个短 chip”的低信息布局。
+- 自称数据、排名、客户、引用、logo 或案例时，是否有来源；没有来源时是否改为定性或假设表达。
+- 图片是否已变成本地 `@./path` 或 file token，不能保留 http(s) / data URL。
+
+验证记录建议写回 `.lark-slides/plan/<deck-or-task-id>/slide_plan.json` 的 `readback_verification` 字段，并在最终回复中简述：
+
+```text
+验证记录：
+- Preflight：N/N SVG 通过 root/role/geometry/path/image/bbox 检查。
+- Dry-run：已确认 create presentation + N 次 /slide。
+- Readback：实际页数 N / 预期 N；未发现空白页、破图或缺失 closing slide。
+- 版式：检查 safe area、文本重叠、越界和相邻页版式变化。
+- 资产：图片均为本地 @path 自动上传或 file token，无 http(s)/data URL。
+```
+
+## 错误处理
+
+任一页失败时，错误会包含：
+
+- `xml_presentation_id`
+- 失败页序号
+- 已成功页数
+- 已创建的 `slide_ids`
+
+如果服务端 detail 带有 `SVGLIDE_ERROR_JSON:` marker，CLI 会提取并在错误中展示 `svglide_error`，用于定位 `type`、`page_index`、`tag_name`、`element_id`、`role` 和 `hint`。
+
+失败后不要假设没有创建任何资源。先把恢复状态写回 plan 的 `recovery` 字段：
+
+```json
+{
+  "xml_presentation_id": "slides...",
+  "failed_page": 3,
+  "failed_svg_file": ".lark-slides/plan/<deck-id>/pages/page-003.svg",
+  "successful_slide_ids": ["abc", "def"],
+  "svglide_error": {"type": "svg_validation_error", "tag_name": "foreignObject"},
+  "next_action": "fix source SVG and rerun preflight before retry"
+}
+```
+
+恢复顺序：
+
+1. 本地 preflight 已失败：修对应 SVG 文件，不要调用 live API。
+2. live 添加页失败且带 `svglide_error`：按 `type` / `tag_name` / `hint` 收敛 SVG 子集，例如降级复杂 filter、path、CSS 或文本结构。
+3. plain XML 在同一路由成功但 SVG 失败：优先确认目标 server lane 是否部署了 SVGlide parser，不要盲目重写整套 deck。
+4. 已创建 presentation 或部分页面时，默认保留现场并回读确认；是否删除空 presentation 必须单独由用户确认。
+
+### 编辑已创建的 SVG deck
+
+SVG deck 后续编辑走双轨，不承诺 source SVG id 能稳定映射到 readback XML block id：
+
+| 修改类型 | 推荐路径 | 说明 |
+|----------|----------|------|
+| 小改标题、文本、图片或坐标 | `xml_presentation.slide.get` 读回 XML -> 找当前 block_id -> `slides +replace-slide` | 使用转换后的 XML 做块级编辑，页序和 slide_id 不变 |
+| 大幅换版式、重画图表、调整视觉系统 | 修改 source SVG -> 重新 preflight -> 重新创建或替换目标页 | 保持 SVG 的视觉表达优势，避免在转换后 XML 上手搓复杂 SVG 结构 |
+| 无法定位 block_id 或映射不可信 | 回 source SVG 修改 | 不生成 `edit-map.json`，除非服务端或转换结果能证明 source id 可稳定保留 |
+
+小改前必须重新 `slide.get` 拿最新 block id 和 revision；大改后必须更新同一个 `.lark-slides/plan/<deck-or-task-id>/slide_plan.json`，保持 plan、SVG 文件、创建结果和验证记录一致。

