chore: release v1.0.53 (#1443)

]

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/internal/ @liangshuo-1
+
+# Last match wins: existing domains below are exempt, only new skills/ entries need review.
+/skills/ @liangshuo-1
+/skills/lark-approval/
+/skills/lark-apps/
+/skills/lark-attendance/
+/skills/lark-base/
+/skills/lark-calendar/
+/skills/lark-contact/
+/skills/lark-doc/
+/skills/lark-drive/
+/skills/lark-event/
+/skills/lark-im/
+/skills/lark-mail/
+/skills/lark-markdown/
+/skills/lark-minutes/
+/skills/lark-okr/
+/skills/lark-openapi-explorer/
+/skills/lark-shared/
+/skills/lark-sheets/
+/skills/lark-skill-maker/
+/skills/lark-slides/
+/skills/lark-task/
+/skills/lark-vc/
+/skills/lark-vc-agent/
+/skills/lark-whiteboard/
+/skills/lark-wiki/
+/skills/lark-workflow-meeting-summary/
+/skills/lark-workflow-standup-report/

.gitignore

@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ tests/mail/reports/
 # Generated / test artifacts
 .hammer/
 .lark-slides/
+/notes/
+/minutes/
 internal/registry/meta_data.json
 cmd/api/download.bin
 app.log

.golangci.yml

@@ -73,20 +73,20 @@ linters:
           - forbidigo
       # errs-typed-only enforced on paths already migrated to errs.NewXxxError.
       # Add a path when its migration is complete.
-      - path-except: (internal/auth/|internal/errcompat/|internal/errclass/|internal/client/|internal/cmdutil/factory\.go|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/contact/|shortcuts/doc/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/im/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/markdown/|shortcuts/minutes/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/sheets/|shortcuts/slides/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/vc/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/wiki/|internal/event/consume/|cmd/event/|events/|shortcuts/event/)
+      - path-except: (internal/auth/|internal/errcompat/|internal/errclass/|internal/client/|internal/cmdutil/factory\.go|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|shortcuts/apps/|shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/contact/|shortcuts/doc/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/im/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/markdown/|shortcuts/minutes/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/sheets/|shortcuts/slides/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/vc/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/wiki/|internal/event/consume/|cmd/event/|events/|shortcuts/event/)
         text: errs-typed-only
         linters:
           - forbidigo
       # errs-no-bare-wrap enforced on paths fully migrated to typed final
       # errors. Scoped separately from errs-typed-only because cmd/auth/,
       # cmd/config/ still have residual fmt.Errorf and must not be caught.
-      - path-except: (shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/contact/|shortcuts/doc/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/im/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/markdown/|shortcuts/minutes/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/sheets/|shortcuts/slides/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/vc/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/wiki/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|cmd/event/|events/|shortcuts/event/)
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/apps/|shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/contact/|shortcuts/doc/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/im/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/markdown/|shortcuts/minutes/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/sheets/|shortcuts/slides/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/vc/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/wiki/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|cmd/event/|events/|shortcuts/event/)
         text: errs-no-bare-wrap
         linters:
           - forbidigo
       # errs-no-legacy-helper enforced on domains whose shared validation/save
       # helpers have migrated to typed final errors.
-      - path-except: (shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/contact/|shortcuts/doc/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/im/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/markdown/|shortcuts/minutes/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/sheets/|shortcuts/slides/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/vc/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/wiki/|cmd/event/|events/|shortcuts/event/)
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/apps/|shortcuts/base/|shortcuts/calendar/|shortcuts/contact/|shortcuts/doc/|shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/im/|shortcuts/mail/|shortcuts/markdown/|shortcuts/minutes/|shortcuts/okr/|shortcuts/sheets/|shortcuts/slides/|shortcuts/task/|shortcuts/vc/|shortcuts/whiteboard/|shortcuts/wiki/|cmd/event/|events/|shortcuts/event/)
         text: errs-no-legacy-helper
         linters:
           - forbidigo

.goreleaser.yml

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ builds:
     goarch:
       - amd64
       - arm64
+      - riscv64
 
 archives:
   - name_template: "lark-cli-{{ .Version }}-{{ .Os }}-{{ .Arch }}"

AGENTS.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 ```bash
 make build          # Build (runs fetch_meta first)
-make unit-test      # Required before PR (runs with -race)
+make unit-test      # Required before PR (runs with -race where supported, e.g. amd64/arm64)
 make test           # Full: vet + unit + integration
 ```
 

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,49 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
+## [v1.0.53] - 2026-06-12
+
+### Features
+
+- **auth**: Revoke user tokens server-side on `auth logout` (#1434)
+- **auth**: Add `--json` flag support to auth subcommands (#1431)
+- **token**: Mint TAT via unified OAuth v3 Token Endpoint (#1408)
+- **note**: Split note into a dedicated domain with `+detail` and `+transcript` flows (#1345, #1417, #1435)
+- **im**: Unify sort flags into `--sort` field and `--order` direction (#1302)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **apps**: Read release error_logs from `data.error_logs` in `+release-get` (#1436)
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **skills**: Optimize whiteboard skill (#1371)
+- **skills**: Optimize okr skill (#1368)
+
+## [v1.0.52] - 2026-06-11
+
+### Features
+
+- **events**: Per-resource subscription identity + Match hook (#1185)
+- **apps**: Emit typed error envelopes across the apps domain (#1288)
+- **wiki**: Emit typed error envelopes across the wiki domain (#1350)
+- **im**: Add `--chat-modes` filter to chat search (#1317)
+- **apps**: Exclude `.git` directory from `+html-publish` package (#1396)
+- **build**: Support riscv64 prebuilt binaries in release and install pipeline
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **apps**: Support git credential dry-run (#1390)
+- **whiteboard**: Fix parsing empty whiteboard content (#1391)
+- **build**: Make `-race` flag arch-conditional to support riscv64
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **im**: Document `chat.user_setting` batch_query/batch_update (#1339)
+- **im**: Document `chat.managers` and `chat.moderation` API resources (#1294)
+- **skills**: Optimize lark-drive skill routing (#1284)
+- **skills**: Expand cite user guidance and fix typos (#1394)
+
 ## [v1.0.51] - 2026-06-10
 
 ### Features
@@ -1106,6 +1149,8 @@ Bundled AI agent skills for intelligent assistance:
 - Bilingual documentation (English & Chinese).
 - CI/CD pipelines: linting, testing, coverage reporting, and automated releases.
 
+[v1.0.53]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.53
+[v1.0.52]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.52
 [v1.0.51]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.51
 [v1.0.50]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.50
 [v1.0.49]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.49

Makefile

@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@ DATE     := $(shell date +%Y-%m-%d)
 LDFLAGS  := -s -w -X $(MODULE)/internal/build.Version=$(VERSION) -X $(MODULE)/internal/build.Date=$(DATE)
 PREFIX   ?= /usr/local
 
+# The repository's Go 1.23 CI toolchain does not support -race on riscv64.
+# Prefer GOARCH passed to make (for example, `make GOARCH=riscv64 unit-test`)
+# over `go env GOARCH`, because command-line make variables are not visible to
+# $(shell ...).
+TEST_GOARCH := $(or $(GOARCH),$(shell go env GOARCH))
+RACE_FLAG := $(if $(filter riscv64,$(TEST_GOARCH)),,-race)
+
 .PHONY: all build vet fmt-check test unit-test integration-test examples-build install uninstall clean fetch_meta gitleaks
 
 all: test
@@ -34,7 +41,7 @@ fmt-check:
 
 # ./extension/... keeps the public plugin SDK in the default test matrix.
 unit-test: fetch_meta
-	go test -race -gcflags="all=-N -l" -count=1 \
+	go test $(RACE_FLAG) -gcflags="all=-N -l" -count=1 \
 		./cmd/... ./internal/... ./shortcuts/... ./extension/...
 
 # examples-build keeps the shipped plugin-SDK examples compilable. If this

cmd/auth/auth_test.go

@@ -91,6 +91,29 @@ func TestAuthCheckCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthCheckCmd_AcceptsJSONFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	var gotOpts *CheckOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdAuthCheck(f, func(opts *CheckOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--scope", "calendar:calendar:read", "--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected opts to be set")
+	}
+	if !gotOpts.JSON {
+		t.Error("expected JSON=true")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthLogoutCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 
@@ -109,6 +132,27 @@ func TestAuthLogoutCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthLogoutCmd_AcceptsJSONFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+
+	var gotOpts *LogoutOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdAuthLogout(f, func(opts *LogoutOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected opts to be set")
+	}
+	if !gotOpts.JSON {
+		t.Error("expected JSON=true")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthListCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 
@@ -126,6 +170,27 @@ func TestAuthListCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthListCmd_AcceptsJSONFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+
+	var gotOpts *ListOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdAuthList(f, func(opts *ListOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts == nil {
+		t.Error("expected opts to be set")
+	}
+	if !gotOpts.JSON {
+		t.Error("expected JSON=true")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthStatusCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
@@ -145,6 +210,29 @@ func TestAuthStatusCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthStatusCmd_AcceptsJSONFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	var gotOpts *StatusOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdAuthStatus(f, func(opts *StatusOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts == nil {
+		t.Error("expected opts to be set")
+	}
+	if !gotOpts.JSON {
+		t.Error("expected JSON=true")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthStatusCmd_VerifyFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
@@ -267,6 +355,32 @@ func TestAuthScopesCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthScopesCmd_JSONFlagForcesJSONFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	var gotOpts *ScopesOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdAuthScopes(f, func(opts *ScopesOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--format", "pretty", "--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected opts to be set")
+	}
+	if !gotOpts.JSON {
+		t.Error("expected JSON=true")
+	}
+	if gotOpts.Format != "json" {
+		t.Errorf("expected format json, got %s", gotOpts.Format)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthScopesRun_UsesTenantAccessTokenFromCredentialProvider(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,

cmd/auth/check.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 type CheckOptions struct {
 	Factory *cmdutil.Factory
 	Scope   string
+	JSON    bool
 }
 
 // NewCmdAuthCheck creates the auth check subcommand.
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ func NewCmdAuthCheck(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*CheckOptions) error) *cobra.
 	}
 
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Scope, "scope", "", "scopes to check (space-separated)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.JSON, "json", false, "structured JSON output")
 	cmd.MarkFlagRequired("scope")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
 

cmd/auth/list.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 // ListOptions holds all inputs for auth list.
 type ListOptions struct {
 	Factory *cmdutil.Factory
+	JSON    bool
 }
 
 // NewCmdAuthList creates the auth list subcommand.
