docs(profile): clarify identity diagnostics heading

- The canned TAT test token tripped the deterministic gate's
  public-content rule; switch to the recognized your-access-token
  placeholder (no assertion semantics change).
- Drop the implementation mechanisms from the lark-shared frontmatter
  description (WHAT only; the body owns HOW) and tighten the
  clear-session-identity routing entry.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,35 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
+## [v1.0.77] - 2026-07-24
+
+### Features
+
+- introducing official card icon (#1973)
+- **apps**: validate +file-list --page-size against server (0, 200] range (#2007)
+- **apps**: support absolute and relative upload paths (#2005)
+- **slides**: fill xml-schema-quick-ref gaps that forced XSD fallback (#2026)
+- **slides**: add layout density lint for sparse/empty containers (#2022)
+- add risk-control protection (#1910)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **slides**: normalize presentation flag aliases (#2032)
+- **base**: classify +form-submit as high-risk-write (#1969)
+- **slides**: declare screenshot scope
+- **slides**: support CSV multi-value for --slide-id in screenshot (#2047)
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **skill**: clarify scope handling for query expansion (#2030)
+- **base**: clarify complete and partial updates (#1993)
+- **skills**: clarify callout child rules (#2048)
+
+### Misc
+
+- fix/task id handling (#2023)
+- fix/task search pagination (#2041)
+
 ## [v1.0.75] - 2026-07-22
 
 ### Features
@@ -1638,6 +1667,7 @@ Bundled AI agent skills for intelligent assistance:
 - Bilingual documentation (English & Chinese).
 - CI/CD pipelines: linting, testing, coverage reporting, and automated releases.
 
+[v1.0.77]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.77
 [v1.0.75]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.75
 [v1.0.74]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.74
 [v1.0.73]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.73

README.md

@@ -285,6 +285,29 @@ To reduce these risks, the tool enables default security protections at multiple
 
 We recommend using the Lark/Feishu bot integrated with this tool as a private conversational assistant. Do not add it to group chats or allow other users to interact with it, to avoid abuse of permissions or data leakage.
 
+To reduce the security risks associated with access token theft, the CLI sends a minimal set of risk-control signals with OpenAPI requests made to exact official Feishu/Lark HTTPS domains. These signals are used to help identify anomalous API activity. This protection is enabled by default. The information sent is limited to:
+
+- Operating system type: macOS, Windows, or Linux
+- Device hardware model: for example, Mac17,9
+
+To disable this protection for the current workspace, run:
+
+```bash
+lark-cli config risk-control off
+```
+
+To enable this protection for the current workspace, run:
+
+```bash
+lark-cli config risk-control on
+```
+
+To restore the default policy for the current workspace, run:
+
+```bash
+lark-cli config risk-control default
+```
+
 Please fully understand all usage risks. By using this tool, you are deemed to voluntarily assume all related responsibilities.
 
 ## Star History

README.zh.md

@@ -286,6 +286,29 @@ lark-cli schema im.messages.delete
 
 我们建议您将对接本工具的飞书机器人作为私人对话助手使用，请勿将其拉入群聊或允许其他用户与其交互，以避免权限被滥用或数据泄露。
 
+为降低访问令牌被盗用后的安全风险，CLI 在向飞书/Lark 官方 HTTPS 精确域名发起 OpenAPI 请求时，会随请求发送一组最小化的风控信号，用于辅助识别异常调用行为。该保护默认开启，发送的信息仅包括：
+
+- 操作系统类型：macOS、Windows 或 Linux
+- 设备的硬件产品型号：例如 Mac17,9
+
+如需让当前 workspace 退出该保护，可执行以下命令：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli config risk-control off
+```
+
+如需开启当前 workspace 的保护，可执行以下命令：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli config risk-control on
+```
+
+恢复当前 workspace 默认策略可执行：
+
+```bash
+lark-cli config risk-control default
+```
+
 请您充分知悉全部使用风险，使用本工具即视为您自愿承担相关所有责任。
 
 ## Star History

cmd/auth/auth_test.go

@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ func TestAuthScopesRun_UsesTenantAccessTokenFromCredentialProvider(t *testing.T)
 		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
 	})
 	tokenResolver := &authScopesTokenResolver{}
-	f.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, tokenResolver, nil)
+	f.Credential = newAuthTestCredentialProvider("test-app", tokenResolver)
 
 	appInfoStub := &httpmock.Stub{
 		Method: http.MethodGet,
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ func TestAuthScopesRun_LarkPermissionError_TypedAsPermissionError(t *testing.T)
 		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
 	})
 	tokenResolver := &authScopesTokenResolver{}
-	f.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, tokenResolver, nil)
+	f.Credential = newAuthTestCredentialProvider("test-app", tokenResolver)
 
 	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
 		Method: http.MethodGet,
@@ -485,6 +485,18 @@ type authScopesTokenResolver struct {
 	requests []credential.TokenSpec
 }
 
+type authTestAccountResolver struct {
+	appID string
+}
+
+func (r authTestAccountResolver) ResolveAccount(context.Context) (*credential.Account, error) {
+	return &credential.Account{AppID: r.appID, Brand: core.BrandFeishu}, nil
+}
+
+func newAuthTestCredentialProvider(appID string, tokenResolver credential.DefaultTokenResolver) *credential.CredentialProvider {
+	return credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, authTestAccountResolver{appID: appID}, tokenResolver, nil)
+}
+
 func (r *authScopesTokenResolver) ResolveToken(ctx context.Context, req credential.TokenSpec) (*credential.TokenResult, error) {
 	r.requests = append(r.requests, req)
 	switch req.Type {

cmd/auth/status.go

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ func NewCmdAuthStatus(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*StatusOptions) error) *cobr
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "status",
 		Short: "View current auth status",
+		Long: `Show OAuth user login, token validity, and granted scopes.
+For token-validity checks, run lark-cli auth status --json --verify.
+This is not profile/app selection diagnostics; use lark-cli whoami for the effective app/profile identity used by an invocation.`,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			if runF != nil {
 				return runF(opts)

cmd/auth/status_test.go

@@ -4,15 +4,35 @@
 package auth
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"net/http"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	extcred "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
+	envprovider "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential/env"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
 )
 
+func TestAuthStatusHelpDistinguishesFromWhoami(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := NewCmdAuthStatus(nil, nil)
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		"OAuth user login",
+		"auth status --json --verify",
+		"not profile/app selection diagnostics",
+		"lark-cli whoami",
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(cmd.Long, want) {
+			t.Errorf("auth status --help Long missing %q; got:\n%s", want, cmd.Long)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthStatusRun_SplitsBotAndUserIdentity(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
@@ -79,6 +99,51 @@ func TestAuthStatusRun_VerifyReportsBotIdentity(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+type fixedStatusAccountResolver struct {
+	account *credential.Account
+}
+
+func (r *fixedStatusAccountResolver) ResolveAccount(context.Context) (*credential.Account, error) {
+	return r.account, nil
+}
+
+func TestAuthStatus_AllowsMatchingAppIDOnlySelectedProfile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppID, "cli_a")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppSecret, "")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliUserAccessToken, "")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliTenantAccessToken, "")
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(&core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "tenant_a",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
+			Name:      "tenant_a",
+			AppId:     "cli_a",
+			AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("test-secret"),
+			Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
+		}},
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	config := &core.CliConfig{ProfileName: "tenant_a", AppID: "cli_a", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu}
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, config)
+	f.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(
+		[]extcred.Provider{&envprovider.Provider{}},
+		&fixedStatusAccountResolver{account: credential.AccountFromCliConfig(config)},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	).WithProfileFromFlag("tenant_a")
+
+	cmd := NewCmdAuth(f)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"status", "--json"})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("auth status should use the selected built-in profile: %v", err)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "credentials are provided externally") {
+		t.Fatalf("matching APP_ID-only env was misclassified as external:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
 type statusOutput struct {
 	Identity   string `json:"identity"`
 	Verified   *bool  `json:"verified"`

cmd/bootstrap.go

@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"io"
+	"os"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
 
@@ -26,5 +28,13 @@ func BootstrapInvocationContext(args []string) (cmdutil.InvocationContext, error
 	if err := fs.Parse(args); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, pflag.ErrHelp) {
 		return cmdutil.InvocationContext{}, err
 	}
-	return cmdutil.InvocationContext{Profile: globals.Profile}, nil
+
+	profileFromFlag := fs.Changed("profile")
+	if !profileFromFlag {
+		globals.Profile = os.Getenv(envvars.CliProfile)
+	}
+	return cmdutil.InvocationContext{
+		Profile:         globals.Profile,
+		ProfileFromFlag: profileFromFlag,
+	}, nil
 }

cmd/bootstrap_test.go

@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@
 
 package cmd
 
-import "testing"
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
+)
 
 func TestBootstrapInvocationContext_ProfileFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	inv, err := BootstrapInvocationContext([]string{"--profile", "target", "auth", "status"})
@@ -70,3 +74,58 @@ func TestBootstrapInvocationContext_HelpWithProfile(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("profile = %q, want %q", inv.Profile, "target")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestBootstrapProfileEnvFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("flag wins over env", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv(envvars.CliProfile, "tenant_env")
+		inv, err := BootstrapInvocationContext([]string{"--profile", "tenant_flag", "whoami"})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected err: %v", err)
+		}
+		if inv.Profile != "tenant_flag" {
+			t.Errorf("got %q, want tenant_flag", inv.Profile)
+		}
+		if !inv.ProfileFromFlag {
+			t.Errorf("ProfileFromFlag = false, want true")
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("explicit empty flag clears env selection", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv(envvars.CliProfile, "tenant_env")
+		inv, err := BootstrapInvocationContext([]string{"--profile=", "whoami"})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected err: %v", err)
+		}
+		if inv.Profile != "" {
+			t.Errorf("got %q, want empty", inv.Profile)
+		}
+		if !inv.ProfileFromFlag {
+			t.Errorf("ProfileFromFlag = false, want true")
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("env used when flag absent", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv(envvars.CliProfile, "tenant_env")
+		inv, err := BootstrapInvocationContext([]string{"whoami"})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected err: %v", err)
+		}
+		if inv.Profile != "tenant_env" {
+			t.Errorf("got %q, want tenant_env", inv.Profile)
+		}
+		if inv.ProfileFromFlag {
+			t.Errorf("ProfileFromFlag = true, want false")
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("empty when neither set", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv(envvars.CliProfile, "")
+		inv, err := BootstrapInvocationContext([]string{"whoami"})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected err: %v", err)
+		}
+		if inv.Profile != "" {
+			t.Errorf("got %q, want empty", inv.Profile)
+		}
+		if inv.ProfileFromFlag {
+			t.Errorf("ProfileFromFlag = true, want false")
+		}
+	})
+}

cmd/config/config.go

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ func NewCmdConfig(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 	cmd.AddCommand(NewCmdConfigShow(f, nil))
 	cmd.AddCommand(NewCmdConfigDefaultAs(f))
 	cmd.AddCommand(NewCmdConfigStrictMode(f))
+	cmd.AddCommand(NewCmdConfigRiskControl(f))
 	cmd.AddCommand(NewCmdConfigPolicy(f))
 	cmd.AddCommand(NewCmdConfigPlugins(f))
 	cmd.AddCommand(NewCmdConfigKeychainDowngrade(f))

cmd/config/config_test.go

@@ -84,6 +84,16 @@ func TestConfigShowCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestConfigShowHelpClarifiesSavedConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := NewCmdConfigShow(nil, nil)
+	if !strings.Contains(cmd.Short, "saved config") {
+		t.Errorf("config show short = %q, want saved config", cmd.Short)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(cmd.Long, "lark-cli whoami --json") {
+		t.Errorf("config show help missing whoami route")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestConfigShowRun_NotConfiguredReturnsStructuredError(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
 
@@ -106,6 +116,77 @@ func TestConfigShowRun_NotConfiguredReturnsStructuredError(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// config show promises "saved config, not current usage" (help + skill
+// routing): the session profile (--profile / LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE) must not
+// change what it shows.
+func TestConfigShowRun_IgnoresSessionProfile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "tenant_a",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
+			{Name: "tenant_a", AppId: "cli_a", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("your-secret-a"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
+			{Name: "tenant_b", AppId: "cli_b", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("your-secret-b"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	f.Invocation.Profile = "tenant_b" // session selection must not leak in
+
+	if err := configShowRun(&ConfigShowOptions{Factory: f}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("configShowRun: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, `"cli_a"`) || !strings.Contains(out, `"tenant_a"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("output = %s, want the saved default tenant_a/cli_a", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, `"cli_b"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("output = %s, session profile tenant_b must not change saved-config view", out)
+	}
+}
+
+// engagedEnvStub simulates a fully engaged external credential provider.
+type engagedEnvStub struct{}
+
+func (engagedEnvStub) Name() string  { return "env" }
+func (engagedEnvStub) Priority() int { return 10 }
+func (engagedEnvStub) ResolveAccount(context.Context) (*extcred.Account, error) {
+	return &extcred.Account{AppID: "cli_env", AppSecret: "your-password"}, nil // managed takeover
+}
+func (engagedEnvStub) ResolveToken(context.Context, extcred.TokenSpec) (*extcred.Token, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+// config show inspects the SAVED config only, so the parent command's
+// external-credential gate must not apply: even with a fully engaged direct
+// env credential, `config show` still answers from the saved config.
+func TestConfigShow_BypassesExternalCredentialGate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "tenant_a",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
+			Name: "tenant_a", AppId: "cli_a", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("your-secret-a"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+		}},
+	}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	f.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider([]extcred.Provider{engagedEnvStub{}}, nil, nil, nil)
+
+	cmd := NewCmdConfig(f)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"show"})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("config show must bypass the external-credential gate: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out := stdout.String(); !strings.Contains(out, `"cli_a"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("output = %s, want the saved config shown", out)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestConfigShowRun_NoActiveProfileReturnsStructuredError(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
 	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
@@ -481,7 +562,8 @@ func TestConfigBlockedByExternalProvider(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{"init", []string{"init", "--app-id", "x", "--app-secret-stdin"}},
 		{"remove", []string{"remove"}},
-		{"show", []string{"show"}},
+		// "show" is deliberately absent: it inspects the SAVED config only
+		// and bypasses this gate (TestConfigShow_BypassesExternalCredentialGate).
 		{"default-as", []string{"default-as", "user"}},
 		{"strict-mode", []string{"strict-mode", "off"}},
 	}

cmd/config/risk_control.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+// NewCmdConfigRiskControl creates the workspace risk-control policy command.
+func NewCmdConfigRiskControl(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "risk-control [on|off|default]",
+		Short: "Manage workspace account-protection policy",
+		Long: `View or set the account-protection risk-control policy for this workspace.
+
+Account protection is on by default. Use off to opt this workspace out, on to
+opt it back in explicitly, or default to remove the explicit preference.`,
+		Args: cobra.MaximumNArgs(1),
+		// This is persistent workspace policy, not credential management.
+		PersistentPreRunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
+			cmd.SilenceUsage = true
+			return nil
+		},
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			config, err := core.LoadOrNotConfigured()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				printRiskControl(f, config)
+				return nil
+			}
+
+			switch args[0] {
+			case "on":
+				enabled := true
+				config.RiskControl = &enabled
+			case "off":
+				enabled := false
+				config.RiskControl = &enabled
+			case "default":
+				config.RiskControl = nil
+			default:
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+					"invalid risk-control value %q, valid values: on | off | default", args[0])
+			}
+
+			if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(config); err != nil {
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage,
+					"failed to save risk-control policy: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+			}
+			fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "Risk control set to %s (workspace)\n", args[0])
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, cmdutil.RiskWrite)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func printRiskControl(f *cmdutil.Factory, config *core.MultiAppConfig) {
+	source := "default"
+	if config.RiskControl != nil {
+		source = "workspace"
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.Out, "risk-control: %s (source: %s)\n", riskControlState(config.RiskControlEnabled()), source)
+}
+
+func riskControlState(enabled bool) string {
+	if enabled {
+		return "on"
+	}
+	return "off"
+}

cmd/config/risk_control_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package config
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+func TestRiskControlWorkspacePolicy(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	config := &core.MultiAppConfig{Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
+		AppId: "cli_test", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	}}}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(config); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	cmd := NewCmdConfigRiskControl(f)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"off"})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set off: %v", err)
+	}
+	loaded, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if loaded.RiskControl == nil || *loaded.RiskControl {
+		t.Fatalf("RiskControl = %v, want explicit false", loaded.RiskControl)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "set to off") {
+		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q", stderr.String())
+	}
+
+	stdout.Reset()
+	cmd = NewCmdConfigRiskControl(f)
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("show: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := stdout.String(); got != "risk-control: off (source: workspace)\n" {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout = %q", got)
+	}
+
+	cmd = NewCmdConfigRiskControl(f)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"on"})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set on: %v", err)
+	}
+	loaded, err = core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if loaded.RiskControl == nil || !*loaded.RiskControl {
+		t.Fatalf("RiskControl = %v, want explicit true", loaded.RiskControl)
+	}
+
+	cmd = NewCmdConfigRiskControl(f)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"default"})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("reset default: %v", err)
+	}
+	loaded, err = core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if loaded.RiskControl != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RiskControl = %v, want nil", loaded.RiskControl)
+	}
+
+	stdout.Reset()
+	cmd = NewCmdConfigRiskControl(f)
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("show default: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := stdout.String(); got != "risk-control: on (source: default)\n" {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout = %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRiskControlWorkspacePolicyRejectsInvalidValue(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(&core.MultiAppConfig{Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
+		AppId: "cli_test", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	}}}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	cmd := NewCmdConfigRiskControl(f)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"invalid"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want *errs.ValidationError", err, err)
+	}
+	if validationErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", validationErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRiskControlWorkspacePolicyAllowedWithExternalCredentials(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newConfigFactoryWithExternalProvider(t)
+	config := &core.MultiAppConfig{Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
+		AppId: "cli_test", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	}}}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(config); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	cmd := NewCmdConfig(f)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"risk-control", "off"})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set off with external credentials: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	loaded, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if loaded.RiskControl == nil || *loaded.RiskControl {
+		t.Fatalf("RiskControl = %v, want explicit false", loaded.RiskControl)
+	}
+}

cmd/config/show.go

@@ -27,7 +27,16 @@ func NewCmdConfigShow(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*ConfigShowOptions) error) *
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "show",
-		Short: "Show current configuration",
+		Short: "Show saved config",
+		Long:  "Shows saved config. To see the app/profile lark-cli is using now, run `lark-cli whoami --json`.",
+		// Override parent's RequireBuiltinCredentialProvider check: this
+		// command reads the SAVED config only (its own help promises "saved
+		// config, not current usage"), so the currently effective credential
+		// source — external or otherwise — must not gate it.
+		PersistentPreRunE: func(c *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
+			c.SilenceUsage = true
+			return nil
+		},
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			if runF != nil {
 				return runF(opts)
@@ -53,7 +62,10 @@ func configShowRun(opts *ConfigShowOptions) error {
 	if config == nil || len(config.Apps) == 0 {
 		return core.NotConfiguredError()
 	}
-	app := config.CurrentAppConfig(f.Invocation.Profile)
+	// Saved config only: the session profile (--profile / LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE)
+	// must not change what this command shows — the help and skill routing
+	// promise "saved config, not current usage" (use whoami for that).
+	app := config.CurrentAppConfig("")
 	if app == nil {
 		return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "no active profile").WithHint("run: lark-cli profile list")
 	}

cmd/event/consume_test.go

@@ -110,8 +110,20 @@ func (failingTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, _ credential.TokenSp
 	return nil, errors.New("backend unavailable")
 }
 
+type eventTestAccountResolver struct {
+	appID string
+}
+
+func (r eventTestAccountResolver) ResolveAccount(context.Context) (*credential.Account, error) {
+	return &credential.Account{AppID: r.appID}, nil
+}
+
+func newEventTestCredentialProvider(appID string, tokenResolver credential.DefaultTokenResolver) *credential.CredentialProvider {
+	return credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, eventTestAccountResolver{appID: appID}, tokenResolver, nil)
+}
+
 func factoryWithResolver(r credential.DefaultTokenResolver) *cmdutil.Factory {
-	return &cmdutil.Factory{Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, r, nil)}
+	return &cmdutil.Factory{Credential: newEventTestCredentialProvider("cli_x", r)}
 }
 
 func TestResolveTenantToken_EmptyTokenResult(t *testing.T) {

cmd/event/runtime_test.go

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func newTestConsumeRuntime(rt http.RoundTripper) *consumeRuntime {
 		client: &client.APIClient{
 			SDK:        sdk,
 			ErrOut:     io.Discard,
-			Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &staticTokenResolver{}, nil),
+			Credential: newEventTestCredentialProvider("test-app", &staticTokenResolver{}),
 			Config:     &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
 		},
 		accessIdentity: core.AsBot,

cmd/profile/list.go

@@ -17,11 +17,14 @@ import (
 )
 
 // profileListItem is the JSON output for a single profile entry.
+// `default` (formerly `active`, renamed in this feature as a declared
+// breaking change) marks the saved default profile — never the identity
+// effective for the current invocation; that is whoami's job.
 type profileListItem struct {
 	Name        string         `json:"name"`
 	AppID       string         `json:"appId"`
 	Brand       core.LarkBrand `json:"brand"`
-	Active      bool           `json:"active"`
+	Default     bool           `json:"default"`
 	User        string         `json:"user,omitempty"`
 	TokenStatus string         `json:"tokenStatus,omitempty"`
 }
@@ -30,7 +33,8 @@ type profileListItem struct {
 func NewCmdProfileList(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "list",
-		Short: "List all profiles",
+		Short: "List saved profiles",
+		Long:  "Lists saved profiles. To see the app/profile lark-cli is using now, run `lark-cli whoami --json`.",
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			return profileListRun(f)
 		},
@@ -53,7 +57,7 @@ func profileListRun(f *cmdutil.Factory) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Intentionally uses "" to show the persistent active profile, not the ephemeral --profile override.
+	// Intentionally uses "" to show the saved default profile, not the ephemeral --profile override.
 	currentApp := multi.CurrentAppConfig("")
 	currentName := ""
 	if currentApp != nil {
@@ -66,10 +70,10 @@ func profileListRun(f *cmdutil.Factory) error {
 		name := app.ProfileName()
 
 		item := profileListItem{
-			Name:   name,
-			AppID:  app.AppId,
-			Brand:  app.Brand,
-			Active: name == currentName,
+			Name:    name,
+			AppID:   app.AppId,
+			Brand:   app.Brand,
+			Default: name == currentName,
 		}
 
 		if len(app.Users) > 0 {

cmd/profile/profile.go

@@ -14,6 +14,17 @@ func NewCmdProfile(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "profile",
 		Short: "Manage configuration profiles",
+		Long: `Profiles are named app identities managed by lark-cli.
+
+Identity diagnostics and profile selection:
+  lark-cli whoami --json       Show the app/profile lark-cli is using now.
+  lark-cli auth status --json --verify  Verify OAuth login and token state.
+  --profile <name>             Use a profile for this command only.
+  LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE        Use a profile for the current shell / agent session.
+  config show / profile list   Inspect saved config, not current usage.
+  unset LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE  Clear the session profile and fall back to direct app env or configured default.
+
+A selected profile takes precedence over matching direct env credentials and tokens.`,
 	}
 	cmdutil.DisableAuthCheck(cmd)
 	cmdutil.SetTips(cmd, []string{

cmd/profile/profile_test.go

@@ -306,14 +306,24 @@ func TestProfileListRun_OutputsProfiles(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Unmarshal() error = %v; output=%s", err, stdout.String())
 	}
+	raw := stdout.String()
+	// `active` is renamed to `default` as a declared breaking change: keeping
+	// a permanently mirrored alias would keep misleading agents into reading
+	// it as the currently effective identity (whoami's job).
+	if strings.Contains(raw, `"active"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("profile list output contains renamed active field: %s", raw)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(raw, `"default"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("profile list output missing default field: %s", raw)
+	}
 	if len(got) != 2 {
 		t.Fatalf("len(got) = %d, want 2", len(got))
 	}
-	if got[0].Name != "default" || !got[0].Active {
-		t.Fatalf("got[0] = %#v, want active default profile", got[0])
+	if got[0].Name != "default" || !got[0].Default {
+		t.Fatalf("got[0] = %#v, want configured default profile", got[0])
 	}
-	if got[1].Name != "target" || got[1].Active {
-		t.Fatalf("got[1] = %#v, want inactive target profile", got[1])
+	if got[1].Name != "target" || got[1].Default {
+		t.Fatalf("got[1] = %#v, want non-default target profile", got[1])
 	}
 }
 
@@ -627,6 +637,39 @@ func TestProfileRemoveRun_ValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+// TestProfileHelpHasSelectionSection asserts `profile --help` documents the
+// per-invocation flag and session-scoped env var for selecting a profile, so
+// users and AI agents can find LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE without reading source.
+func TestProfileHelpHasSelectionSection(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := NewCmdProfile(nil)
+	if !strings.Contains(cmd.Long, "Identity diagnostics and profile selection:") {
+		t.Errorf("profile --help missing identity diagnostics and profile selection section")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(cmd.Long, "LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE") {
+		t.Errorf("profile --help missing LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(cmd.Long, "lark-cli whoami --json") {
+		t.Errorf("profile --help missing whoami identity route")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(cmd.Long, "config show / profile list") {
+		t.Errorf("profile --help missing saved-config boundary")
+	}
+	const precedence = "A selected profile takes precedence over matching direct env credentials and tokens."
+	if !strings.Contains(cmd.Long, precedence) {
+		t.Errorf("profile --help missing precedence statement %q", precedence)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProfileListHelpClarifiesSavedProfiles(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := NewCmdProfileList(nil)
+	if !strings.Contains(cmd.Short, "saved profiles") {
+		t.Errorf("profile list short = %q, want saved profiles", cmd.Short)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(cmd.Long, "lark-cli whoami --json") {
+		t.Errorf("profile list help missing whoami route")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestProfileListRun_InvalidConfigReturnsValidationError(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := setupProfileConfigDir(t)
 	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "config.json"), []byte("{invalid json"), 0600); err != nil {

cmd/whoami/whoami.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/identitydiag"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
@@ -33,6 +34,15 @@ type whoamiResult struct {
 	TokenStatus    string         `json:"tokenStatus"`
 	OnBehalfOf     *delegatedUser `json:"onBehalfOf,omitempty"`
 	Hint           string         `json:"hint,omitempty"`
+
+	// CredentialSource, Explicit, and DirectCredentialEnv surface the cached
+	// credential.IdentitySelection computed during resolution (not re-inferred
+	// here). On the non-env extension-provider path CredentialSource is
+	// "extension:<provider>" (e.g. "extension:sidecar"); an empty value only
+	// means the selection was never resolved.
+	CredentialSource    string                         `json:"credentialSource"`
+	Explicit            bool                           `json:"explicit"`
+	DirectCredentialEnv credential.DirectCredentialEnv `json:"directCredentialEnv"`
 }
 
 // delegatedUser is the user a user-identity acts on behalf of.
@@ -58,6 +68,10 @@ func NewCmdWhoami(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "whoami",
 		Short: "Show the current effective identity, app, profile, and token status (JSON)",
+		Long: `Show the effective app identity used by this invocation. This is not OAuth login status;
+use ` + "`lark-cli auth status --json`" + ` for OAuth user/token state.
+The JSON output includes credentialSource, appId, brand, and whether direct app credential
+env is present and matches the selected profile.`,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			return whoamiRun(cmd, opts)
 		},
@@ -97,7 +111,17 @@ func whoamiRun(cmd *cobra.Command, opts *Options) error {
 		f.ResolveStrictMode(ctx).ForcedIdentity(),
 	)
 	diag := identitydiag.Diagnose(ctx, f, cfg, false)
-	res := buildResult(cfg, as, source, diag)
+	// Read the cached selection computed during resolution; never re-infer it
+	// here. A resolution failure (e.g. under a non-env extension provider that
+	// doesn't populate a selection) degrades to the zero value rather than
+	// regressing whoami's own error/diagnostic path above.
+	var selection credential.IdentitySelection
+	if f.Credential != nil {
+		if sel, err := f.Credential.Selection(ctx); err == nil {
+			selection = sel
+		}
+	}
+	res := buildResult(cfg, as, source, diag, selection)
 	output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, res)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -122,18 +146,23 @@ func resolveSource(changedAs bool, flagAs core.Identity, autoDetected bool, stri
 
 // buildResult maps the resolved identity and local diagnostics into the output.
 // ResolveAs only ever returns user or bot, so the default branch handles user.
-func buildResult(cfg *core.CliConfig, as core.Identity, source string, diag identitydiag.Result) *whoamiResult {
+// selection is the cached credential.IdentitySelection from resolution; it is
+// read as-is, never recomputed.
+func buildResult(cfg *core.CliConfig, as core.Identity, source string, diag identitydiag.Result, selection credential.IdentitySelection) *whoamiResult {
 	defaultAs := cfg.DefaultAs
 	if defaultAs == "" {
 		defaultAs = core.AsAuto
 	}
 	res := &whoamiResult{
-		Profile:        cfg.ProfileName,
-		AppID:          cfg.AppID,
-		Brand:          cfg.Brand,
-		DefaultAs:      string(defaultAs),
-		Identity:       string(as),
-		IdentitySource: source,
+		Profile:             cfg.ProfileName,
+		AppID:               cfg.AppID,
+		Brand:               cfg.Brand,
+		DefaultAs:           string(defaultAs),
+		Identity:            string(as),
+		IdentitySource:      source,
+		CredentialSource:    string(selection.Source),
+		Explicit:            selection.Explicit(),
+		DirectCredentialEnv: selection.DirectCredentialEnv,
 	}
 	// Use the diagnosed hint as-is: it is tailored to the credential source, so
 	// it never says "auth login" when that is blocked under an external provider.