skills/lark-slides/references/svg-protocol.md

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# SVGlide SVG Protocol
+
+最小模板：
+
+```xml
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns"
+  slide:role="slide"
+  width="960"
+  height="540"
+  viewBox="0 0 960 540"
+>
+  <rect slide:role="shape" x="60" y="60" width="240" height="135" fill="#E8EEF8" />
+  <foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="90" y="98" width="240" height="60">
+    <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="font-size:20px;font-weight:700;color:#1F2937;line-height:1.2">SVGlide</div>
+  </foreignObject>
+  <image slide:role="image" href="@./hero.png" x="390" y="60" width="240" height="135" />
+</svg>
+```
+
+## 必须满足
+
+- root 必须是非 namespaced 的 `<svg>`，不能是 `<svg:svg>`。
+- root 必须声明 `xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns"`。
+- root 必须包含 `slide:role="slide"`。
+- 可渲染元素必须有对应 `slide:role`：shape 使用 `slide:role="shape"`，图片使用 `slide:role="image"`。
+- `<g>` 和嵌套 `<svg>` 可以作为容器，用于继承样式和 transform；容器内真正渲染的元素仍必须声明 `slide:role`。
+- `slide:role="shape"` 目前只支持 `rect`、`ellipse`、`circle`、`line`、`path`、`foreignObject`。
+- 文本使用文本型 shape：`<foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text">...</foreignObject>`。
+- 图片使用 `<image slide:role="image" href="file_token">`；本地占位符写成 `href="@./image.png"`。
+- `<defs>` 和 `<style>` 会被服务端解析/跳过输出；支持嵌套在 `g` / 嵌套 `svg` 容器中。
+- CLI 注入的 transport metadata `<metadata data-svglide-assets="true">` 会被跳过输出但用于传输图片元数据。
+
+## 坐标系与画布
+
+- 当前 `slides +create-svg` 新建的 Lark Slides presentation 回读画布通常是 `960 x 540`。生成 SVG deck 时默认使用 `width="960" height="540" viewBox="0 0 960 540"`，不要默认用 `1280 x 720`。
+- 服务端不会保证把 `viewBox="0 0 1280 720"` 自动缩放到 `960 x 540`。如果用 1280x720 设计，必须在提交前整体换算到目标画布，或在回读 XML 后验证没有越界。
+- 生成时为所有主体元素预留安全区，建议 `x >= 48`、`y >= 40`、`right <= 912`、`bottom <= 500`。全屏背景可以铺满 `0,0,960,540`，但主体文字、图表和卡片仍应留在安全区内。
+- 回读 XML 后必须检查主体元素边界：非背景元素的 `topLeftX + width <= 960` 且 `topLeftY + height <= 540`。任何页面越界都视为生成失败，需要重排或缩放后重建。
+
+## 几何必填属性
+
+SVGlide leaf shape 必须显式写出服务端建模所需的几何属性，不依赖 SVG 默认值。缺失这些属性通常会被服务端包装成 `shape missing required attribute` 或 generic invalid param。
+
+| Element | Required attributes |
+|---------|---------------------|
+| `rect slide:role="shape"` | `x`, `y`, `width`, `height` |
+| `foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text"` | `x`, `y`, `width`, `height` |
+| `image slide:role="image"` | `href`, `x`, `y`, `width`, `height` |
+| `circle slide:role="shape"` | `cx`, `cy`, `r` |
+| `ellipse slide:role="shape"` | `cx`, `cy`, `rx`, `ry` |
+| `line slide:role="shape"` | `x1`, `y1`, `x2`, `y2` |
+| `path slide:role="shape"` | `d` |
+
+这些属性即使取值为 `0` 也要写出来。例如背景图必须写成：
+
+```xml
+<image slide:role="image" href="@./background.jpg" x="0" y="0" width="960" height="540" />
+```
+
+CLI 会把这些几何属性作为生成质量门禁：值只能是数字或 `px` 长度，例如 `0`、`1280`、`320.5`、`80px`。不要使用 `%`、`em`、`rem`、`calc(...)` 或省略单位后依赖 SVG 默认值。服务端可能会对部分非法几何值降级为 `0` 并给 warning，但正式生成应在 CLI 侧提前修正。
+
+## 当前支持的 SVG 子集
+
+- Shape: `rect`、`ellipse`、`circle`、`line`、`path`、`foreignObject`。
+- Container: `g`、嵌套 `svg`。
+- Definitions: `defs` 内的 `linearGradient`、`radialGradient`、`filter/feDropShadow`；支持嵌套 `defs` 和 gradient `href` / `xlink:href` 继承。
+- CSS: tag、`.class`、`#id`、`.a.b`、`tag.class` 等简单 selector；支持 specificity 和 source order；复杂 selector、media query、伪类会被忽略。
+- Paint: `fill`、`stroke`、`stroke-width`、`opacity`、`fill-opacity`、`stroke-opacity`、`stroke-dasharray`、`stroke-linecap`、`stroke-linejoin`。
+- Gradient: `stop-color` / `stop-opacity` 可来自属性、inline style 或 CSS；`gradientTransform`、`spreadMethod`、focal 点等复杂能力会被近似或忽略。
+- Effects: 支持 `filter="url(#...)"` 指向的 `feDropShadow`、CSS `filter: drop-shadow(...)`、以及首层 `box-shadow`；多层 shadow、spread、inset 会被近似或忽略。
+- Transform: `translate`、`scale`、`matrix`、`rotate`；transform 参数应写数字或 `px`，复杂 transform 会被近似或忽略。
+- Path: 只使用 `M/L/H/V/C/Q/Z`；CLI 会拒绝 arc `A`、smooth curve `S/T` 和其他未知命令。
+- Text: `foreignObject slide:shape-type="text"` 内支持常见 XHTML 文本标签、`br` 和基础文字样式。
+
+文本样式应使用 parser 友好的显式 CSS 属性，例如 `font-size`、`font-weight`、`font-family`、`color`、`line-height`、`text-align`、`letter-spacing`。不要依赖 `font:` shorthand、复杂 flex 布局或浏览器默认样式来表达关键字号、加粗和行距；这些在转换到 SXSD/XML 时可能降级为默认样式。
+
+## 不支持
+
+- 不要把普通 SVG 直接交给 `+create-svg`，CLI 不会自动补齐 SVGlide 协议。
+- 不支持缺少 role 的可渲染元素，例如 `<rect .../>`；必须写成 `<rect slide:role="shape" .../>`。
+- 不要把 `<g>` 当作可渲染 shape；`<g>` 只是容器，实际 `rect`、`path`、`foreignObject`、`image` 等子元素仍需各自声明 `slide:role`。
+- 不支持根级 `<text slide:role="text">`；用 `foreignObject + slide:shape-type="text"`。
+- 不要在 `<image>` 上保留 `xlink:href`；CLI 会统一输出 canonical `href`。
+- 不要用 http(s) 或 data URL 外链图片；先下载到本地并让 CLI 上传，或用 `--assets` 提供已上传 file token。
+- `slides +create-svg` MVP 不支持指定 `beforeSlideBlockID` 插入到某一页前；它创建新 presentation 后按 `--file` 顺序追加。
+
+这些能力依赖 slide server SVGlide parser 新版本。如果 BOE/线上未部署对应 server 分支，CLI 放行后仍可能收到服务端 `SVGLIDE_ERROR_JSON` 或 generic invalid param。
+
+## 图片与 Metadata
+
+SVG deck 默认应使用真实图片资产，不要为了规避上传链路而全程用纯矢量 shape 冒充配图。宣传、产品、品牌、案例和视觉展示型 deck 至少应包含封面/半出血主视觉/案例场景/产品截图等图片使用；只有用户明确要求纯矢量，或图片获取、上传链路不可用时，才退回纯矢量方案，并在结果中说明原因。
+
+图片资产还必须规避版权风险：只使用用户提供、公司/项目自有、明确可商用授权图库，或授权条件清晰的 AI 生成资产。推荐来源包括 Unsplash、Pexels、Pixabay、Openverse、Wikimedia Commons、The Met Open Access、Smithsonian Open Access 和 NASA Image and Video Library，但每张图都必须检查具体 license。不要使用版权状态不明的搜索图片、新闻配图、第三方 logo、竞品官网截图或素材站预览图。生成 deck 时应在素材清单或 README 中记录图片来源、授权/许可类型、下载 URL 或生成方式、是否需要署名；无法确认授权时不得使用该图片。
+
+`slides +create-svg` 会把 `<image href="@./image.png">` 上传为 file token，并注入：
+
+```xml
+<metadata data-svglide-assets="true">
+  <img src="boxcn..." />
+</metadata>
+```
+
+metadata 只用于让现有服务端链路生成 `FileMetaMap`。如果使用 `--assets assets.json` 传入预上传 token，CLI 也会按同样规则替换和注入。
+
+`assets.json` 格式：
+
+```json
+{
+  "@./image.png": "boxcn...",
+  "./other.png": "boxcn..."
+}
+```