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ func NewCmdAuthList(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*ListOptions) error) *cobra.Co
 			return authListRun(opts)
 		},
 	}
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.JSON, "json", false, "structured JSON output")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
 
 	return cmd
@@ -44,6 +46,14 @@ func authListRun(opts *ListOptions) error {
 
 	multi, _ := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
 	if multi == nil || len(multi.Apps) == 0 {
+		if opts.JSON {
+			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{
+				"ok":     true,
+				"users":  []map[string]interface{}{},
+				"reason": "not_configured",
+			})
+			return nil
+		}
 		// auth list is a read-only probe; the "configured but no users"
 		// branch below already returns exit 0 with a stderr hint, so we
 		// keep the same contract here. We still want the hint to be
@@ -61,6 +71,14 @@ func authListRun(opts *ListOptions) error {
 
 	app := multi.CurrentAppConfig(f.Invocation.Profile)
 	if app == nil || len(app.Users) == 0 {
+		if opts.JSON {
+			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{
+				"ok":     true,
+				"users":  []map[string]interface{}{},
+				"reason": "not_logged_in",
+			})
+			return nil
+		}
 		fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "No logged-in users. Run `lark-cli auth login` to log in.")
 		return nil
 	}

cmd/auth/list_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package auth
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -34,6 +35,33 @@ func TestAuthListRun_NotConfigured_ReturnsExitZero(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthListRun_JSONMode_NotConfigured_WritesStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authListRun(&ListOptions{Factory: f, JSON: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("auth list should succeed when not configured (exit 0); got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if payload["ok"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want true", payload["ok"])
+	}
+	users, ok := payload["users"].([]any)
+	if !ok || len(users) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.users = %v, want empty array", payload["users"])
+	}
+	if payload["reason"] != "not_configured" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.reason = %v, want not_configured", payload["reason"])
+	}
+	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty in JSON mode, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
 // TestAuthListRun_NotConfigured_AgentWorkspace_RoutesToBindHelp covers the
 // reason this hint exists workspace-aware in the first place: an AI agent
 // in OpenClaw / Hermes that probes auth list before binding gets routed to
@@ -57,3 +85,48 @@ func TestAuthListRun_NotConfigured_AgentWorkspace_RoutesToBindHelp(t *testing.T)
 		t.Errorf("agent hint must not mention config init: %s", out)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAuthListRun_JSONMode_NoLoggedInUsers_WritesStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	writeLogoutConfig(t, nil)
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authListRun(&ListOptions{Factory: f, JSON: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("auth list should succeed when no users exist (exit 0); got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if payload["ok"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want true", payload["ok"])
+	}
+	users, ok := payload["users"].([]any)
+	if !ok || len(users) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.users = %v, want empty array", payload["users"])
+	}
+	if payload["reason"] != "not_logged_in" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.reason = %v, want not_logged_in", payload["reason"])
+	}
+	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty in JSON mode, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthListRun_DefaultMode_NoLoggedInUsers_KeepsTextOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	writeLogoutConfig(t, nil)
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authListRun(&ListOptions{Factory: f}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("auth list should succeed when no users exist (exit 0); got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stdout must stay empty in default mode, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "No logged-in users") {
+		t.Errorf("stderr = %q, want no-users hint", stderr.String())
+	}
+}

cmd/auth/login_messages.go

@@ -128,5 +128,5 @@ func getLoginMsg(lang i18n.Lang) *loginMsg {
 // (not backed by from_meta service specs). Descriptions are now centralized in
 // service_descriptions.json.
 func getShortcutOnlyDomainNames() []string {
-	return []string{"base", "contact", "docs", "markdown", "apps"}
+	return []string{"base", "contact", "docs", "markdown", "apps", "note"}
 }

cmd/auth/login_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -214,6 +215,12 @@ func TestGetShortcutOnlyDomainNames_HaveDescriptions(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestGetShortcutOnlyDomainNames_IncludesNote(t *testing.T) {
+	if !slices.Contains(getShortcutOnlyDomainNames(), "note") {
+		t.Fatal("shortcut-only domains must include note so auth login can select vc:note:read")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCollectScopesForDomains(t *testing.T) {
 	projects := registry.ListFromMetaProjects()
 	if len(projects) == 0 {

cmd/auth/logout.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 // LogoutOptions holds all inputs for auth logout.
 type LogoutOptions struct {
 	Factory *cmdutil.Factory
+	JSON    bool
 }
 
 // NewCmdAuthLogout creates the auth logout subcommand.
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ func NewCmdAuthLogout(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*LogoutOptions) error) *cobr
 			return authLogoutRun(opts)
 		},
 	}
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.JSON, "json", false, "structured JSON output")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "write")
 
 	return cmd
@@ -44,25 +46,65 @@ func authLogoutRun(opts *LogoutOptions) error {
 
 	multi, _ := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
 	if multi == nil || len(multi.Apps) == 0 {
+		if opts.JSON {
+			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{
+				"ok":        true,
+				"loggedOut": false,
+				"reason":    "not_configured",
+			})
+			return nil
+		}
 		fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "No configuration found.")
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	app := multi.CurrentAppConfig(f.Invocation.Profile)
 	if app == nil || len(app.Users) == 0 {
+		if opts.JSON {
+			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{
+				"ok":        true,
+				"loggedOut": false,
+				"reason":    "not_logged_in",
+			})
+			return nil
+		}
 		fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "Not logged in.")
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	httpClient, httpErr := f.HttpClient()
+	appSecret, secretErr := core.ResolveSecretInput(app.AppSecret, f.Keychain)
+
 	for _, user := range app.Users {
+		if httpErr == nil && secretErr == nil {
+			if token := larkauth.GetStoredToken(app.AppId, user.UserOpenId); token != nil {
+				revokeToken := token.RefreshToken
+				tokenTypeHint := "refresh_token"
+				if revokeToken == "" {
+					revokeToken = token.AccessToken
+					tokenTypeHint = "access_token"
+				}
+				if revokeToken != "" {
+					_ = larkauth.RevokeToken(httpClient, app.AppId, appSecret, app.Brand, revokeToken, tokenTypeHint)
+				}
+			}
+		}
 		if err := larkauth.RemoveStoredToken(app.AppId, user.UserOpenId); err != nil {
 			fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "Warning: failed to remove token for %s: %v\n", user.UserOpenId, err)
 		}
 	}
+
 	app.Users = []core.AppUser{}
 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
 		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
+	if opts.JSON {
+		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{
+			"ok":        true,
+			"loggedOut": true,
+		})
+		return nil
+	}
 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "Logged out")
 	return nil
 }

cmd/auth/logout_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+	"github.com/zalando/go-keyring"
+)
+
+func writeLogoutConfig(t *testing.T, users []core.AppUser) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(&core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "test-app",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
+			{
+				AppId:     "test-app",
+				AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("test-secret"),
+				Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
+				Users:     users,
+			},
+		},
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_JSONMode_NotConfigured_WritesStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f, JSON: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if payload["ok"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want true", payload["ok"])
+	}
+	if payload["loggedOut"] != false {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.loggedOut = %v, want false", payload["loggedOut"])
+	}
+	if payload["reason"] != "not_configured" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.reason = %v, want not_configured", payload["reason"])
+	}
+	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty in JSON mode, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_JSONMode_NotLoggedIn_WritesStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	writeLogoutConfig(t, nil)
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f, JSON: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if payload["ok"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want true", payload["ok"])
+	}
+	if payload["loggedOut"] != false {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.loggedOut = %v, want false", payload["loggedOut"])
+	}
+	if payload["reason"] != "not_logged_in" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.reason = %v, want not_logged_in", payload["reason"])
+	}
+	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty in JSON mode, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_JSONMode_Success_WritesStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	keyring.MockInit()
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_DATA_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	writeLogoutConfig(t, []core.AppUser{{UserOpenId: "ou_user", UserName: "tester"}})
+	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(&larkauth.StoredUAToken{
+		AppId:      "test-app",
+		UserOpenId: "ou_user",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetStoredToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f, JSON: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if payload["ok"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want true", payload["ok"])
+	}
+	if payload["loggedOut"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.loggedOut = %v, want true", payload["loggedOut"])
+	}
+	if _, hasReason := payload["reason"]; hasReason {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.reason must be absent on success, got %v", payload["reason"])
+	}
+	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty in JSON mode, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_DefaultMode_KeepsTextOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	keyring.MockInit()
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_DATA_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	writeLogoutConfig(t, []core.AppUser{{UserOpenId: "ou_user", UserName: "tester"}})
+	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(&larkauth.StoredUAToken{
+		AppId:      "test-app",
+		UserOpenId: "ou_user",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetStoredToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stdout must stay empty in default mode, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "Logged out") {
+		t.Errorf("stderr = %q, want success text", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_RevokesTokenAndClearsLocalState(t *testing.T) {
+	keyring.MockInit()
+	setupLoginConfigDir(t)
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "default",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
+			{
+				Name:      "default",
+				AppId:     "cli_test",
+				AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret"),
+				Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
+				Users:     []core.AppUser{{UserOpenId: "ou_user", UserName: "tester"}},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(&larkauth.StoredUAToken{
+		AppId:        "cli_test",
+		UserOpenId:   "ou_user",
+		AccessToken:  "user-access-token",
+		RefreshToken: "user-refresh-token",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetStoredToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, _, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		ProfileName: "default",
+		AppID:       "cli_test",
+		AppSecret:   "secret",
+		Brand:       core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    larkauth.PathOAuthRevoke,
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0},
+		BodyFilter: func(body []byte) bool {
+			values, err := url.ParseQuery(string(body))
+			if err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			return values.Get("client_id") == "cli_test" &&
+				values.Get("client_secret") == "secret" &&
+				values.Get("token") == "user-refresh-token" &&
+				values.Get("token_type_hint") == "refresh_token"
+		},
+	})
+
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if got := stderr.String(); !strings.Contains(got, "Logged out") {
+		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q, want Logged out", got)
+	}
+	if got := larkauth.GetStoredToken("cli_test", "ou_user"); got != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected stored token removed, got %#v", got)
+	}
+	saved, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LoadMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(saved.Apps) != 1 || len(saved.Apps[0].Users) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected users cleared, got %#v", saved.Apps)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_FallsBackToAccessTokenWhenRefreshTokenMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	keyring.MockInit()
+	setupLoginConfigDir(t)
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "default",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
+			{
+				Name:      "default",
+				AppId:     "cli_test",
+				AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret"),
+				Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
+				Users:     []core.AppUser{{UserOpenId: "ou_user", UserName: "tester"}},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(&larkauth.StoredUAToken{
+		AppId:       "cli_test",
+		UserOpenId:  "ou_user",
+		AccessToken: "user-access-token",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetStoredToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, _, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		ProfileName: "default",
+		AppID:       "cli_test",
+		AppSecret:   "secret",
+		Brand:       core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    larkauth.PathOAuthRevoke,
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0},
+		BodyFilter: func(body []byte) bool {
+			values, err := url.ParseQuery(string(body))
+			if err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			return values.Get("client_id") == "cli_test" &&
+				values.Get("client_secret") == "secret" &&
+				values.Get("token") == "user-access-token" &&
+				values.Get("token_type_hint") == "access_token"
+		},
+	})
+
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if got := stderr.String(); !strings.Contains(got, "Logged out") {
+		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q, want Logged out", got)
+	}
+	if got := larkauth.GetStoredToken("cli_test", "ou_user"); got != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected stored token removed, got %#v", got)
+	}
+	saved, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LoadMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(saved.Apps) != 1 || len(saved.Apps[0].Users) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected users cleared, got %#v", saved.Apps)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_RevokeFailureStillClearsLocalState(t *testing.T) {
+	keyring.MockInit()
+	setupLoginConfigDir(t)
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "default",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
+			{
+				Name:      "default",
+				AppId:     "cli_test",
+				AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret"),
+				Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
+				Users:     []core.AppUser{{UserOpenId: "ou_user", UserName: "tester"}},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(&larkauth.StoredUAToken{
+		AppId:        "cli_test",
+		UserOpenId:   "ou_user",
+		AccessToken:  "user-access-token",
+		RefreshToken: "user-refresh-token",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetStoredToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, _, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		ProfileName: "default",
+		AppID:       "cli_test",
+		AppSecret:   "secret",
+		Brand:       core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    larkauth.PathOAuthRevoke,
+		Status: 500,
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"error": "server_error"},
+	})
+
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	gotErr := stderr.String()
+	if strings.Contains(gotErr, "failed to revoke token for ou_user") {
+		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q, want no revoke warning", gotErr)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(gotErr, "Logged out") {
+		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q, want Logged out", gotErr)
+	}
+	if got := larkauth.GetStoredToken("cli_test", "ou_user"); got != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected stored token removed, got %#v", got)
+	}
+	saved, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LoadMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(saved.Apps) != 1 || len(saved.Apps[0].Users) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected users cleared, got %#v", saved.Apps)
+	}
+}

cmd/auth/scopes.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ type ScopesOptions struct {
 	Factory *cmdutil.Factory
 	Ctx     context.Context
 	Format  string
+	JSON    bool
 }
 
 // NewCmdAuthScopes creates the auth scopes subcommand.