cmd/whoami/whoami_test.go

@@ -15,10 +15,13 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	extcred "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
+	envprovider "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential/env"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/identitydiag"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/keychain"
 )
 
 func TestResolveSource(t *testing.T) {
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ func TestBuildResult_UserValid(t *testing.T) {
 	diag := identitydiag.Result{
 		User: identitydiag.Identity{Available: true, Status: "ready", TokenStatus: "valid", OpenID: "ou_x", UserName: "Alice"},
 	}
-	r := buildResult(cfg, core.AsUser, "auto_detect", diag)
+	r := buildResult(cfg, core.AsUser, "auto_detect", diag, credential.IdentitySelection{})
 
 	if r.Identity != "user" || r.IdentitySource != "auto_detect" {
 		t.Fatalf("identity/source = %q/%q", r.Identity, r.IdentitySource)
@@ -77,7 +80,7 @@ func TestBuildResult_UserMissingToken(t *testing.T) {
 	diag := identitydiag.Result{
 		User: identitydiag.Identity{Available: false, Status: "missing", Hint: "run: lark-cli auth login --help"}, // never logged in
 	}
-	r := buildResult(cfg, core.AsUser, "auto_detect", diag)
+	r := buildResult(cfg, core.AsUser, "auto_detect", diag, credential.IdentitySelection{})
 
 	if r.Available {
 		t.Fatalf("available = true, want false")
@@ -100,7 +103,7 @@ func TestBuildResult_BotReady(t *testing.T) {
 	diag := identitydiag.Result{
 		Bot: identitydiag.Identity{Available: true, Status: "ready"},
 	}
-	r := buildResult(cfg, core.AsBot, "default_as", diag)
+	r := buildResult(cfg, core.AsBot, "default_as", diag, credential.IdentitySelection{})
 
 	if r.Identity != "bot" || r.IdentitySource != "default_as" {
 		t.Fatalf("identity/source = %q/%q", r.Identity, r.IdentitySource)
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@ func TestBuildResult_BotNotConfigured(t *testing.T) {
 	diag := identitydiag.Result{
 		Bot: identitydiag.Identity{Available: false, Status: "not_configured", Hint: "run: lark-cli config --help"},
 	}
-	r := buildResult(cfg, core.AsBot, "auto_detect", diag)
+	r := buildResult(cfg, core.AsBot, "auto_detect", diag, credential.IdentitySelection{})
 
 	if r.Available {
 		t.Fatalf("available = true, want false")
@@ -318,3 +321,94 @@ func TestWhoami_ExternalProvider_UserHintNotKeychain(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("hint should explain external management: %q", got.Hint)
 	}
 }
+
+// noopWhoamiKeychain is a no-op KeychainAccess; the profile below uses a
+// plaintext secret, so no keychain lookup is actually required.
+type noopWhoamiKeychain struct{}
+
+func (noopWhoamiKeychain) Get(service, account string) (string, error) { return "", nil }
+func (noopWhoamiKeychain) Set(service, account, value string) error    { return nil }
+func (noopWhoamiKeychain) Remove(service, account string) error        { return nil }
+
+// credentialSourceSecret is the profile secret written to config for
+// TestWhoamiIncludesCredentialSource. It must never leak into whoami's output
+// (security: never leak a secret).
+const credentialSourceSecret = "test-secret"
+
+// profileSelectionFactory builds a Factory whose CredentialProvider resolves
+// an explicit profile ("tenant_a") supplied via the LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE env
+// fallback (not --profile), so Selection().Source resolves to
+// env:LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE and Explicit() is true, with no direct
+// app-credential env vars present.
+func profileSelectionFactory(t *testing.T) (*cmdutil.Factory, *bytes.Buffer) {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppID, "")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppSecret, "")
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "tenant_a",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
+			Name:      "tenant_a",
+			AppId:     "cli_a",
+			AppSecret: core.PlainSecret(credentialSourceSecret),
+			Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
+		}},
+	}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	defaultAcct := credential.NewDefaultAccountProvider(func() keychain.KeychainAccess { return noopWhoamiKeychain{} }, "tenant_a")
+	cred := credential.NewCredentialProvider([]extcred.Provider{&envprovider.Provider{}}, defaultAcct, nil, nil)
+	cred.WithProfileFromEnv("tenant_a")
+
+	cfg := &core.CliConfig{ProfileName: "tenant_a", AppID: "cli_a", AppSecret: credentialSourceSecret, Brand: core.BrandFeishu}
+	out := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	f := &cmdutil.Factory{
+		Config:     func() (*core.CliConfig, error) { return cfg, nil },
+		Credential: cred,
+		IOStreams:  &cmdutil.IOStreams{Out: out, ErrOut: &bytes.Buffer{}},
+	}
+	return f, out
+}
+
+// TestWhoamiIncludesCredentialSource locks in the diagnostic fields surfaced
+// from the cached credential.IdentitySelection: credentialSource,
+// explicit, and directCredentialEnv. whoami must read the cached selection
+// as-is, not re-infer it.
+func TestWhoamiIncludesCredentialSource(t *testing.T) {
+	f, out := profileSelectionFactory(t)
+
+	cmd := NewCmdWhoami(f)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	raw := out.String()
+	if strings.Contains(raw, credentialSourceSecret) {
+		t.Fatalf("whoami output leaked the profile secret: %s", raw)
+	}
+
+	var got whoamiResult
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(out.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("json.Unmarshal() error = %v\n%s", err, raw)
+	}
+	if got.CredentialSource != string(credential.SourceEnvProfile) {
+		t.Fatalf("credentialSource = %q, want %q", got.CredentialSource, credential.SourceEnvProfile)
+	}
+	if !got.Explicit {
+		t.Fatalf("explicit = false, want true")
+	}
+	if got.DirectCredentialEnv.Present {
+		t.Fatalf("directCredentialEnv.present = true, want false: %#v", got.DirectCredentialEnv)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(raw, `"credentialSource": "env:LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("raw JSON missing credentialSource literal: %s", raw)
+	}
+	if got.DirectCredentialEnv.Present || len(got.DirectCredentialEnv.Keys) != 0 ||
+		got.DirectCredentialEnv.AppID != "" || got.DirectCredentialEnv.Matched || got.DirectCredentialEnv.ConflictsWithProfile {
+		t.Fatalf("directCredentialEnv = %#v, want only present:false set", got.DirectCredentialEnv)
+	}
+}

errs/ERROR_CONTRACT.md

@@ -67,6 +67,17 @@ Typed errors render to **stderr** as one JSON object per process exit:
 | `error.params` | per-Subtype-stable | per-parameter validation detail array (`ValidationError`); see **Validation parameters** |
 | per-Subtype extension fields | per-Subtype-stable | e.g. `missing_scopes`, `console_url`, `challenge_url` |
 
+Credential/identity-selection extension fields (per-Subtype-stable):
+
+| Field | Carrier | Subtypes | Notes |
+|-------|---------|----------|-------|
+| `missing_keys` | `ConfigError` | `app_credential_incomplete` | env var NAMES that must all be set; never values |
+| `required_any_of` | `ConfigError` | `app_credential_incomplete` | env var NAMES where any one completes the credential; mutually exclusive with `missing_keys` |
+| `profile` | `ConfigError` | `profile_not_found`, `profile_secret_invalid` | requested profile name |
+| `app_id` | `ConfigError` | `profile_secret_invalid` | plaintext app id; never a secret |
+| `credential_source` | `ConfigError` | `profile_not_found`, `no_active_profile` | how the identity was (not) chosen: `flag:--profile` \| `env:LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE` \| `config` |
+| `profile_app_id`, `env_app_id` | `ValidationError` | `profile_app_credential_conflict` | the two conflicting plaintext app ids |
+
 `SecurityPolicyError` renders through the same typed envelope as every
 other category. `error.type` is `"policy"`, `error.subtype` is one of
 `challenge_required` / `access_denied`, and process exit is `6` via

errs/marshal_test.go

@@ -136,6 +136,79 @@ func TestConfigError_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestConfigError_ProfileFieldsMarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	ce := NewConfigError(SubtypeAppCredentialIncomplete, "incomplete").
+		WithMissingKeys("LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID", "LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_SECRET").
+		WithRequiredAnyOf("LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_SECRET", "LARKSUITE_CLI_USER_ACCESS_TOKEN").
+		WithProfile("work").
+		WithAppID("cli_abc").
+		WithCredentialSource("flag:--profile")
+	b, err := json.Marshal(ce)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	s := string(b)
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		`"type":"config"`,
+		`"subtype":"app_credential_incomplete"`,
+		`"missing_keys":["LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID","LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_SECRET"]`,
+		`"required_any_of":["LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_SECRET","LARKSUITE_CLI_USER_ACCESS_TOKEN"]`,
+		`"profile":"work"`,
+		`"app_id":"cli_abc"`,
+		`"credential_source":"flag:--profile"`,
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(s, want) {
+			t.Errorf("missing %q in %s", want, s)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// omitempty: unset fields must not appear on the wire.
+	empty := NewConfigError(SubtypeProfileNotFound, "x")
+	b2, err := json.Marshal(empty)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	s2 := string(b2)
+	for _, notWant := range []string{`"missing_keys"`, `"required_any_of"`, `"profile"`, `"app_id"`, `"credential_source"`} {
+		if strings.Contains(s2, notWant) {
+			t.Errorf("%q should be omitted when empty; got %s", notWant, s2)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidationError_ProfileConflictMarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	ve := NewValidationError(SubtypeProfileAppCredentialConflict, "conflict").
+		WithProfileAppConflict("cli_profile", "cli_env")
+	b, err := json.Marshal(ve)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	s := string(b)
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		`"type":"validation"`,
+		`"subtype":"profile_app_credential_conflict"`,
+		`"profile_app_id":"cli_profile"`,
+		`"env_app_id":"cli_env"`,
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(s, want) {
+			t.Errorf("missing %q in %s", want, s)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// omitempty: unset conflict fields must not appear on the wire.
+	empty := NewValidationError(SubtypeInvalidArgument, "x")
+	b2, err := json.Marshal(empty)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	s2 := string(b2)
+	for _, notWant := range []string{`"profile_app_id"`, `"env_app_id"`} {
+		if strings.Contains(s2, notWant) {
+			t.Errorf("%q should be omitted when empty; got %s", notWant, s2)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestNetworkError_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	ne := &NetworkError{
 		Problem: Problem{Category: CategoryNetwork, Subtype: SubtypeNetworkTimeout, Message: "dial timeout"},

errs/subtypes.go

@@ -12,8 +12,9 @@ const (
 
 // CategoryValidation subtypes
 const (
-	SubtypeInvalidArgument    Subtype = "invalid_argument"    // user-supplied flag / arg failed validation (gRPC INVALID_ARGUMENT alignment)
-	SubtypeFailedPrecondition Subtype = "failed_precondition" // request is valid but the system/resource state is not in the state required to execute; caller must change state (not retry) — e.g. ambiguous remote mapping (gRPC FAILED_PRECONDITION alignment)
+	SubtypeInvalidArgument              Subtype = "invalid_argument"                // user-supplied flag / arg failed validation (gRPC INVALID_ARGUMENT alignment)
+	SubtypeFailedPrecondition           Subtype = "failed_precondition"             // request is valid but the system/resource state is not in the state required to execute; caller must change state (not retry) — e.g. ambiguous remote mapping (gRPC FAILED_PRECONDITION alignment)
+	SubtypeProfileAppCredentialConflict Subtype = "profile_app_credential_conflict" // profile and direct app env both set but app_id differs
 )
 
 // CategoryAuthentication subtypes
@@ -41,9 +42,13 @@ const (
 
 // CategoryConfig subtypes
 const (
-	SubtypeInvalidClient Subtype = "invalid_client" // app_id / app_secret incorrect (RFC 6749 §5.2 alignment)
-	SubtypeNotConfigured Subtype = "not_configured" // local config file absent (user has not run `config init`)
-	SubtypeInvalidConfig Subtype = "invalid_config" // local config file present but malformed
+	SubtypeInvalidClient           Subtype = "invalid_client"            // app_id / app_secret incorrect (RFC 6749 §5.2 alignment)
+	SubtypeNotConfigured           Subtype = "not_configured"            // local config file absent (user has not run `config init`)
+	SubtypeInvalidConfig           Subtype = "invalid_config"            // local config file present but malformed
+	SubtypeProfileNotFound         Subtype = "profile_not_found"         // --profile / LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE points to a nonexistent profile
+	SubtypeNoActiveProfile         Subtype = "no_active_profile"         // no active identity input and no usable default profile
+	SubtypeAppCredentialIncomplete Subtype = "app_credential_incomplete" // direct app env missing app_id or app_secret
+	SubtypeProfileSecretInvalid    Subtype = "profile_secret_invalid"    // profile exists but its secret cannot be resolved locally
 )
 
 // CategoryNetwork subtypes

errs/types.go

@@ -61,9 +61,11 @@ type TypedError interface {
 // it is intentionally not serialized.
 type ValidationError struct {
 	Problem
-	Param  string         `json:"param,omitempty"`
-	Params []InvalidParam `json:"params,omitempty"`
-	Cause  error          `json:"-"`
+	Param        string         `json:"param,omitempty"`
+	Params       []InvalidParam `json:"params,omitempty"`
+	ProfileAppID string         `json:"profile_app_id,omitempty"`
+	EnvAppID     string         `json:"env_app_id,omitempty"`
+	Cause        error          `json:"-"`
 }
 
 // InvalidParam is one structured validation diagnostic: the parameter that
@@ -150,6 +152,12 @@ func (e *ValidationError) WithCause(cause error) *ValidationError {
 	return e
 }
 
+func (e *ValidationError) WithProfileAppConflict(profileAppID, envAppID string) *ValidationError {
+	e.ProfileAppID = profileAppID
+	e.EnvAppID = envAppID
+	return e
+}
+
 // =========================== AuthenticationError =============================
 
 // AuthenticationError is the typed error for CategoryAuthentication.
@@ -315,8 +323,18 @@ func (e *PermissionError) WithCause(cause error) *PermissionError {
 // intentionally not serialized.
 type ConfigError struct {
 	Problem
-	Field string `json:"field,omitempty"`
-	Cause error  `json:"-"`
+	Field         string   `json:"field,omitempty"`
+	MissingKeys   []string `json:"missing_keys,omitempty"`
+	RequiredAnyOf []string `json:"required_any_of,omitempty"`
+	Profile       string   `json:"profile,omitempty"`
+	AppID         string   `json:"app_id,omitempty"`
+	// CredentialSource is the machine-readable App/credential selection source
+	// that produced this config error (e.g. "flag:--profile",
+	// "env:LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE", "config"). It is required on
+	// profile_not_found and no_active_profile so an agent can branch
+	// on how the identity was (or was not) chosen. It is never a secret.
+	CredentialSource string `json:"credential_source,omitempty"`
+	Cause            error  `json:"-"`
 }
 
 // Unwrap is nil-receiver safe; see ValidationError.Unwrap.
@@ -370,6 +388,34 @@ func (e *ConfigError) WithField(field string) *ConfigError {
 	return e
 }
 
+func (e *ConfigError) WithMissingKeys(keys ...string) *ConfigError {
+	e.MissingKeys = slices.Clone(keys)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *ConfigError) WithRequiredAnyOf(keys ...string) *ConfigError {
+	e.RequiredAnyOf = slices.Clone(keys)
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *ConfigError) WithProfile(name string) *ConfigError {
+	e.Profile = name
+	return e
+}
+
+func (e *ConfigError) WithAppID(appID string) *ConfigError {
+	e.AppID = appID
+	return e
+}
+
+// WithCredentialSource records the machine-readable credential-selection source
+// on the wire (snake_case credential_source). The value is an enum string
+// (e.g. "flag:--profile", "config"), never a secret.
+func (e *ConfigError) WithCredentialSource(source string) *ConfigError {
+	e.CredentialSource = source
+	return e
+}
+
 func (e *ConfigError) WithCause(cause error) *ConfigError {
 	e.Cause = cause
 	return e

errs/types_test.go

@@ -643,3 +643,29 @@ func TestBuilderSetter_DefensiveCopy(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 }
+
+// ======================= Profile selection error subtypes =======================
+
+func TestConfigErrorProfileFields(t *testing.T) {
+	e := errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeAppCredentialIncomplete, "incomplete").
+		WithMissingKeys("LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID").
+		WithCredentialSource("env:LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE")
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(e)
+	if !ok || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeAppCredentialIncomplete {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype mismatch: %+v", p)
+	}
+	if len(e.MissingKeys) != 1 || e.MissingKeys[0] != "LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID" {
+		t.Errorf("missing_keys not set: %v", e.MissingKeys)
+	}
+	if e.CredentialSource != "env:LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE" {
+		t.Errorf("credential_source not set: %q", e.CredentialSource)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidationErrorProfileConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	e := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeProfileAppCredentialConflict, "conflict").
+		WithProfileAppConflict("cli_profile", "cli_env")
+	if e.ProfileAppID != "cli_profile" || e.EnvAppID != "cli_env" {
+		t.Errorf("conflict fields not set: %q %q", e.ProfileAppID, e.EnvAppID)
+	}
+}

extension/credential/env/env.go

@@ -23,63 +23,89 @@ func (p *Provider) ResolveAccount(ctx context.Context) (*credential.Account, err
 	appSecret := os.Getenv(envvars.CliAppSecret)
 	hasUAT := os.Getenv(envvars.CliUserAccessToken) != ""
 	hasTAT := os.Getenv(envvars.CliTenantAccessToken) != ""
-	if appID == "" && appSecret == "" {
-		switch {
-		case hasUAT:
-			return nil, &credential.BlockError{Provider: "env", Reason: envvars.CliUserAccessToken + " is set but " + envvars.CliAppID + " is missing"}
-		case hasTAT:
-			return nil, &credential.BlockError{Provider: "env", Reason: envvars.CliTenantAccessToken + " is set but " + envvars.CliAppID + " is missing"}
-		default:
-			return nil, nil
-		}
+	presentKeys := presentCredentialEnvKeys(appID, appSecret, hasUAT, hasTAT)
+	if len(presentKeys) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
 	}
-	if appID == "" {
-		return nil, &credential.BlockError{Provider: "env", Reason: envvars.CliAppSecret + " is set but " + envvars.CliAppID + " is missing"}
-	}
-	if appSecret == "" && !hasUAT && !hasTAT {
-		return nil, &credential.BlockError{
-			Provider: "env",
-			Reason:   envvars.CliAppID + " is set but no app secret or access token is available",
-		}
-	}
-	brand := credential.Brand(core.ParseBrand(os.Getenv(envvars.CliBrand)))
-	acct := &credential.Account{AppID: appID, AppSecret: appSecret, Brand: brand}
 
-	switch id := credential.Identity(os.Getenv(envvars.CliDefaultAs)); id {
-	case "", credential.IdentityAuto:
-		acct.DefaultAs = id
-	case credential.IdentityUser, credential.IdentityBot:
-		acct.DefaultAs = id
+	// Identity policy variables are validated whenever a direct credential
+	// input is present. Their errors must not be hidden by a later credential
+	// completeness check or profile arbitration.
+	defaultAs := credential.Identity(os.Getenv(envvars.CliDefaultAs))
+	switch defaultAs {
+	case "", credential.IdentityAuto, credential.IdentityUser, credential.IdentityBot:
 	default:
 		return nil, &credential.BlockError{
 			Provider: "env",
-			Reason:   fmt.Sprintf("invalid %s %q (want user, bot, or auto)", envvars.CliDefaultAs, id),
+			Reason:   fmt.Sprintf("invalid %s %q (want user, bot, or auto)", envvars.CliDefaultAs, defaultAs),
+			Code:     credential.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy,
+			Param:    envvars.CliDefaultAs,
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Explicit strict mode policy takes priority
-	switch strictMode := os.Getenv(envvars.CliStrictMode); strictMode {
+	strictMode := os.Getenv(envvars.CliStrictMode)
+	var supported credential.IdentitySupport
+	switch strictMode {
 	case "bot":
-		acct.SupportedIdentities = credential.SupportsBot
+		supported = credential.SupportsBot
 	case "user":
-		acct.SupportedIdentities = credential.SupportsUser
+		supported = credential.SupportsUser
 	case "off":
-		acct.SupportedIdentities = credential.SupportsAll
+		supported = credential.SupportsAll
 	case "":
-		// Infer from available tokens
 		if hasUAT {
-			acct.SupportedIdentities |= credential.SupportsUser
+			supported |= credential.SupportsUser
 		}
 		if hasTAT {
-			acct.SupportedIdentities |= credential.SupportsBot
+			supported |= credential.SupportsBot
 		}
 	default:
 		return nil, &credential.BlockError{
 			Provider: "env",
 			Reason:   fmt.Sprintf("invalid %s %q (want bot, user, or off)", envvars.CliStrictMode, strictMode),
+			Code:     credential.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy,
+			Param:    envvars.CliStrictMode,
 		}
 	}
 
+	if appID == "" && appSecret == "" {
+		switch {
+		case hasUAT:
+			return nil, incompleteCredentialError(
+				appID,
+				envvars.CliUserAccessToken+" is set but "+envvars.CliAppID+" is missing",
+				[]string{envvars.CliAppID}, nil, presentKeys)
+		case hasTAT:
+			return nil, incompleteCredentialError(
+				appID,
+				envvars.CliTenantAccessToken+" is set but "+envvars.CliAppID+" is missing",
+				[]string{envvars.CliAppID}, nil, presentKeys)
+		}
+	}
+	if appID == "" {
+		return nil, incompleteCredentialError(
+			appID,
+			envvars.CliAppSecret+" is set but "+envvars.CliAppID+" is missing",
+			[]string{envvars.CliAppID}, nil, presentKeys)
+	}
+	if appSecret == "" && !hasUAT && !hasTAT {
+		return nil, incompleteCredentialError(
+			appID,
+			envvars.CliAppID+" is set but no app secret or access token is available",
+			nil,
+			[]string{envvars.CliAppSecret, envvars.CliUserAccessToken, envvars.CliTenantAccessToken},
+			presentKeys)
+	}
+	brand := credential.Brand(core.ParseBrand(os.Getenv(envvars.CliBrand)))
+	acct := &credential.Account{
+		AppID:               appID,
+		AppSecret:           appSecret,
+		Brand:               brand,
+		DefaultAs:           defaultAs,
+		SupportedIdentities: supported,
+		Kind:                credential.AccountDirect,
+	}
+
 	if acct.DefaultAs == "" {
 		switch {
 		case hasUAT:
@@ -92,6 +118,35 @@ func (p *Provider) ResolveAccount(ctx context.Context) (*credential.Account, err
 	return acct, nil
 }
 
+func incompleteCredentialError(appID, reason string, missingKeys, requiredAnyOf, presentKeys []string) *credential.BlockError {
+	return &credential.BlockError{
+		Provider:      "env",
+		Reason:        reason,
+		Code:          credential.BlockReasonCredentialIncomplete,
+		MissingKeys:   missingKeys,
+		RequiredAnyOf: requiredAnyOf,
+		PresentKeys:   presentKeys,
+		AppID:         appID,
+	}
+}
+
+func presentCredentialEnvKeys(appID, appSecret string, hasUAT, hasTAT bool) []string {
+	var keys []string
+	if appID != "" {
+		keys = append(keys, envvars.CliAppID)
+	}
+	if appSecret != "" {
+		keys = append(keys, envvars.CliAppSecret)
+	}
+	if hasUAT {
+		keys = append(keys, envvars.CliUserAccessToken)
+	}
+	if hasTAT {
+		keys = append(keys, envvars.CliTenantAccessToken)
+	}
+	return keys
+}
+
 func (p *Provider) ResolveToken(ctx context.Context, req credential.TokenSpec) (*credential.Token, error) {
 	var envKey string
 	switch req.Type {

extension/credential/env/env_test.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package env
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -47,6 +48,22 @@ func TestResolveAccount_OnlyIDSet(t *testing.T) {
 	if !errors.As(err, &blockErr) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected BlockError, got %v", err)
 	}
+	if blockErr.Code != credential.BlockReasonCredentialIncomplete {
+		t.Fatalf("Code = %q, want %q", blockErr.Code, credential.BlockReasonCredentialIncomplete)
+	}
+	want := []string{envvars.CliAppSecret, envvars.CliUserAccessToken, envvars.CliTenantAccessToken}
+	if !slices.Equal(blockErr.RequiredAnyOf, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("RequiredAnyOf = %v, want %v", blockErr.RequiredAnyOf, want)
+	}
+	if len(blockErr.MissingKeys) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("MissingKeys = %v, want empty", blockErr.MissingKeys)
+	}
+	if !slices.Equal(blockErr.PresentKeys, []string{envvars.CliAppID}) {
+		t.Fatalf("PresentKeys = %v, want [%s]", blockErr.PresentKeys, envvars.CliAppID)
+	}
+	if blockErr.AppID != "cli_test" {
+		t.Fatalf("AppID = %q, want cli_test", blockErr.AppID)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestResolveAccount_AppIDAndUserTokenWithoutSecret(t *testing.T) {
@@ -75,18 +92,81 @@ func TestResolveAccount_OnlySecretSet(t *testing.T) {
 	if !errors.As(err, &blockErr) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected BlockError, got %v", err)
 	}
+	if blockErr.Code != credential.BlockReasonCredentialIncomplete ||
+		!slices.Equal(blockErr.MissingKeys, []string{envvars.CliAppID}) ||
+		!slices.Equal(blockErr.PresentKeys, []string{envvars.CliAppSecret}) {
+		t.Fatalf("BlockError = %+v, want incomplete with missing APP_ID and present APP_SECRET", blockErr)
+	}
+	if len(blockErr.RequiredAnyOf) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("RequiredAnyOf = %v, want empty for APP_SECRET-only", blockErr.RequiredAnyOf)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestResolveAccount_OnlyTokenSetWithoutAppID(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv(envvars.CliUserAccessToken, "uat_test")
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name string
+		key  string
+	}{
+		{name: "UAT", key: envvars.CliUserAccessToken},
+		{name: "TAT", key: envvars.CliTenantAccessToken},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppID, "")
+			t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppSecret, "")
+			t.Setenv(envvars.CliUserAccessToken, "")
+			t.Setenv(envvars.CliTenantAccessToken, "")
+			t.Setenv(tt.key, "token_test")
 
-	_, err := (&Provider{}).ResolveAccount(context.Background())
-	var blockErr *credential.BlockError
-	if !errors.As(err, &blockErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected BlockError, got %v", err)
+			_, err := (&Provider{}).ResolveAccount(context.Background())
+			var blockErr *credential.BlockError
+			if !errors.As(err, &blockErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected BlockError, got %v", err)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), envvars.CliAppID) {
+				t.Fatalf("error = %v, want mention of %s", err, envvars.CliAppID)
+			}
+			if blockErr.Code != credential.BlockReasonCredentialIncomplete ||
+				!slices.Equal(blockErr.MissingKeys, []string{envvars.CliAppID}) ||
+				!slices.Equal(blockErr.PresentKeys, []string{tt.key}) {
+				t.Fatalf("BlockError = %+v, want incomplete for %s", blockErr, tt.key)
+			}
+			if len(blockErr.RequiredAnyOf) != 0 {
+				t.Fatalf("RequiredAnyOf = %v, want empty for %s-only", blockErr.RequiredAnyOf, tt.name)
+			}
+		})
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), envvars.CliAppID) {
-		t.Fatalf("error = %v, want mention of %s", err, envvars.CliAppID)
+}
+
+func TestResolveAccount_InvalidPolicyRejectedBeforeIncomplete(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name string
+		key  string
+	}{
+		{name: "DEFAULT_AS", key: envvars.CliDefaultAs},
+		{name: "STRICT_MODE", key: envvars.CliStrictMode},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppID, "cli_test")
+			t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppSecret, "")
+			t.Setenv(envvars.CliUserAccessToken, "")
+			t.Setenv(envvars.CliTenantAccessToken, "")
+			t.Setenv(tt.key, "banana")
+
+			_, err := (&Provider{}).ResolveAccount(context.Background())
+			var blockErr *credential.BlockError
+			if !errors.As(err, &blockErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want BlockError", err, err)
+			}
+			if blockErr.Code != credential.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy {
+				t.Fatalf("Code = %q, want %q", blockErr.Code, credential.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy)
+			}
+			if blockErr.Param != tt.key {
+				t.Fatalf("Param = %q, want %q", blockErr.Param, tt.key)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(blockErr.Reason, tt.key) {
+				t.Fatalf("reason = %q, want %s", blockErr.Reason, tt.key)
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
@@ -258,6 +338,9 @@ func TestResolveAccount_InvalidStrictModeRejected(t *testing.T) {
 	if !errors.As(err, &blockErr) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected BlockError, got %T", err)
 	}
+	if blockErr.Code != credential.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy || blockErr.Param != envvars.CliStrictMode {
+		t.Fatalf("BlockError = %+v, want invalid_policy with Param %s", blockErr, envvars.CliStrictMode)
+	}
 	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), envvars.CliStrictMode) {
 		t.Fatalf("error = %v, want mention of %s", err, envvars.CliStrictMode)
 	}
@@ -276,6 +359,9 @@ func TestResolveAccount_InvalidDefaultAsRejected(t *testing.T) {
 	if !errors.As(err, &blockErr) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected BlockError, got %T", err)
 	}
+	if blockErr.Code != credential.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy || blockErr.Param != envvars.CliDefaultAs {
+		t.Fatalf("BlockError = %+v, want invalid_policy with Param %s", blockErr, envvars.CliDefaultAs)
+	}
 	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), envvars.CliDefaultAs) {
 		t.Fatalf("error = %v, want mention of %s", err, envvars.CliDefaultAs)
 	}

extension/credential/sidecar/provider.go

@@ -77,6 +77,8 @@ func (p *Provider) ResolveAccount(ctx context.Context) (*credential.Account, err
 		return nil, &credential.BlockError{
 			Provider: "sidecar",
 			Reason:   fmt.Sprintf("invalid %s %q (want user, bot, or auto)", envvars.CliDefaultAs, id),
+			Code:     credential.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy,
+			Param:    envvars.CliDefaultAs,
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -92,6 +94,8 @@ func (p *Provider) ResolveAccount(ctx context.Context) (*credential.Account, err
 		return nil, &credential.BlockError{
 			Provider: "sidecar",
 			Reason:   fmt.Sprintf("invalid %s %q (want bot, user, or off)", envvars.CliStrictMode, strictMode),
+			Code:     credential.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy,
+			Param:    envvars.CliStrictMode,
 		}
 	}
 

extension/credential/sidecar/provider_test.go

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ package sidecar
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
@@ -146,6 +148,57 @@ func TestResolveAccount_StrictMode(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestResolveAccount_InvalidPolicyClassified(t *testing.T) {
+	setEnv(t, envvars.CliAuthProxy, "http://127.0.0.1:16384")
+	setEnv(t, envvars.CliProxyKey, "test-key")
+	setEnv(t, envvars.CliAppID, "cli_test")
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		key           string
+		value         string
+		supportedText string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:          "default as",
+			key:           envvars.CliDefaultAs,
+			value:         "banana",
+			supportedText: "want user, bot, or auto",
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "strict mode",
+			key:           envvars.CliStrictMode,
+			value:         "banana",
+			supportedText: "want bot, user, or off",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			unsetEnv(t, envvars.CliDefaultAs)
+			unsetEnv(t, envvars.CliStrictMode)
+			setEnv(t, tt.key, tt.value)
+
+			_, err := (&Provider{}).ResolveAccount(context.Background())
+			var blockErr *credential.BlockError
+			if !errors.As(err, &blockErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want BlockError", err, err)
+			}
+			if blockErr.Code != credential.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy {
+				t.Fatalf("Code = %q, want %q", blockErr.Code, credential.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy)
+			}
+			if blockErr.Param != tt.key {
+				t.Fatalf("Param = %q, want %q", blockErr.Param, tt.key)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(blockErr.Reason, tt.key) ||
+				!strings.Contains(blockErr.Reason, tt.value) ||
+				!strings.Contains(blockErr.Reason, tt.supportedText) {
+				t.Fatalf("Reason = %q, want variable, invalid value, and supported values", blockErr.Reason)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestResolveToken_NotActive(t *testing.T) {
 	unsetEnv(t, envvars.CliAuthProxy)
 

extension/credential/types.go

@@ -44,6 +44,27 @@ func (s IdentitySupport) UserOnly() bool { return s == SupportsUser }
 // BotOnly returns true if only bot identity is supported.
 func (s IdentitySupport) BotOnly() bool { return s == SupportsBot }
 