skills/lark-slides/scripts/svg_preflight.py

@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import re
+import sys
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+
+SLIDE_NS = "https://slides.bytedance.com/ns"
+XLINK_NS = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+SVG_NS = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+CANVAS_WIDTH = 960.0
+CANVAS_HEIGHT = 540.0
+SAFE_AREA = {"x": 48.0, "y": 40.0, "width": 864.0, "height": 460.0}
+
+NUMBER_RE = re.compile(r"^[-+]?(?:\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)(?:[eE][-+]?\d+)?(?:px)?$")
+PATH_NUMBER_RE = re.compile(r"[-+]?(?:\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)(?:[eE][-+]?\d+)?")
+FONT_SHORTHAND_RE = re.compile(r"(^|;)\s*font\s*:", re.IGNORECASE)
+
+SUPPORTED_SHAPES = {"rect", "ellipse", "circle", "line", "path", "foreignObject"}
+RENDERABLE_TAGS = SUPPORTED_SHAPES | {"image", "text", "polygon", "polyline"}
+IGNORED_SUBTREES = {"defs", "style"}
+
+
+class SvgPreflightError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def fail(message: str) -> None:
+    raise SvgPreflightError(message)
+
+
+def parse_args(argv: list[str]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    inputs: list[str] = []
+    index = 0
+    while index < len(argv):
+        token = argv[index]
+        if token in {"--input", "-i"}:
+            if index + 1 >= len(argv):
+                fail(f"{token} requires a file path")
+            inputs.append(argv[index + 1])
+            index += 2
+            continue
+        if token.startswith("--"):
+            fail(f"unexpected argument: {token}")
+        inputs.append(token)
+        index += 1
+    if not inputs:
+        fail("at least one --input <svg-file> is required")
+    return {"inputs": inputs}
+
+
+def local_name(tag: str) -> str:
+    return tag.rsplit("}", 1)[-1] if tag.startswith("{") else tag
+
+
+def get_attr(element: ET.Element, name: str, namespace: str | None = None) -> str | None:
+    if namespace:
+        value = element.attrib.get(f"{{{namespace}}}{name}")
+        if value is not None:
+            return value
+    value = element.attrib.get(name)
+    if value is not None:
+        return value
+    for key, candidate in element.attrib.items():
+        if key.endswith("}" + name):
+            return candidate
+    return None
+
+
+def svg_role(element: ET.Element) -> str | None:
+    return get_attr(element, "role", SLIDE_NS)
+
+
+def svg_shape_type(element: ET.Element) -> str | None:
+    return get_attr(element, "shape-type", SLIDE_NS)
+
+
+def parse_number(value: str | None) -> float | None:
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    value = value.strip()
+    if not NUMBER_RE.match(value):
+        return None
+    if value.lower().endswith("px"):
+        value = value[:-2]
+    try:
+        return float(value)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def parse_required_number(element: ET.Element, name: str) -> float | None:
+    return parse_number(get_attr(element, name))
+
+
+def issue(level: str, code: str, message: str, element: ET.Element | None = None, hint: str | None = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    out: dict[str, Any] = {"level": level, "code": code, "message": message}
+    if element is not None:
+        elem_id = get_attr(element, "id")
+        if elem_id:
+            out["element_id"] = elem_id
+        out["tag"] = local_name(element.tag)
+    if hint:
+        out["hint"] = hint
+    return out
+
+
+def parse_viewbox(value: str | None) -> list[float] | None:
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    parts = [part for part in re.split(r"[\s,]+", value.strip()) if part]
+    if len(parts) != 4:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return [float(part) for part in parts]
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def is_external_href(value: str | None) -> bool:
+    if value is None:
+        return False
+    lower = value.strip().lower()
+    return lower.startswith("http://") or lower.startswith("https://") or lower.startswith("data:")
+
+
+def href_value(element: ET.Element) -> str | None:
+    return get_attr(element, "href") or get_attr(element, "href", XLINK_NS)
+
+
+def walk_renderable(root: ET.Element) -> list[ET.Element]:
+    out: list[ET.Element] = []
+
+    def walk(element: ET.Element) -> None:
+        name = local_name(element.tag)
+        if name in IGNORED_SUBTREES:
+            return
+        if name in RENDERABLE_TAGS or name == "foreignObject" or name == "image":
+            out.append(element)
+        for child in list(element):
+            walk(child)
+
+    for child in list(root):
+        walk(child)
+    return out
+
+
+def validate_root(root: ET.Element) -> tuple[list[dict[str, Any]], float, float]:
+    issues: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    if local_name(root.tag) != "svg":
+        issues.append(issue("error", "root_not_svg", "root element must be <svg>"))
+    if svg_role(root) != "slide":
+        issues.append(issue("error", "missing_root_role", 'root <svg> must include slide:role="slide"', root))
+
+    width = parse_number(get_attr(root, "width"))
+    height = parse_number(get_attr(root, "height"))
+    viewbox = parse_viewbox(get_attr(root, "viewBox"))
+
+    if width != CANVAS_WIDTH or height != CANVAS_HEIGHT:
+        issues.append(
+            issue(
+                "error",
+                "root_canvas_mismatch",
+                'root must use width="960" height="540"',
+                root,
+                "Scale coordinates to the Lark Slides 960x540 canvas before calling slides +create-svg.",
+            )
+        )
+    if viewbox != [0.0, 0.0, CANVAS_WIDTH, CANVAS_HEIGHT]:
+        issues.append(
+            issue(
+                "error",
+                "root_viewbox_mismatch",
+                'root must use viewBox="0 0 960 540"',
+                root,
+                "Do not submit a 1280x720 viewBox and rely on server-side scaling.",
+            )
+        )
+
+    return issues, width or CANVAS_WIDTH, height or CANVAS_HEIGHT
+
+
+def validate_roles_and_attrs(elements: list[ET.Element]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    issues: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    for element in elements:
+        name = local_name(element.tag)
+        role = svg_role(element)
+        if name == "text":
+            issues.append(
+                issue(
+                    "error",
+                    "unsupported_text_element",
+                    'root-level <text> is not supported; use foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text"',
+                    element,
+                )
+            )
+            continue
+        if name in {"polygon", "polyline"}:
+            issues.append(
+                issue(
+                    "error",
+                    "unsupported_shape_element",
+                    f"<{name}> is not supported by SVGlide MVP",
+                    element,
+                    "Use path with M/L/H/V/C/Q/Z commands, or use rect/line/circle/ellipse.",
+                )
+            )
+            continue
+        if name not in {"image"} | SUPPORTED_SHAPES:
+            continue
+        if role is None:
+            issues.append(issue("error", "missing_leaf_role", '<%s> must include slide:role="shape" or "image"' % name, element))
+            continue
+        if role == "shape":
+            if name not in SUPPORTED_SHAPES:
+                issues.append(issue("error", "unsupported_shape_role", f'<{name} slide:role="shape"> is not supported', element))
+                continue
+            if name == "foreignObject" and svg_shape_type(element) != "text":
+                issues.append(
+                    issue(
+                        "error",
+                        "missing_text_shape_type",
+                        '<foreignObject slide:role="shape"> must include slide:shape-type="text"',
+                        element,
+                    )
+                )
+        elif role == "image":
+            if name != "image":
+                issues.append(issue("error", "unsupported_image_role", f'<{name} slide:role="image"> is not supported', element))
+            image_href = href_value(element)
+            if not image_href:
+                issues.append(issue("error", "missing_image_href", '<image slide:role="image"> must include href', element))
+            if is_external_href(image_href):
+                issues.append(
+                    issue(
+                        "error",
+                        "external_image_href",
+                        "<image> must not use http(s) or data href",
+                        element,
+                        'Download or generate the image locally and use href="@./path", or provide a file token.',
+                    )
+                )
+        else:
+            issues.append(issue("error", "unsupported_role", f'unsupported slide:role="{role}"', element))
+    return issues
+
+
+def bbox_for_element(element: ET.Element) -> dict[str, float] | None:
+    name = local_name(element.tag)
+    if name in {"rect", "foreignObject", "image"}:
+        x = parse_required_number(element, "x")
+        y = parse_required_number(element, "y")
+        width = parse_required_number(element, "width")
+        height = parse_required_number(element, "height")
+        if None in {x, y, width, height}:
+            return None