@@ -30,6 +31,9 @@ func NewCmdAuthScopes(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*ScopesOptions) error) *cobr
 		Short: "Query scopes enabled for the app",
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			opts.Ctx = cmd.Context()
+			if opts.JSON {
+				opts.Format = "json"
+			}
 			if runF != nil {
 				return runF(opts)
 			}
@@ -38,6 +42,7 @@ func NewCmdAuthScopes(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*ScopesOptions) error) *cobr
 	}
 
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Format, "format", "json", "output format: json (default) | pretty")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.JSON, "json", false, "structured JSON output")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
 
 	return cmd

cmd/auth/status.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 type StatusOptions struct {
 	Factory *cmdutil.Factory
 	Verify  bool
+	JSON    bool
 }
 
 // NewCmdAuthStatus creates the auth status subcommand.
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ func NewCmdAuthStatus(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*StatusOptions) error) *cobr
 	}
 
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.Verify, "verify", false, "verify token against server (requires network)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.JSON, "json", false, "structured JSON output")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
 
 	return cmd

cmd/bootstrap.go

@@ -6,21 +6,14 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"io"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
 
 // BootstrapInvocationContext extracts global invocation options before
 // the real command tree is built, so provider-backed config resolution sees
 // the correct profile from the start.
-//
-// Profile resolution: --profile flag > CliRuntimeAppID env > "" (defers to
-// MultiAppConfig.CurrentApp). The env value flows through FindApp which
-// matches by Name first, then by AppId — so callers can pass either form.
 func BootstrapInvocationContext(args []string) (cmdutil.InvocationContext, error) {
 	var globals GlobalOptions
 
@@ -33,9 +26,5 @@ func BootstrapInvocationContext(args []string) (cmdutil.InvocationContext, error
 	if err := fs.Parse(args); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, pflag.ErrHelp) {
 		return cmdutil.InvocationContext{}, err
 	}
-	profile := globals.Profile
-	if profile == "" {
-		profile = strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv(envvars.CliRuntimeAppID))
-	}
-	return cmdutil.InvocationContext{Profile: profile}, nil
+	return cmdutil.InvocationContext{Profile: globals.Profile}, nil
 }

cmd/bootstrap_test.go

@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@
 
 package cmd
 
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/envvars"
-)
+import "testing"
 
 func TestBootstrapInvocationContext_ProfileFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	inv, err := BootstrapInvocationContext([]string{"--profile", "target", "auth", "status"})
@@ -74,25 +70,3 @@ func TestBootstrapInvocationContext_HelpWithProfile(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("profile = %q, want %q", inv.Profile, "target")
 	}
 }
-
-func TestBootstrapInvocationContext_RuntimeAppIDEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv(envvars.CliRuntimeAppID, " env-app ")
-	inv, err := BootstrapInvocationContext([]string{"auth", "status"})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("BootstrapInvocationContext() error = %v", err)
-	}
-	if inv.Profile != "env-app" {
-		t.Fatalf("profile = %q, want %q (env value, trimmed)", inv.Profile, "env-app")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestBootstrapInvocationContext_ProfileFlagBeatsRuntimeAppIDEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv(envvars.CliRuntimeAppID, "env-app")
-	inv, err := BootstrapInvocationContext([]string{"--profile", "flag-app", "auth", "status"})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("BootstrapInvocationContext() error = %v", err)
-	}
-	if inv.Profile != "flag-app" {
-		t.Fatalf("profile = %q, want %q (--profile wins over env)", inv.Profile, "flag-app")
-	}
-}

cmd/config/bind.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
@@ -56,11 +55,6 @@ type BindOptions struct {
 	// configBindRun; downstream branches read this instead of rechecking
 	// IOStreams.IsTerminal. Do not set from outside — it is overwritten.
 	IsTUI bool
-
-	// All binds every account exposed by the agent source as a multi-app
-	// config. Hidden flag, currently openclaw source only, mutually
-	// exclusive with --app-id.
-	All bool
 }
 
 // NewCmdConfigBind creates the config bind subcommand.
@@ -113,8 +107,6 @@ Interactive terminal use: run with no flags to enter the TUI form.`,
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Identity, "identity", "", "identity preset (bot-only|user-default); defaults to bot-only in flag mode (safer: no impersonation)")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.Force, "force", false, "confirm a risky transition (currently: bot-only → user-default identity change in flag mode)")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Lang, "lang", "", "language preference (e.g. zh or zh_cn)")
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.All, "all", false, "bind every account from the agent source as a multi-app config (currently openclaw source only)")
-	_ = cmd.Flags().MarkHidden("all")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "write")
 
 	return cmd
@@ -132,10 +124,6 @@ func configBindRun(opts *BindOptions) error {
 	// opts.IsTUI instead of re-checking IOStreams.IsTerminal.
 	opts.IsTUI = opts.Source == "" && opts.Factory.IOStreams.IsTerminal
 
-	if opts.All {
-		return configBindAllRun(opts)
-	}
-
 	source, err := finalizeSource(opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -644,15 +632,6 @@ func validateBindFlags(opts *BindOptions) error {
 			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid --identity %q; valid values: bot-only, user-default", opts.Identity).WithParam("--identity")
 		}
 	}
-	if opts.All {
-		if opts.AppID != "" {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--all is mutually exclusive with --app-id").WithParam("--all")
-		}
-		src := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(opts.Source))
-		if src != "" && src != "openclaw" {
-			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--all only supports --source openclaw").WithParam("--all")
-		}
-	}
 	lang, err := cmdutil.ParseLangFlag(opts.Lang)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -698,173 +677,3 @@ func tuiSelectIdentity(opts *BindOptions) (string, error) {
 	}
 	return value, nil
 }
-
-// configBindAllRun binds every account exposed by the agent source as a
-// multi-app config. Flag-mode only; bot-only identity by default;
-// silently overwrites prior bindings.
-func configBindAllRun(opts *BindOptions) error {
-	// --all is flag-mode only: resolve the source through the same flag/env
-	// reconciliation as a single bind (including the explicit-vs-detected
-	// mismatch guard), but never prompt.
-	opts.IsTUI = false
-	source, err := finalizeSource(opts)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if source != "openclaw" {
-		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-			"--all only supports --source openclaw").WithParam("--all")
-	}
-	core.SetCurrentWorkspace(core.Workspace(source))
-	targetConfigPath := core.GetConfigPath()
-	previousConfigBytes, _ := vfs.ReadFile(targetConfigPath)
-
-	binder, err := newBinder(source, opts)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	candidates, err := binder.ListCandidates()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if len(candidates) == 0 {
-		return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured,
-			"no Feishu accounts found in openclaw.json").
-			WithHint("configure channels.feishu.accounts first")
-	}
-
-	if opts.Identity == "" {
-		opts.Identity = "bot-only"
-	}
-	if err := warnIdentityEscalation(opts, previousConfigBytes); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	noticeUserDefaultRisk(opts)
-	prior := priorLang(previousConfigBytes)
-
-	oc, ok := binder.(*openclawBinder)
-	if !ok {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "internal: --all requires openclawBinder, got %T", binder)
-	}
-	apps, err := oc.BuildAll()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	for i := range apps {
-		applyPreferences(&apps[i], opts, prior)
-	}
-	sortAppsDefaultFirst(apps)
-	apps = dedupAndOrderApps(apps)
-
-	return commitMultiAppBinding(opts, apps, previousConfigBytes, source, targetConfigPath)
-}
-
-// sortAppsDefaultFirst orders the bound apps deterministically: the "default"
-// alias first, then named accounts alphabetically. Account enumeration
-// upstream follows Go map order, and CurrentApp is taken from the first
-// entry — without a stable order the selected default app would vary
-// between runs of the same bind.