+// AccountKind declares how an account participates in credential arbitration.
+type AccountKind int
+
+const (
+	// AccountManaged means the provider owns the whole identity; winning it
+	// ends arbitration outright. The zero value, so existing providers are
+	// unchanged.
+	AccountManaged AccountKind = iota
+	// AccountDirect marks an actively supplied raw credential (the env
+	// provider's LARKSUITE_CLI_* variables). It participates in profile
+	// arbitration and conflict detection instead of winning outright.
+	//
+	// RESERVED: only the builtin env provider may declare AccountDirect
+	// today — the arbitration's direct-credential diagnostics are defined in
+	// terms of the process environment, and the caller rejects AccountDirect
+	// from any other provider. Third-party providers must return
+	// AccountManaged until the SPI carries provider-reported input
+	// descriptors.
+	AccountDirect
+)
+
 // Account holds resolved app credentials and configuration.
 type Account struct {
 	AppID               string
@@ -53,6 +74,7 @@ type Account struct {
 	ProfileName         string
 	OpenID              string          // optional; if UAT is available, API result takes precedence
 	SupportedIdentities IdentitySupport // zero = provider did not declare; treat as no restriction
+	Kind                AccountKind     // AccountManaged (default) or AccountDirect
 }
 
 // Token holds a resolved access token and optional metadata.
@@ -76,11 +98,38 @@ type TokenSpec struct {
 	AppID string
 }
 
+// BlockReason classifies provider-originated block conditions that callers may
+// safely map to a more specific public error contract.
+type BlockReason string
+
+const (
+	// BlockReasonCredentialIncomplete marks incomplete inputs from the builtin
+	// process-env credential provider. It is reserved for that provider because
+	// direct-credential arbitration and diagnostics currently name the fixed
+	// LARKSUITE_CLI_* env surface. Third-party providers must return an
+	// unclassified BlockError until the SPI carries provider-owned input
+	// descriptors. Blocks without a Code propagate unchanged.
+	BlockReasonCredentialIncomplete BlockReason = "credential_incomplete"
+
+	// BlockReasonInvalidPolicy marks a user-supplied policy input (e.g.
+	// LARKSUITE_CLI_DEFAULT_AS / LARKSUITE_CLI_STRICT_MODE) that failed
+	// validation. The caller maps it to a typed validation error carrying
+	// Param and a repair hint, so user input mistakes never surface as
+	// internal errors.
+	BlockReasonInvalidPolicy BlockReason = "invalid_policy"
+)
+
 // BlockError is returned by a Provider to actively reject a request
 // and prevent subsequent providers in the chain from being consulted.
 type BlockError struct {
-	Provider string
-	Reason   string
+	Provider      string
+	Reason        string
+	Code          BlockReason
+	MissingKeys   []string // environment variable names only; never values
+	RequiredAnyOf []string // environment variable names only; never values
+	PresentKeys   []string // environment variable names only; never values
+	AppID         string   // plaintext app identifier used only for source comparison; never a secret
+	Param         string   // name of the invalid input variable on invalid_policy blocks; never a value
 }
 
 func (e *BlockError) Error() string {

internal/client/client_test.go

@@ -48,6 +48,18 @@ func (s *staticTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, _ credential.Token
 	return &credential.TokenResult{Token: "test-token"}, nil
 }
 
+type clientTestAccountResolver struct {
+	appID string
+}
+
+func (r clientTestAccountResolver) ResolveAccount(context.Context) (*credential.Account, error) {
+	return &credential.Account{AppID: r.appID, Brand: core.BrandFeishu}, nil
+}
+
+func newClientTestCredentialProvider(appID string, tokenResolver credential.DefaultTokenResolver) *credential.CredentialProvider {
+	return credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, clientTestAccountResolver{appID: appID}, tokenResolver, nil)
+}
+
 // newTestAPIClient creates an APIClient with a mock HTTP transport.
 func newTestAPIClient(t *testing.T, rt http.RoundTripper) (*APIClient, *bytes.Buffer) {
 	t.Helper()
@@ -58,7 +70,7 @@ func newTestAPIClient(t *testing.T, rt http.RoundTripper) (*APIClient, *bytes.Bu
 		lark.WithLogLevel(larkcore.LogLevelError),
 		lark.WithHttpClient(httpClient),
 	)
-	testCred := credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &staticTokenResolver{}, nil)
+	testCred := newClientTestCredentialProvider("test-app", &staticTokenResolver{})
 	cfg := &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu}
 	return &APIClient{
 		SDK:        sdk,
@@ -463,7 +475,7 @@ func TestDoStream_IgnoresBaseHTTPClientTimeout(t *testing.T) {
 
 	ac := &APIClient{
 		HTTP:       &http.Client{Timeout: 5 * time.Millisecond},
-		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &staticTokenResolver{}, nil),
+		Credential: newClientTestCredentialProvider("test-app", &staticTokenResolver{}),
 		Config:     &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
 	}
 
@@ -498,7 +510,7 @@ func TestDoStream_TransportFailureSplitsSubtype(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	ac := &APIClient{
 		HTTP:       &http.Client{Transport: rt},
-		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &staticTokenResolver{}, nil),
+		Credential: newClientTestCredentialProvider("test-app", &staticTokenResolver{}),
 		Config:     &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
 	}
 
@@ -532,7 +544,7 @@ func (f *failingTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, spec credential.T
 func TestResolveAccessToken_NoToken_ReturnsTypedAuthenticationError(t *testing.T) {
 	ac := &APIClient{
 		HTTP:       &http.Client{},
-		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &failingTokenResolver{}, nil),
+		Credential: newClientTestCredentialProvider("test-app", &failingTokenResolver{}),
 		Config:     &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
 	}
 
@@ -572,7 +584,7 @@ func (f *needAuthTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, _ credential.Tok
 func TestResolveAccessToken_NeedAuthorization_SurfacesAsTypedAuthentication(t *testing.T) {
 	ac := &APIClient{
 		HTTP:       &http.Client{},
-		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &needAuthTokenResolver{userOpenID: "ou_test_user"}, nil),
+		Credential: newClientTestCredentialProvider("test-app", &needAuthTokenResolver{userOpenID: "ou_test_user"}),
 		Config:     &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
 	}
 
@@ -612,7 +624,7 @@ func TestResolveAccessToken_NeedAuthorization_SurfacesAsTypedAuthentication(t *t
 func TestDoSDKRequest_AuthFailureSurfacesTypedAuthenticationError(t *testing.T) {
 	ac := &APIClient{
 		HTTP:       &http.Client{},
-		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &failingTokenResolver{}, nil),
+		Credential: newClientTestCredentialProvider("test-app", &failingTokenResolver{}),
 		Config:     &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
 	}
 

internal/cmdutil/factory.go

@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ import (
 // In tests, replace any field to stub out external dependencies.
 type InvocationContext struct {
 	Profile string
+	// ProfileFromFlag is true when Profile was set via the --profile flag,
+	// and false when it came from the LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE env fallback
+	// (or neither was set). Downstream credential resolution uses this to
+	// report the correct profile source.
+	ProfileFromFlag bool
 }
 
 type Factory struct {

internal/cmdutil/factory_default.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/keychain"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/riskcontrol"
 	_ "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/security/contentsafety" // register content safety provider
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/transport"
 	_ "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs/localfileio" // register default FileIO provider
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ import (
 //	Phase 1: HttpClient (no credential dependency)
 //	Phase 2: Credential (sole data source for account info)
 //	Phase 3: Config derived from Credential
-//	Phase 4: LarkClient derived from Credential
+//	Phase 4: LarkClient derived from Credential and workspace policy
 func NewDefault(streams *IOStreams, inv InvocationContext) *Factory {
 	streams = normalizeStreams(streams)
 	f := &Factory{
@@ -54,20 +55,22 @@ func NewDefault(streams *IOStreams, inv InvocationContext) *Factory {
 
 	// Phase 0: FileIO provider (no dependency)
 	f.FileIOProvider = fileio.GetProvider()
+	workspaceConfig := core.NewConfigSnapshot()
 
 	// Phase 1: HttpClient (no credential dependency)
-	f.HttpClient = cachedHttpClientFunc(f)
+	f.HttpClient = cachedHttpClientFunc(f, workspaceConfig)
 
 	// Phase 2: Credential (sole data source)
 	// Keychain is read via closure so callers can replace f.Keychain after construction.
 	f.Credential = buildCredentialProvider(credentialDeps{
-		Keychain:   func() keychain.KeychainAccess { return f.Keychain },
-		Profile:    inv.Profile,
-		HttpClient: f.HttpClient,
-		ErrOut:     f.IOStreams.ErrOut,
+		Keychain:        func() keychain.KeychainAccess { return f.Keychain },
+		Profile:         inv.Profile,
+		ProfileFromFlag: inv.ProfileFromFlag,
+		HttpClient:      f.HttpClient,
+		ErrOut:          f.IOStreams.ErrOut,
 	})
 
-	// Phase 3: Config derived from Credential via an explicit conversion boundary.
+	// Phase 3: Runtime config contains resolved account data only.
 	f.Config = sync.OnceValues(func() (*core.CliConfig, error) {
 		acct, err := f.Credential.ResolveAccount(context.Background())
 		if err != nil {
@@ -78,8 +81,9 @@ func NewDefault(streams *IOStreams, inv InvocationContext) *Factory {
 		return cfg, nil
 	})
 
-	// Phase 4: LarkClient from Credential (placeholder AppSecret)
-	f.LarkClient = cachedLarkClientFunc(f)
+	// Phase 4: LarkClient composes account data and workspace policy at the SDK
+	// transport boundary.
+	f.LarkClient = cachedLarkClientFunc(f, workspaceConfig)
 
 	return f
 }
@@ -108,13 +112,16 @@ func safeRedirectPolicy(req *http.Request, via []*http.Request) error {
 // .StderrIsTerminal field, which tests set directly.
 var warnIfProxied = transport.WarnIfProxied
 
-func cachedHttpClientFunc(f *Factory) func() (*http.Client, error) {
+func cachedHttpClientFunc(f *Factory, workspaceConfig workspaceConfigSource) func() (*http.Client, error) {
 	return sync.OnceValues(func() (*http.Client, error) {
 		if f.IOStreams.StderrIsTerminal {
 			warnIfProxied(f.IOStreams.ErrOut)
 		}
 
+		hostSignalSource := resolveSDKHostSignalSource(workspaceConfig)
+
 		var rt http.RoundTripper = transport.Shared()
+		rt = riskcontrol.NewTransport(rt, hostSignalSource)
 		rt = &RetryTransport{Base: rt}
 		rt = &SecurityHeaderTransport{Base: rt}
 		rt = &auth.SecurityPolicyTransport{Base: rt} // Add our global response interceptor
@@ -128,7 +135,7 @@ func cachedHttpClientFunc(f *Factory) func() (*http.Client, error) {
 	})
 }
 
-func cachedLarkClientFunc(f *Factory) func() (*lark.Client, error) {
+func cachedLarkClientFunc(f *Factory, workspaceConfig workspaceConfigSource) func() (*lark.Client, error) {
 	return sync.OnceValues(func() (*lark.Client, error) {
 		acct, err := f.Credential.ResolveAccount(context.Background())
 		if err != nil {
@@ -142,8 +149,15 @@ func cachedLarkClientFunc(f *Factory) func() (*lark.Client, error) {
 		if f.IOStreams.StderrIsTerminal {
 			warnIfProxied(f.IOStreams.ErrOut)
 		}
+		hostSignalSource := resolveSDKHostSignalSource(workspaceConfig)
+		var sdkBase http.RoundTripper = transport.Shared()
+		// The innermost SDK boundary always strips reserved host-signal headers;
+		// a nil source makes it strip-only when workspace policy disables signal
+		// collection.
+		sdkBase = riskcontrol.NewTransport(sdkBase, hostSignalSource)
+		sdkTransport := wrapSDKTransport(sdkBase)
 		opts = append(opts, lark.WithHttpClient(&http.Client{
-			Transport:     buildSDKTransport(),
+			Transport:     sdkTransport,
 			CheckRedirect: safeRedirectPolicy,
 		}))
 		ep := core.ResolveEndpoints(acct.Brand)
@@ -152,9 +166,8 @@ func cachedLarkClientFunc(f *Factory) func() (*lark.Client, error) {
 	})
 }
 
-func buildSDKTransport() http.RoundTripper {
-	var sdkTransport http.RoundTripper = transport.Shared()
-	sdkTransport = &RetryTransport{Base: sdkTransport}
+func wrapSDKTransport(next http.RoundTripper) http.RoundTripper {
+	var sdkTransport http.RoundTripper = &RetryTransport{Base: next}
 	sdkTransport = &UserAgentTransport{Base: sdkTransport}
 	sdkTransport = &BuildHeaderTransport{Base: sdkTransport}
 	sdkTransport = &auth.SecurityPolicyTransport{Base: sdkTransport}
@@ -162,10 +175,11 @@ func buildSDKTransport() http.RoundTripper {
 }
 
 type credentialDeps struct {
-	Keychain   func() keychain.KeychainAccess
-	Profile    string
-	HttpClient func() (*http.Client, error)
-	ErrOut     io.Writer
+	Keychain        func() keychain.KeychainAccess
+	Profile         string
+	ProfileFromFlag bool
+	HttpClient      func() (*http.Client, error)
+	ErrOut          io.Writer
 }
 
 func buildCredentialProvider(deps credentialDeps) *credential.CredentialProvider {
@@ -178,5 +192,13 @@ func buildCredentialProvider(deps credentialDeps) *credential.CredentialProvider
 	// depend on. enrichUserInfo failures are already non-fatal (the
 	// provider clears unverified identity fields), so silencing the
 	// warning is safe.
-	return credential.NewCredentialProvider(providers, defaultAcct, defaultToken, deps.HttpClient)
+	cred := credential.NewCredentialProvider(providers, defaultAcct, defaultToken, deps.HttpClient)
+	if deps.Profile == "" {
+		// No profile selected — don't record a phantom env source.
+		return cred
+	}
+	if deps.ProfileFromFlag {
+		return cred.WithProfileFromFlag(deps.Profile)
+	}
+	return cred.WithProfileFromEnv(deps.Profile)
 }

internal/cmdutil/factory_http_test.go

@@ -6,10 +6,15 @@ package cmdutil
 import (
 	"io"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 )
 
 func TestCachedHttpClientFunc_ReturnsSameInstance(t *testing.T) {
-	fn := cachedHttpClientFunc(&Factory{IOStreams: &IOStreams{ErrOut: io.Discard}})
+	isEnabled := false
+	f, _, _, _ := TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app"})
+	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = io.Discard
+	fn := cachedHttpClientFunc(f, staticWorkspaceConfig{config: &core.MultiAppConfig{RiskControl: &isEnabled}})
 
 	c1, err := fn()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -29,7 +34,10 @@ func TestCachedHttpClientFunc_ReturnsSameInstance(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCachedHttpClientFunc_HasTimeout(t *testing.T) {
-	fn := cachedHttpClientFunc(&Factory{IOStreams: &IOStreams{ErrOut: io.Discard}})
+	isEnabled := false
+	f, _, _, _ := TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app"})
+	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = io.Discard
+	fn := cachedHttpClientFunc(f, staticWorkspaceConfig{config: &core.MultiAppConfig{RiskControl: &isEnabled}})
 	c, _ := fn()
 	if c.Timeout == 0 {
 		t.Error("expected non-zero timeout")
@@ -37,7 +45,10 @@ func TestCachedHttpClientFunc_HasTimeout(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCachedHttpClientFunc_HasRedirectPolicy(t *testing.T) {
-	fn := cachedHttpClientFunc(&Factory{IOStreams: &IOStreams{ErrOut: io.Discard}})
+	isEnabled := false
+	f, _, _, _ := TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app"})
+	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = io.Discard
+	fn := cachedHttpClientFunc(f, staticWorkspaceConfig{config: &core.MultiAppConfig{RiskControl: &isEnabled}})
 	c, _ := fn()
 	if c.CheckRedirect == nil {
 		t.Error("expected CheckRedirect to be set (safeRedirectPolicy)")

internal/cmdutil/factory_proxy_warn_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	_ "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential/env" // registers the env-backed account provider
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
 )
 
@@ -36,13 +37,15 @@ var proxyWarnGateCases = []struct {
 // TestCachedHttpClientFunc_ProxyWarnGate verifies the http-client init path
 // invokes WarnIfProxied only when stderr is an interactive terminal.
 func TestCachedHttpClientFunc_ProxyWarnGate(t *testing.T) {
+	isEnabled := false
 	for _, tc := range proxyWarnGateCases {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			calls := installProxyWarnSpy(t)
 
-			fn := cachedHttpClientFunc(&Factory{IOStreams: &IOStreams{
-				ErrOut: io.Discard, StderrIsTerminal: tc.terminal,
-			}})
+			f, _, _, _ := TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app"})
+			f.IOStreams.ErrOut = io.Discard
+			f.IOStreams.StderrIsTerminal = tc.terminal
+			fn := cachedHttpClientFunc(f, staticWorkspaceConfig{config: &core.MultiAppConfig{RiskControl: &isEnabled}})
 			if _, err := fn(); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("http client init: %v", err)
 			}
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ func TestCachedLarkClientFunc_ProxyWarnGate(t *testing.T) {
 			// normalizeStreams copies the struct (out := *s), so the
 			// StderrIsTerminal field survives into f.IOStreams.
 			f := NewDefault(&IOStreams{ErrOut: io.Discard, StderrIsTerminal: tc.terminal}, InvocationContext{})
-			if _, err := cachedLarkClientFunc(f)(); err != nil {
+			if _, err := cachedLarkClientFunc(f, nil)(); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("lark client init: %v", err)
 			}
 

internal/cmdutil/factory_test.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	extcred "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
+	envprovider "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential/env"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
@@ -405,6 +406,14 @@ type stubExtProvider struct {
 	err  error
 }
 
+type stubDefaultAccountResolver struct {
+	acct *credential.Account
+}
+
+func (s *stubDefaultAccountResolver) ResolveAccount(_ context.Context) (*credential.Account, error) {
+	return s.acct, nil
+}
+
 func (s *stubExtProvider) Name() string { return s.name }
 func (s *stubExtProvider) ResolveAccount(_ context.Context) (*extcred.Account, error) {
 	return s.acct, s.err
@@ -448,6 +457,86 @@ func TestRequireBuiltinCredentialProvider_AllowsBuiltinProvider(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestRequireBuiltinCredentialProvider_AllowsMatchingAppIDOnlyProfile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppID, "cli_a")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppSecret, "")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliUserAccessToken, "")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliTenantAccessToken, "")
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(&core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "tenant_a",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
+			Name:      "tenant_a",
+			AppId:     "cli_a",
+			AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("test-secret"),
+			Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
+		}},
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cred := credential.NewCredentialProvider(
+		[]extcred.Provider{&envprovider.Provider{}},
+		&stubDefaultAccountResolver{acct: &credential.Account{AppID: "cli_a", AppSecret: "test-secret"}},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	).WithProfileFromFlag("tenant_a")
+	f, _, _, _ := TestFactory(t, nil)
+	f.Credential = cred
+
+	if err := f.RequireBuiltinCredentialProvider(context.Background(), "auth"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("matching APP_ID-only profile should use builtin credentials: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// A stale LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE (profile that cannot resolve) must not lock
+// the user out of the builtin setup/repair commands this gate guards: the
+// probe falls back to provider engagement and lets the command run.
+func TestRequireBuiltinCredentialProvider_StaleProfileDoesNotLockOut(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir()) // no config -> "ghost" cannot resolve
+
+	stub := &stubExtProvider{name: "env"} // not engaged: returns nil, nil
+	cred := credential.NewCredentialProvider(
+		[]extcred.Provider{stub},
+		&stubDefaultAccountResolver{},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	).WithProfileFromEnv("ghost")
+	f, _, _, _ := TestFactory(t, nil)
+	f.Credential = cred
+
+	if err := f.RequireBuiltinCredentialProvider(context.Background(), "config"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stale profile must not lock out builtin auth/config commands: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// An invalid policy variable (e.g. LARKSUITE_CLI_DEFAULT_AS=banana) is a user
+// input error, not an external credential takeover: the gate surfaces the
+// same typed validation error as formal arbitration instead of a misleading
+// "provided externally" refusal.
+func TestRequireBuiltinCredentialProvider_InvalidPolicySurfacesTypedError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	stub := &stubExtProvider{name: "env", err: &extcred.BlockError{
+		Provider: "env",
+		Reason:   "invalid LARKSUITE_CLI_DEFAULT_AS \"banana\" (want user, bot, or auto)",
+		Code:     extcred.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy,
+		Param:    envvars.CliDefaultAs,
+	}}
+	cred := credential.NewCredentialProvider([]extcred.Provider{stub}, &stubDefaultAccountResolver{}, nil, nil)
+	f, _, _, _ := TestFactory(t, nil)
+	f.Credential = cred
+
+	err := f.RequireBuiltinCredentialProvider(context.Background(), "auth")
+	prob, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok || prob.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want typed invalid_argument (same as formal arbitration)", err)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "provided externally") {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, must not read as external takeover", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestRequireBuiltinCredentialProvider_NilCredential(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := TestFactory(t, nil)
 	f.Credential = nil

internal/cmdutil/localfile.go

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmdutil
+
+import (
+	"io/fs"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs"
+)
+
+// StatLocalFile returns metadata for a path in the process filesystem namespace.
+// It is intended for advisory validation; callers must validate the opened file
+// again before using its contents.
+func StatLocalFile(path string) (fs.FileInfo, error) {
+	localPath, err := validate.LocalInputPath(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, &fileio.PathValidationError{Err: err}
+	}
+	return vfs.Stat(localPath)
+}
+
+// OpenLocalFile opens a path in the process filesystem namespace.
+// Absolute and relative paths are accepted. It is the shared replacement for
+// direct os.Open/os.ReadFile use in commands that intentionally read local
+// paths outside the workspace sandbox. Callers inspect the returned descriptor
+// before reading so validation and use apply to the same opened file.
+func OpenLocalFile(path string) (fs.File, error) {
+	localPath, err := validate.LocalInputPath(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, &fileio.PathValidationError{Err: err}
+	}
+	return vfs.Open(localPath)
+}

internal/cmdutil/localfile_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmdutil
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs"
+)
+
+func TestOpenLocalFile_AcceptsAbsoluteAndParentRelativePaths(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	workDir := filepath.Join(root, "work")
+	if err := os.Mkdir(workDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	path := filepath.Join(root, "input.txt")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte("content"), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	TestChdir(t, workDir)
+
+	for _, input := range []string{path, filepath.Join("..", "input.txt")} {
+		f, err := OpenLocalFile(input)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("OpenLocalFile(%q) error = %v", input, err)
+		}
+		got, readErr := io.ReadAll(f)
+		closeErr := f.Close()
+		if readErr != nil || closeErr != nil || string(got) != "content" {
+			t.Fatalf("OpenLocalFile(%q) content=%q read=%v close=%v", input, got, readErr, closeErr)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenLocalFile_RejectsInvalidInput(t *testing.T) {
+	if _, err := OpenLocalFile("input\n.txt"); !errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation) {
+		t.Fatalf("OpenLocalFile() error = %v, want ErrPathValidation", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStatLocalFile_ReturnsMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	info, err := StatLocalFile(t.TempDir())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("StatLocalFile() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if !info.IsDir() {
+		t.Fatalf("StatLocalFile() mode = %v, want directory", info.Mode())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOpenLocalFile_DoesNotStatBeforeOpen(t *testing.T) {
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "input.txt")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte("content"), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	previous := vfs.DefaultFS
+	counting := &countingLocalFileFS{FS: previous}
+	vfs.DefaultFS = counting
+	t.Cleanup(func() { vfs.DefaultFS = previous })
+
+	f, err := OpenLocalFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("OpenLocalFile() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if counting.openCalls != 1 || counting.statCalls != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("OpenLocalFile() calls: Open=%d Stat=%d, want Open=1 Stat=0", counting.openCalls, counting.statCalls)
+	}
+}
+
+type countingLocalFileFS struct {
+	vfs.FS
+	openCalls int
+	statCalls int
+}
+
+func (f *countingLocalFileFS) Open(name string) (*os.File, error) {
+	f.openCalls++
+	return f.FS.Open(name)
+}
+
+func (f *countingLocalFileFS) Stat(name string) (fs.FileInfo, error) {
+	f.statCalls++
+	return f.FS.Stat(name)
+}

internal/cmdutil/risk_control.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmdutil
+
+import (
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/riskcontrol"
+)
+
+type workspaceConfigSource interface {
+	MultiAppConfig() (*core.MultiAppConfig, error)
+}
+
+// resolveSDKHostSignalSource applies workspace policy at the SDK transport
+// boundary.
+func resolveSDKHostSignalSource(config workspaceConfigSource) riskcontrol.Source {
+	if config == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	workspace, configErr := config.MultiAppConfig()
+	// Default-on means an existing config with no explicit preference. Absent
+	// or unreadable config cannot authorize host-signal collection.
+	if configErr != nil || !workspace.RiskControlEnabled() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return riskcontrol.NewHostSource()
+}

internal/cmdutil/risk_control_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmdutil
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+type staticWorkspaceConfig struct {
+	config *core.MultiAppConfig
+	err    error
+}
+
+func (s staticWorkspaceConfig) MultiAppConfig() (*core.MultiAppConfig, error) {
+	return s.config, s.err
+}
+
+func TestResolveSDKHostSignalSource(t *testing.T) {
+	disabled := false
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		config     workspaceConfigSource
+		wantSource bool
+	}{
+		{name: "workspace default on", config: staticWorkspaceConfig{config: &core.MultiAppConfig{}}, wantSource: true},
+		{name: "workspace opt-out", config: staticWorkspaceConfig{config: &core.MultiAppConfig{RiskControl: &disabled}}},
+		{name: "missing config", config: staticWorkspaceConfig{err: errors.New("file does not exist")}},
+		{name: "unreadable config", config: staticWorkspaceConfig{err: errors.New("permission denied")}},
+		{name: "nil config value", config: staticWorkspaceConfig{}},
+		{name: "nil config source"},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := resolveSDKHostSignalSource(test.config)
+			if (got != nil) != test.wantSource {
+				t.Fatalf("resolveSDKHostSignalSource() = %T, wantSource %t", got, test.wantSource)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/cmdutil/transport_test.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 
 	exttransport "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/transport"
 	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/riskcontrol"
 )
 
 type roundTripFunc func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
@@ -91,13 +92,13 @@ func TestRetryTransport_DefaultNoRetry(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// buildSDKTransport chain composition
+// wrapSDKTransport chain composition
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-func TestBuildSDKTransport_IncludesRetryTransport(t *testing.T) {
-	transport := buildSDKTransport()
+func TestWrapSDKTransport_IncludesRetryTransport(t *testing.T) {
+	transport := wrapSDKTransport(riskcontrol.NewTransport(http.DefaultTransport, nil))
 
-	// Chain: SecurityPolicy → BuildHeader → UserAgent → Retry → Base
+	// Chain: SecurityPolicy → BuildHeader → UserAgent → Retry → RiskControl → Base
 	sec, ok := transport.(*internalauth.SecurityPolicyTransport)
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatalf("outer transport type = %T, want *auth.SecurityPolicyTransport", transport)
@@ -110,18 +111,23 @@ func TestBuildSDKTransport_IncludesRetryTransport(t *testing.T) {
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatalf("layer after BuildHeader = %T, want *UserAgentTransport", bh.Base)
 	}
-	if _, ok := ua.Base.(*RetryTransport); !ok {
+	retry, ok := ua.Base.(*RetryTransport)
+	if !ok {
 		t.Fatalf("inner transport type = %T, want *RetryTransport", ua.Base)
 	}
+	if _, ok := retry.Base.(*riskcontrol.Transport); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("layer after Retry = %T, want *riskcontrol.Transport", retry.Base)
+	}
 }
 
-func TestBuildSDKTransport_WithExtension(t *testing.T) {
+func TestWrapSDKTransport_WithExtension(t *testing.T) {
+	previous := exttransport.GetProvider()
 	exttransport.Register(&stubTransportProvider{})
-	t.Cleanup(func() { exttransport.Register(nil) })
+	t.Cleanup(func() { exttransport.Register(previous) })
 
-	transport := buildSDKTransport()
+	transport := wrapSDKTransport(riskcontrol.NewTransport(http.DefaultTransport, nil))
 
-	// Chain: extensionMiddleware → SecurityPolicy → BuildHeader → UserAgent → Retry → Base
+	// Chain: extensionMiddleware → SecurityPolicy → BuildHeader → UserAgent → Retry → RiskControl → Base
 	mid, ok := transport.(*extensionMiddleware)
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatalf("outer transport type = %T, want *extensionMiddleware", transport)
@@ -138,17 +144,23 @@ func TestBuildSDKTransport_WithExtension(t *testing.T) {
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatalf("layer after BuildHeader = %T, want *UserAgentTransport", bh.Base)
 	}
-	if _, ok := ua.Base.(*RetryTransport); !ok {
+	retry, ok := ua.Base.(*RetryTransport)
+	if !ok {
 		t.Fatalf("innermost transport type = %T, want *RetryTransport", ua.Base)
 	}
+	if _, ok := retry.Base.(*riskcontrol.Transport); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("layer after Retry = %T, want *riskcontrol.Transport", retry.Base)
+	}
 }
 
-func TestBuildSDKTransport_WithoutExtension(t *testing.T) {
+func TestWrapSDKTransport_WithoutExtension(t *testing.T) {
+	previous := exttransport.GetProvider()
 	exttransport.Register(nil)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { exttransport.Register(previous) })
 
-	transport := buildSDKTransport()
+	transport := wrapSDKTransport(riskcontrol.NewTransport(http.DefaultTransport, nil))
 
-	// Chain: SecurityPolicy → BuildHeader → UserAgent → Retry → Base
+	// Chain: SecurityPolicy → BuildHeader → UserAgent → Retry → RiskControl → Base
 	sec, ok := transport.(*internalauth.SecurityPolicyTransport)
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatalf("outer transport type = %T, want *auth.SecurityPolicyTransport", transport)
@@ -161,9 +173,13 @@ func TestBuildSDKTransport_WithoutExtension(t *testing.T) {
 	if !ok {
 		t.Fatalf("layer after BuildHeader = %T, want *UserAgentTransport", bh.Base)
 	}
-	if _, ok := ua.Base.(*RetryTransport); !ok {
+	retry, ok := ua.Base.(*RetryTransport)
+	if !ok {
 		t.Fatalf("inner transport type = %T, want *RetryTransport", ua.Base)
 	}
+	if _, ok := retry.Base.(*riskcontrol.Transport); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("layer after Retry = %T, want *riskcontrol.Transport", retry.Base)
+	}
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -261,6 +277,40 @@ func (buildTamperingInterceptor) PreRoundTrip(req *http.Request) func(*http.Resp
 	return nil
 }
 
+type riskHeaderTamperingInterceptor struct{}
+
+func (riskHeaderTamperingInterceptor) PreRoundTrip(req *http.Request) func(*http.Response, error) {
+	req.Header.Set(riskcontrol.HeaderOSType, "extension-value")
+	req.Header.Set(riskcontrol.HeaderProductModel, "extension-value")
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestWrapSDKTransport_StripsExtensionRiskHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	previous := exttransport.GetProvider()
+	exttransport.Register(&stubTransportProvider{interceptor: riskHeaderTamperingInterceptor{}})
+	t.Cleanup(func() { exttransport.Register(previous) })
+
+	var received http.Header
+	network := roundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+		received = req.Header.Clone()
+		return &http.Response{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, Body: http.NoBody}, nil
+	})
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/test", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer token")
+
+	resp, err := wrapSDKTransport(riskcontrol.NewTransport(network, nil)).RoundTrip(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	resp.Body.Close()
+	if received.Get(riskcontrol.HeaderOSType) != "" || received.Get(riskcontrol.HeaderProductModel) != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("extension risk headers reached network: %v", received)
+	}
+}
+
 // TestBuildHeaderTransport_SDKChain_OverridesTamperedHeader verifies that the
 // X-Cli-Build header is force-written by BuildHeaderTransport in the SDK
 // transport chain, even when an extension tries to delete or spoof it. This
@@ -277,7 +327,7 @@ func TestBuildHeaderTransport_SDKChain_OverridesTamperedHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	exttransport.Register(&stubTransportProvider{interceptor: buildTamperingInterceptor{}})
 	t.Cleanup(func() { exttransport.Register(nil) })
 