+        return {"x": x or 0.0, "y": y or 0.0, "width": width or 0.0, "height": height or 0.0}
+    if name == "circle":
+        cx = parse_required_number(element, "cx")
+        cy = parse_required_number(element, "cy")
+        r = parse_required_number(element, "r")
+        if None in {cx, cy, r}:
+            return None
+        return {"x": (cx or 0.0) - (r or 0.0), "y": (cy or 0.0) - (r or 0.0), "width": 2 * (r or 0.0), "height": 2 * (r or 0.0)}
+    if name == "ellipse":
+        cx = parse_required_number(element, "cx")
+        cy = parse_required_number(element, "cy")
+        rx = parse_required_number(element, "rx")
+        ry = parse_required_number(element, "ry")
+        if None in {cx, cy, rx, ry}:
+            return None
+        return {"x": (cx or 0.0) - (rx or 0.0), "y": (cy or 0.0) - (ry or 0.0), "width": 2 * (rx or 0.0), "height": 2 * (ry or 0.0)}
+    if name == "line":
+        x1 = parse_required_number(element, "x1")
+        y1 = parse_required_number(element, "y1")
+        x2 = parse_required_number(element, "x2")
+        y2 = parse_required_number(element, "y2")
+        if None in {x1, y1, x2, y2}:
+            return None
+        min_x = min(x1 or 0.0, x2 or 0.0)
+        min_y = min(y1 or 0.0, y2 or 0.0)
+        return {"x": min_x, "y": min_y, "width": abs((x2 or 0.0) - (x1 or 0.0)), "height": abs((y2 or 0.0) - (y1 or 0.0))}
+    return None
+
+
+def is_background_bbox(bbox: dict[str, float], canvas_width: float, canvas_height: float) -> bool:
+    return bbox["x"] <= 0 and bbox["y"] <= 0 and bbox["x"] + bbox["width"] >= canvas_width and bbox["y"] + bbox["height"] >= canvas_height
+
+
+def bbox_outside(bbox: dict[str, float], rect: dict[str, float]) -> bool:
+    return (
+        bbox["x"] < rect["x"]
+        or bbox["y"] < rect["y"]
+        or bbox["x"] + bbox["width"] > rect["x"] + rect["width"]
+        or bbox["y"] + bbox["height"] > rect["y"] + rect["height"]
+    )
+
+
+def intersects(left: dict[str, float], right: dict[str, float]) -> bool:
+    return (
+        left["x"] < right["x"] + right["width"]
+        and left["x"] + left["width"] > right["x"]
+        and left["y"] < right["y"] + right["height"]
+        and left["y"] + left["height"] > right["y"]
+    )
+
+
+def validate_geometry(elements: list[ET.Element], canvas_width: float, canvas_height: float) -> tuple[list[dict[str, Any]], list[dict[str, Any]]]:
+    issues: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    text_boxes: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    canvas = {"x": 0.0, "y": 0.0, "width": canvas_width, "height": canvas_height}
+    for element in elements:
+        name = local_name(element.tag)
+        bbox = bbox_for_element(element)
+        if bbox is None:
+            continue
+        if is_background_bbox(bbox, canvas_width, canvas_height):
+            continue
+        if bbox_outside(bbox, canvas):
+            issues.append(
+                issue(
+                    "error",
+                    "canvas_bounds",
+                    f"<{name}> is outside the 960x540 canvas",
+                    element,
+                    "Non-background elements must fit inside the slide canvas.",
+                )
+            )
+        elif bbox_outside(bbox, SAFE_AREA):
+            issues.append(
+                issue(
+                    "warning",
+                    "safe_area",
+                    f"<{name}> is outside the recommended safe area",
+                    element,
+                    "Keep text, labels, cards, legends, and key visuals within x>=48 y>=40 right<=912 bottom<=500 unless it is an intentional full-bleed background.",
+                )
+            )
+        if name == "foreignObject" and svg_role(element) == "shape" and svg_shape_type(element) == "text":
+            text = "".join(element.itertext()).strip()
+            if text:
+                text_boxes.append({"element": element, "bbox": bbox, "text": text})
+    return issues, text_boxes
+
+
+def validate_text_overlap(text_boxes: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    issues: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    for left_index, left in enumerate(text_boxes):
+        for right in text_boxes[left_index + 1 :]:
+            if intersects(left["bbox"], right["bbox"]):
+                left_id = get_attr(left["element"], "id") or local_name(left["element"].tag)
+                right_id = get_attr(right["element"], "id") or local_name(right["element"].tag)
+                issues.append(
+                    {
+                        "level": "error",
+                        "code": "text_bbox_overlap",
+                        "message": f"text boxes overlap: {left_id} and {right_id}",
+                        "left_element_id": get_attr(left["element"], "id"),
+                        "right_element_id": get_attr(right["element"], "id"),
+                        "hint": "Move text boxes apart, reduce text density, or split the page into clearer layout boxes.",
+                    }
+                )
+    return issues
+
+
+def validate_styles(root: ET.Element) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    issues: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    for element in root.iter():
+        style = get_attr(element, "style") or ""
+        if FONT_SHORTHAND_RE.search(style):
+            issues.append(
+                issue(
+                    "error",
+                    "font_shorthand",
+                    'style must not use "font:" shorthand',
+                    element,
+                    "Use explicit font-size, font-weight, font-family, color, line-height, and text-align properties.",
+                )
+            )
+    return issues
+
+
+def validate_paths(elements: list[ET.Element]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    issues: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    for element in elements:
+        if local_name(element.tag) != "path" or svg_role(element) != "shape":
+            continue
+        data = get_attr(element, "d") or ""
+        without_numbers = PATH_NUMBER_RE.sub("", data)
+        has_command = False
+        for char in without_numbers:
+            if char in ", \t\r\n":
+                continue
+            if char in "MLHVZCQmlhvzcq":
+                has_command = True
+                continue
+            issues.append(
+                issue(
+                    "error",
+                    "unsupported_path_command",
+                    f'unsupported path command or character "{char}"',
+                    element,
+                    "Use only M/L/H/V/C/Q/Z path commands.",
+                )
+            )
+            break
+        if not has_command:
+            issues.append(issue("error", "missing_path_command", 'path attribute "d" must include M/L/H/V/C/Q/Z commands', element))
+    return issues
+
+
+def lint_svg(svg: str, path: str = "<svg>") -> dict[str, Any]:
+    result: dict[str, Any] = {"path": path, "issues": []}
+    try:
+        root = ET.fromstring(svg)
+    except ET.ParseError as error:
+        result["issues"].append(
+            {
+                "level": "error",
+                "code": "xml_not_well_formed",
+                "message": f"SVG is not well-formed: {error}",
+                "hint": "Fix tag closure, attribute quotes, namespaces, and XML escaping before calling slides +create-svg.",
+            }
+        )
+        result["summary"] = {"error_count": 1, "warning_count": 0}
+        return result
+
+    root_issues, width, height = validate_root(root)
+    elements = walk_renderable(root)
+    role_issues = validate_roles_and_attrs(elements)
+    geometry_issues, text_boxes = validate_geometry(elements, width, height)
+    issues = root_issues + role_issues + validate_styles(root) + validate_paths(elements) + geometry_issues + validate_text_overlap(text_boxes)
+
+    result["width"] = width
+    result["height"] = height
+    result["element_count"] = len(elements)
+    result["text_box_count"] = len(text_boxes)
+    result["issues"] = issues
+    result["summary"] = {
+        "error_count": sum(1 for item in issues if item["level"] == "error"),
+        "warning_count": sum(1 for item in issues if item["level"] == "warning"),
+    }
+    if not issues:
+        result.pop("issues")
+    return result
+
+
+def lint_files(paths: list[str]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    files: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    for path in paths:
+        svg = Path(path).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        files.append(lint_svg(svg, path))
+    return {
+        "summary": {
+            "file_count": len(files),
+            "error_count": sum(file["summary"]["error_count"] for file in files),
+            "warning_count": sum(file["summary"]["warning_count"] for file in files),
+        },
+        "files": files,
+    }
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str]) -> int:
+    try:
+        options = parse_args(argv)
+        result = lint_files(options["inputs"])
+    except SvgPreflightError as error:
+        print(f"svg_preflight: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+    except OSError as error:
+        print(f"svg_preflight: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+
+    print(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2))
+    return 1 if result["summary"]["error_count"] else 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main(sys.argv[1:]))