-func sortAppsDefaultFirst(apps []core.AppConfig) {
-	sort.SliceStable(apps, func(i, j int) bool {
-		di, dj := strings.EqualFold(apps[i].Name, "default"), strings.EqualFold(apps[j].Name, "default")
-		if di != dj {
-			return di
-		}
-		return apps[i].Name < apps[j].Name
-	})
-}
-
-// dedupAndOrderApps collapses entries that share an AppId. Per OpenClaw
-// semantics, "default" is an implicit fallback alias that inherits the
-// top-level appId; when an explicit named account exposes the same appId,
-// "default" is redundant and discarded. Insertion order is preserved.
-func dedupAndOrderApps(apps []core.AppConfig) []core.AppConfig {
-	byID := make(map[string]int, len(apps))
-	out := make([]core.AppConfig, 0, len(apps))
-	for _, a := range apps {
-		if idx, seen := byID[a.AppId]; seen {
-			if strings.EqualFold(out[idx].Name, "default") && !strings.EqualFold(a.Name, "default") {
-				out[idx] = a
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-		byID[a.AppId] = len(out)
-		out = append(out, a)
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-// commitMultiAppBinding writes a MultiAppConfig containing every bound
-// account. CurrentApp defaults to the first entry so existing single-app
-// callers keep their behaviour; callers select another profile with
-// --profile or LARKSUITE_CLI_RUNTIME_APP_ID.
-func commitMultiAppBinding(opts *BindOptions, apps []core.AppConfig, previousConfigBytes []byte, source, configPath string) error {
-	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
-		CurrentApp: apps[0].ProfileName(),
-		Apps:       apps,
-	}
-
-	if err := vfs.MkdirAll(core.GetConfigDir(), 0700); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "failed to create workspace directory: %v", err).WithCause(err)
-	}
-	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(multi, "", "  ")
-	if err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to marshal config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
-	}
-	if err := validate.AtomicWrite(configPath, append(data, '\n'), 0600); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to write config %s: %v", configPath, err).WithCause(err)
-	}
-
-	replaced := previousConfigBytes != nil
-	if replaced {
-		cleanupKeychainFromDataMulti(opts.Factory.Keychain, previousConfigBytes, apps)
-	}
-
-	appIDs := make([]string, len(apps))
-	for i := range apps {
-		appIDs[i] = apps[i].AppId
-	}
-
-	uiMsg := getBindMsg(opts.UILang)
-	display := sourceDisplayName(source)
-	fmt.Fprintln(opts.Factory.IOStreams.ErrOut,
-		fmt.Sprintf(uiMsg.BindSuccessHeader, display)+"\n"+
-			fmt.Sprintf("bound %d Feishu apps: %s", len(appIDs), strings.Join(appIDs, ", ")))
-
-	envelope := map[string]interface{}{
-		"ok":          true,
-		"workspace":   source,
-		"app_ids":     appIDs,
-		"config_path": configPath,
-		"replaced":    replaced,
-		"identity":    opts.Identity,
-		"all":         true,
-	}
-	resultJSON, _ := json.Marshal(envelope)
-	fmt.Fprintln(opts.Factory.IOStreams.Out, string(resultJSON))
-	return nil
-}
-
-// cleanupKeychainFromDataMulti is cleanupKeychainFromData with a keep set,
-// used when re-binding multiple apps in one pass.
-func cleanupKeychainFromDataMulti(kc keychain.KeychainAccess, data []byte, keep []core.AppConfig) {
-	var multi core.MultiAppConfig
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &multi); err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-	keepIDs := make(map[string]struct{}, len(keep))
-	for i := range keep {
-		ref := keep[i].AppSecret.Ref
-		if ref != nil && ref.Source == "keychain" {
-			keepIDs[ref.ID] = struct{}{}
-		}
-	}
-	for _, app := range multi.Apps {
-		if app.AppSecret.Ref != nil && app.AppSecret.Ref.Source == "keychain" {
-			if _, ok := keepIDs[app.AppSecret.Ref.ID]; ok {
-				continue
-			}
-		}
-		core.RemoveSecretStore(app.AppSecret, kc)
-	}
-}

cmd/config/bind_test.go

@@ -1907,270 +1907,3 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_LangExplicit_PrintsConfirmation(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("stderr = %q, want it to contain confirmation %q", got, want)
 	}
 }
-
-// ── --all flag tests (hidden multi-account bind) ──
-
-func TestConfigBindCmd_AllFlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	var gotOpts *BindOptions
-	cmd := NewCmdConfigBind(f, func(opts *BindOptions) error {
-		gotOpts = opts
-		return nil
-	})
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--source", "openclaw", "--all"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if !gotOpts.All {
-		t.Error("expected All=true")
-	}
-
-	// --all is hidden but still parseable.
-	flag := cmd.Flags().Lookup("all")
-	if flag == nil {
-		t.Fatal("--all flag must be registered")
-	}
-	if !flag.Hidden {
-		t.Error("--all must be hidden")
-	}
-}
-
-// requireAllValidationParam asserts err is a typed validation error of
-// subtype invalid_argument carrying the named param, locking the contract
-// beyond the prose message.
-func requireAllValidationParam(t *testing.T, err error, wantParam string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	var ve *errs.ValidationError
-	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
-	}
-	if ve.Category != errs.CategoryValidation || ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
-		t.Fatalf("expected validation/invalid_argument, got %s/%s", ve.Category, ve.Subtype)
-	}
-	if ve.Param != wantParam {
-		t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", ve.Param, wantParam)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestConfigBindRun_AllRejectsAppID(t *testing.T) {
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{
-		Factory: f,
-		Source:  "openclaw",
-		AppID:   "cli_x",
-		All:     true,
-	})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected validation error")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--all is mutually exclusive with --app-id") {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	requireAllValidationParam(t, err, "--all")
-}
-
-func TestDedupAndOrderApps_NamedWinsOverDefault(t *testing.T) {
-	// OpenClaw semantics: "default" is an implicit fallback alias; when a
-	// named account exposes the same appId, default is dropped.
-	apps := []core.AppConfig{
-		{Name: "acct-a", AppId: "cli_main"},
-		{Name: "acct-b", AppId: "cli_product"},
-		{Name: "default", AppId: "cli_main"},
-	}
-	got := dedupAndOrderApps(apps)
-	if len(got) != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("len=%d, want 2", len(got))
-	}
-	if got[0].Name != "acct-a" || got[0].AppId != "cli_main" {
-		t.Errorf("apps[0]=%+v, want acct-a cli_main", got[0])
-	}
-	if got[1].Name != "acct-b" {
-		t.Errorf("apps[1]=%+v, want acct-b", got[1])
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDedupAndOrderApps_DefaultFirstThenNamedOverwrites(t *testing.T) {
-	// default arrives before its named alias — named still wins.
-	apps := []core.AppConfig{
-		{Name: "default", AppId: "cli_main"},
-		{Name: "acct-a", AppId: "cli_main"},
-	}
-	got := dedupAndOrderApps(apps)
-	if len(got) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("len=%d, want 1", len(got))
-	}
-	if got[0].Name != "acct-a" {
-		t.Errorf("apps[0]=%+v, want acct-a", got[0])
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDedupAndOrderApps_NoDuplicatesPreservesOrder(t *testing.T) {
-	apps := []core.AppConfig{
-		{Name: "acct-a", AppId: "cli_main"},
-		{Name: "acct-b", AppId: "cli_product"},
-		{Name: "acct-c", AppId: "cli_extra"},
-	}
-	got := dedupAndOrderApps(apps)
-	if len(got) != 3 {
-		t.Fatalf("len=%d, want 3", len(got))
-	}
-	want := []string{"acct-a", "acct-b", "acct-c"}
-	for i := range got {
-		if got[i].Name != want[i] {
-			t.Errorf("apps[%d]=%q, want %q", i, got[i].Name, want[i])
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDedupAndOrderApps_DefaultAlreadyFirst(t *testing.T) {
-	apps := []core.AppConfig{
-		{Name: "default", AppId: "cli_main"},
-		{Name: "acct-b", AppId: "cli_product"},
-	}
-	got := dedupAndOrderApps(apps)
-	if len(got) != 2 || got[0].Name != "default" {
-		t.Fatalf("got %+v, want default first", got)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestConfigBindRun_AllRejectsNonOpenClawSource(t *testing.T) {
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{
-		Factory: f,
-		Source:  "hermes",
-		All:     true,
-	})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected validation error")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--all only supports --source openclaw") {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	requireAllValidationParam(t, err, "--all")
-}
-
-func TestConfigBindRun_AllRejectsSourceEnvMismatch(t *testing.T) {
-	saveWorkspace(t)
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	clearAgentEnv(t)
-	t.Setenv("HERMES_HOME", t.TempDir()) // env says hermes, flag says openclaw
-
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw", All: true})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected source/env mismatch error")
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "does not match detected Agent environment") {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	requireAllValidationParam(t, err, "--source")
-}
-
-func TestConfigBindRun_AllBindsEveryAccount(t *testing.T) {
-	saveWorkspace(t)
-	configDir := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", configDir)
-	clearAgentEnv(t)
-
-	openclawHome := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("OPENCLAW_HOME", openclawHome)
-	openclawDir := filepath.Join(openclawHome, ".openclaw")
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(openclawDir, 0700); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("mkdir: %v", err)
-	}
-	// Top-level credentials surface as a "default" candidate aliasing the
-	// "work" account; dedup must collapse them and keep the named entry.
-	cfg := `{"channels":{"feishu":{"appId":"cli_main","appSecret":"sec_main","domain":"feishu","accounts":{"work":{"appId":"cli_main","appSecret":"sec_main"},"personal":{"appId":"cli_personal","appSecret":"sec_personal"}}}}}`
-	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(openclawDir, "openclaw.json"), []byte(cfg), 0600); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("write: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, All: true})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected success, got %v", err)
-	}
-
-	configPath := filepath.Join(configDir, "openclaw", "config.json")
-	assertEnvelope(t, stdout.Bytes(), map[string]any{
-		"ok":          true,
-		"workspace":   "openclaw",
-		"app_ids":     []any{"cli_main", "cli_personal"},
-		"config_path": configPath,
-		"replaced":    false,
-		"identity":    "bot-only",
-		"all":         true,
-	})
-
-	data, err := os.ReadFile(configPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("read written config: %v", err)
-	}
-	var multi core.MultiAppConfig
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &multi); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("written config is not a MultiAppConfig: %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(multi.Apps) != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("apps = %d, want 2", len(multi.Apps))
-	}
-	// The account aliased by top-level "default" stays first and becomes
-	// the initial CurrentApp.