-	// Replicate the SDK chain layering used by buildSDKTransport.
+	// Replicate the SDK chain layering used by wrapSDKTransport.
 	var base http.RoundTripper = http.DefaultTransport
 	base = &RetryTransport{Base: base}
 	base = &UserAgentTransport{Base: base}

internal/core/config.go

@@ -60,11 +60,18 @@ func (a *AppConfig) ProfileName() string {
 // MultiAppConfig is the multi-app config file format.
 type MultiAppConfig struct {
 	StrictMode  StrictMode  `json:"strictMode,omitempty"`
+	RiskControl *bool       `json:"riskControl,omitempty"`
 	CurrentApp  string      `json:"currentApp,omitempty"`
 	PreviousApp string      `json:"previousApp,omitempty"`
 	Apps        []AppConfig `json:"apps"`
 }
 
+// RiskControlEnabled resolves the workspace policy. An omitted preference
+// keeps the default-on account-protection behavior.
+func (m *MultiAppConfig) RiskControlEnabled() bool {
+	return m != nil && (m.RiskControl == nil || *m.RiskControl)
+}
+
 // CurrentAppConfig returns the currently active app config.
 // Resolution priority: profileOverride > CurrentApp field > Apps[0].
 func (m *MultiAppConfig) CurrentAppConfig(profileOverride string) *AppConfig {
@@ -248,7 +255,11 @@ func ResolveConfigFromMulti(raw *MultiAppConfig, kc keychain.KeychainAccess, pro
 	}
 
 	if err := ValidateSecretKeyMatch(app.AppId, app.AppSecret); err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured, "appId and appSecret keychain key are out of sync").
+		// invalid_config, not not_configured: the config exists but is
+		// internally inconsistent. not_configured would let callers degrade
+		// this into a generic "secret invalid" answer and destroy the precise
+		// repair hint (which names the expected keychain key — never a value).
+		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig, "appId and appSecret keychain key are out of sync").
 			WithHint("%s", err.Error()).
 			WithCause(err)
 	}

internal/core/config_snapshot.go

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"io/fs"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// ConfigSnapshot lazily captures one stable view of config.json for a CLI
+// invocation. All runtime consumers share the same load result so account and
+// workspace policy resolution cannot observe different file revisions. Callers
+// must treat the returned config as read-only.
+type ConfigSnapshot struct {
+	load func() (*MultiAppConfig, error)
+}
+
+// NewConfigSnapshot creates a lazily loaded invocation-scoped config snapshot.
+func NewConfigSnapshot() *ConfigSnapshot {
+	return newConfigSnapshot(LoadMultiAppConfig)
+}
+
+func newConfigSnapshot(load func() (*MultiAppConfig, error)) *ConfigSnapshot {
+	if load == nil {
+		return &ConfigSnapshot{}
+	}
+	return &ConfigSnapshot{load: sync.OnceValues(load)}
+}
+
+// MultiAppConfig returns the captured persistent config and load error.
+func (s *ConfigSnapshot) MultiAppConfig() (*MultiAppConfig, error) {
+	if s == nil || s.load == nil {
+		return nil, fs.ErrNotExist
+	}
+	return s.load()
+}

internal/core/config_snapshot_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"io/fs"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestConfigSnapshotLoadsOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	calls := 0
+	want := &MultiAppConfig{}
+	snapshot := newConfigSnapshot(func() (*MultiAppConfig, error) {
+		calls++
+		return want, nil
+	})
+
+	for range 2 {
+		config, err := snapshot.MultiAppConfig()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if config != want {
+			t.Fatal("snapshot returned a different config instance")
+		}
+	}
+	if calls != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("config loads = %d, want 1", calls)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConfigSnapshotZeroValueIsMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	config, err := (&ConfigSnapshot{}).MultiAppConfig()
+	if config != nil || !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+		t.Fatalf("MultiAppConfig() = (%v, %v), want (nil, fs.ErrNotExist)", config, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConfigSnapshotCachesError(t *testing.T) {
+	calls := 0
+	want := errors.New("load failed")
+	snapshot := newConfigSnapshot(func() (*MultiAppConfig, error) {
+		calls++
+		return nil, want
+	})
+
+	for range 2 {
+		config, err := snapshot.MultiAppConfig()
+		if config != nil || !errors.Is(err, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("MultiAppConfig() = (%v, %v), want (nil, %v)", config, err, want)
+		}
+	}
+	if calls != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("config loads = %d, want 1", calls)
+	}
+}

internal/core/config_test.go

@@ -60,7 +60,9 @@ func TestAppConfig_LangOmitEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestMultiAppConfig_RoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	disabled := false
 	config := &MultiAppConfig{
+		RiskControl: &disabled,
 		Apps: []AppConfig{{
 			AppId: "cli_test", AppSecret: PlainSecret("s"),
 			Brand: BrandLark, Lang: "zh", Users: []AppUser{},
@@ -84,6 +86,9 @@ func TestMultiAppConfig_RoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	if got.Apps[0].Brand != BrandLark {
 		t.Errorf("Brand = %q, want %q", got.Apps[0].Brand, BrandLark)
 	}
+	if got.RiskControl == nil || *got.RiskControl {
+		t.Errorf("RiskControl = %v, want explicit false", got.RiskControl)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestResolveConfigFromMulti_RejectsSecretKeyMismatch(t *testing.T) {

internal/core/notconfigured.go

@@ -36,16 +36,13 @@ func LoadOrNotConfigured() (*MultiAppConfig, error) {
 		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 			return nil, NotConfiguredError()
 		}
-		// Surface the real cause (parse error, permission denied, etc.)
-		// so the user can fix the broken file. A malformed file is
-		// invalid_config; anything else (permission denied, etc.) is
-		// not_configured. Both stay on the typed structured-envelope path
-		// at the root command's error sink.
-		subtype := errs.SubtypeNotConfigured
-		if isMalformedConfigError(err) {
-			subtype = errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig
-		}
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(subtype, "failed to load config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		// Surface the real cause so the user can fix the broken file. Every
+		// non-ENOENT load failure — malformed JSON, permission denied, I/O
+		// error — means a config EXISTS but cannot be used: invalid_config.
+		// Only a genuinely absent config is not_configured; anything else
+		// classified as not_configured would let callers degrade it into
+		// profile_not_found / no_active_profile and hide the real cause.
+		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig, "failed to load config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if multi == nil || len(multi.Apps) == 0 {
 		return nil, NotConfiguredError()

internal/credential/authsidecar_contract_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+//go:build authsidecar
+
+package credential_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	extcred "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
+	sidecarprovider "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential/sidecar"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/sidecar"
+)
+
+func newRealSidecarCredentialProvider(t *testing.T) *credential.CredentialProvider {
+	t.Helper()
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAuthProxy, "http://127.0.0.1:16384")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliProxyKey, "test-key")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppID, "cli_sidecar")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppSecret, "")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliUserAccessToken, "")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliTenantAccessToken, "")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliDefaultAs, "")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliStrictMode, "")
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	return credential.NewCredentialProvider(
+		[]extcred.Provider{&sidecarprovider.Provider{}},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)
+}
+
+func TestAuthSidecarInvalidPolicyUsesValidationContract(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name string
+		key  string
+	}{
+		{name: "default as", key: envvars.CliDefaultAs},
+		{name: "strict mode", key: envvars.CliStrictMode},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cp := newRealSidecarCredentialProvider(t)
+			t.Setenv(tt.key, "banana")
+
+			_, err := cp.ResolveAccount(context.Background())
+			problem, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want typed validation error", err, err)
+			}
+			if problem.Category != errs.CategoryValidation || problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+				t.Fatalf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", problem.Category, problem.Subtype, errs.CategoryValidation, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+			}
+			var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+			if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want ValidationError", err, err)
+			}
+			if validationErr.Param != tt.key {
+				t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", validationErr.Param, tt.key)
+			}
+			if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
+				t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", got, output.ExitValidation)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(problem.Hint, tt.key) {
+				t.Fatalf("hint = %q, want variable name %s", problem.Hint, tt.key)
+			}
+			var blockErr *extcred.BlockError
+			if !errors.As(err, &blockErr) ||
+				blockErr.Code != extcred.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy ||
+				blockErr.Param != tt.key {
+				t.Fatalf("cause = %T %v, want classified BlockError for %s", err, err, tt.key)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthSidecarGateProbeUsesValidationContract(t *testing.T) {
+	cp := newRealSidecarCredentialProvider(t)
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliStrictMode, "banana")
+
+	name, err := cp.ActiveExtensionProviderName(context.Background())
+	if name != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("provider name = %q, want empty on invalid policy", name)
+	}
+	problem, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want typed validation error", err, err)
+	}
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want ValidationError", err, err)
+	}
+	if problem.Category != errs.CategoryValidation ||
+		problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument ||
+		validationErr.Param != envvars.CliStrictMode {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = %+v param = %q, want validation/invalid_argument param %s", problem, validationErr.Param, envvars.CliStrictMode)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthSidecarTokenHonorsSelectedAppID(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("matching app returns sentinel", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cp := newRealSidecarCredentialProvider(t)
+
+		result, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), credential.TokenSpec{
+			Type:  credential.TokenTypeUAT,
+			AppID: "cli_sidecar",
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("ResolveToken: %v", err)
+		}
+		if result == nil || result.Token != sidecar.SentinelUAT {
+			t.Fatalf("result = %+v, want sidecar UAT sentinel", result)
+		}
+	})
+
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name  string
+		appID string
+	}{
+		{name: "empty app id", appID: ""},
+		{name: "conflicting app id", appID: "cli_other"},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cp := newRealSidecarCredentialProvider(t)
+
+			result, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), credential.TokenSpec{
+				Type:  credential.TokenTypeUAT,
+				AppID: tt.appID,
+			})
+			if result != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("result = %+v, want no sidecar sentinel", result)
+			}
+			problem, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want typed internal error", err, err)
+			}
+			if problem.Category != errs.CategoryInternal || problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeUnknown {
+				t.Fatalf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", problem.Category, problem.Subtype, errs.CategoryInternal, errs.SubtypeUnknown)
+			}
+			if strings.Contains(err.Error(), sidecar.SentinelUAT) {
+				t.Fatalf("error leaked sidecar sentinel: %v", err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/credential/credential_provider.go

@@ -9,11 +9,17 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	extcred "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
+	envprovider "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential/env"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
 )
 
 // DefaultAccountResolver is implemented by the default account provider.
@@ -136,10 +142,21 @@ type CredentialProvider struct {
 	httpClient   func() (*http.Client, error)
 	warnOut      io.Writer
 
+	// profile is the active profile (from --profile or LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE);
+	// profileSrc records which of the two supplied it, for the reported
+	// selection and error attribution.
+	profile    string
+	profileSrc CredentialSourceKind
+
 	accountOnce    sync.Once
 	account        *Account
 	accountErr     error
 	selectedSource credentialSource
+	// selection is the explainable credential-selection result, populated by
+	// doResolveAccount under accountOnce. It never carries a secret.
+	selection IdentitySelection
+
+	enrichOnce sync.Once
 
 	hintOnce sync.Once
 	hint     *IdentityHint
@@ -161,49 +178,521 @@ func (p *CredentialProvider) SetWarnOut(warnOut io.Writer) *CredentialProvider {
 	return p
 }
 
+// WithProfileFromFlag records the --profile flag value as the active profile.
+// It governs credential arbitration and the reported selection source.
+func (p *CredentialProvider) WithProfileFromFlag(profile string) *CredentialProvider {
+	p.profile = profile
+	p.profileSrc = SourceFlagProfile
+	return p
+}
+
+// WithProfileFromEnv records the LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE env fallback as the
+// active profile. It governs credential arbitration and the reported
+// selection source.
+func (p *CredentialProvider) WithProfileFromEnv(profile string) *CredentialProvider {
+	p.profile = profile
+	p.profileSrc = SourceEnvProfile
+	return p
+}
+
 // ResolveAccount resolves app credentials. Result is cached after first call.
 // NOTE: Uses sync.Once — only the context from the first call is used for resolution.
 // Subsequent calls return the cached result regardless of their context.
 // This is acceptable for CLI (single invocation per process) but not for long-running servers.
 func (p *CredentialProvider) ResolveAccount(ctx context.Context) (*Account, error) {
+	acct, err := p.resolveAccountSelection(ctx)
+	if err != nil || acct == nil {
+		return acct, err
+	}
+	if _, ok := p.selectedSource.(extensionTokenSource); ok {
+		p.enrichOnce.Do(func() {
+			p.enrichOrClearIdentity(ctx, acct, p.selectedSource)
+		})
+	}
+	return acct, nil
+}
+
+// resolveAccountSelection performs and caches only credential selection. It
+// deliberately does not resolve tokens or user_info, so callers can validate
+// the selected app before any token work begins.
+func (p *CredentialProvider) resolveAccountSelection(ctx context.Context) (*Account, error) {
 	p.accountOnce.Do(func() {
 		p.account, p.accountErr = p.doResolveAccount(ctx)
 	})
 	return p.account, p.accountErr
 }
 
+// doResolveAccount arbitrates the credential/App selection in three phases:
+// gather all arbitration inputs in a single I/O pass, decide the route with a
+// pure function, then execute the remaining I/O for the chosen route.
+//
+// Resolution order (encoded in decideIdentity): a managed extension provider
+// (e.g. sidecar) wins outright; then an explicit profile (--profile /
+// LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE) arbitrates against the direct env credential
+// (matching app_id → profile supplies credential and tokens; mismatch → hard
+// conflict; incomplete env without a usable app_id → repair error); then a
+// complete direct env credential; then the config default (currentApp →
+// firstApp).
+//
+// It populates p.selection (never carries a secret) and p.selectedSource on
+// every success path.
 func (p *CredentialProvider) doResolveAccount(ctx context.Context) (*Account, error) {
+	in, err := p.gatherIdentityInputs(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	d, err := decideIdentity(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	acct, source, err := p.execute(ctx, d, in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	p.selectedSource = source
+	// Assigned only after full success: error paths can never leave a
+	// partial selection behind.
+	p.selection = d.selection
+	return acct, nil
+}
+
+// providerAccount pairs an extension-provider account with its token source.
+type providerAccount struct {
+	acct   *Account
+	source extensionTokenSource
+}
+
+// identityInputs is one invocation's complete arbitration input, gathered in
+// a single pass by gatherIdentityInputs. It is read-only after gathering;
+// decideIdentity consumes it without further I/O.
+type identityInputs struct {
+	profile    string
+	profileSrc CredentialSourceKind
+
+	managed *providerAccount // managed extension account; wins arbitration outright
+	direct  *providerAccount // complete direct env credential
+	// directBlock is a provider's explicit incomplete-direct-credential
+	// classification (BlockError.Code == credential_incomplete). It
+	// participates in profile arbitration instead of failing outright.
+	directBlock *extcred.BlockError
+
+	// directKeys / conflictKeys describe the BUILTIN process-env direct
+	// credential surface (LARKSUITE_CLI_* variable NAMES, never values).
+	// They annotate DirectCredentialEnv and conflict hints; a third-party
+	// AccountDirect provider reports its own inputs via BlockError metadata
+	// (PresentKeys/AppID), not through these.
+	directKeys   []string
+	conflictKeys []string
+
+	config    *core.MultiAppConfig
+	configErr error
+}
+
+// gatherIdentityInputs performs the arbitration's read phase: it consults the
+// extension providers and snapshots the config. Providers classify their own
+// failures at the source (BlockError.Code); this layer must not infer them by
+// re-reading environment variables or parsing Reason.
+func (p *CredentialProvider) gatherIdentityInputs(ctx context.Context) (identityInputs, error) {
+	in := identityInputs{
+		profile:      p.profile,
+		profileSrc:   p.profileSrc,
+		directKeys:   presentDirectCredentialKeys(),
+		conflictKeys: presentDirectCredentialInputKeys(),
+	}
 	for _, prov := range p.providers {
 		acct, err := prov.ResolveAccount(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		if acct != nil {
-			internal := convertAccount(acct)
-			source := extensionTokenSource{provider: prov}
-			if err := p.enrichUserInfo(ctx, internal, source); err != nil {
-				if p.warnOut != nil {
-					_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.warnOut, "warning: unable to verify user identity from credential source %q: %v\n", source.Name(), err)
+			var blockErr *extcred.BlockError
+			if errors.As(err, &blockErr) {
+				switch blockErr.Code {
+				case extcred.BlockReasonCredentialIncomplete:
+					// app_credential_incomplete, profile matching, and
+					// DirectCredentialEnv diagnostics are defined in terms of
+					// the builtin LARKSUITE_CLI_* env surface. Until the SPI
+					// carries provider-owned input descriptors, accepting this
+					// classification from another provider would produce
+					// contradictory arbitration and repair hints.
+					if _, builtin := prov.(*envprovider.Provider); !builtin {
+						return in, newCredentialIncompleteProviderContractError(prov)
+					}
+					in.directBlock = blockErr
+				case extcred.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy:
+					// A user-supplied policy value failed validation; that is
+					// a validation error, never an internal one.
+					return in, newInvalidPolicyError(blockErr)
+				default:
+					// Blocks without a recognized Code preserve their
+					// original attribution.
+					return in, err
 				}
-				// enrichUserInfo failure is non-fatal: SupportedIdentities
-				// (used for strict mode) is already set by the provider.
-				// Clear unverified user identity for safety.
-				internal.UserOpenId = ""
-				internal.UserName = ""
+				break
 			}
-			p.selectedSource = source
-			return internal, nil
+			// Any other provider error preserves its original attribution.
+			return in, err
+		}
+		if acct == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		pa := &providerAccount{acct: convertAccount(acct), source: extensionTokenSource{provider: prov}}
+		switch acct.Kind {
+		case extcred.AccountDirect:
+			// The arbitration's direct-credential surface — DirectCredentialEnv,
+			// the env:LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID selection source, conflict-hint
+			// keys — is defined in terms of the builtin process-env variables.
+			// Until the SPI carries provider-reported input descriptors, only
+			// the builtin env provider may declare AccountDirect; accepting it
+			// from anyone else would produce self-contradictory diagnostics
+			// (e.g. credentialSource "env:LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID" with
+			// directCredentialEnv.present=false). The check is by concrete
+			// type: the registry reserves neither names nor uniqueness, so a
+			// Name() comparison would be forgeable.
+			if _, builtin := prov.(*envprovider.Provider); !builtin {
+				return in, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+					"credential provider %q declared AccountDirect, which is reserved for the builtin env provider", prov.Name())
+			}
+			in.direct = pa
+		case extcred.AccountManaged:
+			in.managed = pa
+		default:
+			return in, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+				"credential provider %q returned unknown AccountKind %d", prov.Name(), acct.Kind)
+		}
+		break // the first engaged provider ends the scan (registry priority order)
+	}
+	// The config snapshot backs profile lookup, the config-default route, and
+	// config-default failure attribution. A winning managed or direct-env
+	// identity without a profile never needs it — and managed identities must
+	// keep working when the config is absent or malformed.
+	if in.managed == nil && (in.profile != "" || in.direct == nil) {
+		in.config, in.configErr = core.LoadOrNotConfigured()
+	}
+	return in, nil
+}
+
+// credentialRoute names which source serves the selected account and tokens.
+type credentialRoute int
+
+const (
+	routeManaged credentialRoute = iota
+	routeProfile
+	routeDirectEnv
+	routeConfigDefault
+)
+
+// decision is decideIdentity's complete verdict. Nothing in it touched I/O.
+type decision struct {
+	route     credentialRoute
+	selection IdentitySelection
+	// profileAppID is set on routeProfile; app_id is plaintext and safe to
+	// echo in the secret-invalid error.
+	profileAppID string
+}
+
+// decideIdentity holds every selection rule in one place: precedence
+// (managed > profile > direct env > config default), profile/direct-env
+// conflict detection, and error attribution. It is pure — same inputs, same
+// verdict — so the full selection matrix is table-testable without env vars
+// or config fixtures.
+func decideIdentity(in identityInputs) (decision, error) {
+	// DirectCredentialEnv reports the direct env vars truthfully on every
+	// route: Present always means "direct credential env vars are set".
+	directEnv := DirectCredentialEnv{Present: len(in.directKeys) > 0, Keys: in.directKeys}
+	if in.direct != nil {
+		directEnv.AppID = in.direct.acct.AppID
+	}
+	switch {
+	case in.managed != nil:
+		return decision{route: routeManaged, selection: IdentitySelection{
+			Source:              SourceExtension(in.managed.source.Name()),
+			DirectCredentialEnv: directEnv,
+		}}, nil
+	case in.profile != "":
+		return decideProfile(in, directEnv)
+	case in.directBlock != nil:
+		return decision{}, newAppCredentialIncompleteError(in.directBlock, false)
+	case in.direct != nil:
+		return decision{route: routeDirectEnv, selection: IdentitySelection{
+			Source:              SourceEnvAppID,
+			DirectCredentialEnv: directEnv,
+		}}, nil
+	default:
+		return decision{route: routeConfigDefault, selection: IdentitySelection{
+			Source:              selectionSourceForDefault(in.config),
+			DirectCredentialEnv: directEnv,
+		}}, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// decideProfile arbitrates an explicit profile against the direct env
+// credential state.
+func decideProfile(in identityInputs, directEnv DirectCredentialEnv) (decision, error) {
+	app, err := findProfile(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return decision{}, err
+	}
+	if in.directBlock != nil {
+		// APP_ID-only is sufficient to compare sources: a matching selected
+		// profile supplies the credential and tokens; a mismatch is the same
+		// hard conflict as a complete direct env. Anything less than a usable
+		// app_id keeps the provider's repair error, extended with the
+		// unset-to-use-the-profile path.
+		if in.directBlock.AppID == "" || !slices.Contains(in.directBlock.PresentKeys, envvars.CliAppID) {
+			return decision{}, newAppCredentialIncompleteError(in.directBlock, true)
+		}
+		if app.AppId != in.directBlock.AppID {
+			return decision{}, newProfileAppCredentialConflict(
+				in.profile, app.AppId, in.directBlock.AppID, in.directBlock.PresentKeys)
+		}
+		directEnv.AppID = in.directBlock.AppID
+		directEnv.Matched = true
+	}
+	if in.direct != nil {
+		// E == complete: the direct env app_id must match the profile.
+		if app.AppId != in.direct.acct.AppID {
+			return decision{}, newProfileAppCredentialConflict(
+				in.profile, app.AppId, in.direct.acct.AppID, in.conflictKeys)
+		}
+		directEnv.Matched = true
+	}
+	return decision{
+		route:        routeProfile,
+		selection:    IdentitySelection{Source: in.profileSrc, DirectCredentialEnv: directEnv},
+		profileAppID: app.AppId,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// findProfile resolves the requested profile against the config snapshot.
+// A malformed config must surface its real typed cause (invalid_config):
+// reporting it as profile_not_found would send the user to `profile list`
+// and hide the broken file. Only a genuinely absent config degrades to
+// profile_not_found, because the profile then cannot exist anywhere. Both
+// deliberately outrank an incomplete direct env: fixing the profile side is
+// what makes the selected profile usable.
+func findProfile(in identityInputs) (*core.AppConfig, error) {
+	if in.configErr != nil {
+		if prob, ok := errs.ProblemOf(in.configErr); !ok || prob.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
+			return nil, in.configErr
 		}
 	}
-	if p.defaultAcct != nil {
+	if in.config != nil {
+		if app := in.config.FindApp(in.profile); app != nil {
+			return app, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeProfileNotFound,
+		"profile %q not found", in.profile).
+		WithProfile(in.profile).
+		WithCredentialSource(string(in.profileSrc)).
+		WithHint("run `lark-cli profile list` to see available profiles.")
+}
+
+// execute performs the remaining I/O for the decided route and returns the
+// account together with its token source.
+func (p *CredentialProvider) execute(ctx context.Context, d decision, in identityInputs) (*Account, credentialSource, error) {
+	switch d.route {
+	case routeManaged:
+		return in.managed.acct, in.managed.source, nil
+	case routeDirectEnv:
+		return in.direct.acct, in.direct.source, nil
+	case routeProfile:
+		// Resolve the profile's own (keychain-backed) credential locally.
 		acct, err := p.defaultAcct.ResolveAccount(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			// A typed failure other than not_configured carries its own
+			// precise, secret-free diagnosis (typed errors never embed secret
+			// material per the error contract) — pass it through instead of
+			// flattening it into the generic secret error. Untyped failures
+			// and a config that vanished mid-resolution stay masked: their
+			// content is not guaranteed secret-free.
+			if prob, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok && prob.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
+			return nil, nil, newProfileSecretInvalidError(in.profile, d.profileAppID)
 		}
-		p.selectedSource = defaultTokenSource{resolver: p.defaultToken}
-		return acct, nil
+		// The resolver re-reads the config; a concurrent profile edit between
+		// gather and here could hand back a different app. Refuse the mismatch
+		// instead of silently using credentials the arbitration never checked.
+		if acct.AppID != d.profileAppID {
+			return nil, nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+				"config changed during resolution: profile %q resolved to a different app", in.profile).
+				WithHint("retry the command.")
+		}
+		return acct, defaultTokenSource{resolver: p.defaultToken}, nil
+	default: // routeConfigDefault
+		if p.defaultAcct == nil {
+			return nil, nil, core.NotConfiguredError()
+		}
+		acct, err := p.defaultAcct.ResolveAccount(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, translateConfigDefaultFailure(err, in.config)
+		}
+		return acct, defaultTokenSource{resolver: p.defaultToken}, nil
 	}
-	return nil, core.NotConfiguredError()
+}
+
+// translateConfigDefaultFailure attributes a config-default failure from the
+// snapshot: a default profile that EXISTS (has an app_id) but whose secret
+// cannot be resolved locally is profile_secret_invalid — "identity is
+// configured, its secret is broken" is more actionable than "no active
+// profile". Only when there is genuinely no usable default profile do we
+// report no_active_profile. Other typed failures pass through unchanged.
+func translateConfigDefaultFailure(err error, multi *core.MultiAppConfig) error {
+	if prob, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); !ok || prob.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
+		return err
+	}
+	if multi != nil {
+		if app := multi.CurrentAppConfig(""); app != nil && app.AppId != "" {
+			return newProfileSecretInvalidError(app.ProfileName(), app.AppId)
+		}
+	}
+	return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNoActiveProfile, "no active profile").
+		WithCredentialSource(noActiveProfileCredentialSource).
+		WithHint("run `lark-cli config init` / `lark-cli profile add`, or set %s.", envvars.CliProfile)
+}
+
+func newProfileAppCredentialConflict(profile, profileAppID, envAppID string, presentKeys []string) error {
+	err := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeProfileAppCredentialConflict,
+		"profile %q app_id does not match %s", profile, envvars.CliAppID).
+		WithProfileAppConflict(profileAppID, envAppID)
+	if len(presentKeys) > 0 {
+		return err.WithHint("unset %s, or select a profile whose app_id matches the environment.",
+			humanList(presentKeys, "and"))
+	}
+	return err.WithHint("unset the direct credential environment variables, or select a profile whose app_id matches the environment.")
+}
+
+func newAppCredentialIncompleteError(blockErr *extcred.BlockError, selectedProfileAvailable bool) *errs.ConfigError {
+	err := errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeAppCredentialIncomplete, "%s", blockErr.Reason).
+		WithCause(blockErr)
+	if len(blockErr.MissingKeys) > 0 {
+		err.WithMissingKeys(blockErr.MissingKeys...)
+	}
+	if len(blockErr.RequiredAnyOf) > 0 {
+		err.WithRequiredAnyOf(blockErr.RequiredAnyOf...)
+	}
+
+	hint := credentialRepairHint(blockErr)
+	if selectedProfileAvailable && len(blockErr.PresentKeys) > 0 {
+		hint += fmt.Sprintf(", or unset %s to use the selected profile", humanList(blockErr.PresentKeys, "and"))
+	}
+	return err.WithHint("%s.", hint)
+}
+
+func credentialRepairHint(blockErr *extcred.BlockError) string {
+	if len(blockErr.RequiredAnyOf) > 0 {
+		return "set " + humanList(blockErr.RequiredAnyOf, "or")
+	}
+	return "set " + humanList(blockErr.MissingKeys, "and")
+}
+
+func humanList(items []string, conjunction string) string {
+	switch len(items) {
+	case 0:
+		return "the missing direct credential variables"
+	case 1:
+		return items[0]
+	case 2:
+		return items[0] + " " + conjunction + " " + items[1]
+	default:
+		return strings.Join(items[:len(items)-1], ", ") + ", " + conjunction + " " + items[len(items)-1]
+	}
+}
+
+// newInvalidPolicyError translates a provider's invalid-policy block into the
+// typed validation contract: the failed variable name travels in param, the
+// repair path in the hint, and the original block stays on the cause chain.
+// Reason carries only the variable name and its non-secret value.
+func newInvalidPolicyError(blockErr *extcred.BlockError) error {
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", blockErr.Reason).
+		WithParam(blockErr.Param).
+		WithCause(blockErr).
+		WithHint("set %s to a supported value or unset it.", blockErr.Param)
+}
+
+func newCredentialIncompleteProviderContractError(prov extcred.Provider) error {
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+		"credential provider %q returned credential_incomplete, which is reserved for the builtin env provider", prov.Name())
+}
+
+// newProfileSecretInvalidError is deliberately generic (SECURITY): the
+// underlying cause may carry secret material, so neither it nor its message
+// may reach the envelope. app_id is plaintext and safe to echo.
+func newProfileSecretInvalidError(profile, appID string) error {
+	return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeProfileSecretInvalid,
+		"profile %q credential could not be resolved locally", profile).
+		WithProfile(profile).
+		WithAppID(appID).
+		WithHint("verify the profile's app secret or re-add the profile with `lark-cli config`.")
+}
+
+// enrichOrClearIdentity verifies a provider-supplied user identity via
+// enrichUserInfo. Verification failure is non-fatal — SupportedIdentities
+// (used for strict mode) is already set by the provider — but an unverified
+// identity must not survive it: a stale OpenID would attribute calls to a
+// user the token can no longer act for.
+func (p *CredentialProvider) enrichOrClearIdentity(ctx context.Context, acct *Account, source credentialSource) {
+	err := p.enrichUserInfo(ctx, acct, source)
+	if err == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if p.warnOut != nil {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.warnOut, "warning: unable to verify user identity from credential source %q: %v\n", source.Name(), err)
+	}
+	acct.UserOpenId = ""
+	acct.UserName = ""
+}
+
+// noActiveProfileCredentialSource is the credential_source reported on the
+// no_active_profile error. The error contract fixes this to the literal "config": there is
+// no resolved default profile at all, so the more specific config:currentApp /
+// config:firstApp source values (used on successful config-default selections)
+// would be misleading. It is an enum string, never a secret.
+const noActiveProfileCredentialSource = "config"
+
+// selectionSourceForDefault reports whether the config default resolved to the
+// explicit currentApp or fell back to the first app.
+func selectionSourceForDefault(multi *core.MultiAppConfig) CredentialSourceKind {
+	if multi != nil && multi.CurrentApp != "" {
+		return SourceConfigCurrentApp
+	}
+	return SourceConfigFirstApp
+}
+
+// presentDirectCredentialKeys returns the NAMES (never values) of the direct
+// app credential env vars that are set. Used to annotate DirectCredentialEnv.
+func presentDirectCredentialKeys() []string {
+	var keys []string
+	if os.Getenv(envvars.CliAppID) != "" {
+		keys = append(keys, envvars.CliAppID)
+	}
+	if os.Getenv(envvars.CliAppSecret) != "" {
+		keys = append(keys, envvars.CliAppSecret)
+	}
+	return keys
+}
+
+// presentDirectCredentialInputKeys returns all direct env input names that
+// must be cleared together to remove a profile/app_id conflict. Values are
+// never returned.
+func presentDirectCredentialInputKeys() []string {
+	keys := presentDirectCredentialKeys()
+	if os.Getenv(envvars.CliUserAccessToken) != "" {
+		keys = append(keys, envvars.CliUserAccessToken)
+	}
+	if os.Getenv(envvars.CliTenantAccessToken) != "" {
+		keys = append(keys, envvars.CliTenantAccessToken)
+	}
+	return keys
+}
+
+// Selection resolves the account (once) and returns the cached, secret-free
+// explanation of how the credential/App was selected. It mirrors
+// selectedCredentialSource: resolve-then-return.
+func (p *CredentialProvider) Selection(ctx context.Context) (IdentitySelection, error) {
+	if _, err := p.ResolveAccount(ctx); err != nil {
+		return IdentitySelection{}, err
+	}
+	return p.selection, nil
 }
 