skills/lark-slides/scripts/svg_preflight_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+import svg_preflight
+
+
+VALID_SVG = """
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+     xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns"
+     slide:role="slide"
+     width="960" height="540" viewBox="0 0 960 540">
+  <rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" width="960" height="540" fill="#f8fafc" />
+  <foreignObject id="title" slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="64" y="56" width="420" height="72">
+    <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+         style="font-size:32px;font-weight:800;font-family:Arial;color:#111827;line-height:1.15;text-align:left;">
+      Strategy review
+    </div>
+  </foreignObject>
+  <image id="hero" slide:role="image" href="@./assets/hero.jpg" x="560" y="96" width="320" height="220" />
+  <path id="trend" slide:role="shape" d="M64 360 L180 330 C260 300 340 340 420 300 Q500 260 580 290" fill="none" stroke="#2563eb" />
+</svg>
+"""
+
+
+class SvgPreflightTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_lint_svg_accepts_valid_svglide(self) -> None:
+        result = svg_preflight.lint_svg(VALID_SVG)
+        self.assertEqual(result["summary"]["error_count"], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(result["summary"]["warning_count"], 0)
+
+    def test_lint_svg_reports_canvas_mismatch(self) -> None:
+        result = svg_preflight.lint_svg(
+            VALID_SVG.replace('width="960" height="540" viewBox="0 0 960 540"', 'width="1280" height="720" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"')
+        )
+        codes = [issue["code"] for issue in result["issues"]]
+        self.assertIn("root_canvas_mismatch", codes)
+        self.assertIn("root_viewbox_mismatch", codes)
+        self.assertEqual(result["summary"]["error_count"], 2)
+
+    def test_lint_svg_reports_external_image_and_font_shorthand(self) -> None:
+        svg = """
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+             xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns"
+             slide:role="slide"
+             width="960" height="540" viewBox="0 0 960 540">
+          <foreignObject id="title" slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="64" y="56" width="420" height="72">
+            <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="font: 700 24px Arial;color:#111827;">Title</div>
+          </foreignObject>
+          <image id="hero" slide:role="image" href="https://example.com/hero.jpg" x="560" y="96" width="320" height="220" />
+        </svg>
+        """
+        result = svg_preflight.lint_svg(svg)
+        codes = [issue["code"] for issue in result["issues"]]
+        self.assertIn("external_image_href", codes)
+        self.assertIn("font_shorthand", codes)
+
+    def test_lint_svg_reports_canvas_error_and_safe_area_warning(self) -> None:
+        svg = """
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+             xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns"
+             slide:role="slide"
+             width="960" height="540" viewBox="0 0 960 540">
+          <rect id="badge" slide:role="shape" x="12" y="20" width="80" height="40" />
+          <rect id="overflow" slide:role="shape" x="920" y="500" width="120" height="80" />
+        </svg>
+        """
+        result = svg_preflight.lint_svg(svg)
+        codes = [issue["code"] for issue in result["issues"]]
+        self.assertIn("safe_area", codes)
+        self.assertIn("canvas_bounds", codes)
+        self.assertEqual(result["summary"]["error_count"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(result["summary"]["warning_count"], 1)
+
+    def test_lint_svg_reports_text_bbox_overlap(self) -> None:
+        svg = """
+        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+             xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns"
+             slide:role="slide"
+             width="960" height="540" viewBox="0 0 960 540">
+          <foreignObject id="a" slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="80" y="80" width="240" height="80">
+            <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="font-size:24px;font-weight:700;color:#111;">A</div>
+          </foreignObject>
+          <foreignObject id="b" slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="120" y="100" width="240" height="80">
+            <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="font-size:18px;font-weight:400;color:#111;">B</div>
+          </foreignObject>
+        </svg>
+        """
+        result = svg_preflight.lint_svg(svg)
+        self.assertEqual(result["summary"]["error_count"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(result["issues"][0]["code"], "text_bbox_overlap")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/cli_e2e/drive/drive_duplicate_sync_workflow_test.go