-	if multi.CurrentApp != "work" {
-		t.Errorf("currentApp = %q, want %q", multi.CurrentApp, "work")
-	}
-	if multi.Apps[0].Name != "work" || multi.Apps[1].Name != "personal" {
-		t.Errorf("app order = [%q, %q], want [work, personal]", multi.Apps[0].Name, multi.Apps[1].Name)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestConfigBindRun_AllEscalationRequiresForce(t *testing.T) {
-	saveWorkspace(t)
-	configDir := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", configDir)
-	clearAgentEnv(t)
-
-	openclawHome := t.TempDir()
-	t.Setenv("OPENCLAW_HOME", openclawHome)
-	openclawDir := filepath.Join(openclawHome, ".openclaw")
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(openclawDir, 0700); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("mkdir: %v", err)
-	}
-	cfg := `{"channels":{"feishu":{"appId":"cli_main","appSecret":"sec_main","domain":"feishu"}}}`
-	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(openclawDir, "openclaw.json"), []byte(cfg), 0600); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("write: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Pre-existing binding locked to bot-only.
-	ocDir := filepath.Join(configDir, "openclaw")
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(ocDir, 0700); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("mkdir: %v", err)
-	}
-	locked := `{"apps":[{"appId":"cli_old","strictMode":"bot"}]}`
-	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(ocDir, "config.json"), []byte(locked), 0600); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("write: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, All: true, Identity: "user-default"})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected confirmation-required error without --force")
-	}
-	var ce *errs.ConfirmationRequiredError
-	if !errors.As(err, &ce) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfirmationRequiredError, got %T (%v)", err, err)
-	}
-
-	// Same escalation with --force proceeds.
-	f2, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-	if err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f2, All: true, Identity: "user-default", Force: true}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected --force to allow escalation, got %v", err)
-	}
-	envelope := map[string]any{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &envelope); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v", err)
-	}
-	if envelope["replaced"] != true || envelope["identity"] != "user-default" {
-		t.Errorf("envelope = %v, want replaced=true identity=user-default", envelope)
-	}
-}

cmd/config/binder.go

@@ -172,54 +172,40 @@ func (b *openclawBinder) Build(appID string) (*core.AppConfig, error) {
 	if b.cfg == nil {
 		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "internal: Build called before ListCandidates")
 	}
+
+	var selected *binding.CandidateApp
 	for i := range b.rawApps {
 		if b.rawApps[i].AppID == appID {
-			return b.buildFromCandidate(&b.rawApps[i])
+			selected = &b.rawApps[i]
+			break
 		}
 	}
-	return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "internal: appID %q not in candidates", appID)
-}
-
-// BuildAll builds every candidate without appID lookup so duplicate-appID
-// entries (e.g. OpenClaw's "default" alias of a named account) keep their own
-// Label. --all callers must use this; Build(appID) collapses duplicates.
-func (b *openclawBinder) BuildAll() ([]core.AppConfig, error) {
-	if b.cfg == nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "internal: BuildAll called before ListCandidates")
+	if selected == nil {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "internal: appID %q not in candidates", appID)
 	}
-	out := make([]core.AppConfig, 0, len(b.rawApps))
-	for i := range b.rawApps {
-		cfg, err := b.buildFromCandidate(&b.rawApps[i])
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		out = append(out, *cfg)
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
 
-func (b *openclawBinder) buildFromCandidate(c *binding.CandidateApp) (*core.AppConfig, error) {
-	if c.AppSecret.IsZero() {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "appSecret is empty for app %s in %s", c.AppID, b.path).
+	if selected.AppSecret.IsZero() {
+		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "appSecret is empty for app %s in %s", selected.AppID, b.path).
 			WithHint("configure channels.feishu.appSecret in openclaw.json")
 	}
-	secret, err := binding.ResolveSecretInput(c.AppSecret, b.cfg.Secrets, os.Getenv)
+	secret, err := binding.ResolveSecretInput(selected.AppSecret, b.cfg.Secrets, os.Getenv)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "failed to resolve appSecret for %s: %v", c.AppID, err).
+		return nil, errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "failed to resolve appSecret for %s: %v", selected.AppID, err).
 			WithHint("check appSecret configuration in %s", b.path).
 			WithCause(err)
 	}
-	stored, err := core.ForStorage(c.AppID, core.PlainSecret(secret), b.opts.Factory.Keychain)
+
+	stored, err := core.ForStorage(selected.AppID, core.PlainSecret(secret), b.opts.Factory.Keychain)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "keychain unavailable: %v", err).
 			WithHint("use file: reference in config to bypass keychain").
 			WithCause(err)
 	}
+
 	return &core.AppConfig{
-		Name:      c.Label,
-		AppId:     c.AppID,
+		AppId:     selected.AppID,
 		AppSecret: stored,
-		Brand:     core.LarkBrand(normalizeBrand(c.Brand)),
+		Brand:     core.LarkBrand(normalizeBrand(selected.Brand)),
 	}, nil
 }
 

cmd/config/init_probe.go

@@ -33,15 +33,16 @@ const probeTimeout = 3 * time.Second
 //
 //  1. A TAT request using the just-saved credentials. credential.FetchTAT
 //     returns a typed errs.* error (via the shared classifyTATResponseCode)
-//     only when the server deterministically rejected the credentials — a
-//     non-zero TAT body code, classified as CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient
-//     (10003 / 10014) or whatever codemeta maps. That typed error is propagated
-//     so the root dispatcher renders the canonical envelope and `config init`
-//     exits non-zero — identical to how every other token-resolving command
-//     reports the same bad credentials. Ambiguous failures (transport errors,
-//     HTTP non-200, JSON parse errors, timeouts) come back as raw untyped
-//     errors and are swallowed (return nil), so valid configurations are never
-//     disturbed by upstream noise. errs.IsTyped is the discriminator.
+//     only when the unified Token Endpoint deterministically rejected the
+//     credentials — an OAuth2 invalid_client / unauthorized_client classified as
+//     CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient, or whatever codemeta maps. That
+//     typed error is propagated so the root dispatcher renders the canonical
+//     envelope and `config init` exits non-zero — identical to how every other
+//     token-resolving command reports the same bad credentials. Ambiguous
+//     failures (transport errors, transient 5xx/server_error, JSON parse errors,
+//     timeouts) come back as raw untyped errors and are swallowed (return nil),
+//     so valid configurations are never disturbed by upstream noise.
+//     errs.IsTyped is the discriminator.
 //
 //  2. If TAT succeeded, a POST to the probe endpoint is fired. The outcome of
 //     that call (success, server error, timeout, parse failure) is always

cmd/config/init_probe_test.go

@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ type fakeRT struct {
 
 func (f *fakeRT) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
 	switch {
-	case strings.HasSuffix(req.URL.Path, "/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"):
+	case strings.HasSuffix(req.URL.Path, "/oauth/v3/token"):
 		f.tatCalls++
 		if f.tatHandler == nil {
-			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":0,"tenant_access_token":"t-ok"}`), nil
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":0,"access_token":"t-ok","token_type":"Bearer"}`), nil
 		}
 		return f.tatHandler(req)
 	case strings.HasSuffix(req.URL.Path, "/application/v6/larksuite_cli_app/probe"):
@@ -84,14 +84,15 @@ func fakeFactory(t *testing.T, rt http.RoundTripper) (*cmdutil.Factory, *bytes.B
 }
 
 // assertConfigRejection asserts runProbe propagated a deterministic credential
-// rejection: a *errs.ConfigError (CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient) with
-// the expected upstream code. This is the same typed error every other
-// token-resolving command returns for the same bad credentials, and nothing is
-// written to stderr (the root dispatcher renders the envelope).
-func assertConfigRejection(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer, wantCode int) {
+// rejection: a *errs.ConfigError (CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient). This
+// is the same typed error every other token-resolving command returns for the
+// same bad credentials, and nothing is written to stderr (the root dispatcher
+// renders the envelope). The numeric code is not asserted: the unified v3 Token
+// Endpoint reports invalid_client via the OAuth2 error string, not a Lark code.
+func assertConfigRejection(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer) {
 	t.Helper()
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfigError (code %d), got nil", wantCode)
+		t.Fatal("expected *errs.ConfigError, got nil")
 	}
 	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
@@ -103,9 +104,6 @@ func assertConfigRejection(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer, wantCo
 	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient {
 		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidClient)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Code != wantCode {
-		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want %d", cfgErr.Code, wantCode)
-	}
 	if errBuf.Len() != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("runProbe must not write to stderr, got: %q", errBuf.String())
 	}
@@ -123,11 +121,13 @@ func assertSilent(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer) {
 	}
 }
 
-// 10003 (bad / non-existent app_id) → ConfigError/InvalidClient, propagated.
-func TestRunProbe_TATCode10003_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
+// invalid_client (bad / non-existent app_id or wrong secret) → the v3 Token
+// Endpoint returns HTTP 400 with the OAuth2 error → ConfigError/InvalidClient,
+// propagated. The probe endpoint must not be called when TAT fails.
+func TestRunProbe_TATInvalidClient_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := &fakeRT{
 		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":10003,"msg":"invalid param"}`), nil
+			return jsonResp(400, `{"error":"invalid_client","error_description":"The client secret is invalid.","code":20002}`), nil
 		},
 	}
 	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
@@ -137,28 +137,27 @@ func TestRunProbe_TATCode10003_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
 	if rt.probeCalls != 0 {
 		t.Error("probe endpoint must not be called when TAT fails")
 	}
-	assertConfigRejection(t, err, errBuf, 10003)
+	assertConfigRejection(t, err, errBuf)
 }
 
-// 10014 (real app_id + wrong secret) → ConfigError/InvalidClient via codemeta —
-// the most common real-world rejection, propagated.
-func TestRunProbe_TATCode10014_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
+// unauthorized_client is treated as the same credential rejection, propagated.
+func TestRunProbe_TATUnauthorizedClient_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := &fakeRT{
 		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":10014,"msg":"app secret invalid"}`), nil
+			return jsonResp(401, `{"error":"unauthorized_client","error_description":"client not authorized"}`), nil
 		},
 	}
 	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
-	assertConfigRejection(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf, 10014)
+	assertConfigRejection(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf)
 }
 
-// Any non-zero body code is a deterministic rejection and propagates (typed).