 // enrichUserInfo resolves user identity when extension provides a UAT.
@@ -239,17 +728,13 @@ func (p *CredentialProvider) enrichUserInfo(ctx context.Context, acct *Account,
 }
 
 func (p *CredentialProvider) selectedCredentialSource(ctx context.Context) (credentialSource, error) {
-	if p.selectedSource != nil {
-		return p.selectedSource, nil
-	}
-	if p.defaultAcct == nil {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	if _, err := p.ResolveAccount(ctx); err != nil {
+	if _, err := p.resolveAccountSelection(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if p.selectedSource == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("credential provider resolved an account without selecting a token source")
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+			"credential provider resolved an account without selecting a token source").
+			WithHint("retry the command.")
 	}
 	return p.selectedSource, nil
 }
@@ -302,51 +787,88 @@ func (p *CredentialProvider) doResolveIdentityHint(ctx context.Context) (*Identi
 
 // ResolveToken resolves an access token.
 func (p *CredentialProvider) ResolveToken(ctx context.Context, req TokenSpec) (*TokenResult, error) {
-	source, err := p.selectedCredentialSource(ctx)
+	acct, err := p.resolveAccountSelection(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	if source != nil {
-		return resolveTokenFromSource(ctx, source, req)
+	if acct == nil {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+			"credential provider resolved no account before %s token resolution", req.Type).
+			WithHint("retry the command.")
 	}
-
-	for _, prov := range p.providers {
-		source := extensionTokenSource{provider: prov}
-		result, found, err := source.TryResolveToken(ctx, req)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		if found {
-			return result, nil
-		}
+	source := p.selectedSource
+	if source == nil {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+			"credential provider resolved app %q without selecting a token source", acct.AppID).
+			WithHint("retry the command.")
 	}
-	source = defaultTokenSource{resolver: p.defaultToken}
-	result, found, err := source.TryResolveToken(ctx, req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	if req.AppID == "" {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+			"TokenSpec.AppID is required for %s token resolution", req.Type).
+			WithHint("retry the command.")
 	}
-	if found {
-		return result, nil
+	if req.AppID != acct.AppID {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+			"token requested for app %q but the selected account belongs to app %q", req.AppID, acct.AppID).
+			WithHint("retry the command.")
 	}
-	return nil, &TokenUnavailableError{Type: req.Type}
+	return resolveTokenFromSource(ctx, source, req)
 }
 
 // ActiveExtensionProviderName reports whether an extension provider is managing
-// credentials. It probes p.providers (extension providers only, not defaultAcct)
-// and returns the name of the first engaged provider.
+// the credentials that actually win selection. With an explicit profile that
+// resolves successfully it reuses ResolveAccount's cached arbitration result;
+// otherwise it probes extension providers directly and returns the first
+// engaged provider.
 //
 // "Engaged" means: ResolveAccount returns a non-nil account, OR returns a
 // *extcred.BlockError (provider configured but misconfigured — still counts as
-// external). Any other error is propagated to the caller.
+// external). Any other probe error is propagated to the caller.
+//
+// A failed profile resolution (profile not found, broken secret, malformed
+// config, incomplete direct env, ...) deliberately does NOT propagate: this
+// probe guards the builtin setup/repair commands (auth, config), and an
+// unresolvable credential must never lock the user out of the commands that
+// fix it. It falls back to the engagement probe, which answers the only
+// question this function owns: is an extension provider holding credentials?
 //
 // Returns ("", nil) when no extension provider is active (built-in keychain path).
-// Safe to call multiple times — probes providers directly without the sync.Once cache.
+// Safe to call multiple times: explicit-profile resolution uses sync.Once, while
+// the probe path only consults providers.
 func (p *CredentialProvider) ActiveExtensionProviderName(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	// With an explicit profile, report the source that actually won the same
+	// arbitration used by commands. A matching APP_ID-only env block is not an
+	// external takeover once the selected profile supplies credentials/tokens.
+	if p.profile != "" {
+		if _, err := p.ResolveAccount(ctx); err == nil {
+			if p.selectedSource == nil {
+				return "", nil
+			}
+			if _, builtin := p.selectedSource.(defaultTokenSource); builtin {
+				return "", nil
+			}
+			return p.selectedSource.Name(), nil
+		}
+		// Resolution failed — fall through to the engagement probe.
+	}
 	for _, prov := range p.providers {
 		acct, err := prov.ResolveAccount(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			var blockErr *extcred.BlockError
 			if errors.As(err, &blockErr) {
+				// Align with formal arbitration: a misconfigured policy
+				// variable is the same typed validation error everywhere —
+				// not an external takeover of the provider that reported it,
+				// and not license to keep scanning and blame a later
+				// provider instead.
+				if blockErr.Code == extcred.BlockReasonInvalidPolicy {
+					return "", newInvalidPolicyError(blockErr)
+				}
+				if blockErr.Code == extcred.BlockReasonCredentialIncomplete {
+					if _, builtin := prov.(*envprovider.Provider); !builtin {
+						return "", newCredentialIncompleteProviderContractError(prov)
+					}
+				}
 				name := blockErr.Provider
 				if name == "" {
 					name = prov.Name()

internal/credential/credential_provider_test.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	extcred "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ type mockExtProvider struct {
 	err        error
 	accountErr error
 	tokenErr   error
+	tokenCalls int
 }
 
 func (m *mockExtProvider) Name() string { return m.name }
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ func (m *mockExtProvider) ResolveAccount(ctx context.Context) (*extcred.Account,
 	return m.account, m.err
 }
 func (m *mockExtProvider) ResolveToken(ctx context.Context, req extcred.TokenSpec) (*extcred.Token, error) {
+	m.tokenCalls++
 	if m.tokenErr != nil {
 		return nil, m.tokenErr
 	}
@@ -49,11 +52,13 @@ func (m *mockDefaultAcct) ResolveAccount(ctx context.Context) (*Account, error)
 }
 
 type mockDefaultToken struct {
-	result *TokenResult
-	err    error
+	result     *TokenResult
+	err        error
+	tokenCalls int
 }
 
 func (m *mockDefaultToken) ResolveToken(ctx context.Context, req TokenSpec) (*TokenResult, error) {
+	m.tokenCalls++
 	return m.result, m.err
 }
 
@@ -116,35 +121,45 @@ func TestCredentialProvider_AccountCached(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCredentialProvider_TokenFromExtension(t *testing.T) {
-	cp := NewCredentialProvider(
-		[]extcred.Provider{&mockExtProvider{
-			name:    "env",
-			account: &extcred.Account{AppID: "ext_app", Brand: "feishu"},
-			token:   &extcred.Token{Value: "ext_tok", Source: "env"},
-		}},
-		&mockDefaultAcct{}, &mockDefaultToken{result: &TokenResult{Token: "default_tok"}}, nil,
-	)
-	result, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if result.Token != "ext_tok" {
-		t.Errorf("expected ext_tok, got %s", result.Token)
+	for _, sourceName := range []string{"env", "authsidecar"} {
+		t.Run(sourceName, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cp := NewCredentialProvider(
+				[]extcred.Provider{&mockExtProvider{
+					name:    sourceName,
+					account: &extcred.Account{AppID: "ext_app", Brand: "feishu"},
+					token:   &extcred.Token{Value: "ext_tok", Source: sourceName},
+				}},
+				&mockDefaultAcct{account: &Account{AppID: "default_app"}},
+				&mockDefaultToken{result: &TokenResult{Token: "default_tok"}}, nil,
+			)
+			result, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "ext_app"})
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if result.Token != "ext_tok" {
+				t.Errorf("expected ext_tok, got %s", result.Token)
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestCredentialProvider_TokenFallsToDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	defaultToken := &mockDefaultToken{result: &TokenResult{Token: "default_tok"}}
 	cp := NewCredentialProvider(
 		[]extcred.Provider{&mockExtProvider{name: "skip"}},
-		&mockDefaultAcct{}, &mockDefaultToken{result: &TokenResult{Token: "default_tok"}}, nil,
+		&mockDefaultAcct{account: &Account{AppID: "default_app"}},
+		defaultToken, nil,
 	)
-	result, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT})
+	result, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "default_app"})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	if result.Token != "default_tok" {
 		t.Errorf("expected default_tok, got %s", result.Token)
 	}
+	if defaultToken.tokenCalls != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("default ResolveToken() calls = %d, want 1", defaultToken.tokenCalls)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestCredentialProvider_TokenDoesNotMixSourcesAfterDefaultAccountSelection(t *testing.T) {
@@ -159,7 +174,7 @@ func TestCredentialProvider_TokenDoesNotMixSourcesAfterDefaultAccountSelection(t
 		t.Fatalf("ResolveAccount() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	result, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT})
+	result, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "default_app"})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("ResolveToken() error = %v", err)
 	}
@@ -181,7 +196,7 @@ func TestCredentialProvider_SelectedSourceWithoutTokenReturnsUnavailableError(t
 		t.Fatalf("ResolveAccount() error = %v", err)
 	}
 
-	_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT})
+	_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "ext_app"})
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("ResolveToken() error = nil, want unavailable error")
 	}
@@ -202,7 +217,7 @@ func TestCredentialProvider_ResolveTokenPropagatesNonBlockExtensionError(t *test
 		nil,
 	)
 
-	_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT})
+	_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "ext_app"})
 	if err == nil || err.Error() != "provider exploded" {
 		t.Fatalf("ResolveToken() error = %v, want provider exploded", err)
 	}
@@ -312,12 +327,12 @@ func TestCredentialProvider_ResolveIdentityHint_CachesResult(t *testing.T) {
 func TestCredentialProvider_ResolveTokenTreatsEmptyDefaultTokenAsMalformed(t *testing.T) {
 	cp := NewCredentialProvider(
 		nil,
-		nil,
+		&mockDefaultAcct{account: &Account{AppID: "default_app"}},
 		&mockDefaultToken{result: &TokenResult{Token: ""}},
 		nil,
 	)
 
-	_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT})
+	_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "default_app"})
 	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "empty token") {
 		t.Fatalf("ResolveToken() error = %v, want malformed empty token error", err)
 	}
@@ -410,17 +425,189 @@ func TestCredentialProvider_ResolveAccountWarnsWhenExtensionIdentityVerification
 }
 
 func TestCredentialProvider_ResolveTokenDoesNotBypassFailedDefaultAccountResolution(t *testing.T) {
+	defaultToken := &mockDefaultToken{result: &TokenResult{Token: "default_tok"}}
 	cp := NewCredentialProvider(
 		nil,
 		&mockDefaultAcct{err: errors.New("config unavailable")},
-		&mockDefaultToken{result: &TokenResult{Token: "default_tok"}},
+		defaultToken,
 		nil,
 	)
 
-	_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT})
+	_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "default_app"})
 	if err == nil || err.Error() != "config unavailable" {
 		t.Fatalf("ResolveToken() error = %v, want config unavailable", err)
 	}
+	if defaultToken.tokenCalls != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("default ResolveToken() calls = %d, want 0", defaultToken.tokenCalls)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCredentialProvider_ResolveTokenRejectsUnboundAppBeforeExtensionIO(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		appID string
+	}{
+		{name: "empty app id"},
+		{name: "different app id", appID: "other_app"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		for _, sourceName := range []string{"env", "authsidecar"} {
+			t.Run(tt.name+"/"+sourceName, func(t *testing.T) {
+				provider := &mockExtProvider{
+					name:    sourceName,
+					account: &extcred.Account{AppID: "ext_app", Brand: "feishu"},
+					token:   &extcred.Token{Value: "ext_tok", Source: sourceName},
+				}
+				httpClientCalls := 0
+				cp := NewCredentialProvider(
+					[]extcred.Provider{provider},
+					&mockDefaultAcct{account: &Account{AppID: "default_app"}},
+					&mockDefaultToken{result: &TokenResult{Token: "default_tok"}},
+					func() (*http.Client, error) {
+						httpClientCalls++
+						return nil, errors.New("unexpected user_info call")
+					},
+				)
+
+				_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: tt.appID})
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Fatal("ResolveToken() error = nil, want app binding error")
+				}
+				assertInternalUnknownWithRetryHint(t, err)
+				if provider.tokenCalls != 0 {
+					t.Fatalf("extension ResolveToken() calls = %d, want 0", provider.tokenCalls)
+				}
+				if httpClientCalls != 0 {
+					t.Fatalf("httpClient() calls = %d, want 0", httpClientCalls)
+				}
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCredentialProvider_ResolveTokenRejectsUnboundAppBeforeDefaultIO(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		appID string
+	}{
+		{name: "empty app id"},
+		{name: "different app id", appID: "other_app"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			defaultToken := &mockDefaultToken{result: &TokenResult{Token: "default_tok"}}
+			cp := NewCredentialProvider(
+				nil,
+				&mockDefaultAcct{account: &Account{AppID: "default_app"}},
+				defaultToken,
+				nil,
+			)
+
+			_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: tt.appID})
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatal("ResolveToken() error = nil, want app binding error")
+			}
+			assertInternalUnknownWithRetryHint(t, err)
+			if defaultToken.tokenCalls != 0 {
+				t.Fatalf("default ResolveToken() calls = %d, want 0", defaultToken.tokenCalls)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCredentialProvider_ResolveTokenRejectsNilAccountBeforeTokenIO(t *testing.T) {
+	defaultToken := &mockDefaultToken{result: &TokenResult{Token: "default_tok"}}
+	cp := NewCredentialProvider(
+		nil,
+		&mockDefaultAcct{},
+		defaultToken,
+		nil,
+	)
+
+	_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "requested_app"})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ResolveToken() error = nil, want nil account error")
+	}
+	assertInternalUnknownWithRetryHint(t, err)
+	if defaultToken.tokenCalls != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("default ResolveToken() calls = %d, want 0", defaultToken.tokenCalls)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCredentialProvider_ResolveTokenRejectsMissingSelectedSourceWithoutFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	extension := &mockExtProvider{
+		name:  "env",
+		token: &extcred.Token{Value: "ext_tok", Source: "env"},
+	}
+	defaultToken := &mockDefaultToken{result: &TokenResult{Token: "default_tok"}}
+	cp := NewCredentialProvider(
+		[]extcred.Provider{extension},
+		&mockDefaultAcct{account: &Account{AppID: "default_app"}},
+		defaultToken,
+		nil,
+	)
+	cp.account = &Account{AppID: "selected_app"}
+	cp.accountOnce.Do(func() {})
+
+	_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "selected_app"})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ResolveToken() error = nil, want missing selected source error")
+	}
+	assertInternalUnknownWithRetryHint(t, err)
+	if extension.tokenCalls != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("extension ResolveToken() calls = %d, want 0", extension.tokenCalls)
+	}
+	if defaultToken.tokenCalls != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("default ResolveToken() calls = %d, want 0", defaultToken.tokenCalls)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCredentialProvider_ResolveTokenMatchingExtensionDoesNotEnrichIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	provider := &mockExtProvider{
+		name:    "env",
+		account: &extcred.Account{AppID: "ext_app", Brand: "feishu"},
+		token:   &extcred.Token{Value: "ext_tok", Source: "env"},
+	}
+	httpClientCalls := 0
+	cp := NewCredentialProvider(
+		[]extcred.Provider{provider},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		func() (*http.Client, error) {
+			httpClientCalls++
+			return nil, errors.New("unexpected user_info call")
+		},
+	)
+
+	result, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "ext_app"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ResolveToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Token != "ext_tok" {
+		t.Fatalf("ResolveToken() token = %q, want %q", result.Token, "ext_tok")
+	}
+	if provider.tokenCalls != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("extension ResolveToken() calls = %d, want 1", provider.tokenCalls)
+	}
+	if httpClientCalls != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("httpClient() calls = %d, want 0", httpClientCalls)
+	}
+}
+
+func assertInternalUnknownWithRetryHint(t *testing.T, err error) {
+	t.Helper()
+	problem, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want typed internal error", err)
+	}
+	if problem.Category != errs.CategoryInternal || problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeUnknown {
+		t.Fatalf("error problem = %+v, want internal/unknown", problem)
+	}
+	if problem.Hint != "retry the command." {
+		t.Fatalf("error hint = %q, want retry hint", problem.Hint)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestActiveExtensionProviderName_ExtActive(t *testing.T) {

internal/credential/decide_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package credential
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	extcred "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
+)
+
+// stubDecideProvider satisfies extcred.Provider for building providerAccount
+// literals; decideIdentity only ever calls Name() on it.
+type stubDecideProvider struct{ name string }
+
+func (s stubDecideProvider) Name() string  { return s.name }
+func (s stubDecideProvider) Priority() int { return 0 }
+func (s stubDecideProvider) ResolveAccount(context.Context) (*extcred.Account, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+func (s stubDecideProvider) ResolveToken(context.Context, extcred.TokenSpec) (*extcred.Token, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func pa(providerName, appID string) *providerAccount {
+	return &providerAccount{
+		acct:   &Account{AppID: appID},
+		source: extensionTokenSource{provider: stubDecideProvider{name: providerName}},
+	}
+}
+
+func appIDOnlyBlock(appID string) *extcred.BlockError {
+	return &extcred.BlockError{
+		Provider:      "env",
+		Reason:        envvars.CliAppID + " is set but no app secret or access token is available",
+		Code:          extcred.BlockReasonCredentialIncomplete,
+		RequiredAnyOf: []string{envvars.CliAppSecret, envvars.CliUserAccessToken, envvars.CliTenantAccessToken},
+		PresentKeys:   []string{envvars.CliAppID},
+		AppID:         appID,
+	}
+}
+
+func uatOnlyBlock() *extcred.BlockError {
+	return &extcred.BlockError{
+		Provider:    "env",
+		Reason:      envvars.CliUserAccessToken + " is set but " + envvars.CliAppID + " is missing",
+		Code:        extcred.BlockReasonCredentialIncomplete,
+		MissingKeys: []string{envvars.CliAppID},
+		PresentKeys: []string{envvars.CliUserAccessToken},
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDecideIdentity exercises the selection matrix as data: decideIdentity is
+// pure, so every rule (precedence, conflict detection, error attribution) is
+// table-testable without env vars or config fixtures.
+func TestDecideIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	tenantA := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "tenant_a",
+		Apps:       []core.AppConfig{{Name: "tenant_a", AppId: "cli_a"}},
+	}
+	noCurrent := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{{Name: "tenant_a", AppId: "cli_a"}},
+	}
+	invalidConfigErr := errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig, "invalid config format")
+	notConfiguredErr := core.NotConfiguredError()
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		in      identityInputs
+		route   credentialRoute
+		source  CredentialSourceKind
+		matched bool
+		subtype errs.Subtype // "" = success expected
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "managed provider wins over explicit profile",
+			in:     identityInputs{profile: "tenant_a", profileSrc: SourceFlagProfile, managed: pa("sidecar", "sidecar_app"), config: tenantA},
+			route:  routeManaged,
+			source: SourceExtension("sidecar"),
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "profile conflicts with complete direct env app_id",
+			in:      identityInputs{profile: "tenant_a", profileSrc: SourceFlagProfile, direct: pa("env", "cli_x"), directKeys: []string{envvars.CliAppID, envvars.CliAppSecret}, config: tenantA},
+			subtype: errs.SubtypeProfileAppCredentialConflict,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "matched complete direct env yields profile route",
+			in:      identityInputs{profile: "tenant_a", profileSrc: SourceEnvProfile, direct: pa("env", "cli_a"), directKeys: []string{envvars.CliAppID, envvars.CliAppSecret}, config: tenantA},
+			route:   routeProfile,
+			source:  SourceEnvProfile,
+			matched: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "APP_ID-only block matching the profile yields profile route",
+			in:      identityInputs{profile: "tenant_a", profileSrc: SourceFlagProfile, directBlock: appIDOnlyBlock("cli_a"), directKeys: []string{envvars.CliAppID}, config: tenantA},
+			route:   routeProfile,
+			source:  SourceFlagProfile,
+			matched: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "APP_ID-only block mismatching the profile is a hard conflict",
+			in:      identityInputs{profile: "tenant_a", profileSrc: SourceFlagProfile, directBlock: appIDOnlyBlock("cli_x"), directKeys: []string{envvars.CliAppID}, config: tenantA},
+			subtype: errs.SubtypeProfileAppCredentialConflict,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "UAT-only block with a valid profile keeps the repair error",
+			in:      identityInputs{profile: "tenant_a", profileSrc: SourceFlagProfile, directBlock: uatOnlyBlock(), config: tenantA},
+			subtype: errs.SubtypeAppCredentialIncomplete,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "block without profile is app_credential_incomplete",
+			in:      identityInputs{directBlock: appIDOnlyBlock("cli_a"), directKeys: []string{envvars.CliAppID}},
+			subtype: errs.SubtypeAppCredentialIncomplete,
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "complete direct env without profile wins",
+			in:     identityInputs{direct: pa("env", "cli_env"), directKeys: []string{envvars.CliAppID, envvars.CliAppSecret}},
+			route:  routeDirectEnv,
+			source: SourceEnvAppID,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "malformed config is not masked as profile_not_found",
+			in:      identityInputs{profile: "tenant_a", profileSrc: SourceFlagProfile, configErr: invalidConfigErr},
+			subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "absent config degrades to profile_not_found",
+			in:      identityInputs{profile: "ghost", profileSrc: SourceEnvProfile, configErr: notConfiguredErr},
+			subtype: errs.SubtypeProfileNotFound,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "profile missing from a valid config is profile_not_found even with incomplete env",
+			in:      identityInputs{profile: "ghost", profileSrc: SourceEnvProfile, directBlock: appIDOnlyBlock("cli_a"), directKeys: []string{envvars.CliAppID}, config: tenantA},
+			subtype: errs.SubtypeProfileNotFound,
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "config default reports currentApp",
+			in:     identityInputs{config: tenantA},
+			route:  routeConfigDefault,
+			source: SourceConfigCurrentApp,
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "config default without currentApp reports firstApp",
+			in:     identityInputs{config: noCurrent},
+			route:  routeConfigDefault,
+			source: SourceConfigFirstApp,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			d, err := decideIdentity(tc.in)
+			if tc.subtype != "" {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Fatalf("decideIdentity = %+v, want error subtype %q", d, tc.subtype)
+				}
+				prob, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+				if !ok || prob.Subtype != tc.subtype {
+					t.Fatalf("error = %v, want subtype %q", err, tc.subtype)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("decideIdentity: %v", err)
+			}
+			if d.route != tc.route {
+				t.Errorf("route = %d, want %d", d.route, tc.route)
+			}
+			if d.selection.Source != tc.source {
+				t.Errorf("source = %q, want %q", d.selection.Source, tc.source)
+			}
+			if d.selection.DirectCredentialEnv.Matched != tc.matched {
+				t.Errorf("matched = %v, want %v", d.selection.DirectCredentialEnv.Matched, tc.matched)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/credential/default_provider.go

@@ -74,9 +74,13 @@ func NewDefaultAccountProvider(kc func() keychain.KeychainAccess, profile string
 
 func (p *DefaultAccountProvider) ResolveAccount(ctx context.Context) (*Account, error) {
 	// Load config once — used for both credentials and strict mode.
-	multi, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
+	// LoadOrNotConfigured distinguishes an absent config (→ not_configured)
+	// from a malformed/unreadable one (→ invalid_config with cause), so a
+	// broken config is never masked as "run config init" — matching the
+	// explicit-profile path in doResolveAccount.
+	multi, err := core.LoadOrNotConfigured()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, core.NotConfiguredError()
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	cfg, err := core.ResolveConfigFromMulti(multi, p.keychain(), p.profile)
@@ -116,6 +120,7 @@ type DefaultTokenProvider struct {
 
 	tatOnce   sync.Once
 	tatResult *TokenResult
+	tatAppID  string
 	tatErr    error
 }
 
@@ -126,21 +131,42 @@ func NewDefaultTokenProvider(defaultAcct *DefaultAccountProvider, httpClient fun
 func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) ResolveToken(ctx context.Context, req TokenSpec) (*TokenResult, error) {
 	switch req.Type {
 	case TokenTypeUAT:
-		return p.resolveUAT(ctx)
+		return p.resolveUAT(ctx, req)
 	case TokenTypeTAT:
-		return p.resolveTAT(ctx)
+		return p.resolveTAT(ctx, req)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported token type: %s", req.Type)
 	}
 }
 
+// checkTokenAppID refuses to hand out a token for a different app than the
+// caller resolved. The token provider re-reads the config, so a concurrent
+// profile edit between account resolution and token resolution could otherwise
+// cross tokens between apps. TokenSpec.AppID is REQUIRED here: an empty value
+// would silently disable the guarantee, so it is rejected rather than skipped.
+func checkTokenAppID(req TokenSpec, resolvedAppID string) error {
+	if req.AppID == "" {
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+			"TokenSpec.AppID is required for %s token resolution", req.Type)
+	}
+	if req.AppID == resolvedAppID {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+		"config changed during resolution: token requested for app %q but the saved profile now resolves to a different app", req.AppID).
+		WithHint("retry the command.")
+}
+
 // resolveUAT resolves a user access token. Not cached (unlike TAT) because UAT
 // may be refreshed between calls and GetValidAccessToken handles its own caching.
-func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) resolveUAT(ctx context.Context) (*TokenResult, error) {
+func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) resolveUAT(ctx context.Context, req TokenSpec) (*TokenResult, error) {
 	acct, err := p.defaultAcct.ResolveAccount(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if err := checkTokenAppID(req, acct.AppID); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	httpClient, err := p.httpClient()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -157,20 +183,36 @@ func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) resolveUAT(ctx context.Context) (*TokenResult, er
 	return &TokenResult{Token: token, Scopes: scopes}, nil
 }
 