@@ -74,8 +74,9 @@ func TestDrive_DuplicateRemoteWorkflow(t *testing.T) {
 		if statusResult.ExitCode == 0 {
 			t.Fatalf("+status should fail on duplicate remote rel_path\nstdout:\n%s\nstderr:\n%s", statusResult.Stdout, statusResult.Stderr)
 		}
-		if !strings.Contains(statusResult.Stderr, `"type": "duplicate_remote_path"`) {
-			t.Fatalf("+status stderr should contain duplicate_remote_path\nstdout:\n%s\nstderr:\n%s", statusResult.Stdout, statusResult.Stderr)
+		if !strings.Contains(statusResult.Stderr, `"type": "validation"`) ||
+			!strings.Contains(statusResult.Stderr, "map to multiple Drive entries") {
+			t.Fatalf("+status stderr should be a typed validation error for duplicate rel_path\nstdout:\n%s\nstderr:\n%s", statusResult.Stdout, statusResult.Stderr)
 		}
 
 		pullFailResult, err := clie2e.RunCmd(ctx, clie2e.Request{
@@ -91,8 +92,9 @@ func TestDrive_DuplicateRemoteWorkflow(t *testing.T) {
 		if pullFailResult.ExitCode == 0 {
 			t.Fatalf("+pull should fail on duplicate remote rel_path by default\nstdout:\n%s\nstderr:\n%s", pullFailResult.Stdout, pullFailResult.Stderr)
 		}
-		if !strings.Contains(pullFailResult.Stderr, `"type": "duplicate_remote_path"`) {
-			t.Fatalf("+pull stderr should contain duplicate_remote_path\nstdout:\n%s\nstderr:\n%s", pullFailResult.Stdout, pullFailResult.Stderr)
+		if !strings.Contains(pullFailResult.Stderr, `"type": "validation"`) ||
+			!strings.Contains(pullFailResult.Stderr, "map to multiple Drive entries") {
+			t.Fatalf("+pull stderr should be a typed validation error for duplicate rel_path\nstdout:\n%s\nstderr:\n%s", pullFailResult.Stdout, pullFailResult.Stderr)
 		}
 		if _, statErr := os.Stat(filepath.Join(workDir, "local", "dup.txt")); !os.IsNotExist(statErr) {
 			t.Fatalf("default duplicate failure must not write dup.txt; stat err=%v", statErr)

tests/cli_e2e/slides/coverage.md

@@ -1,17 +1,25 @@
 # Slides CLI E2E Coverage
 
 ## Metrics
-- Denominator: 2 leaf commands
-- Covered: 1
+- Denominator: 4 leaf commands
+- Covered: 2
 - Coverage: 50.0%
 
 ## Summary
 - TestSlides_CreateWorkflowAsUser: proves the user slides workflow through `create presentation with slide as user` and `get created presentation xml as user`; creates a fresh presentation, asserts returned IDs, then reads back the XML content to prove the title and slide body persisted.
+- TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRequestShape: locks the `slides +create-svg --dry-run` request chain and recursive SVGlide validation, including `g` containers, geometry-required leaves, `px` geometry, nested defs/filter, shadow style preservation, and `foreignObject` XHTML `<br />`.
+- TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRejectsMissingRequiredAttribute: proves CLI blocks leaf shapes that would otherwise reach the server as `shape missing required attribute`.
+- TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRejectsInvalidNumericGeometry: proves CLI blocks non-absolute geometry before issuing API calls.
+- TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRejectsUnsupportedPathCommand: proves CLI blocks unsupported path commands before issuing API calls.
+- TestSlidesCreateSVGWorkflowAsUser: opt-in live workflow for `slides +create-svg` (`LARKSUITE_CLI_RUN_SVGLIDE_LIVE=1`); creates a two-page SVG deck as user, asserts returned page count and IDs, then reads the presentation back.
 - Blocked area: `slides +media-upload` is still uncovered because it needs a deterministic local image fixture plus XML follow-up proof that is separate from the base create/read workflow.
+- Blocked area: `slides +replace-slide` has focused unit coverage but no E2E workflow yet.
 