-// An unrecognized code falls back to *errs.APIError via BuildAPIError — still
-// typed, so the probe still surfaces it rather than swallowing.
-func TestRunProbe_TATUnknownBodyCode_Propagates(t *testing.T) {
+// Any other deterministic client-side OAuth error (e.g. invalid_scope) falls
+// back to *errs.APIError via BuildAPIError — still typed, so the probe surfaces
+// it rather than swallowing — but is not a credential (ConfigError) rejection.
+func TestRunProbe_TATOtherClientError_Propagates(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := &fakeRT{
 		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":99999,"msg":"future-unknown"}`), nil
+			return jsonResp(400, `{"code":20068,"error":"invalid_scope","error_description":"unauthorized scope"}`), nil
 		},
 	}
 	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)

errs/subtypes.go

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ const (
 	SubtypeSDKError        Subtype = "sdk_error"        // lark SDK Do() returned an unexpected error
 	SubtypeInvalidResponse Subtype = "invalid_response" // SDK response body not parsable as JSON
 	SubtypeFileIO          Subtype = "file_io"          // local file I/O failure (mkdir / write / read)
+	SubtypeExternalTool    Subtype = "external_tool"    // an external tool the CLI shells out to (git, npx) failed at runtime; the tool output is in the message
 	SubtypeStorage         Subtype = "storage"          // local persistence failure (e.g. config file save)
 	// Generic untyped error lifted to InternalError uses SubtypeUnknown.
 )

internal/auth/device_flow.go

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ type DeviceFlowResult struct {
 // OAuthEndpoints contains the OAuth endpoint URLs.
 type OAuthEndpoints struct {
 	DeviceAuthorization string
+	Revoke              string
 	Token               string
 }
 
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ func ResolveOAuthEndpoints(brand core.LarkBrand) OAuthEndpoints {
 	ep := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand)
 	return OAuthEndpoints{
 		DeviceAuthorization: ep.Accounts + PathDeviceAuthorization,
+		Revoke:              ep.Accounts + PathOAuthRevoke,
 		Token:               ep.Open + PathOAuthTokenV2,
 	}
 }

internal/auth/device_flow_test.go

@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ func TestResolveOAuthEndpoints_Feishu(t *testing.T) {
 	if ep.DeviceAuthorization != "https://accounts.feishu.cn/oauth/v1/device_authorization" {
 		t.Errorf("DeviceAuthorization = %q", ep.DeviceAuthorization)
 	}
+	if ep.Revoke != "https://accounts.feishu.cn/oauth/v1/revoke" {
+		t.Errorf("Revoke = %q", ep.Revoke)
+	}
 	if ep.Token != "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/authen/v2/oauth/token" {
 		t.Errorf("Token = %q", ep.Token)
 	}
@@ -42,6 +45,9 @@ func TestResolveOAuthEndpoints_Lark(t *testing.T) {
 	if ep.DeviceAuthorization != "https://accounts.larksuite.com/oauth/v1/device_authorization" {
 		t.Errorf("DeviceAuthorization = %q", ep.DeviceAuthorization)
 	}
+	if ep.Revoke != "https://accounts.larksuite.com/oauth/v1/revoke" {
+		t.Errorf("Revoke = %q", ep.Revoke)
+	}
 	if ep.Token != "https://open.larksuite.com/open-apis/authen/v2/oauth/token" {
 		t.Errorf("Token = %q", ep.Token)
 	}

internal/auth/paths.go

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ package auth
 const (
 	// PathDeviceAuthorization is the endpoint for device authorization.
 	PathDeviceAuthorization = "/oauth/v1/device_authorization"
+	// PathOAuthRevoke is the endpoint for revoking an OAuth token.
+	PathOAuthRevoke = "/oauth/v1/revoke"
 	// PathAppRegistration is the endpoint for application registration.
 	PathAppRegistration = "/oauth/v1/app/registration"
 	// PathOAuthTokenV2 is the endpoint for requesting an OAuth token (v2).

internal/auth/revoke.go

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+// RevokeToken revokes a previously issued OAuth token.
+func RevokeToken(httpClient *http.Client, appId, appSecret string, brand core.LarkBrand, token, tokenTypeHint string) error {
+	endpoints := ResolveOAuthEndpoints(brand)
+
+	form := url.Values{}
+	form.Set("client_id", appId)
+	form.Set("client_secret", appSecret)
+	form.Set("token", token)
+	if tokenTypeHint != "" {
+		form.Set("token_type_hint", tokenTypeHint)
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, endpoints.Revoke, strings.NewReader(form.Encode()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "token revoke request creation failed: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+
+	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "token revoke transport error: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	logHTTPResponse(resp)
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "token revoke read error: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
+		return revokeHTTPStatusError(resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+
+	if len(body) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var data map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &data); err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if code := getInt(data, "code", 0); code != 0 {
+		msg := getStr(data, "msg")
+		if msg == "" {
+			msg = getStr(data, "message")
+		}
+		if msg == "" {
+			msg = "unknown error"
+		}
+		return errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "token revoke failed [%d]: %s", code, msg).
+			WithCode(code).
+			WithCause(errors.New(msg))
+	}
+
+	if errStr := getStr(data, "error"); errStr != "" {
+		msg := getStr(data, "error_description")
+		if msg == "" {
+			msg = errStr
+		}
+		return errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "token revoke failed: %s", msg).
+			WithCause(errors.New(msg))
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func revokeHTTPStatusError(status int, body []byte) error {
+	msg := formatOAuthErrorBody(body)
+	cause := errors.New(strings.TrimSpace(string(body)))
+	if strings.TrimSpace(string(body)) == "" {
+		cause = errors.New(msg)
+	}
+	if status >= http.StatusInternalServerError {
+		return errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkServer, "token revoke failed: HTTP %d: %s", status, msg).
+			WithCode(status).
+			WithRetryable().
+			WithCause(cause)
+	}
+	subtype := errs.SubtypeUnknown
+	if status == http.StatusNotFound {
+		subtype = errs.SubtypeNotFound
+	}
+	return errs.NewAPIError(subtype, "token revoke failed: HTTP %d: %s", status, msg).
+		WithCode(status).
+		WithCause(cause)
+}
+
+func formatOAuthErrorBody(body []byte) string {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(string(body))
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return "empty response"
+	}
+
+	var data map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &data); err != nil {
+		return trimmed
+	}
+
+	if msg := getStr(data, "error_description"); msg != "" {
+		return msg
+	}
+	if msg := getStr(data, "msg"); msg != "" {
+		return msg
+	}
+	if msg := getStr(data, "message"); msg != "" {
+		return msg
+	}
+	if msg := getStr(data, "error"); msg != "" {
+		return msg
+	}
+	return trimmed
+}

internal/auth/revoke_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+)
+
+type revokeRoundTripFunc func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+
+func (fn revokeRoundTripFunc) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	return fn(req)
+}
+
+type errReadCloser struct {
+	err error
+}
+
+func (r errReadCloser) Read(_ []byte) (int, error) {
+	return 0, r.err
+}
+
+func (r errReadCloser) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestRevokeToken_PostsExpectedForm(t *testing.T) {
+	reg := &httpmock.Registry{}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { reg.Verify(t) })
+
+	stub := &httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    PathOAuthRevoke,
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0},
+		BodyFilter: func(body []byte) bool {
+			values, err := url.ParseQuery(string(body))
+			if err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			return values.Get("client_id") == "cli_a" &&
+				values.Get("client_secret") == "secret_b" &&
+				values.Get("token") == "user-access-token" &&
+				values.Get("token_type_hint") == "access_token"
+		},
+	}
+	reg.Register(stub)
+
+	err := RevokeToken(httpmock.NewClient(reg), "cli_a", "secret_b", core.BrandFeishu, "user-access-token", "access_token")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RevokeToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := stub.CapturedHeaders.Get("Content-Type"); got != "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" {
+		t.Fatalf("Content-Type = %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRevokeToken_DoFailureReturnsTypedNetworkError(t *testing.T) {
+	sentinel := errors.New("transport down")
+	httpClient := &http.Client{
+		Transport: revokeRoundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return nil, sentinel
+		}),
+	}
+
+	err := RevokeToken(httpClient, "cli_a", "secret_b", core.BrandFeishu, "user-access-token", "access_token")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryNetwork || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = %#v, want network/transport", p)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, sentinel) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cause %v to be preserved, got %v", sentinel, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRevokeToken_ReportsHTTPError(t *testing.T) {
+	reg := &httpmock.Registry{}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { reg.Verify(t) })
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    PathOAuthRevoke,
+		Status: 400,
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"error": "invalid_token"},
+	})
+
+	err := RevokeToken(httpmock.NewClient(reg), "cli_a", "secret_b", core.BrandFeishu, "user-access-token", "access_token")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryAPI || p.Code != 400 {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = %#v, want api error with HTTP 400", p)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid_token") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected invalid_token error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRevokeToken_ReportsOAuthCodeErrorAsTypedAPIError(t *testing.T) {
+	reg := &httpmock.Registry{}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { reg.Verify(t) })
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    PathOAuthRevoke,
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 12345,
+			"msg":  "invalid revoke state",
+		},
+	})
+
+	err := RevokeToken(httpmock.NewClient(reg), "cli_a", "secret_b", core.BrandFeishu, "user-access-token", "access_token")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryAPI || p.Code != 12345 {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = %#v, want api error with code 12345", p)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid revoke state") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected oauth error message, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRevokeToken_ReportsOAuthErrorFieldAsTypedAPIError(t *testing.T) {
+	reg := &httpmock.Registry{}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { reg.Verify(t) })
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    PathOAuthRevoke,
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"error":             "invalid_token",
+			"error_description": "token already expired",
+		},
+	})
+
+	err := RevokeToken(httpmock.NewClient(reg), "cli_a", "secret_b", core.BrandFeishu, "user-access-token", "access_token")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryAPI {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = %#v, want api error", p)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "token already expired") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected oauth error_description, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRevokeToken_ReadFailureReturnsTypedInternalError(t *testing.T) {
+	sentinel := errors.New("read failed")
+	httpClient := &http.Client{
+		Transport: revokeRoundTripFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return &http.Response{
+				StatusCode: http.StatusOK,
+				Body:       errReadCloser{err: sentinel},
+				Header:     make(http.Header),
+			}, nil
+		}),
+	}
+
+	err := RevokeToken(httpClient, "cli_a", "secret_b", core.BrandFeishu, "user-access-token", "access_token")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryInternal || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = %#v, want internal/invalid_response", p)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, sentinel) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cause %v to be preserved, got %v", sentinel, err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "token revoke read error") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected read error message, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, ok := err.(*errs.InternalError); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.InternalError, got %T", err)
+	}
+}

internal/core/types.go

@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ func ParseBrand(value string) LarkBrand {
 	return BrandFeishu
 }
 
+// OAuthTokenV3Path is the unified OAuth 2.0 Token Endpoint path on the accounts
+// domain. It serves every grant type (client_credentials for TAT,
+// authorization_code / device_code / refresh_token for UAT) and replaces the
+// legacy per-token endpoints (e.g. /open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal).