-// resolveTAT resolves a tenant access token. The result is cached after the first
-// call via sync.Once — only the context from the first call is used.
-func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) resolveTAT(ctx context.Context) (*TokenResult, error) {
-	p.tatOnce.Do(func() {
-		p.tatResult, p.tatErr = p.doResolveTAT(ctx)
-	})
-	return p.tatResult, p.tatErr
-}
-
-func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) doResolveTAT(ctx context.Context) (*TokenResult, error) {
+// resolveTAT resolves a tenant access token. The result is cached after the
+// first mint via sync.Once — only the context from that call is used.
+//
+// The account is resolved and checked against the request BEFORE any token
+// work: a mismatched request must not trigger a token mint (network call,
+// quota, audit trail) for the wrong app. The cached result is additionally
+// re-checked on every hit, so a token minted for one app is never served to
+// a request that resolved another.
+func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) resolveTAT(ctx context.Context, req TokenSpec) (*TokenResult, error) {
 	acct, err := p.defaultAcct.ResolveAccount(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if err := checkTokenAppID(req, acct.AppID); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	p.tatOnce.Do(func() {
+		p.tatResult, p.tatErr = p.doResolveTAT(ctx, acct)
+		p.tatAppID = acct.AppID
+	})
+	if p.tatErr != nil {
+		return nil, p.tatErr
+	}
+	if err := checkTokenAppID(req, p.tatAppID); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return p.tatResult, nil
+}
+
+func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) doResolveTAT(ctx context.Context, acct *Account) (*TokenResult, error) {
 	httpClient, err := p.httpClient()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err

internal/credential/default_provider_test.go

@@ -4,10 +4,15 @@
 package credential
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 )
 
 func TestDefaultTokenProvider_Dispatches(t *testing.T) {
@@ -92,3 +97,136 @@ func TestClassifyTATResponseCode_CodeZeroOtherError_StillTyped(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("code-0 invalid_scope must not be a ConfigError, got %T", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestCheckTokenAppID(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := checkTokenAppID(TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT}, "cli_a"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("empty requested app must be rejected: it would silently disable the guarantee")
+	}
+	if err := checkTokenAppID(TokenSpec{AppID: "cli_a"}, "cli_a"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("matching app must pass: %v", err)
+	}
+	err := checkTokenAppID(TokenSpec{AppID: "cli_a"}, "cli_b")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("mismatched app must be refused")
+	}
+	var ie *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ie) {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.InternalError", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// REAL-path regression for review F2: the token provider re-reads the config,
+// so a profile edit between account resolution and token resolution must not
+// hand a token minted for the new app to a caller that resolved the old one.
+// Uses the real DefaultAccountProvider + DefaultTokenProvider; the HTTP stub
+// makes the network step unreachable, so reaching it proves the app check ran
+// and passed first.
+func TestDefaultTokenProvider_RefusesTokenAfterConfigSwap(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	writeCfg := func(appID string) {
+		t.Helper()
+		multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{CurrentApp: "tenant_a", Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
+			Name: "tenant_a", AppId: appID, AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("your-secret"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+		}}}
+		if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	writeCfg("cli_a")
+
+	httpSentinel := errors.New("http client sentinel: unreachable in test")
+	tp := NewDefaultTokenProvider(
+		NewDefaultAccountProvider(nil, "tenant_a"),
+		func() (*http.Client, error) { return nil, httpSentinel },
+		nil,
+	)
+
+	// Matching app: the consistency check passes and resolution proceeds to
+	// the (stubbed) HTTP step.
+	_, err := tp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "cli_a"})
+	if !errors.Is(err, httpSentinel) {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want the HTTP sentinel (check must pass for a matching app)", err)
+	}
+
+	// The profile now resolves to a different app: the token request that was
+	// arbitrated for cli_a must be refused before any token work happens.
+	writeCfg("cli_b")
+	_, err = tp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "cli_a"})
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "config changed during resolution") {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want config-changed refusal", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// F1 regression: a TAT request for a mismatched app must be refused BEFORE
+// any token work starts — no HTTP client construction, no mint, no cache —
+// otherwise the CLI mints (and caches) a token for the wrong app and only
+// then refuses to return it, leaving auth audit/quota side effects behind.
+func TestDefaultTokenProvider_TATChecksAppBeforeAnyTokenWork(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{CurrentApp: "tenant_a", Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
+		Name: "tenant_a", AppId: "cli_b", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("your-secret"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	}}}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	httpCalled := false
+	tp := NewDefaultTokenProvider(
+		NewDefaultAccountProvider(nil, "tenant_a"),
+		func() (*http.Client, error) { httpCalled = true; return nil, errors.New("http sentinel") },
+		nil,
+	)
+
+	// The profile resolves to cli_b, but the caller arbitrated cli_a.
+	_, err := tp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeTAT, AppID: "cli_a"})
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "config changed during resolution") {
+		t.Fatalf("err = %v, want config-changed refusal", err)
+	}
+	if httpCalled {
+		t.Fatal("token work started for a mismatched app: the check must run before any HTTP client is built")
+	}
+}
+
+// countingTATTripper serves a canned successful TAT response and counts calls.
+type countingTATTripper struct{ calls int }
+
+func (c *countingTATTripper) RoundTrip(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	c.calls++
+	return &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: http.StatusOK,
+		Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(`{"code":0,"access_token":"your-access-token"}`)),
+		Header:     http.Header{"Content-Type": []string{"application/json"}},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// TAT happy path: the first request mints the token over HTTP, the second is
+// served from the sync.Once cache without another HTTP call.
+func TestDefaultTokenProvider_TATSuccessAndCacheHit(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{CurrentApp: "tenant_a", Apps: []core.AppConfig{{
+		Name: "tenant_a", AppId: "cli_a", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("your-secret"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	}}}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	tripper := &countingTATTripper{}
+	tp := NewDefaultTokenProvider(
+		NewDefaultAccountProvider(nil, "tenant_a"),
+		func() (*http.Client, error) { return &http.Client{Transport: tripper}, nil },
+		nil,
+	)
+
+	req := TokenSpec{Type: TokenTypeTAT, AppID: "cli_a"}
+	first, err := tp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), req)
+	if err != nil || first.Token != "your-access-token" {
+		t.Fatalf("first resolve = %+v, %v; want minted token", first, err)
+	}
+	second, err := tp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), req)
+	if err != nil || second.Token != "your-access-token" {
+		t.Fatalf("second resolve = %+v, %v; want cached token", second, err)
+	}
+	if tripper.calls != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("HTTP calls = %d, want exactly 1 (second resolve must hit the cache)", tripper.calls)
+	}
+}

internal/credential/identity_selection.go

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package credential
+
+// CredentialSourceKind is the wire-stable App/credential selection source.
+type CredentialSourceKind string
+
+const (
+	SourceFlagProfile      CredentialSourceKind = "flag:--profile"
+	SourceEnvProfile       CredentialSourceKind = "env:LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE"
+	SourceEnvAppID         CredentialSourceKind = "env:LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID"
+	SourceConfigCurrentApp CredentialSourceKind = "config:currentApp"
+	SourceConfigFirstApp   CredentialSourceKind = "config:firstApp"
+
+	// SourceExtensionPrefix prefixes the name of a managed extension provider
+	// that won selection outright (e.g. "extension:sidecar"). With it, an
+	// empty Source is left with exactly one meaning: not resolved.
+	SourceExtensionPrefix CredentialSourceKind = "extension:"
+)
+
+// SourceExtension reports the selection source for a managed extension
+// provider by name.
+func SourceExtension(name string) CredentialSourceKind {
+	return SourceExtensionPrefix + CredentialSourceKind(name)
+}
+
+// DirectCredentialEnv describes the state of direct app credential env vars.
+// It never carries a secret value — only names and the non-sensitive app_id.
+type DirectCredentialEnv struct {
+	Present              bool     `json:"present"`
+	Keys                 []string `json:"keys,omitempty"`
+	AppID                string   `json:"appId,omitempty"`
+	Matched              bool     `json:"matched,omitempty"`
+	ConflictsWithProfile bool     `json:"conflictsWithProfile,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// IdentitySelection is the explainable result of credential selection.
+// It carries NO secret value.
+type IdentitySelection struct {
+	Source              CredentialSourceKind
+	DirectCredentialEnv DirectCredentialEnv
+}
+
+// Explicit reports whether the identity was actively specified by the
+// user/agent (flag or env), which governs no-fallback behavior.
+func (s IdentitySelection) Explicit() bool {
+	switch s.Source {
+	case SourceFlagProfile, SourceEnvProfile, SourceEnvAppID:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}

internal/credential/identity_selection_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package credential
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestIdentitySelectionExplicit(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		src      CredentialSourceKind
+		explicit bool
+	}{
+		{SourceFlagProfile, true},
+		{SourceEnvProfile, true},
+		{SourceEnvAppID, true},
+		{SourceConfigCurrentApp, false},
+		{SourceConfigFirstApp, false},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		sel := IdentitySelection{Source: c.src}
+		if sel.Explicit() != c.explicit {
+			t.Errorf("source %q: Explicit()=%v want %v", c.src, sel.Explicit(), c.explicit)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/credential/integration_test.go

@@ -52,6 +52,24 @@ func TestFullChain_EnvWins(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestFullChain_EnvRejectsDifferentApp(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppID, "env_app")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliAppSecret, "env_secret")
+	t.Setenv(envvars.CliUserAccessToken, "env_uat")
+
+	cp := credential.NewCredentialProvider(
+		[]extcred.Provider{&envprovider.Provider{}},
+		nil, nil, nil,
+	)
+
+	_, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), credential.TokenSpec{
+		Type: credential.TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "other_app",
+	})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ResolveToken() error = nil, want app binding error")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestFullChain_Fallthrough(t *testing.T) {
 	// env provider returns nil (no env vars set), falls through to default token
 	ep := &envprovider.Provider{}
@@ -59,7 +77,8 @@ func TestFullChain_Fallthrough(t *testing.T) {
 
 	cp := credential.NewCredentialProvider(
 		[]extcred.Provider{ep},
-		nil, mock, nil,
+		&mockDefaultAccountProvider{account: &credential.Account{AppID: "app1"}},
+		mock, nil,
 	)
 	result, err := cp.ResolveToken(context.Background(), credential.TokenSpec{
 		Type: credential.TokenTypeUAT, AppID: "app1",
@@ -72,6 +91,14 @@ func TestFullChain_Fallthrough(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+type mockDefaultAccountProvider struct {
+	account *credential.Account
+}
+
+func (m *mockDefaultAccountProvider) ResolveAccount(context.Context) (*credential.Account, error) {
+	return m.account, nil
+}
+
 type mockDefaultTokenProvider struct {
 	token  string
 	scopes string

internal/envvars/envvars.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ const (
 
 	CliAgentName  = "LARKSUITE_CLI_AGENT_NAME"
 	CliAgentTrace = "LARKSUITE_CLI_AGENT_TRACE"
+	CliProfile    = "LARKSUITE_CLI_PROFILE"
 
 	CliProxyEnable  = "LARKSUITE_CLI_PROXY_ENABLE"
 	CliProxyAddress = "LARKSUITE_CLI_PROXY_ADDRESS"

internal/riskcontrol/osmodel.go

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Package deviceinfo collects the platform hardware product model and the
+// platform values used by device-related risk-control headers.
+package riskcontrol
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"unicode"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/http/httpguts"
+)
+
+// OSType is the server-side risk-control operating-system enum.
+type OSType string
+
+// OS type enum values for X-Agent-Os-Type.
+const (
+	OSTypeUnknown = "0"
+	OSTypeWindows = "1"
+	OSTypeLinux   = "2"
+	OSTypeMacOS   = "3"
+)
+
+const (
+	// TerminalTypePC is the fixed X-Agent-Terminal-Type value for the CLI.
+	TerminalTypePC = "1"
+
+	// Unknown is used when the hardware product model cannot be collected.
+	Unknown = "Unknown"
+
+	// deviceModelMaxBytes bounds the value added to X-Agent-Device-Type.
+	// Device models are short identifiers; a larger value is treated as
+	// malformed rather than truncated so the header never misrepresents it.
+	deviceModelMaxBytes = 256
+)
+
+// Snapshot contains the deliberately small risk-control signal set.
+// ProductModel is omitted when the platform cannot provide a safe value.
+type Snapshot struct {
+	OSType       OSType
+	ProductModel string
+}
+
+// Source supplies one immutable process-level snapshot.
+type Source interface {
+	Snapshot() Snapshot
+}
+
+// HostSource lazily reads host signals once, after outbound policy authorizes
+// the first request. Failed probes are cached and are not retried per request.
+type HostSource struct {
+	once      sync.Once
+	value     Snapshot
+	readModel func() string
+}
+
+// NewHostSource creates the production host signal source.
+func NewHostSource() *HostSource {
+	return &HostSource{readModel: readDeviceModel}
+}
+
+// Snapshot returns the cached host signal snapshot.
+func (s *HostSource) Snapshot() Snapshot {
+	if s == nil {
+		return Snapshot{}
+	}
+	s.once.Do(func() {
+		readModel := s.readModel
+		if readModel == nil {
+			readModel = readDeviceModel
+		}
+		s.value = Snapshot{
+			OSType:       GetOSType(OSName()),
+			ProductModel: normalizeDeviceModel(readModel()),
+		}
+	})
+	return s.value
+}
+
+// normalizeModel removes non-printable characters and returns a model only
+// when the remaining text is safe to use as an HTTP header value. Input that
+// cannot produce a valid model is rejected so Get can fall back to Unknown.
+func normalizeDeviceModel(model string) string {
+	if !utf8.ValidString(model) {
+		return ""
+	}
+	model = strings.Map(func(r rune) rune {
+		switch {
+		case r == '\r' || r == '\n' || r == '\x00':
+			return -1
+		case unicode.IsSpace(r):
+			return ' '
+		case unicode.IsPrint(r):
+			return r
+		default:
+			return -1
+		}
+	}, model)
+
+	model = strings.Join(strings.Fields(model), " ")
+
+	if model == "" || len(model) > deviceModelMaxBytes {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if !httpguts.ValidHeaderFieldValue(model) {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return model
+}
+
+// GetOSType maps a platform name to the X-Agent-Os-Type enum.
+func GetOSType(osName string) OSType {
+	switch osName {
+	case "Windows":
+		return OSTypeWindows
+	case "Linux":
+		return OSTypeLinux
+	case "MacOS":
+		return OSTypeMacOS
+	default:
+		return OSTypeUnknown
+	}
+}
+
+// OSName returns the platform name used by GetOSType.
+func OSName() string {
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "darwin":
+		return "MacOS"
+	case "windows":
+		return "Windows"
+	case "linux":
+		return "Linux"
+	default:
+		return runtime.GOOS
+	}
+}

internal/riskcontrol/osmodel_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//go:build darwin
+
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package riskcontrol
+
+import "golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+
+// readDeviceModel reads the current product key first and falls back to the
+// legacy model key. Trying both keys is more robust than branching on a macOS
+// version because virtualized or restricted environments may expose only one.
+func readDeviceModel() string {
+	return readDarwinDeviceModel(unix.Sysctl)
+}
+
+func readDarwinDeviceModel(readSysctl func(string) (string, error)) string {
+	for _, key := range [...]string{"hw.product", "hw.model"} {
+		model, err := readSysctl(key)
+		if err == nil {
+			if model = normalizeDeviceModel(model); model != "" {
+				return model
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}

internal/riskcontrol/osmodel_darwin_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//go:build darwin
+
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package riskcontrol
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestReadDarwinDeviceModelPrefersProductAndFallsBackToModel(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("product available", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var keys []string
+		got := readDarwinDeviceModel(func(key string) (string, error) {
+			keys = append(keys, key)
+			if key == "hw.product" {
+				return "Mac16,1", nil
+			}
+			return "", errors.New("unexpected fallback")
+		})
+		if got != "Mac16,1" {
+			t.Fatalf("model = %q, want %q", got, "Mac16,1")
+		}
+		if want := []string{"hw.product"}; !reflect.DeepEqual(keys, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("sysctl keys = %v, want %v", keys, want)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("product unavailable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var keys []string
+		got := readDarwinDeviceModel(func(key string) (string, error) {
+			keys = append(keys, key)
+			if key == "hw.model" {
+				return "MacBookPro18,3", nil
+			}
+			return "", errors.New("not available")
+		})
+		if got != "MacBookPro18,3" {
+			t.Fatalf("model = %q, want %q", got, "MacBookPro18,3")
+		}
+		if want := []string{"hw.product", "hw.model"}; !reflect.DeepEqual(keys, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("sysctl keys = %v, want %v", keys, want)
+		}
+	})
+}

internal/riskcontrol/osmodel_linux.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//go:build linux
+
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package riskcontrol
+
+// readDeviceModel returns a stable device model for Linux. DMI and device-tree
+// values vary widely and can expose the host or virtualization platform when
+// the CLI runs in a container or sandbox.
+func readDeviceModel() string {
+	return readLinuxDeviceModel()
+}
+
+func readLinuxDeviceModel() string {
+	return "linux"
+}

internal/riskcontrol/osmodel_linux_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//go:build linux
+
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package riskcontrol
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestReadDeviceModelReturnsLinux(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := readDeviceModel(); got != "linux" {
+		t.Fatalf("readDeviceModel() = %q, want %q", got, "linux")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadLinuxDeviceModel(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := readLinuxDeviceModel(); got != "linux" {
+		t.Fatalf("readLinuxDeviceModel() = %q, want %q", got, "linux")
+	}
+}

internal/riskcontrol/osmodel_other.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//go:build !darwin && !windows && !linux
+
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package riskcontrol
+
+// readDeviceModel returns an empty model on unsupported platforms.
+func readDeviceModel() string {
+	return ""
+}

internal/riskcontrol/osmodel_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package riskcontrol
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+func TestHostSourceCachesNonEmptyModel(t *testing.T) {
+	calls := 0
+	s := &HostSource{readModel: func() string {
+		calls++
+		return "  MacBookPro18,3\n"
+	}}
+
+	if got := s.Snapshot(); got.ProductModel != "MacBookPro18,3" {
+		t.Fatalf("first Snapshot().ProductModel = %q, want %q", got.ProductModel, "MacBookPro18,3")
+	}
+	if got := s.Snapshot(); got.ProductModel != "MacBookPro18,3" {
+		t.Fatalf("second Snapshot().ProductModel = %q, want cached model", got.ProductModel)
+	}
+	if calls != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("read called %d times, want 1", calls)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHostSourceCachesEmptyModel(t *testing.T) {
+	calls := 0
+	s := &HostSource{readModel: func() string {
+		calls++
+		return ""
+	}}
+
+	if got := s.Snapshot(); got.ProductModel != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("first Snapshot().ProductModel = %q, want empty", got.ProductModel)
+	}
+	if got := s.Snapshot(); got.ProductModel != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("second Snapshot().ProductModel = %q, want cached empty result", got.ProductModel)
+	}
+	if calls != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("read called %d times, want 1", calls)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHostSourceReadsOnceAcrossConcurrentCalls(t *testing.T) {
+	var calls atomic.Int32
+	s := &HostSource{readModel: func() string {
+		calls.Add(1)
+		return "ThinkPad X1 Carbon"
+	}}
+
+	const goroutines = 32
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(goroutines)
+	for i := 0; i < goroutines; i++ {
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			snapshot := s.Snapshot()
+			if snapshot.ProductModel != "ThinkPad X1 Carbon" {
+				t.Errorf("Snapshot().ProductModel = %q, want %q", snapshot.ProductModel, "ThinkPad X1 Carbon")
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	if got := calls.Load(); got != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("read called %d times, want 1", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeDeviceModel(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		model string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{name: "trims surrounding whitespace", model: "  MacBookPro18,3\n", want: "MacBookPro18,3"},
+		{name: "trims device tree terminator", model: "Raspberry Pi 5\x00", want: "Raspberry Pi 5"},
+		{name: "allows printable Unicode", model: "联想 ThinkPad X1", want: "联想 ThinkPad X1"},
+		{name: "rejects empty", model: " \t\r\n"},
+		{name: "rejects invalid UTF-8", model: string([]byte{'M', 0xff, '1'})},
+		{name: "removes CRLF", model: "model\r\nname", want: "modelname"},
+		{name: "normalizes tab", model: "model\tname", want: "model name"},
+		{name: "removes NUL", model: "model\x00name", want: "modelname"},
+		{name: "removes control character", model: "model\x1fname", want: "modelname"},
+		{name: "removes DEL", model: "model\x7fname", want: "modelname"},
+		{name: "normalizes Unicode line separator", model: "model\u2028name", want: "model name"},
+		{name: "collapses whitespace", model: "  model\t \u00a0 name  ", want: "model name"},
+		{name: "accepts maximum byte length", model: strings.Repeat("a", deviceModelMaxBytes), want: strings.Repeat("a", deviceModelMaxBytes)},
+		{name: "rejects overlong value", model: strings.Repeat("a", deviceModelMaxBytes+1)},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := normalizeDeviceModel(tt.model); got != tt.want {
+				t.Fatalf("normalizeDeviceModel(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.model, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeDeviceModelRemovesHTTPControlBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	for value := 0; value <= 0x7f; value++ {
+		if value >= 0x20 && value < 0x7f {
+			continue
+		}
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("0x%02x", value), func(t *testing.T) {
+			model := "model" + string(rune(value)) + "name"
+			want := "modelname"
+			if value != '\r' && value != '\n' && value != '\x00' && unicode.IsSpace(rune(value)) {
+				want = "model name"
+			}
+			if got := normalizeDeviceModel(model); got != want {
+				t.Fatalf("normalizeDeviceModel(%q) = %q, want %q", model, got, want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetOSType(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		want OSType
+	}{
+		{name: "Windows", want: OSTypeWindows},
+		{name: "Linux", want: OSTypeLinux},
+		{name: "MacOS", want: OSTypeMacOS},
+		{name: "unknown", want: OSTypeUnknown},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := GetOSType(tt.name); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("GetOSType(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.name, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/riskcontrol/osmodel_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package riskcontrol
+
+import "golang.org/x/sys/windows/registry"
+
+// systemInfoRegistryPaths lists registry locations in device-model lookup order.
+var systemInfoRegistryPaths = [...]string{
+	`HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\System\BIOS`,
+	`SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SystemInformation`,
+	`SYSTEM\HardwareConfig\Current`,
+}
+
+// readDeviceModel returns the first product name found in the Windows registry.
+func readDeviceModel() string {
+	return readWindowsDeviceModel(readWindowsRegistryModel)
+}
+
+func readWindowsRegistryModel(path string) (string, error) {
+	key, err := registry.OpenKey(registry.LOCAL_MACHINE, path, registry.READ)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer key.Close()
+
+	model, _, err := key.GetStringValue("SystemProductName")
+	return model, err
+}
+
+func readWindowsDeviceModel(readRegistryModel func(string) (string, error)) string {
+	for _, path := range systemInfoRegistryPaths {
+		model, err := readRegistryModel(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if model = normalizeDeviceModel(model); model != "" {
+			return model
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}

internal/riskcontrol/osmodel_windows_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package riskcontrol
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestReadWindowsDeviceModelFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	readError := errors.New("registry read failed")
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		values    map[string]string
+		errors    map[string]error
+		want      string
+		wantPaths []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:      "first path wins",
+			values:    map[string]string{systemInfoRegistryPaths[0]: "Surface Laptop"},
+			want:      "Surface Laptop",
+			wantPaths: []string{systemInfoRegistryPaths[0]},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "read failure falls back",
+			errors: map[string]error{
+				systemInfoRegistryPaths[0]: readError,
+			},
+			values: map[string]string{
+				systemInfoRegistryPaths[1]: "ThinkPad X1 Carbon",
+			},
+			want:      "ThinkPad X1 Carbon",
+			wantPaths: systemInfoRegistryPaths[:2],
+		},
+		{
+			name: "empty normalized value falls back",
+			values: map[string]string{
+				systemInfoRegistryPaths[0]: " \r\n\x00",
+				systemInfoRegistryPaths[1]: "Latitude 7450",
+			},
+			want:      "Latitude 7450",
+			wantPaths: systemInfoRegistryPaths[:2],
+		},
+		{
+			name: "all paths fail",
+			errors: map[string]error{
+				systemInfoRegistryPaths[0]: readError,
+				systemInfoRegistryPaths[1]: readError,
+				systemInfoRegistryPaths[2]: readError,
+			},
+			wantPaths: systemInfoRegistryPaths[:],
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var paths []string
+			got := readWindowsDeviceModel(func(path string) (string, error) {
+				paths = append(paths, path)
+				if err := tt.errors[path]; err != nil {
+					return "", err
+				}
+				return tt.values[path], nil
+			})
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Fatalf("model = %q, want %q", got, tt.want)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(paths, tt.wantPaths) {
+				t.Fatalf("registry paths = %v, want %v", paths, tt.wantPaths)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/riskcontrol/transport.go

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package riskcontrol
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	internaltransport "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/transport"
+)
+
+const (
+	HeaderProductModel = "X-Agent-Device-Type"
+	HeaderOSType       = "X-Agent-Os-Type"
+)
+
+var restrictedHeaders = [...]string{HeaderProductModel, HeaderOSType}
+
+// Transport is the feature's final outbound boundary. It removes caller- or
+// extension-supplied signal headers first and writes trusted values only after
+// authorizing an official SDK origin and authentication state.
+type Transport struct {
+	next   http.RoundTripper
+	source Source
+}
+
+// NewTransport creates the final SDK outbound policy boundary. A nil source
+// disables collection and injection while preserving restricted-header
+// stripping for opt-out and extension-credential requests.
+func NewTransport(next http.RoundTripper, source Source) *Transport {
+	if next == nil {
+		next = internaltransport.Fallback()
+	}
+	return &Transport{
+		next:   next,
+		source: source,
+	}
+}
+
+// RoundTrip implements http.RoundTripper.
+func (t *Transport) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	req = req.Clone(req.Context())
+	if req.Header == nil {
+		req.Header = make(http.Header)
+	}
+	stripRestrictedHeaders(req.Header)
+
+	if t.source != nil && t.routeAllowsSignals(req) {
+		snapshot := t.source.Snapshot()
+		if isSupportedOSType(snapshot.OSType) {
+			req.Header.Set(HeaderOSType, string(snapshot.OSType))
+		}
+		if model := normalizeDeviceModel(snapshot.ProductModel); model != "" {
+			req.Header.Set(HeaderProductModel, model)
+		}
+	}
+	return t.next.RoundTrip(req)
+}
+
+func isSupportedOSType(value OSType) bool {
+	switch value {
+	case OSTypeWindows, OSTypeLinux, OSTypeMacOS:
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func stripRestrictedHeaders(header http.Header) {
+	for name := range header {
+		for _, restricted := range restrictedHeaders {
+			if strings.EqualFold(name, restricted) {
+				delete(header, name)
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type origin struct {
+	scheme string
+	host   string
+	port   string
+}
+
+var officialFeishuOrigins = [...]origin{
+	apiOrigin(core.BrandFeishu, core.ResolveEndpoints(core.BrandFeishu).Open),
+	apiOrigin(core.BrandLark, core.ResolveEndpoints(core.BrandLark).Open),
+	apiOrigin(core.BrandFeishu, core.ResolveEndpoints(core.BrandFeishu).Accounts),
+	apiOrigin(core.BrandLark, core.ResolveEndpoints(core.BrandLark).Accounts),
+}
+
+func (t *Transport) routeAllowsSignals(req *http.Request) bool {
+	if req == nil || req.URL == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return isOfficialFeishuOrigin(originOf(req.URL))
+}
+
+func originOf(value *url.URL) origin {
+	if value == nil {
+		return origin{}
+	}
+	scheme := strings.ToLower(value.Scheme)
+	port := value.Port()
+	if port == "" {
+		switch scheme {
+		case "https":
+			port = "443"
+		case "http":
+			port = "80"
+		}
+	}
+	return origin{scheme: scheme, host: strings.ToLower(value.Hostname()), port: port}
+}
+
+func apiOrigin(brand core.LarkBrand, endpointURL string) origin {
+	endpoint, err := url.Parse(endpointURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return origin{}
+	}
+	return originOf(endpoint)
+}
+
+func isOfficialFeishuOrigin(candidate origin) bool {
+	if candidate.scheme != "https" || candidate.port != "443" {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, official := range officialFeishuOrigins {
+		if candidate == official {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}

internal/riskcontrol/transport_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package riskcontrol
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type roundTripFunc func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+
+func (f roundTripFunc) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	return f(req)
+}
+
+type countingSource struct {
+	calls atomic.Int32
+}
+
+func (s *countingSource) Snapshot() Snapshot {
+	s.calls.Add(1)
+	return Snapshot{OSType: OSTypeMacOS, ProductModel: "Mac16,1"}
+}
+
+type staticSource Snapshot
+
+func (s staticSource) Snapshot() Snapshot { return Snapshot(s) }
+
+func TestTransportAuthorizesBeforeCollecting(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		requestURL    string
+		authorization string
+		wantSignals   bool
+	}{
+		{name: "authenticated official HTTPS", requestURL: "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/test", authorization: "Bearer token", wantSignals: true},
+		{name: "Lark official HTTPS", requestURL: "https://open.larksuite.com/open-apis/test", authorization: "Bearer token", wantSignals: true},
+		{name: "official explicit HTTPS port", requestURL: "https://OPEN.FEISHU.CN:443/open-apis/test", authorization: "Bearer token", wantSignals: true},
+		{name: "unauthenticated", requestURL: "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/test", wantSignals: true},
+		{name: "official non-OpenAPI origin", requestURL: "https://accounts.feishu.cn/open-apis/test", authorization: "Bearer token", wantSignals: true},
+		{name: "off domain", requestURL: "https://example.com/test", authorization: "Bearer token", wantSignals: false},
+		{name: "lookalike", requestURL: "https://open.feishu.cn.evil.example/test", authorization: "Bearer token", wantSignals: false},
+		{name: "plain HTTP", requestURL: "http://open.feishu.cn/test", authorization: "Bearer token", wantSignals: false},
+		{name: "non-default port", requestURL: "https://open.feishu.cn:8443/test", authorization: "Bearer token", wantSignals: false},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			source := &countingSource{}
+			var received http.Header
+			base := roundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+				received = req.Header.Clone()
+				return &http.Response{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, Body: http.NoBody}, nil
+			})
+			req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, test.requestURL, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			req.Header.Set("Authorization", test.authorization)
+			req.Header.Set(HeaderOSType, "caller-value")
+			req.Header.Set(HeaderProductModel, "caller-value")
+			req.Header["x-agent-device-type"] = []string{"non-canonical-caller-value"}
+
+			resp, err := NewTransport(base, source).RoundTrip(req)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			resp.Body.Close()
+
+			gotSignals := received.Get(HeaderOSType) != ""
+			if gotSignals != test.wantSignals {
+				t.Fatalf("signals present = %t, want %t; headers=%v", gotSignals, test.wantSignals, received)
+			}
+			wantCalls := int32(0)
+			if test.wantSignals {
+				wantCalls = 1
+			}
+			if got := source.calls.Load(); got != wantCalls {
+				t.Fatalf("Snapshot calls = %d, want %d", got, wantCalls)
+			}
+			if got := req.Header.Get(HeaderOSType); got != "caller-value" {
+				t.Fatalf("caller request OS header = %q, want unchanged", got)
+			}
+			if got := req.Header.Get(HeaderProductModel); got != "caller-value" {
+				t.Fatalf("caller request product-model header = %q, want unchanged", got)
+			}
+			if !test.wantSignals {
+				for name := range received {
+					if strings.EqualFold(name, HeaderProductModel) || strings.EqualFold(name, HeaderOSType) {
+						t.Fatalf("restricted header leaked as %q", name)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTransportValidatesSourceSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
+	var received http.Header
+	base := roundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+		received = req.Header.Clone()
+		return &http.Response{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, Body: http.NoBody}, nil
+	})
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/test", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer token")
+
+	resp, err := NewTransport(base, staticSource{
+		OSType:       OSType("unsupported"),
+		ProductModel: "unsafe\nvalue",
+	}).RoundTrip(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	resp.Body.Close()
+	if received.Get(HeaderOSType) == "" && received.Get(HeaderProductModel) == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("no signals collected: %v", received)
+	}
+}

internal/validate/path.go

@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@ func SafeInputPath(path string) (string, error) {
 	return localfileio.SafeInputPath(path)
 }
 
+// LocalInputPath validates a local input path without restricting it to the
+// current working directory. It delegates to localfileio.LocalInputPath so
+// command validation and shared local-file readers use one policy.
+func LocalInputPath(path string) (string, error) {
+	return localfileio.LocalInputPath(path)
+}
+
 // SafeEnvDirPath validates an environment-provided application directory path.
 // Delegates to localfileio.SafeEnvDirPath.
 func SafeEnvDirPath(path, envName string) (string, error) {

internal/validate/path_test.go

@@ -211,6 +211,18 @@ func TestSafeLocalFlagPath(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestLocalInputPath_AllowsLocalPathsAndRejectsUnsafeCharacters(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, path := range []string{"/tmp/report.pdf", "../report.pdf"} {
+		got, err := LocalInputPath(path)
+		if err != nil || got != path {
+			t.Fatalf("LocalInputPath(%q) = %q, %v; want unchanged path", path, got, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, err := LocalInputPath("report\n.pdf"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("LocalInputPath() unexpectedly accepted a control character")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSafeUploadPath_AllowsTempFileAbsolutePath(t *testing.T) {
 	// GIVEN: a real temp file (absolute path under os.TempDir())
 	f, err := os.CreateTemp("", "upload-test-*.bin")

internal/vfs/localfileio/path.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
+	"unicode"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/charcheck"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs"
@@ -22,6 +23,32 @@ func SafeInputPath(path string) (string, error) {
 	return safePath(path, "--file")
 }
 