 ## Command Table
 
 | Status | Cmd | Type | Testcase | Key parameter shapes | Notes / uncovered reason |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
 | ✓ | slides +create | shortcut | slides_create_workflow_test.go::TestSlides_CreateWorkflowAsUser/create presentation with slide as user | `--title`; `--slides ["<slide ...>"]` | read back through raw slides API to prove persisted XML |
+| ✓ | slides +create-svg | shortcut | slides_create_svg_dryrun_test.go::TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRequestShape; slides_create_svg_dryrun_test.go::TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRejectsMissingChildRole; slides_create_svg_dryrun_test.go::TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRejectsMissingRequiredAttribute; slides_create_svg_dryrun_test.go::TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRejectsInvalidNumericGeometry; slides_create_svg_dryrun_test.go::TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRejectsUnsupportedPathCommand; slides_create_svg_live_test.go::TestSlidesCreateSVGWorkflowAsUser | repeated `--file`; `--title`; `--dry-run` | dry-run proves existing `/slide` route, `slide.content`, recursive SVGlide validation, server-known hard failures, numeric geometry gates, and path command gates before API call; live is opt-in and depends on the target server lane containing the updated SVGlide parser |
 | ✕ | slides +media-upload | shortcut |  | none | needs a stable local image fixture plus follow-up slide XML proof |
+| ✕ | slides +replace-slide | shortcut |  | none | unit-covered shortcut; E2E workflow still pending |

tests/cli_e2e/slides/slides_create_svg_dryrun_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package slides
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	clie2e "github.com/larksuite/cli/tests/cli_e2e"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func setSlidesDryRunEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID", "app")
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_SECRET", "secret")
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_BRAND", "feishu")
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRequestShape(t *testing.T) {
+	setSlidesDryRunEnv(t)
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "page1.svg"), []byte(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" width="1280" height="720" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><style>.primary{fill:#123456;stroke:#654321;stroke-width:2px;filter:drop-shadow(2px 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2))}</style><g><defs><filter id="shadow"><feDropShadow dx="2" dy="3" stdDeviation="5" flood-color="#000" flood-opacity=".25"/></filter></defs></g><g transform="translate(20 30)"><rect slide:role="shape" class="primary" x="0" y="0" width="320px" height="180px" filter="url(#shadow)"/></g></svg>`), 0o644))
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "page2.svg"), []byte(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="80" y="80" width="320" height="80"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">two<br />lines</div></foreignObject></svg>`), 0o644))
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)
+
+	result, err := clie2e.RunCmd(ctx, clie2e.Request{
+		Args: []string{
+			"slides", "+create-svg",
+			"--file", "page1.svg",
+			"--file", "page2.svg",
+			"--title", "Dry SVG",
+			"--dry-run",
+		},
+		DefaultAs: "user",
+		WorkDir:   dir,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	result.AssertExitCode(t, 0)
+
+	out := result.Stdout
+	require.Equal(t, "POST", gjson.Get(out, "api.0.method").String(), "stdout:\n%s", out)
+	require.Equal(t, "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations", gjson.Get(out, "api.0.url").String(), "stdout:\n%s", out)
+	require.Equal(t, "POST", gjson.Get(out, "api.1.method").String(), "stdout:\n%s", out)
+	require.Equal(t, "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/<xml_presentation_id>/slide", gjson.Get(out, "api.1.url").String(), "stdout:\n%s", out)
+	require.Equal(t, "POST", gjson.Get(out, "api.2.method").String(), "stdout:\n%s", out)
+	require.Equal(t, "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/<xml_presentation_id>/slide", gjson.Get(out, "api.2.url").String(), "stdout:\n%s", out)
+	require.Contains(t, gjson.Get(out, "api.1.body.slide.content").String(), `<rect slide:role="shape"`, "stdout:\n%s", out)
+	require.Contains(t, gjson.Get(out, "api.1.body.slide.content").String(), `<g transform="translate(20 30)">`, "stdout:\n%s", out)
+	require.Contains(t, gjson.Get(out, "api.1.body.slide.content").String(), `<style>.primary`, "stdout:\n%s", out)
+	require.Contains(t, gjson.Get(out, "api.1.body.slide.content").String(), `<feDropShadow`, "stdout:\n%s", out)
+	require.Contains(t, gjson.Get(out, "api.2.body.slide.content").String(), `slide:shape-type="text"`, "stdout:\n%s", out)
+	require.Contains(t, gjson.Get(out, "api.2.body.slide.content").String(), `<br />`, "stdout:\n%s", out)
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRejectsMissingChildRole(t *testing.T) {
+	setSlidesDryRunEnv(t)
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "bad.svg"), []byte(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><rect x="80" y="80" width="320" height="180"/></svg>`), 0o644))
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)
+
+	result, err := clie2e.RunCmd(ctx, clie2e.Request{
+		Args: []string{
+			"slides", "+create-svg",
+			"--file", "bad.svg",
+			"--dry-run",
+		},
+		DefaultAs: "user",
+		WorkDir:   dir,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	result.AssertExitCode(t, 0)
+	require.Empty(t, gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "api").Array(), "stdout:\n%s", result.Stdout)
+	require.Contains(t, gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "error").String(), `<rect> must include slide:role="shape" or slide:role="image"`)
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRejectsMissingRequiredAttribute(t *testing.T) {
+	setSlidesDryRunEnv(t)
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "bad.svg"), []byte(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><rect slide:role="shape" x="80" y="80" height="180"/></svg>`), 0o644))
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)
+
+	result, err := clie2e.RunCmd(ctx, clie2e.Request{
+		Args: []string{
+			"slides", "+create-svg",
+			"--file", "bad.svg",
+			"--dry-run",
+		},
+		DefaultAs: "user",
+		WorkDir:   dir,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	result.AssertExitCode(t, 0)
+	require.Empty(t, gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "api").Array(), "stdout:\n%s", result.Stdout)
+	require.Contains(t, gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "error").String(), `<rect slide:role="shape"> missing required attribute "width"`)
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRejectsInvalidNumericGeometry(t *testing.T) {
+	setSlidesDryRunEnv(t)
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "bad.svg"), []byte(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><rect slide:role="shape" x="80" y="80" width="50%" height="180"/></svg>`), 0o644))
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)
+
+	result, err := clie2e.RunCmd(ctx, clie2e.Request{
+		Args: []string{
+			"slides", "+create-svg",
+			"--file", "bad.svg",
+			"--dry-run",
+		},
+		DefaultAs: "user",
+		WorkDir:   dir,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	result.AssertExitCode(t, 0)
+	require.Empty(t, gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "api").Array(), "stdout:\n%s", result.Stdout)
+	require.Contains(t, gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "error").String(), `attribute "width" must be a number or px length`)
+}
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGDryRunRejectsUnsupportedPathCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	setSlidesDryRunEnv(t)
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "bad.svg"), []byte(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><path slide:role="shape" d="M0 0 A10 10 0 0 1 20 20"/></svg>`), 0o644))
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)
+
+	result, err := clie2e.RunCmd(ctx, clie2e.Request{
+		Args: []string{
+			"slides", "+create-svg",
+			"--file", "bad.svg",
+			"--dry-run",
+		},
+		DefaultAs: "user",
+		WorkDir:   dir,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	result.AssertExitCode(t, 0)
+	require.Empty(t, gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "api").Array(), "stdout:\n%s", result.Stdout)
+	require.Contains(t, gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "error").String(), `unsupported path command or character "A"`)
+}