+const OAuthTokenV3Path = "/oauth/v3/token"
+
 // Endpoints holds resolved endpoint URLs for different Lark services.
 type Endpoints struct {
 	Open     string // e.g. "https://open.feishu.cn"

internal/core/types_test.go

@@ -42,6 +42,11 @@ func TestResolveEndpoints_EmptyDefaultsToFeishu(t *testing.T) {
 	if ep.Open != "https://open.feishu.cn" {
 		t.Errorf("Open = %q, want feishu.cn for empty brand", ep.Open)
 	}
+	// The unified OAuth v3 Token Endpoint mints TAT on the accounts domain;
+	// pin the default-brand host so a stray non-production domain revert is caught.
+	if ep.Accounts != "https://accounts.feishu.cn" {
+		t.Errorf("Accounts = %q, want accounts.feishu.cn for empty brand", ep.Accounts)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestResolveOpenBaseURL(t *testing.T) {

internal/credential/default_provider.go

@@ -19,33 +19,44 @@ import (
 	extcred "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
 )
 
-// classifyTATResponseCode wraps a non-zero TAT endpoint response code into the
-// canonical typed error. The TAT mint endpoint reports invalid credentials
-// with two distinct codes:
+// classifyTATResponseCode wraps a deterministic (non-transient) failure from the
+// unified Token Endpoint into the canonical typed errs.* error. The v3 endpoint
+// reports failures using the OAuth 2.0 model — an `error` string plus an
+// optional numeric `code` — instead of the legacy `{code, msg}` shape.
 //
-//   - 10003: bad app_id format or non-existent app_id ("invalid param")
-//   - 10014: invalid app_secret ("app secret invalid")
-//
-// Both surface as CategoryConfig/InvalidClient from the user's perspective —
-// the configured credentials cannot mint a tenant access token. 10014 is
-// globally mapped in codemeta (TAT-mint-specific variant of OAuth 99991543).
-// 10003 is NOT globally mapped because in other Lark endpoints it carries
-// unrelated semantics (e.g. task API uses 10003 for permission denied), so
-// the override stays local to this TAT call site instead of leaking into the
-// shared codemeta table.
-func classifyTATResponseCode(code int, msg, brand, appID string) error {
-	if code == 10003 {
+// invalid_client / unauthorized_client mean the configured app_id/app_secret
+// cannot mint a token; from the user's perspective that is the same actionable
+// CategoryConfig/InvalidClient failure the legacy 10003/10014 codes produced.
+// Every other deterministic error falls through to BuildAPIError, which still
+// yields a typed error so probe callers (errs.IsTyped) surface it rather than
+// swallowing it. Transient/server-side failures (5xx / server_error) are
+// filtered out by FetchTAT before this is called, so they stay untyped.
+func classifyTATResponseCode(code int, oauthErr, errDesc, brand, appID string) error {
+	msg := errDesc
+	if msg == "" {
+		msg = oauthErr
+	}
+	switch oauthErr {
+	case "invalid_client", "unauthorized_client":
 		return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient, "%s", msg).
 			WithCode(code).
 			WithHint("%s", errclass.ConfigHint(errs.SubtypeInvalidClient))
 	}
-	return errclass.BuildAPIError(map[string]any{
+	if err := errclass.BuildAPIError(map[string]any{
 		"code": code,
 		"msg":  msg,
 	}, errclass.ClassifyContext{
 		Brand: brand,
 		AppID: appID,
-	})
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// BuildAPIError returns nil for code 0 (Feishu's success convention), but this
+	// function is only reached once FetchTAT has ruled out success — a non-credential
+	// OAuth error (e.g. invalid_scope) can arrive with code 0 and is still a
+	// deterministic rejection. Back it with a typed APIError so callers never receive
+	// the ("", nil) "empty token, no error" pair.
+	return errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "%s", msg).WithCode(code)
 }
 
 // DefaultAccountProvider resolves account from config.json via keychain.
@@ -68,8 +79,6 @@ func (p *DefaultAccountProvider) ResolveAccount(ctx context.Context) (*Account,
 		return nil, core.NotConfiguredError()
 	}
 
-	// p.profile already incorporates --profile / CliRuntimeAppID precedence
-	// (resolved in cmd/bootstrap.go before Factory construction).
 	cfg, err := core.ResolveConfigFromMulti(multi, p.keychain(), p.profile)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -148,8 +157,8 @@ func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) resolveUAT(ctx context.Context) (*TokenResult, er
 	return &TokenResult{Token: token, Scopes: scopes}, nil
 }
 
-// resolveTAT resolves a tenant access token. Result is cached after first call.
-// NOTE: Uses sync.Once — only the context from the first call is used.
+// resolveTAT resolves a tenant access token. The result is cached after the first
+// call via sync.Once — only the context from the first call is used.
 func (p *DefaultTokenProvider) resolveTAT(ctx context.Context) (*TokenResult, error) {
 	p.tatOnce.Do(func() {
 		p.tatResult, p.tatErr = p.doResolveTAT(ctx)

internal/credential/default_provider_test.go

@@ -19,18 +19,16 @@ func TestDefaultAccountProvider_Implements(t *testing.T) {
 	var _ DefaultAccountResolver = &DefaultAccountProvider{}
 }
 
-// TestClassifyTATResponseCode_10003_MapsToInvalidClient pins that the TAT
-// endpoint's "invalid param" code surfaces as CategoryConfig/InvalidClient.
-// Reason: a bad or non-existent app_id triggers 10003 on the TAT mint endpoint,
-// which from the user's perspective is the same actionable failure as 10014
-// ("app secret invalid") — both mean the configured credentials cannot mint a
-// tenant access token. The global codemeta intentionally does not map 10003
-// because in other Lark endpoints 10003 carries unrelated semantics (e.g. task
-// API uses it for permission denied), so the override is local to this site.
-func TestClassifyTATResponseCode_10003_MapsToInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
-	err := classifyTATResponseCode(10003, "invalid param", "feishu", "cli_app_x")
+// TestClassifyTATResponseCode_InvalidClient_MapsToInvalidClient pins that the
+// unified Token Endpoint's OAuth2 invalid_client error surfaces as
+// CategoryConfig/InvalidClient — the configured app_id/app_secret cannot mint a
+// tenant access token, the same actionable failure the legacy 10003/10014 codes
+// produced. The numeric code is intentionally not asserted: the v3 endpoint may
+// return invalid_client with no Lark code (code defaults to 0).
+func TestClassifyTATResponseCode_InvalidClient_MapsToInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
+	err := classifyTATResponseCode(0, "invalid_client", "client authentication failed", "feishu", "cli_app_x")
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected non-nil error for code=10003")
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil error for invalid_client")
 	}
 	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
@@ -42,22 +40,16 @@ func TestClassifyTATResponseCode_10003_MapsToInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
 	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient {
 		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidClient)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Code != 10003 {
-		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want 10003", cfgErr.Code)
-	}
 	if cfgErr.Hint == "" {
 		t.Error("Hint must be non-empty so the user gets a recovery action")
 	}
 }
 
-// TestClassifyTATResponseCode_10014_RoutesViaCodeMeta pins that 10014 still
-// goes through the global BuildAPIError path (codemeta entry) so the override
-// for 10003 does not regress the existing mapping.
-func TestClassifyTATResponseCode_10014_RoutesViaCodeMeta(t *testing.T) {
-	err := classifyTATResponseCode(10014, "app secret invalid", "feishu", "cli_app_x")
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected non-nil error for code=10014")
-	}
+// TestClassifyTATResponseCode_UnauthorizedClient_MapsToInvalidClient pins that
+// unauthorized_client is treated as the same credential failure as
+// invalid_client.
+func TestClassifyTATResponseCode_UnauthorizedClient_MapsToInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
+	err := classifyTATResponseCode(0, "unauthorized_client", "client not authorized", "feishu", "cli_app_x")
 	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfigError, got %T: %v", err, err)
@@ -65,21 +57,38 @@ func TestClassifyTATResponseCode_10014_RoutesViaCodeMeta(t *testing.T) {
 	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient {
 		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidClient)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Code != 10014 {
-		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want 10014", cfgErr.Code)
-	}
 }
 
-// TestClassifyTATResponseCode_UnknownCodeFallsThrough pins that codes outside
-// the credential set fall through to the generic BuildAPIError fallback
-// (CategoryAPI/SubtypeUnknown) — the override is narrow and intentional.
-func TestClassifyTATResponseCode_UnknownCodeFallsThrough(t *testing.T) {
-	err := classifyTATResponseCode(99999999, "some unknown failure", "feishu", "cli_app_x")
+// TestClassifyTATResponseCode_OtherErrorFallsThrough pins that OAuth errors
+// outside the credential set fall through to the generic BuildAPIError fallback
+// — still typed, but not a ConfigError. The mapping is narrow and intentional.
+func TestClassifyTATResponseCode_OtherErrorFallsThrough(t *testing.T) {
+	err := classifyTATResponseCode(20068, "invalid_scope", "unauthorized scope", "feishu", "cli_app_x")
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected non-nil error for unmapped code")
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil error for invalid_scope")
 	}
 	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 	if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("unmapped code must not be classified as ConfigError, got %T", err)
+		t.Fatalf("invalid_scope must not be classified as ConfigError, got %T", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestClassifyTATResponseCode_CodeZeroOtherError_StillTyped pins the code-0
+// backstop: a non-credential OAuth error (e.g. invalid_scope) that arrives with no
+// numeric code (code 0) must still produce a non-nil typed error. BuildAPIError
+// returns nil for code 0 (Feishu's success convention); without the backstop,
+// FetchTAT would surface this deterministic rejection as ("", nil) — an empty token
+// with no error.