+// LocalInputPath validates an input path in the process local filesystem
+// namespace. It intentionally does not impose cwd containment or canonicalize
+// the path: absolute paths, parent-relative paths, and symlink traversal retain
+// their normal OS semantics. Character validation remains mandatory because
+// paths are user-controlled and may appear in errors or progress output.
+func LocalInputPath(path string) (string, error) {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(path) == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("local input path must not be empty")
+	}
+	if strings.IndexFunc(path, unicode.IsControl) >= 0 {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("local input path must not contain control characters")
+	}
+	if err := charcheck.RejectControlChars(path, "local input path"); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if err := validateLocalInputPlatform(path); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return path, nil
+}
+
+func isWindowsNonLocalNamespace(path string) bool {
+	normalized := strings.ReplaceAll(path, "/", `\`)
+	return strings.HasPrefix(normalized, `\\`) || strings.HasPrefix(normalized, `\??\`)
+}
+
 // SafeLocalFlagPath validates a flag value as a local file path.
 // Empty values and http/https URLs are returned unchanged without validation.
 func SafeLocalFlagPath(flagName, value string) (string, error) {
@@ -29,7 +56,7 @@ func SafeLocalFlagPath(flagName, value string) (string, error) {
 		return value, nil
 	}
 	if _, err := SafeInputPath(value); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("%s: %v", flagName, err)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", flagName, err)
 	}
 	return value, nil
 }

internal/vfs/localfileio/path_local_other.go

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+//go:build !windows
+
+package localfileio
+
+func validateLocalInputPlatform(string) error { return nil }

internal/vfs/localfileio/path_local_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+//go:build windows
+
+package localfileio
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func validateLocalInputPlatform(path string) error {
+	if isWindowsNonLocalNamespace(path) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("local input path must not use a Windows network or device namespace")
+	}
+
+	cleaned := filepath.Clean(path)
+	volume := filepath.VolumeName(cleaned)
+	remainder := strings.TrimLeft(cleaned[len(volume):], `\/`)
+	for _, component := range strings.FieldsFunc(remainder, func(r rune) bool {
+		return r == '\\' || r == '/'
+	}) {
+		if component == "." || component == ".." {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !filepath.IsLocal(component) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("local input path contains a reserved Windows path component %q", component)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

internal/vfs/localfileio/path_local_windows_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+//go:build windows
+
+package localfileio
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestLocalInputPath_RejectsWindowsNetworkDeviceAndReservedPaths(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, input := range []string{
+		`\\server\share\report.pdf`,
+		`//server/share/report.pdf`,
+		`\\.\pipe\upload`,
+		`\\?\C:\Users\agent\report.pdf`,
+		`\\?\UNC\server\share\report.pdf`,
+		`\??\C:\Users\agent\report.pdf`,
+		`C:\Users\agent\NUL.txt`,
+		`CON`,
+	} {
+		t.Run(input, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if _, err := LocalInputPath(input); err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("LocalInputPath(%q) unexpectedly succeeded", input)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/vfs/localfileio/path_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package localfileio
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
@@ -71,6 +72,72 @@ func TestSafeOutputPath_RejectsPathTraversalAndDangerousInput(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestLocalInputPath_AllowsLocalNamespaceWithoutRewriting(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, input := range []string{
+		"/tmp/report.pdf",
+		"../outside/report.pdf",
+		"./report.pdf",
+		"nested/../report.pdf",
+		`C:\Users\agent\report.pdf`,
+		"报告.pdf",
+	} {
+		t.Run(input, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := LocalInputPath(input)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("LocalInputPath(%q) error = %v", input, err)
+			}
+			if got != input {
+				t.Fatalf("LocalInputPath(%q) = %q, want path preserved verbatim", input, got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWindowsNonLocalNamespace(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, input := range []string{
+		`\\server\share\report.pdf`,
+		`//server/share/report.pdf`,
+		`\\.\pipe\upload`,
+		`\\?\C:\Users\agent\report.pdf`,
+		`\\?\UNC\server\share\report.pdf`,
+		`\??\C:\Users\agent\report.pdf`,
+	} {
+		if !isWindowsNonLocalNamespace(input) {
+			t.Errorf("isWindowsNonLocalNamespace(%q) = false, want true", input)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, input := range []string{
+		`C:\Users\agent\report.pdf`,
+		`C:/Users/agent/report.pdf`,
+		`..\outside\report.pdf`,
+		`.\report.pdf`,
+	} {
+		if isWindowsNonLocalNamespace(input) {
+			t.Errorf("isWindowsNonLocalNamespace(%q) = true, want false", input)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLocalInputPath_RejectsEmptyControlAndDangerousUnicode(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, input := range []string{
+		"",
+		"   ",
+		"file\x00.txt",
+		"file\tname.txt",
+		"file\nname.txt",
+		"file\rname.txt",
+		"file\u202Ename.txt",
+		"file\u200Bname.txt",
+	} {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%q", input), func(t *testing.T) {
+			if _, err := LocalInputPath(input); err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("LocalInputPath(%q) unexpectedly succeeded", input)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSafeOutputPath_ReturnsCanonicalAbsolutePath(t *testing.T) {
 	// GIVEN: a clean temp directory as CWD
 	dir := t.TempDir()

package-lock.json

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "@larksuite/cli",
-  "version": "1.0.75",
+  "version": "1.0.77",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "@larksuite/cli",
-      "version": "1.0.75",
+      "version": "1.0.77",
       "cpu": [
         "x64",
         "arm64",

package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@larksuite/cli",
-  "version": "1.0.75",
+  "version": "1.0.77",
   "description": "The official CLI for Lark/Feishu open platform",
   "bin": {
     "lark-cli": "scripts/run.js"

shortcuts/apps/apps_file_list.go

@@ -12,10 +12,23 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
+// maxFileListPageSize 是 file_list 分页上限，与后端 paas_storage checkMaxKeys 的 (0, 200] 契约对齐：
+// page_size > 200 服务端直接返回 ErrInvalidRequest("maxKeys not in range (0, 200]")。CLI 前置校验避免无谓往返。
+// 注：服务端对 page_size<=0 会兜底为默认值，但 CLI 默认已是 20、显式传 <1 属误用，故与其它 list 命令一致地按 [1, 200] 校验。
+const maxFileListPageSize = 200
+
+// validateFileListPageSize 前置校验 --page-size ∈ [1, maxFileListPageSize]，与后端 checkMaxKeys 的 (0, 200] 契约对齐。
+func validateFileListPageSize(n int) error {
+	if n < 1 || n > maxFileListPageSize {
+		return appsValidationParamError("--page-size", "--page-size must be between 1 and %d", maxFileListPageSize)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // AppsFileList lists files in a Miaoda app's storage (cursor pagination)。
 //
 // GET /apps/{app_id}/storage/file_list。过滤器：--name / --path / --type / --size-gt /
-// --size-lt / --uploaded-since / --uploaded-until（精确或区间），分页 --page-size/--page-token。
+// --size-lt / --uploaded-since / --uploaded-until（精确或区间），分页 --page-size(1..200)/--page-token。
 // file 域不分 dev/online，无 --env。
 //
 // pretty 渲染 5 列：file_name / path / size / type / uploaded_at；空结果打 "No files found."。
@@ -41,13 +54,17 @@ var AppsFileList = common.Shortcut{
 		{Name: "size-lt", Type: "int", Desc: "filter: size less than (bytes)"},
 		{Name: "uploaded-since", Desc: "filter: uploaded at or after; relative (7d/2h/30s) | date (2026-04-15) | datetime (2026-04-15T10:00:00) | ISO 8601 w/ TZ (bare date/datetime read in local timezone)"},
 		{Name: "uploaded-until", Desc: "filter: uploaded at or before; relative (7d/2h/30s) | date (2026-04-15) | datetime (2026-04-15T10:00:00) | ISO 8601 w/ TZ (bare date/datetime read in local timezone)"},
-		{Name: "page-size", Type: "int", Default: "20", Desc: "page size"},
+		{Name: "page-size", Type: "int", Default: "20", Desc: "page size (1..200)"},
 		{Name: "page-token", Desc: "pagination cursor from previous response"},
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if _, err := requireAppID(rctx.Str("app-id")); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		// page_size 前置校验：对齐后端 checkMaxKeys 的 (0, 200] 契约，避免 >200 触发服务端 ErrInvalidRequest。
+		if err := validateFileListPageSize(rctx.Int("page-size")); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		// 设计原则三：<timestamp> 多格式 → 归一化为 RFC3339 UTC，回写到 flag 供 buildFileListParams 透传。
 		for _, f := range []string{"uploaded-since", "uploaded-until"} {
 			if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str(f)) == "" {

shortcuts/apps/apps_file_list_test.go

@@ -82,6 +82,34 @@ func TestAppsFileList_RequiresAppID(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestAppsFileList_PageSizeOutOfRange 验证 --page-size 超出 (0, 200] 契约时前置报 --page-size 校验错误，不发请求。
+func TestAppsFileList_PageSizeOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, ps := range []string{"0", "201", "500"} {
+		factory, stdout, _ := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)
+		err := runAppsShortcut(t, AppsFileList,
+			[]string{"+file-list", "--app-id", "app_x", "--page-size", ps, "--as", "user"}, factory, stdout)
+		var ve *errs.ValidationError
+		if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+			t.Fatalf("page-size=%s: err = %T %v, want *errs.ValidationError", ps, err, err)
+		}
+		if ve.Param != "--page-size" {
+			t.Fatalf("page-size=%s: Param = %q, want --page-size", ps, ve.Param)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAppsFileList_PageSizeBoundaryOK 验证边界值 1 与 200 通过校验（dry-run 不报错并把 page_size 下发）。
+func TestAppsFileList_PageSizeBoundaryOK(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, ps := range []string{"1", "200"} {
+		factory, stdout, _ := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)
+		if err := runAppsShortcut(t, AppsFileList,
+			[]string{"+file-list", "--app-id", "app_x", "--page-size", ps, "--dry-run", "--as", "user"},
+			factory, stdout); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("page-size=%s: dry-run err=%v", ps, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // 过滤器 + 分页全部进 query（size-gt/lt 走 int，uploaded_since/until 原样）。
 func TestAppsFileList_DryRunSendsFiltersAndPagination(t *testing.T) {
 	factory, stdout, _ := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)

shortcuts/apps/apps_file_upload.go

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -47,21 +46,7 @@ var AppsFileUpload = common.Shortcut{
 		if _, err := requireAppID(rctx.Str("app-id")); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		f := strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("file"))
-		if f == "" {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file is required").WithParam("--file")
-		}
-		st, err := rctx.FileIO().Stat(f)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file: %v", err).WithParam("--file").WithCause(err)
-		}
-		if st.IsDir() {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file must be a file, not a directory").WithParam("--file")
-		}
-		if st.Size() > fileUploadMaxBytes {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "file size %d bytes exceeds the 100 MB upload limit", st.Size()).WithParam("--file")
-		}
-		return nil
+		return rctx.ValidateLocalFileFlag("file", fileUploadMaxBytes)
 	},
 	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
 		appID, _ := requireAppID(rctx.Str("app-id"))
@@ -76,9 +61,9 @@ var AppsFileUpload = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 		localPath := strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("file"))
-		content, err := cmdutil.ReadInputFile(rctx.FileIO(), localPath)
+		content, err := rctx.ReadLocalFileFlag("file", fileUploadMaxBytes)
 		if err != nil {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--file: %v", err).WithParam("--file").WithCause(err)
+			return err
 		}
 		fileName := filepath.Base(localPath)
 		contentType := mimeByExt(fileName)

shortcuts/apps/apps_file_upload_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -58,22 +59,17 @@ func TestAppsFileUpload_RejectsDirectory(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestAppsFileUpload_DryRunPreUpload 验证 dry-run 输出 POST file_pre_upload，body.file_name 取文件 basename。
+// TestAppsFileUpload_DryRunPreUpload verifies that dry-run validates the local
+// file and previews the pre-upload request without reading or uploading it.
 func TestAppsFileUpload_DryRunPreUpload(t *testing.T) {
-	// Validate 会 Stat --file（在 DryRun 之前），故 dry-run 也需要真实存在的文件。
-	dir := t.TempDir()
-	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "logo.png"), []byte("x"), 0o600); err != nil {
+	absolutePath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "logo.png")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(absolutePath, []byte("not-read-by-dry-run"), 0o600); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	oldWD, _ := os.Getwd()
-	if err := os.Chdir(dir); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = os.Chdir(oldWD) })
 
 	factory, stdout, _ := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)
 	if err := runAppsShortcut(t, AppsFileUpload,
-		[]string{"+file-upload", "--app-id", "app_x", "--file", "logo.png", "--dry-run", "--as", "user"}, factory, stdout); err != nil {
+		[]string{"+file-upload", "--app-id", "app_x", "--file", absolutePath, "--dry-run", "--as", "user"}, factory, stdout); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("dry-run err=%v", err)
 	}
 	var env dryRunAPIEnvelope
@@ -87,6 +83,18 @@ func TestAppsFileUpload_DryRunPreUpload(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAppsFileUpload_DryRunRejectsMissingFile(t *testing.T) {
+	missingAbsolutePath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "does-not-exist", "logo.png")
+
+	factory, stdout, _ := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)
+	err := runAppsShortcut(t, AppsFileUpload,
+		[]string{"+file-upload", "--app-id", "app_x", "--file", missingAbsolutePath, "--dry-run", "--as", "user"}, factory, stdout)
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) || validationErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument || validationErr.Param != "--file" {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want invalid_argument for --file", err, err)
+	}
+}
+
 // 三步直传：pre-upload → 客户端 PUT 字节 → callback。
 func TestAppsFileUpload_EndToEnd(t *testing.T) {
 	var putBody []byte
@@ -149,6 +157,142 @@ func TestAppsFileUpload_EndToEnd(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestAppsFileUpload_AcceptsAbsolutePath verifies that file-upload can read an
+// absolute path outside the current working directory.
+func TestAppsFileUpload_AcceptsAbsolutePath(t *testing.T) {
+	var putBody []byte
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if r.Method != http.MethodPut {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
+			return
+		}
+		putBody, _ = io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+		w.Header().Set("ETag", `"etag-abs"`)
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	// Keep the process cwd unchanged so the temporary file is outside it.
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	absFile := filepath.Join(dir, "report.pdf")
+	if !filepath.IsAbs(absFile) {
+		t.Fatalf("test setup: %q is not absolute", absFile)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(absFile, []byte("PDFBYTES"), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	factory, stdout, reg := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST", URL: "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_x/storage/file_pre_upload",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"upload_url": srv.URL, "upload_id": "up-abs"}},
+	})
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST", URL: "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_x/storage/file_upload_callback",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{
+			"file_name": "report.pdf", "path": "/1858537546760999.pdf", "size_bytes": 8,
+		}},
+	})
+
+	if err := runAppsShortcut(t, AppsFileUpload,
+		[]string{"+file-upload", "--app-id", "app_x", "--file", absFile, "--as", "user"}, factory, stdout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute with absolute path err=%v", err)
+	}
+	if string(putBody) != "PDFBYTES" {
+		t.Fatalf("PUT body = %q, want file bytes", putBody)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppsFileUpload_AcceptsParentRelativePathOutsideCWD(t *testing.T) {
+	var putBody []byte
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		putBody, _ = io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+		w.Header().Set("ETag", `"etag-parent"`)
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	}))
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	workDir := filepath.Join(root, "work")
+	if err := os.Mkdir(workDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(root, "report.pdf"), []byte("PARENT"), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	oldWD, _ := os.Getwd()
+	if err := os.Chdir(workDir); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = os.Chdir(oldWD) })
+
+	factory, stdout, reg := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST", URL: "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_x/storage/file_pre_upload",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{"upload_url": srv.URL, "upload_id": "up-parent"}},
+	})
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST", URL: "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_x/storage/file_upload_callback",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "data": map[string]interface{}{
+			"file_name": "report.pdf", "path": "/parent.pdf", "size_bytes": 6,
+		}},
+	})
+
+	if err := runAppsShortcut(t, AppsFileUpload,
+		[]string{"+file-upload", "--app-id", "app_x", "--file", filepath.Join("..", "report.pdf"), "--as", "user"}, factory, stdout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("execute with parent-relative path err=%v", err)
+	}
+	if string(putBody) != "PARENT" {
+		t.Fatalf("PUT body = %q, want PARENT", putBody)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppsFileUpload_RejectsFileAboveLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "too-large.bin")
+	f, err := os.Create(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := f.Truncate(fileUploadMaxBytes + 1); err != nil {
+		_ = f.Close()
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	factory, stdout, _ := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)
+	err = runAppsShortcut(t, AppsFileUpload,
+		[]string{"+file-upload", "--app-id", "app_x", "--file", path, "--as", "user"}, factory, stdout)
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) || validationErr.Param != "--file" {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want --file ValidationError", err, err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(validationErr.Error(), "limit") {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %v, want size limit context", validationErr)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppsFileUpload_RejectsDeviceWithoutReadingIt(t *testing.T) {
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		t.Skip("/dev/zero is unavailable on Windows")
+	}
+	if _, err := os.Stat("/dev/zero"); err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("/dev/zero unavailable: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	factory, stdout, _ := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)
+	err := runAppsShortcut(t, AppsFileUpload,
+		[]string{"+file-upload", "--app-id", "app_x", "--file", "/dev/zero", "--as", "user"}, factory, stdout)
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) || validationErr.Param != "--file" {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want --file ValidationError", err, err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(validationErr.Error(), "regular file") {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %v, want non-regular-file context", validationErr)
+	}
+}
+
 // TestSanitizeUploadFileName_Cases 验证 sanitizeUploadFileName：空格转 %20、去 TOS 非法字符、全非法兜底、非 ASCII 百分号编码。
 func TestSanitizeUploadFileName_Cases(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct{ in, want string }{

shortcuts/base/base_form_submit.go

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ var BaseFormSubmit = common.Shortcut{
 	Service:     "base",
 	Command:     "+form-submit",
 	Description: "Submit a form (fill and submit form data)",
-	Risk:        "write",
+	Risk:        "high-risk-write",
 	Scopes:      []string{"base:form:update", "docs:document.media:upload"},
 	AuthTypes:   authTypes(),
 	HasFormat:   true,
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ var BaseFormSubmit = common.Shortcut{
 		`Example (no attachments): --share-token shrXXXX --json '{"fields":{"Service Rating":5,"Review":"Good service"}}'`,
 		`Example (with attachments): --share-token shrXXXX --base-token basXXX --json '{"fields":{"Service Rating":5},"attachments":{"Attachment":["./report.pdf"]}}'`,
 		`Cell values in "fields" follow lark-base-cell-value.md conventions; "attachments" maps field names to local file path arrays — the CLI uploads them in parallel and merges them into the submission.`,
+		baseHighRiskYesTip,
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		return validateFormSubmit(runtime)

shortcuts/base/base_shortcuts_test.go

@@ -2056,8 +2056,8 @@ func TestBaseFormSubmitShortcut(t *testing.T) {
 		if s.Service != "base" {
 			t.Fatalf("Service=%q want base", s.Service)
 		}
-		if s.Risk != "write" {
-			t.Fatalf("Risk=%q want write", s.Risk)
+		if s.Risk != "high-risk-write" {
+			t.Fatalf("Risk=%q want high-risk-write", s.Risk)
 		}
 		if !s.HasFormat {
 			t.Fatal("HasFormat should be true")
@@ -2357,6 +2357,7 @@ func TestExecuteFormSubmit(t *testing.T) {
 			"+form-submit",
 			"--share-token", "shr_exec1",
 			"--json", `{"fields":{"Name":"Alice","Rating":5}}`,
+			"--yes",
 		}
 		if err := runShortcut(t, BaseFormSubmit, args, factory, stdout); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
@@ -2425,6 +2426,7 @@ func TestExecuteFormSubmit(t *testing.T) {
 			"--share-token", "shr_exec6",
 			"--base-token", "bas_exec6",
 			"--json", `{"attachments":{"File":["./nonexistent.pdf"]}}`,
+			"--yes",
 		}
 		err := runShortcut(t, BaseFormSubmit, args, factory, stdout)
 		if err == nil {
@@ -2473,6 +2475,7 @@ func TestExecuteFormSubmit(t *testing.T) {
 			"--share-token", "shr_dedup",
 			"--base-token", "bas_dedup",
 			"--json", `{"attachments":{"FieldA":["./shared.pdf"],"FieldB":["./shared.pdf"]}}`,
+			"--yes",
 		}
 		if err := runShortcut(t, BaseFormSubmit, args, factory, stdout); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
@@ -2484,6 +2487,33 @@ func TestExecuteFormSubmit(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+// TestFormSubmitRequiresConfirmation pins the high-risk-write classification:
+// without --yes the runner's confirmation gate must fire before Execute runs,
+// returning a typed confirmation_required error and touching no API.
+func TestFormSubmitRequiresConfirmation(t *testing.T) {
+	if BaseFormSubmit.Risk != "high-risk-write" {
+		t.Fatalf("Risk=%q want high-risk-write", BaseFormSubmit.Risk)
+	}
+
+	factory, stdout, _ := newExecuteFactory(t)
+	args := []string{
+		"+form-submit",
+		"--share-token", "shr_confirm",
+		"--json", `{"fields":{"Rating":5}}`,
+	}
+	err := runShortcut(t, BaseFormSubmit, args, factory, stdout)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected confirmation_required error without --yes")
+	}
+	problem, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeConfirmationRequired {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype=%q want %q", problem.Subtype, errs.SubtypeConfirmationRequired)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestUploadAttachmentsParallel(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("single file upload via execute path", func(t *testing.T) {
 		tmpDir := t.TempDir()
@@ -2520,6 +2550,7 @@ func TestUploadAttachmentsParallel(t *testing.T) {
 			"--share-token", "shr_para1",
 			"--base-token", "bas_para1",
 			"--json", `{"attachments":{"Doc":["./doc.txt"]}}`,
+			"--yes",
 		}
 		if err := runShortcut(t, BaseFormSubmit, args, factory, stdout); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("err=%v", err)
@@ -2554,6 +2585,7 @@ func TestUploadAttachmentsParallel(t *testing.T) {
 			"--share-token", "shr_err",
 			"--base-token", "bas_err",
 			"--json", `{"attachments":{"Bad":["./bad.txt"]}}`,
+			"--yes",
 		}
 		err := runShortcut(t, BaseFormSubmit, args, factory, stdout)
 		if err == nil {

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_agenda.go

@@ -250,6 +250,8 @@ var CalendarAgenda = common.Shortcut{
 					}
 				}
 
+				backfillDescriptionRich(e)
+
 				filtered = append(filtered, e)
 			}
 		}

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_create.go

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 func buildEventData(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, startTs, endTs string) map[string]interface{} {
 	eventData := map[string]interface{}{
 		"summary":          runtime.Str("summary"),
-		"description":      runtime.Str("description"),
 		"start_time":       map[string]string{"timestamp": startTs},
 		"end_time":         map[string]string{"timestamp": endTs},
 		"attendee_ability": "can_modify_event",
@@ -33,6 +32,9 @@ func buildEventData(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, startTs, endTs string) map[s
 	if rrule := runtime.Str("rrule"); rrule != "" {
 		eventData["recurrence"] = rrule
 	}
+	if descriptionRich := descriptionRichToSend(runtime); descriptionRich != "" {
+		eventData["description_rich"] = descriptionRich
+	}
 	return eventData
 }
 
@@ -118,7 +120,8 @@ var CalendarCreate = common.Shortcut{
 		{Name: "summary", Desc: "event title"},
 		{Name: "start", Desc: "start time (ISO 8601)", Required: true},
 		{Name: "end", Desc: "end time (ISO 8601)", Required: true},
-		{Name: "description", Desc: "event description"},
+		{Name: "description", Desc: "deprecated: plain-text description; use --description-rich (Markdown) instead", Hidden: true},
+		{Name: "description-rich", Desc: "event description as Markdown (@file or - for stdin); the unified description field. Supports bold/italic/underline/strikethrough, links, headings (`#`..`###`), blockquotes (`>`), ordered/unordered lists, horizontal rules (`---`), GFM tables, and images (`![name](url)`; a remote URL is used as-is, and a local image path relative to and inside the current working directory is auto-uploaded to Lark drive and rendered inline — absolute/out-of-cwd paths are rejected). A Lark doc URL (bare or as a Markdown link) is auto-resolved to an inline doc-mention chip showing its title. Inside a GFM table cell, stack multiple lines with `<br>`; each line may itself be an ordered/unordered list item, image or styled text (e.g. `1. a<br>2. b`, `- x<br>- y`, `![p](url)<br>**bold**`).", Input: []string{common.File, common.Stdin}},
 		{Name: "attendee-ids", Desc: "attendee IDs, comma-separated (supports user ou_, chat oc_, room omm_)"},
 		{Name: "calendar-id", Desc: "calendar ID (default: primary)"},
 		{Name: "rrule", Desc: "recurrence rule (rfc5545)"},
@@ -231,6 +234,9 @@ var CalendarCreate = common.Shortcut{
 		if err != nil {
 			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--end: %v", err).WithParam("--end")
 		}
+		if err := resolveDescriptionRichImages(runtime, calendarId); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 
 		eventData := buildEventData(runtime, startTs, endTs)
 

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_get.go

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ type calendarEvent struct {
 	OrganizerCalendarID string                    `json:"organizer_calendar_id,omitempty"`
 	Summary             string                    `json:"summary,omitempty"`
 	Description         string                    `json:"description,omitempty"`
+	DescriptionRich     string                    `json:"description_rich,omitempty"`
 	StartTime           *calendarEventTime        `json:"start_time,omitempty"`
 	EndTime             *calendarEventTime        `json:"end_time,omitempty"`
 	VChat               *calendarEventVChat       `json:"vchat,omitempty"`
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ func buildCalendarEventOutput(event *calendarEvent) (map[string]interface{}, err
 	if status, _ := out["status"].(string); status != "cancelled" {
 		delete(out, "status")
 	}
-
+	backfillDescriptionRich(out)
 	return out, nil
 }
 

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_test.go

@@ -988,9 +988,14 @@ func TestUpdate_PatchEventOnly(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(stub.CapturedBody, &body); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unmarshal captured patch body: %v", err)
 	}
-	if body["summary"] != "Updated Meeting" || body["description"] != "Updated description" {
+	// The deprecated, hidden --description folds into description_rich; the CLI
+	// never sends the plain description field (mutually exclusive downstream).
+	if body["summary"] != "Updated Meeting" || body["description_rich"] != "Updated description" {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected patch body: %#v", body)
 	}
+	if _, ok := body["description"]; ok {
+		t.Fatalf("plain description must not be sent, got: %#v", body)
+	}
 	if body["need_notification"] != false {
 		t.Fatalf("need_notification = %#v, want false", body["need_notification"])
 	}
@@ -1364,6 +1369,63 @@ func TestAgenda_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAgenda_UnifiesDescriptionRich(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, defaultConfig())
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "GET",
+		URL:    "/events/instance_view",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items": []interface{}{
+					map[string]interface{}{
+						"event_id":         "evt_rich",
+						"summary":          "Rich",
+						"status":           "confirmed",
+						"description":      "[测试]\n友情提醒",
+						"description_rich": "友情提醒",
+						"start_time":       map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742515200"},
+						"end_time":         map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742518800"},
+					},
+					map[string]interface{}{
+						"event_id":    "evt_plain",
+						"summary":     "Plain",
+						"status":      "confirmed",
+						"description": "just text",
+						"start_time":  map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742515200"},
+						"end_time":    map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742518800"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	err := mountAndRun(t, CalendarAgenda, []string{
+		"+agenda",
+		"--start", "2025-03-21",
+		"--end", "2025-03-21",
+		"--as", "bot",
+	}, f, stdout)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	// Read keeps both fields: description (plain) and description_rich (rich).
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "\"description\": \"[测试]\\n友情提醒\"") {
+		t.Errorf("expected plain description retained, got: %s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "\"description_rich\": \"友情提醒\"") {
+		t.Errorf("expected rich description surfaced, got: %s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "\"description\": \"just text\"") {
+		t.Errorf("expected plain description retained for plain-only event, got: %s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "\"description_rich\": \"just text\"") {
+		t.Errorf("expected description_rich backfilled from plain, got: %s", out)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAgenda_EmptyResult(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, defaultConfig())
 
@@ -3375,6 +3437,72 @@ func TestGet_Success_FlattensAndConvertsTimes(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestGet_UnifiesDescriptionRich(t *testing.T) {
+	// Read keeps both description (plain) and description_rich (rich).
+	t.Run("rich present", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, defaultConfig())
+		reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+			Method: "GET",
+			URL:    "/open-apis/calendar/v4/calendars/cal_test123/events/evt_rich",
+			Body: map[string]interface{}{
+				"code": 0, "msg": "success",
+				"data": map[string]interface{}{
+					"event": map[string]interface{}{
+						"event_id":         "evt_rich",
+						"summary":          "Rich",
+						"description":      "[表格]",
+						"description_rich": "| a | b |\n| --- | --- |\n| c | d |",
+						"start_time":       map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742515200", "timezone": "Asia/Shanghai"},
+						"end_time":         map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742518800", "timezone": "Asia/Shanghai"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		})
+		if err := mountAndRun(t, CalendarGet, []string{"+get", "--calendar-id", "cal_test123", "--event-id", "evt_rich", "--as", "bot"}, f, stdout); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+		}
+		out := stdout.String()
+		if !strings.Contains(out, "\"description\": \"[表格]\"") {
+			t.Errorf("expected plain description retained, got: %s", out)
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(out, "\"description_rich\":") {
+			t.Errorf("expected description_rich in output, got: %s", out)
+		}
+	})
+
+	// When only a plain description exists, description_rich is backfilled from it
+	// and the plain description is still returned.
+	t.Run("only plain backfills rich", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, defaultConfig())
+		reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+			Method: "GET",
+			URL:    "/open-apis/calendar/v4/calendars/cal_test123/events/evt_plain",
+			Body: map[string]interface{}{
+				"code": 0, "msg": "success",
+				"data": map[string]interface{}{
+					"event": map[string]interface{}{
+						"event_id":    "evt_plain",
+						"summary":     "Plain",
+						"description": "just text",
+						"start_time":  map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742515200", "timezone": "Asia/Shanghai"},
+						"end_time":    map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742518800", "timezone": "Asia/Shanghai"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		})
+		if err := mountAndRun(t, CalendarGet, []string{"+get", "--calendar-id", "cal_test123", "--event-id", "evt_plain", "--as", "bot"}, f, stdout); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+		}
+		out := stdout.String()
+		if !strings.Contains(out, "\"description\": \"just text\"") {
+			t.Errorf("expected plain description retained, got: %s", out)
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(out, "\"description_rich\": \"just text\"") {
+			t.Errorf("expected description_rich backfilled from plain, got: %s", out)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 func TestGet_CancelledStatus_PreservesStatus(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, defaultConfig())
 

shortcuts/calendar/calendar_update.go

@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ var CalendarUpdate = common.Shortcut{
 		{Name: "event-id", Desc: "event ID to update", Required: true},
 		{Name: "calendar-id", Desc: "calendar ID (default: primary)"},
 		{Name: "summary", Desc: "event title"},
-		{Name: "description", Desc: "event description"},
+		{Name: "description", Desc: "deprecated: plain-text description; use --description-rich (Markdown) instead", Hidden: true},
+		{Name: "description-rich", Desc: "event description as Markdown (@file or - for stdin); the unified description field. Supports bold/italic/underline/strikethrough, links, headings (`#`..`###`), blockquotes (`>`), ordered/unordered lists, horizontal rules (`---`), GFM tables, and images (`![name](url)`; a remote URL is used as-is, and a local image path relative to and inside the current working directory is auto-uploaded to Lark drive and rendered inline — absolute/out-of-cwd paths are rejected). A Lark doc URL (bare or as a Markdown link) is auto-resolved to an inline doc-mention chip showing its title. Inside a GFM table cell, stack multiple lines with `<br>`; each line may itself be an ordered/unordered list item, image or styled text (e.g. `1. a<br>2. b`, `- x<br>- y`, `![p](url)<br>**bold**`).", Input: []string{common.File, common.Stdin}},
 		{Name: "start", Desc: "new start time (ISO 8601); requires --end"},
 		{Name: "end", Desc: "new end time (ISO 8601); requires --start"},
 		{Name: "rrule", Desc: "recurrence rule (rfc5545)"},
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ func validateCalendarUpdate(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if !hasCalendarUpdateOperation(runtime) {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "nothing to update: specify at least one of --summary, --description, --start/--end, --rrule, --add-attendee-ids, or --remove-attendee-ids")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "nothing to update: specify at least one of --summary, --description, --description-rich, --start/--end, --rrule, --add-attendee-ids, or --remove-attendee-ids")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -109,11 +110,16 @@ func buildCalendarUpdateEventData(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (map[string]in
 	body := map[string]interface{}{}
 	hasFields := false
 