tests/cli_e2e/slides/slides_create_svg_live_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package slides
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	clie2e "github.com/larksuite/cli/tests/cli_e2e"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+func TestSlidesCreateSVGWorkflowAsUser(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Minute)
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)
+
+	if os.Getenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_RUN_SVGLIDE_LIVE") != "1" {
+		t.Skip("set LARKSUITE_CLI_RUN_SVGLIDE_LIVE=1 to run the live SVGlide service contract test")
+	}
+	clie2e.SkipWithoutUserToken(t)
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "page1.svg"), []byte(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" width="1280" height="720" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><g fill="#E8EEF8" transform="translate(80 80)"><rect slide:role="shape" x="0" y="0" width="360" height="180"/></g></svg>`), 0o644))
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "page2.svg"), []byte(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:slide="https://slides.bytedance.com/ns" slide:role="slide" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject slide:role="shape" slide:shape-type="text" x="120" y="120" width="420" height="100"><p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">SVGlide live E2E</p></foreignObject></svg>`), 0o644))
+
+	parentT := t
+	title := "svglide-e2e-" + clie2e.GenerateSuffix()
+	var presentationID string
+
+	t.Run("create SVG deck as user", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result, err := clie2e.RunCmd(ctx, clie2e.Request{
+			Args: []string{
+				"slides", "+create-svg",
+				"--file", "page1.svg",
+				"--file", "page2.svg",
+				"--title", title,
+			},
+			DefaultAs: "user",
+			WorkDir:   dir,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		if result.ExitCode != 0 {
+			if created := extractSVGlideFailurePresentationID(result.Stderr); created != "" {
+				presentationID = created
+				registerSlidesCleanup(parentT, presentationID)
+			}
+		}
+		result.AssertExitCode(t, 0)
+		result.AssertStdoutStatus(t, true)
+
+		presentationID = gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "data.xml_presentation_id").String()
+		require.NotEmpty(t, presentationID, "stdout:\n%s", result.Stdout)
+		require.Equal(t, title, gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "data.title").String(), "stdout:\n%s", result.Stdout)
+		require.Equal(t, int64(2), gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "data.slides_added").Int(), "stdout:\n%s", result.Stdout)
+		require.Len(t, gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "data.slide_ids").Array(), 2, "stdout:\n%s", result.Stdout)
+
+		registerSlidesCleanup(parentT, presentationID)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("read back SVG-created presentation as user", func(t *testing.T) {
+		require.NotEmpty(t, presentationID, "presentation should be created before readback")
+
+		result, err := clie2e.RunCmd(ctx, clie2e.Request{
+			Args:      []string{"api", "get", "/open-apis/slides_ai/v1/xml_presentations/" + presentationID},
+			DefaultAs: "user",
+			Params:    map[string]any{"revision_id": -1},
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		result.AssertExitCode(t, 0)
+		result.AssertStdoutStatus(t, 0)
+
+		require.Equal(t, presentationID, gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "data.xml_presentation.presentation_id").String(), "stdout:\n%s", result.Stdout)
+		content := gjson.Get(result.Stdout, "data.xml_presentation.content").String()
+		require.Contains(t, content, "<title>"+title+"</title>", "stdout:\n%s", result.Stdout)
+	})
+}
+
+func registerSlidesCleanup(t *testing.T, presentationID string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		cleanupCtx, cancel := clie2e.CleanupContext()
+		defer cancel()
+
+		deleteResult, deleteErr := clie2e.RunCmd(cleanupCtx, clie2e.Request{
+			Args: []string{
+				"drive", "+delete",
+				"--file-token", presentationID,
+				"--type", "slides",
+				"--yes",
+			},
+			DefaultAs: "user",
+		})
+		clie2e.ReportCleanupFailure(t, "delete presentation "+presentationID, deleteResult, deleteErr)
+	})
+}
+
+func extractSVGlideFailurePresentationID(stderr string) string {
+	const marker = "presentation "
+	idx := strings.Index(stderr, marker)
+	if idx < 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	rest := stderr[idx+len(marker):]
+	end := strings.IndexByte(rest, ' ')
+	if end < 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return strings.Trim(rest[:end], ".,;:)")
+}