-	for _, field := range []string{"summary", "description"} {
-		if runtime.Cmd.Flags().Changed(field) {
-			body[field] = runtime.Str(field)
-			hasFields = true
-		}
+	if runtime.Cmd.Flags().Changed("summary") {
+		body["summary"] = runtime.Str("summary")
+		hasFields = true
+	}
+	if runtime.Cmd.Flags().Changed("description-rich") {
+		body["description_rich"] = runtime.Str("description-rich")
+		hasFields = true
+	} else if runtime.Cmd.Flags().Changed("description") {
+		body["description_rich"] = runtime.Str("description")
+		hasFields = true
 	}
 	if runtime.Cmd.Flags().Changed("rrule") {
 		rrule := strings.TrimSpace(runtime.Str("rrule"))
@@ -356,6 +362,15 @@ func executeCalendarUpdate(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext)
 		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "specify --event-id").WithParam("--event-id")
 	}
 
+	// Upload any local images referenced in --description-rich and rewrite them
+	// to drive URLs before the description is sent (the service cannot read
+	// local files).
+	if runtime.Cmd.Flags().Changed("description-rich") {
+		if err := resolveDescriptionRichImages(runtime, calendarID); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	body, hasEventFields, err := buildCalendarUpdateEventData(runtime)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -428,9 +443,20 @@ func calendarUpdateResult(eventID string, event map[string]interface{}, addedCou
 	if summary, _ := event["summary"].(string); summary != "" {
 		result["summary"] = summary
 	}
-	if description, _ := event["description"].(string); description != "" {
+	// Surface both description fields on read: description holds plain text,
+	// description_rich holds the rich (Markdown) version, backfilled from plain
+	// when the service returned no rich value.
+	description, _ := event["description"].(string)
+	if description != "" {
 		result["description"] = description
 	}
+	descriptionRich, _ := event["description_rich"].(string)
+	if descriptionRich == "" {
+		descriptionRich = description
+	}
+	if descriptionRich != "" {
+		result["description_rich"] = descriptionRich
+	}
 	if start := formatCalendarEventTime(event["start_time"]); start != "" {
 		result["start"] = start
 	}

shortcuts/calendar/description_rich_images.go

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package calendar
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"image"
+
+	// Register the common image decoders so DecodeConfig can read intrinsic
+	// dimensions for PNG/JPEG/GIF sources.
+	_ "image/gif"
+	_ "image/jpeg"
+	_ "image/png"
+	"net/url"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+const calendarMediaParentType = "calendar"
+
+var markdownImageRe = regexp.MustCompile(`!\[([^\]]*)\]\(([^)]*)\)`)
+
+func resolveDescriptionRichImages(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, calendarID string) error {
+	md := runtime.Str("description-rich")
+	if md == "" || !strings.Contains(md, "![") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	rewritten, changed, err := uploadLocalDescriptionImages(runtime, calendarID, md)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if changed {
+		if err := runtime.Cmd.Flags().Set("description-rich", rewritten); err != nil {
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "failed to update --description-rich after image upload: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func uploadLocalDescriptionImages(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, calendarID, md string) (string, bool, error) {
+	matches := markdownImageRe.FindAllStringSubmatchIndex(md, -1)
+	if len(matches) == 0 {
+		return md, false, nil
+	}
+	var out strings.Builder
+	last := 0
+	changed := false
+	cache := map[string]string{}
+	for _, m := range matches {
+		altStart, altEnd, srcStart, srcEnd := m[2], m[3], m[4], m[5]
+		src := strings.TrimSpace(md[srcStart:srcEnd])
+		if !isLocalImageSrc(src) {
+			continue
+		}
+		alt := md[altStart:altEnd]
+		uploadedURL, err := resolveLocalImage(runtime, calendarID, src, alt, cache)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", false, err
+		}
+		out.WriteString(md[last:srcStart])
+		out.WriteString(uploadedURL)
+		last = srcEnd
+		changed = true
+	}
+	if !changed {
+		return md, false, nil
+	}
+	out.WriteString(md[last:])
+	return out.String(), true, nil
+}
+
+func resolveLocalImage(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, calendarID, src, alt string, cache map[string]string) (string, error) {
+	localPath := localImagePath(src)
+	if cached, ok := cache[localPath]; ok {
+		return cached, nil
+	}
+
+	safePath, err := validate.SafeInputPath(localPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"--description-rich image %q could not be read: %v", src, err).
+			WithParam("--description-rich").
+			WithHint("reference local images by a path inside the current working directory (e.g. ./images/pic.png; cd there first), or use an already-uploaded Lark image URL").
+			WithCause(err)
+	}
+
+	info, err := runtime.FileIO().Stat(localPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", common.WrapInputStatErrorTyped(err)
+	}
+
+	fileToken, err := common.UploadDriveMediaAllTyped(runtime, common.DriveMediaUploadAllConfig{
+		FilePath:   localPath,
+		FileName:   filepath.Base(safePath),
+		FileSize:   info.Size(),
+		ParentType: calendarMediaParentType,
+		ParentNode: &calendarID,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	width, height := decodeImageDimensions(runtime, localPath)
+	uploadedURL := buildCalendarImagePreviewURL(runtime.Config.Brand, fileToken, width, height, info.Size())
+	cache[localPath] = uploadedURL
+	return uploadedURL, nil
+}
+
+func decodeImageDimensions(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, path string) (int, int) {
+	f, err := runtime.FileIO().Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	cfg, _, err := image.DecodeConfig(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0
+	}
+	return cfg.Width, cfg.Height
+}
+
+func isLocalImageSrc(src string) bool {
+	if src == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	lower := strings.ToLower(src)
+	switch {
+	case strings.HasPrefix(lower, "http://"), strings.HasPrefix(lower, "https://"), strings.HasPrefix(lower, "data:"):
+		return false
+	case strings.HasPrefix(lower, "file://"):
+		return true
+	}
+	if i := strings.Index(src, "://"); i > 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func localImagePath(src string) string {
+	s := strings.TrimSpace(src)
+	if strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(s), "file://") {
+		if u, err := url.Parse(s); err == nil && u.Path != "" {
+			s = u.Path
+		}
+	}
+	if decoded, err := url.PathUnescape(s); err == nil {
+		return decoded
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func buildCalendarImagePreviewURL(brand core.LarkBrand, fileToken string, width, height int, size int64) string {
+	host := "internal-api-drive-stream.larkoffice.com"
+	if brand == core.BrandLark {
+		host = "internal-api-drive-stream.larksuite.com"
+	}
+	u := fmt.Sprintf("https://%s/space/api/box/stream/download/preview/%s?preview_type=16", host, fileToken)
+	if width > 0 && height > 0 {
+		u += fmt.Sprintf("&im_w=%d&im_h=%d", width, height)
+	}
+	if size > 0 {
+		u += fmt.Sprintf("&im_size=%d", size)
+	}
+	return u
+}

shortcuts/calendar/description_rich_images_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package calendar
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"image"
+	"image/png"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+)
+
+func TestIsLocalImageSrc(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		src  string
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{"./images/pic.png", true},
+		{"images/pic.png", true},
+		{"../assets/a.png", true},
+		{"/Users/me/Desktop/a.png", true},
+		{`C:\Users\me\a.png`, true},
+		{"file:///Users/me/a.png", true},
+		{"图片和附件/测试图片.png", true},
+		{"https://example.com/a.png", false},
+		{"http://example.com/a.png", false},
+		{"HTTPS://EXAMPLE.com/a.png", false},
+		{"data:image/png;base64,iVBOR", false},
+		{"ftp://host/a.png", false},
+		{"", false},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if got := isLocalImageSrc(c.src); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("isLocalImageSrc(%q) = %v, want %v", c.src, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLocalImagePath(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct{ in, want string }{
+		{"images/pic.png", "images/pic.png"},
+		{"images/my%20pic.png", "images/my pic.png"},
+		{"file:///Users/me/a.png", "/Users/me/a.png"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if got := localImagePath(c.in); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("localImagePath(%q) = %q, want %q", c.in, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBuildCalendarImagePreviewURL guards the contract the OpenAPI service
+// relies on: a Lark host (so token extraction triggers) whose final path
+// segment is exactly the uploaded file token.
+func TestBuildCalendarImagePreviewURL(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		brand    core.LarkBrand
+		hostFrag string
+	}{
+		{core.BrandFeishu, "larkoffice"},
+		{core.BrandLark, "larksuite"},
+	} {
+		raw := buildCalendarImagePreviewURL(tc.brand, "boxcnTOKEN123", 416, 306, 142568)
+		u, err := url.Parse(raw)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("built URL not parseable: %v", err)
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(u.Host, tc.hostFrag) {
+			t.Errorf("brand %s host = %q, want fragment %q", tc.brand, u.Host, tc.hostFrag)
+		}
+		segs := strings.Split(strings.Trim(u.Path, "/"), "/")
+		if last := segs[len(segs)-1]; last != "boxcnTOKEN123" {
+			t.Errorf("last path segment = %q, want token", last)
+		}
+		q := u.Query()
+		if q.Get("im_w") != "416" || q.Get("im_h") != "306" || q.Get("im_size") != "142568" {
+			t.Errorf("dimension params missing: im_w=%q im_h=%q im_size=%q", q.Get("im_w"), q.Get("im_h"), q.Get("im_size"))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// With unknown dimensions the helper params are omitted entirely.
+	raw := buildCalendarImagePreviewURL(core.BrandFeishu, "boxcnTOKEN123", 0, 0, 0)
+	if strings.Contains(raw, "im_w") || strings.Contains(raw, "im_size") {
+		t.Errorf("expected no dimension params for unknown size, got %q", raw)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestUploadLocalDescriptionImages_RemoteUntouched verifies remote/data images
+// pass through unchanged and never trigger an upload (runtime unused → nil).
+func TestUploadLocalDescriptionImages_RemoteUntouched(t *testing.T) {
+	md := "text ![a](https://example.com/a.png) more ![b](data:image/png;base64,xx)"
+	got, changed, err := uploadLocalDescriptionImages(nil, "cal", md)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected err: %v", err)
+	}
+	if changed {
+		t.Errorf("changed = true, want false")
+	}
+	if got != md {
+		t.Errorf("markdown mutated: %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCreate_UploadsLocalDescriptionImage runs +create with a local image path,
+// mocks the drive upload, and asserts the create body's description_rich carries
+// the uploaded token (not the local path).
+func TestCreate_UploadsLocalDescriptionImage(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	orig, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.Chdir(dir); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer os.Chdir(orig)
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "pic.png"), []byte("PNGDATA"), 0600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, defaultConfig())
+
+	uploadStub := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/drive/v1/medias/upload_all",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "msg": "ok", "data": map[string]interface{}{"file_token": "boxcnTOKEN123"}},
+	}
+	reg.Register(uploadStub)
+
+	createStub := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/calendar/v4/calendars/cal_test123/events",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "msg": "ok", "data": map[string]interface{}{
+			"event": map[string]interface{}{
+				"event_id":   "evt_001",
+				"summary":    "Pic",
+				"start_time": map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742515200"},
+				"end_time":   map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742518800"},
+			},
+		}},
+	}
+	reg.Register(createStub)
+
+	runErr := mountAndRun(t, CalendarCreate, []string{
+		"+create",
+		"--summary", "Pic",
+		"--start", "2025-03-21T00:00:00+08:00",
+		"--end", "2025-03-21T01:00:00+08:00",
+		"--calendar-id", "cal_test123",
+		"--description-rich", "![pic](./pic.png)",
+		"--as", "bot",
+	}, f, stdout)
+	if runErr != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", runErr)
+	}
+
+	if uploadStub.CapturedBody == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected drive upload to be called")
+	}
+	if createStub.CapturedBody == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected create event to be called")
+	}
+	var body map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(createStub.CapturedBody, &body); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create body unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	dr, _ := body["description_rich"].(string)
+	if !strings.Contains(dr, "boxcnTOKEN123") {
+		t.Fatalf("description_rich should contain uploaded token, got %q", dr)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(dr, "./pic.png") {
+		t.Fatalf("local path should be rewritten away, got %q", dr)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCreate_LocalImageCarriesDimensions verifies a real decodable image's
+// intrinsic width/height and byte size are appended to the rewritten drive URL
+// (so the facade can populate originalWidth/originalHeight and the client can
+// render the image inline).
+func TestCreate_LocalImageCarriesDimensions(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	orig, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.Chdir(dir); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer os.Chdir(orig)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	if err := png.Encode(&buf, image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 5, 7))); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "pic.png"), buf.Bytes(), 0600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, defaultConfig())
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/drive/v1/medias/upload_all",
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "msg": "ok", "data": map[string]interface{}{"file_token": "boxcnTOKEN123"}},
+	})
+	createStub := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/calendar/v4/calendars/cal_test123/events",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "msg": "ok", "data": map[string]interface{}{
+			"event": map[string]interface{}{
+				"event_id":   "evt_001",
+				"summary":    "Pic",
+				"start_time": map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742515200"},
+				"end_time":   map[string]interface{}{"timestamp": "1742518800"},
+			},
+		}},
+	}
+	reg.Register(createStub)
+
+	runErr := mountAndRun(t, CalendarCreate, []string{
+		"+create",
+		"--summary", "Pic",
+		"--start", "2025-03-21T00:00:00+08:00",
+		"--end", "2025-03-21T01:00:00+08:00",
+		"--calendar-id", "cal_test123",
+		"--description-rich", "![pic](./pic.png)",
+		"--as", "bot",
+	}, f, stdout)
+	if runErr != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", runErr)
+	}
+	var body map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(createStub.CapturedBody, &body); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create body unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	dr, _ := body["description_rich"].(string)
+	if !strings.Contains(dr, "im_w=5") || !strings.Contains(dr, "im_h=7") {
+		t.Fatalf("description_rich should carry image dimensions, got %q", dr)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(dr, "im_size=") {
+		t.Fatalf("description_rich should carry image byte size, got %q", dr)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCreate_LocalImageAbsolutePathRejected verifies an out-of-cwd absolute path
+// yields a typed --description-rich validation error before any API call.
+func TestCreate_LocalImageAbsolutePathRejected(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, defaultConfig())
+
+	runErr := mountAndRun(t, CalendarCreate, []string{
+		"+create",
+		"--summary", "Pic",
+		"--start", "2025-03-21T00:00:00+08:00",
+		"--end", "2025-03-21T01:00:00+08:00",
+		"--calendar-id", "cal_test123",
+		"--description-rich", "![p](/etc/hosts)",
+		"--as", "bot",
+	}, f, stdout)
+	if runErr == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error for absolute image path")
+	}
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(runErr, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", runErr, runErr)
+	}
+	if ve.Param != "--description-rich" {
+		t.Errorf("param = %q, want --description-rich", ve.Param)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/calendar/helpers.go

@@ -30,6 +30,23 @@ func resolveStartEnd(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (string, string) {
 	return startInput, endInput
 }
 
+func backfillDescriptionRich(event map[string]interface{}) {
+	if event == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if descRich, _ := event["description_rich"].(string); descRich == "" {
+		if desc, _ := event["description"].(string); desc != "" {
+			event["description_rich"] = desc
+		}
+	}
+}
+func descriptionRichToSend(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) string {
+	if v := runtime.Str("description-rich"); v != "" {
+		return v
+	}
+	return runtime.Str("description")
+}
+
 func hasExplicitBotFlag(cmd *cobra.Command) bool {
 	if cmd == nil {
 		return false

shortcuts/common/localfile.go

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"math"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
+)
+
+// ValidateLocalFileFlag validates that a local input path exists, is a regular
+// file, and does not exceed maxBytes. Absolute and relative paths use
+// the process filesystem namespace.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) ValidateLocalFileFlag(flagName string, maxBytes int64) error {
+	path, param, err := ctx.localFileFlag(flagName, maxBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	info, err := cmdutil.StatLocalFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return localFileReadError(param, path, "inspect", err)
+	}
+	if err := localFileRegularError(param, path, info.Mode()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if info.Size() > maxBytes {
+		return localFileSizeError(param, path, info.Size(), maxBytes)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ReadLocalFileFlag is the shared replacement for direct os.ReadFile calls in
+// shortcuts. It accepts absolute and relative paths, enforces a hard size
+// limit, and returns command-facing typed errors.
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) ReadLocalFileFlag(flagName string, maxBytes int64) (data []byte, retErr error) {
+	path, param, err := ctx.localFileFlag(flagName, maxBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	f, err := cmdutil.OpenLocalFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, localFileReadError(param, path, "open", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := f.Close(); err != nil && retErr == nil {
+			data = nil
+			retErr = errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "cannot close %s %q: %v", param, path, err).WithCause(err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	openedInfo, err := f.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, localFileReadError(param, path, "inspect opened", err)
+	}
+	if err := localFileRegularError(param, path, openedInfo.Mode()); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if openedInfo.Size() > maxBytes {
+		return nil, localFileSizeError(param, path, openedInfo.Size(), maxBytes)
+	}
+
+	readLimit := maxBytes + 1
+	if maxBytes == math.MaxInt64 {
+		readLimit = maxBytes
+	}
+	data, err = io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(f, readLimit))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, localFileReadError(param, path, "read", err)
+	}
+	if int64(len(data)) > maxBytes {
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"%s %q grew beyond the %d-byte limit while being read", param, path, maxBytes).
+			WithParam(param)
+	}
+	return data, nil
+}
+
+func (ctx *RuntimeContext) localFileFlag(flagName string, maxBytes int64) (path, param string, err error) {
+	name, param, err := localFileFlagNames(flagName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", err
+	}
+	if ctx == nil || ctx.Cmd == nil {
+		return "", param, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "cannot read %s: runtime command is unavailable", param)
+	}
+
+	path = strings.TrimSpace(ctx.Str(name))
+	if path == "" {
+		return "", param, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s is required", param).WithParam(param)
+	}
+	if _, err := validate.LocalInputPath(path); err != nil {
+		return "", param, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid %s path: %v", param, err).
+			WithParam(param).
+			WithCause(err)
+	}
+	if maxBytes < 0 {
+		return "", param, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "invalid read limit configured for %s", param)
+	}
+	return path, param, nil
+}
+
+func localFileRegularError(param, path string, mode fs.FileMode) error {
+	if mode.IsRegular() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+		"%s %q is not a regular file", param, path).
+		WithParam(param)
+}
+
+func localFileReadError(param, path, op string, cause error) error {
+	if errors.Is(cause, fileio.ErrPathValidation) {
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid %s %q: %v", param, path, cause).
+			WithParam(param).
+			WithCause(cause)
+	}
+	if errors.Is(cause, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s %q does not exist", param, path).
+			WithParam(param).
+			WithCause(cause)
+	}
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "cannot %s %s %q: %v", op, param, path, cause).WithCause(cause)
+}
+
+func localFileSizeError(param, path string, size, limit int64) error {
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+		"%s %q is %d bytes; limit is %d bytes", param, path, size, limit).
+		WithParam(param)
+}
+
+func localFileFlagNames(flagName string) (name, param string, err error) {
+	name = strings.TrimLeft(strings.TrimSpace(flagName), "-")
+	if name == "" {
+		return "", "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "local file flag name must not be empty")
+	}
+	return name, "--" + name, nil
+}

shortcuts/common/localfile_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func TestReadLocalFileFlag_AcceptsAbsolutePath(t *testing.T) {
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "input.txt")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte("content"), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	rctx := localFileTestRuntime(t, path)
+
+	if err := rctx.ValidateLocalFileFlag("file", 7); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ValidateLocalFileFlag() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	got, err := rctx.ReadLocalFileFlag("file", 7)
+	if err != nil || string(got) != "content" {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadLocalFileFlag() = %q, %v; want content", got, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateLocalFileFlag_ReturnsTypedInputErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name string
+		path func(t *testing.T) string
+		max  int64
+	}{
+		{name: "invalid characters", path: func(*testing.T) string { return "input\n.txt" }, max: 10},
+		{name: "missing file", path: func(t *testing.T) string { return filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "missing") }, max: 10},
+		{name: "directory", path: func(t *testing.T) string { return t.TempDir() }, max: 10},
+		{name: "too large", path: func(t *testing.T) string {
+			path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "large")
+			if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte("123456"), 0o600); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			return path
+		}, max: 5},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := localFileTestRuntime(t, tc.path(t)).ValidateLocalFileFlag("file", tc.max)
+			var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+			if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) || validationErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument || validationErr.Param != "--file" {
+				t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want invalid_argument for --file", err, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadLocalFileFlag_ReturnsTypedInputErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name string
+		path func(t *testing.T) string
+		max  int64
+	}{
+		{name: "invalid characters", path: func(*testing.T) string { return "input\n.txt" }, max: 10},
+		{name: "missing file", path: func(t *testing.T) string { return filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "missing") }, max: 10},
+		{name: "directory", path: func(t *testing.T) string { return t.TempDir() }, max: 10},
+		{name: "too large", path: func(t *testing.T) string {
+			path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "large")
+			if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte("123456"), 0o600); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			return path
+		}, max: 5},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := localFileTestRuntime(t, tc.path(t)).ReadLocalFileFlag("file", tc.max)
+			var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+			if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) || validationErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument || validationErr.Param != "--file" {
+				t.Fatalf("error = %T %v, want invalid_argument for --file", err, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func localFileTestRuntime(t *testing.T, path string) *RuntimeContext {
+	t.Helper()
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	cmd.Flags().String("file", "", "")
+	if err := cmd.Flags().Set("file", path); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return &RuntimeContext{ctx: context.Background(), Cmd: cmd}
+}

shortcuts/common/runner_scope_test.go

@@ -25,6 +25,18 @@ func (r *scopeCheckTokenResolver) ResolveToken(ctx context.Context, req credenti
 	return r.result, r.err
 }
 
+type scopeCheckAccountResolver struct {
+	appID string
+}
+
+func (r scopeCheckAccountResolver) ResolveAccount(context.Context) (*credential.Account, error) {
+	return &credential.Account{AppID: r.appID}, nil
+}
+
+func newScopeCheckCredentialProvider(appID string, tokenResolver credential.DefaultTokenResolver) *credential.CredentialProvider {
+	return credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, scopeCheckAccountResolver{appID: appID}, tokenResolver, nil)
+}
+
 // TestEnhancePermissionError_TypedPermissionErrorRouted pins typed routing:
 // an *errs.PermissionError gets enhanced regardless of its Message text,
 // decoupling this helper from canonical-message rewrites that would
@@ -106,7 +118,7 @@ func TestEnhancePermissionError_PermissionErrorGetsScopeHint(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCheckShortcutScopes_PropagatesContextCancellation(t *testing.T) {
 	f := &cmdutil.Factory{
-		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &scopeCheckTokenResolver{err: context.Canceled}, nil),
+		Credential: newScopeCheckCredentialProvider("app-1", &scopeCheckTokenResolver{err: context.Canceled}),
 	}
 
 	err := checkShortcutScopes(f, context.Background(), core.AsUser, &core.CliConfig{AppID: "app-1"}, []string{"im:message:read"})
@@ -124,9 +136,9 @@ func TestCheckShortcutScopes_PropagatesContextCancellation(t *testing.T) {
 // command for human consumers.
 func TestCheckShortcutScopes_ReturnsTypedPermissionError(t *testing.T) {
 	f := &cmdutil.Factory{
-		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &scopeCheckTokenResolver{
+		Credential: newScopeCheckCredentialProvider("app-1", &scopeCheckTokenResolver{
 			result: &credential.TokenResult{Token: "t", Scopes: "im:message:read calendar:calendar:read"},
-		}, nil),
+		}),
 	}
 
 	required := []string{"im:message:read", "drive:drive:read", "docx:document:read"}
@@ -168,7 +180,7 @@ func TestCheckShortcutScopes_ReturnsTypedPermissionError(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCheckShortcutScopes_IgnoresNonContextTokenErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	f := &cmdutil.Factory{
-		Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &scopeCheckTokenResolver{err: errors.New("token cache unavailable")}, nil),
+		Credential: newScopeCheckCredentialProvider("app-1", &scopeCheckTokenResolver{err: errors.New("token cache unavailable")}),
 	}
 
 	err := checkShortcutScopes(f, context.Background(), core.AsUser, &core.CliConfig{AppID: "app-1"}, []string{"im:message:read"})

shortcuts/drive/drive_status_test.go

@@ -33,6 +33,18 @@ func (r *driveStatusScopedTokenResolver) ResolveToken(ctx context.Context, req c
 	return &credential.TokenResult{Token: "test-token", Scopes: r.scopes}, nil
 }
 
+type driveTestAccountResolver struct {
+	appID string
+}
+
+func (r driveTestAccountResolver) ResolveAccount(context.Context) (*credential.Account, error) {
+	return &credential.Account{AppID: r.appID}, nil
+}
+
+func newDriveTestCredentialProvider(appID string, tokenResolver credential.DefaultTokenResolver) *credential.CredentialProvider {
+	return credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, driveTestAccountResolver{appID: appID}, tokenResolver, nil)
+}
+
 // TestDriveStatusCategorizesByHash exercises the four-bucket classification
 // against a real walk of the temp dir and a mocked Drive listing.
 func TestDriveStatusCategorizesByHash(t *testing.T) {
@@ -308,7 +320,7 @@ func TestDriveStatusQuickMarksUntrustedTimestampAsModified(t *testing.T) {
 // requiring drive:file:download even after quick mode made download optional.
 func TestDriveStatusExactRejectsMissingDownloadScope(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, driveTestConfig())
-	f.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &driveStatusScopedTokenResolver{scopes: "drive:drive.metadata:readonly"}, nil)
+	f.Credential = newDriveTestCredentialProvider(driveTestConfig().AppID, &driveStatusScopedTokenResolver{scopes: "drive:drive.metadata:readonly"})
 
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
 	withDriveWorkingDir(t, tmpDir)
@@ -357,7 +369,7 @@ func TestDriveStatusExactRejectsMissingDownloadScope(t *testing.T) {
 // blocked on the exact-mode download scope precheck.
 func TestDriveStatusQuickAcceptsMissingDownloadScope(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, driveTestConfig())
-	f.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &driveStatusScopedTokenResolver{scopes: "drive:drive.metadata:readonly"}, nil)
+	f.Credential = newDriveTestCredentialProvider(driveTestConfig().AppID, &driveStatusScopedTokenResolver{scopes: "drive:drive.metadata:readonly"})
 
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
 	withDriveWorkingDir(t, tmpDir)

shortcuts/drive/drive_sync_test.go

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -1593,7 +1592,7 @@ func TestDriveSyncAskConflictEOFDuringPlanningPreventsAnyWrites(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestDriveSyncDryRunQuickAcceptsMetadataOnlyScope(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, driveTestConfig())
-	f.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &driveStatusScopedTokenResolver{scopes: "drive:drive.metadata:readonly"}, nil)
+	f.Credential = newDriveTestCredentialProvider(driveTestConfig().AppID, &driveStatusScopedTokenResolver{scopes: "drive:drive.metadata:readonly"})
 
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
 	withDriveWorkingDir(t, tmpDir)
@@ -1622,7 +1621,7 @@ func TestDriveSyncPreflightsActionScopesBeforeListing(t *testing.T) {
 		AppID: "drive-sync-download-scope-only", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
 	}
 	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, syncTestConfig)
-	f.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &driveStatusScopedTokenResolver{scopes: "drive:drive.metadata:readonly drive:file:download"}, nil)
+	f.Credential = newDriveTestCredentialProvider(syncTestConfig.AppID, &driveStatusScopedTokenResolver{scopes: "drive:drive.metadata:readonly drive:file:download"})
 
 	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
 	withDriveWorkingDir(t, tmpDir)

shortcuts/drive/drive_task_result_test.go

@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ func newDriveTaskResultRuntimeWithScopes(t *testing.T, as core.Identity, scopes
 
 	cfg := driveTestConfig()
 	factory, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, cfg)
-	factory.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &mockDriveTaskResultTokenResolver{scopes: scopes}, nil)
+	factory.Credential = newDriveTestCredentialProvider(cfg.AppID, &mockDriveTaskResultTokenResolver{scopes: scopes})
 
 	runtime := common.TestNewRuntimeContextWithIdentity(&cobra.Command{Use: "drive +task_result"}, cfg, as)
 	runtime.Factory = factory
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ func TestValidateDriveTaskResultScopesPropagatesContextCancellation(t *testing.T
 
 	cfg := driveTestConfig()
 	factory, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, cfg)
-	factory.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, cancelingTokenResolver{}, nil)
+	factory.Credential = newDriveTestCredentialProvider(cfg.AppID, cancelingTokenResolver{})
 
 	runtime := common.TestNewRuntimeContextWithIdentity(&cobra.Command{Use: "drive +task_result"}, cfg, core.AsUser)
 	runtime.Factory = factory

shortcuts/im/convert_lib/runtime_test.go

@@ -27,6 +27,14 @@ func (s *staticConvertlibTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, _ creden
 	return &credential.TokenResult{Token: "test-token"}, nil
 }
 
+type convertlibTestAccountResolver struct {
+	appID string
+}
+
+func (r convertlibTestAccountResolver) ResolveAccount(context.Context) (*credential.Account, error) {
+	return &credential.Account{AppID: r.appID}, nil
+}
+
 type convertlibRoundTripFunc func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
 
 func (f convertlibRoundTripFunc) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
@@ -68,7 +76,12 @@ func newBotConvertlibRuntime(t *testing.T, rt http.RoundTripper) *common.Runtime
 		AppSecret: "test-secret",
 		Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
 	}
-	testCred := credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &staticConvertlibTokenResolver{}, nil)
+	testCred := credential.NewCredentialProvider(
+		nil,
+		convertlibTestAccountResolver{appID: cfg.AppID},
+		&staticConvertlibTokenResolver{},
+		nil,
+	)
 	runtime := &common.RuntimeContext{
 		Config: cfg,
 		Factory: &cmdutil.Factory{

shortcuts/im/helpers_network_test.go

@@ -37,6 +37,18 @@ func (s *staticShortcutTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, _ credenti
 	return &credential.TokenResult{Token: "tenant-token"}, nil
 }
 
+type imTestAccountResolver struct {
+	appID string
+}
+
+func (r imTestAccountResolver) ResolveAccount(context.Context) (*credential.Account, error) {
+	return &credential.Account{AppID: r.appID}, nil
+}
+
+func newIMTestCredentialProvider(appID string, tokenResolver credential.DefaultTokenResolver) *credential.CredentialProvider {
+	return credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, imTestAccountResolver{appID: appID}, tokenResolver, nil)
+}
+
 type shortcutRoundTripFunc func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
 
 func (f shortcutRoundTripFunc) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
@@ -90,7 +102,7 @@ func newBotShortcutRuntime(t *testing.T, rt http.RoundTripper) *common.RuntimeCo
 		AppSecret: "test-secret",
 		Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
 	}
-	testCred := credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &staticShortcutTokenResolver{}, nil)
+	testCred := newIMTestCredentialProvider(cfg.AppID, &staticShortcutTokenResolver{})
 	runtime := &common.RuntimeContext{
 		Config: cfg,
 		Factory: &cmdutil.Factory{

shortcuts/im/im_flag_test.go

@@ -288,12 +288,12 @@ func (r errorTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, _ credential.TokenSp
 
 func setRuntimeScopes(t *testing.T, rt *common.RuntimeContext, scopes string) {
 	t.Helper()
-	rt.Factory.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, scopedTokenResolver{scopes: scopes}, nil)
+	rt.Factory.Credential = newIMTestCredentialProvider(rt.Config.AppID, scopedTokenResolver{scopes: scopes})
 }
 
 func setRuntimeTokenError(t *testing.T, rt *common.RuntimeContext, err error) {
 	t.Helper()
-	rt.Factory.Credential = credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, errorTokenResolver{err: err}, nil)
+	rt.Factory.Credential = newIMTestCredentialProvider(rt.Config.AppID, errorTokenResolver{err: err})
 }
 
 func TestFlagMessageID(t *testing.T) {