+func TestClassifyTATResponseCode_CodeZeroOtherError_StillTyped(t *testing.T) {
+	err := classifyTATResponseCode(0, "invalid_scope", "the requested scope is not granted", "feishu", "cli_app_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil error for code-0 invalid_scope (must not be swallowed as success)")
+	}
+	if !errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("code-0 invalid_scope must not be a ConfigError, got %T", err)
 	}
 }

internal/credential/tat_fetch.go

@@ -4,46 +4,47 @@
 package credential
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 )
 
-// FetchTAT performs a single HTTP POST to mint a tenant access token with the
-// given credentials. It does not read configuration or keychain, so callers
-// that already hold plaintext credentials (e.g. the post-`config init` probe)
-// can validate them without a second keychain round-trip.
+// FetchTAT performs a single HTTP POST to mint a tenant access token via the
+// unified OAuth 2.0 Token Endpoint ({accounts}/oauth/v3/token) using the
+// client_credentials grant with client_secret_post authentication. It does not
+// read configuration or keychain, so callers that already hold plaintext
+// credentials (e.g. the post-`config init` probe) can validate them without a
+// second keychain round-trip.
 //
-// A non-zero TAT response code means the server inspected the payload and
-// rejected the credentials; FetchTAT returns the canonical typed error from
-// classifyTATResponseCode — the SAME classification doResolveTAT (and thus
-// every token-resolving command) produces, so callers see one consistent
-// envelope (CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient for 10003 / 10014, etc.).
-// Transport, HTTP-status and JSON-parse failures are returned raw (untyped),
-// leaving them ambiguous; a caller can use errs.IsTyped to tell a deterministic
-// credential rejection apart from upstream/transport noise.
+// A deterministic client-side rejection (e.g. invalid_client) returns the
+// canonical typed error from classifyTATResponseCode — the SAME classification
+// doResolveTAT (and thus every token-resolving command) produces, so callers
+// see one consistent envelope. Transport failures, unreadable/unparseable
+// bodies, and transient server-side failures (5xx / server_error) are returned
+// raw (untyped), leaving them ambiguous; a caller can use errs.IsTyped to tell a
+// deterministic credential rejection apart from upstream/transport noise.
 //
 // The caller owns the context timeout.
 func FetchTAT(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, brand core.LarkBrand, appID, appSecret string) (string, error) {
 	ep := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand)
-	url := ep.Open + "/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"
+	endpoint := ep.Accounts + core.OAuthTokenV3Path
 
-	body, err := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
-		"app_id":     appID,
-		"app_secret": appSecret,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal TAT request: %w", err)
-	}
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, url, bytes.NewReader(body))
+	form := url.Values{}
+	form.Set("grant_type", "client_credentials")
+	form.Set("client_id", appID)
+	form.Set("client_secret", appSecret)
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, endpoint, strings.NewReader(form.Encode()))
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
 
 	resp, err := httpClient.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -51,20 +52,51 @@ func FetchTAT(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client, brand core.LarkBrand
 	}
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("TAT API returned HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 1<<20))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to read TAT response: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	var result struct {
-		Code              int    `json:"code"`
-		Msg               string `json:"msg"`
-		TenantAccessToken string `json:"tenant_access_token"`
+		Code             int    `json:"code"`
+		AccessToken      string `json:"access_token"`
+		Error            string `json:"error"`
+		ErrorDescription string `json:"error_description"`
+		Msg              string `json:"msg"`
 	}
-	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&result); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse TAT response: %w", err)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &result); err != nil {
+		// An unparseable body is ambiguous (covers non-JSON error pages and
+		// truncated payloads); stay untyped so probe callers treat it as noise.
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse TAT response (HTTP %d): %w", resp.StatusCode, err)
 	}
-	if result.Code != 0 {
-		return "", classifyTATResponseCode(result.Code, result.Msg, string(brand), appID)
+
+	if result.Code == 0 && result.AccessToken != "" {
+		return result.AccessToken, nil
 	}
-	return result.TenantAccessToken, nil
+
+	// Transient/server-side failures stay untyped so probe callers stay silent and
+	// retryers can back off; only deterministic client rejections are typed. Covers
+	// 5xx, HTTP 429 rate-limit, and the OAuth transient error strings (server_error,
+	// temporarily_unavailable, slow_down) — matching the legacy "non-2xx is noise"
+	// behavior so a rate-limited probe is not surfaced as a hard credential error.
+	if resp.StatusCode >= 500 || resp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests ||
+		result.Error == "server_error" || result.Error == "temporarily_unavailable" ||
+		result.Error == "slow_down" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("TAT endpoint transient failure (HTTP %d, code=%d, error=%q): %s",
+			resp.StatusCode, result.Code, result.Error, result.ErrorDescription)
+	}
+
+	// A 2xx with neither token nor error is a malformed success — ambiguous, untyped.
+	if result.Code == 0 && result.Error == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("TAT response missing access_token (HTTP %d)", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	// Prefer the OAuth error_description; fall back to the legacy Lark `msg` so a
+	// gateway-level {code, msg} response (carrying no OAuth fields) still yields a
+	// non-empty typed message instead of a bare "API error: [code]".
+	desc := result.ErrorDescription
+	if desc == "" {
+		desc = result.Msg
+	}
+	return "", classifyTATResponseCode(result.Code, result.Error, desc, string(brand), appID)
 }

internal/credential/tat_fetch_test.go

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func (s *stubRoundTripper) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
 func TestFetchTAT_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := &stubRoundTripper{
 		respCode: 200,
-		respBody: `{"code":0,"tenant_access_token":"t-abc","msg":"ok"}`,
+		respBody: `{"code":0,"access_token":"t-abc","token_type":"Bearer","expires_in":7200}`,
 	}
 	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
 
@@ -55,24 +55,33 @@ func TestFetchTAT_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	if token != "t-abc" {
 		t.Errorf("token = %q, want t-abc", token)
 	}
-	if rt.gotReq.URL.String() != "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal" {
+	if rt.gotReq.URL.String() != "https://accounts.feishu.cn/oauth/v3/token" {
 		t.Errorf("url = %s", rt.gotReq.URL.String())
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(rt.gotBody, `"app_id":"cli_app"`) || !strings.Contains(rt.gotBody, `"app_secret":"secret_x"`) {
-		t.Errorf("request body missing credentials: %s", rt.gotBody)
+	if ct := rt.gotReq.Header.Get("Content-Type"); ct != "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" {
+		t.Errorf("Content-Type = %q, want application/x-www-form-urlencoded", ct)
+	}
+	// client_secret_post: grant_type + client_id + client_secret in the form body.
+	for _, want := range []string{"grant_type=client_credentials", "client_id=cli_app", "client_secret=secret_x"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(rt.gotBody, want) {
+			t.Errorf("request body missing %q: %s", want, rt.gotBody)
+		}
 	}
 }
 
-// 10003 (bad / non-existent app_id, "invalid param") is classified locally by
+// invalid_client (wrong app_id/app_secret on the client_credentials grant) is a
+// deterministic client-side rejection that FetchTAT routes to
 // classifyTATResponseCode as CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient — the same
 // typed error doResolveTAT (and thus every token-resolving command) returns.
-func TestFetchTAT_Code10003_ConfigInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
-	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":10003,"msg":"invalid param"}`}
+// The v3 endpoint reports it as HTTP 400 with the OAuth2 error body (wrong
+// secret → code 20002, unknown app → code 20048).
+func TestFetchTAT_InvalidClient_ConfigInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 400, respBody: `{"error":"invalid_client","error_description":"The client secret is invalid.","code":20002}`}
 	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
 
 	token, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for code 10003")
+		t.Fatal("expected error for invalid_client")
 	}
 	if token != "" {
 		t.Errorf("token = %q, want empty", token)
@@ -87,52 +96,115 @@ func TestFetchTAT_Code10003_ConfigInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
 	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient {
 		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidClient)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Code != 10003 {
-		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want 10003", cfgErr.Code)
-	}
 }
 
-// 10014 ("app secret invalid") — the most common real-world rejection (real
-// app_id + wrong secret) — is globally mapped in codemeta to
-// CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient via BuildAPIError.
-func TestFetchTAT_Code10014_ConfigInvalidClient(t *testing.T) {
-	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":10014,"msg":"app secret invalid"}`}
-	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
-
-	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
-	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
-	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error not *errs.ConfigError: %T %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient || cfgErr.Code != 10014 {
-		t.Errorf("got Subtype=%q Code=%d, want invalid_client/10014", cfgErr.Subtype, cfgErr.Code)
-	}
-}
-
-// Any non-zero body code is a deterministic server-side rejection, so it
-// always yields a typed error (errs.IsTyped). An unrecognized code falls back
-// to CategoryAPI / SubtypeUnknown via BuildAPIError — still typed, so a probe
-// caller still surfaces it rather than silently swallowing.
-func TestFetchTAT_UnknownBodyCode_Typed(t *testing.T) {
-	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":99999,"msg":"future-unknown"}`}
+// Any other deterministic client-side OAuth error (e.g. invalid_scope) still
+// yields a typed error (errs.IsTyped) via BuildAPIError — so a probe caller
+// surfaces it rather than silently swallowing it — but is NOT classified as a
+// credential (invalid_client) problem.
+func TestFetchTAT_OtherClientError_Typed(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 400, respBody: `{"code":20068,"error":"invalid_scope","error_description":"unauthorized scope"}`}
 	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
 
 	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error for code 99999")
+		t.Fatal("expected error for invalid_scope")
 	}
 	if !errs.IsTyped(err) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T %v", err, err)
 	}
-	var apiErr *errs.APIError
-	if !errors.As(err, &apiErr) {
-		t.Errorf("unknown code should fall back to *errs.APIError, got %T", err)
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
+	if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
+		t.Errorf("invalid_scope must not be classified as ConfigError/InvalidClient, got %T", err)
 	}
 }
 
-// Non-2xx HTTP is ambiguous (not a payload-level credential rejection) — it
-// must stay UNTYPED so a probe caller treats it as upstream noise and stays
-// silent.
+// A deterministic OAuth error that arrives WITHOUT a numeric code (code defaults to
+// 0) must still surface as a non-nil typed error — never the ("", nil) success pair.
+// Guards the code-0 backstop in classifyTATResponseCode: BuildAPIError returns nil
+// for code 0, which would otherwise swallow this rejection into an empty-token success.
+func TestFetchTAT_OtherClientError_CodeZero_Typed(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 400, respBody: `{"error":"invalid_scope","error_description":"the requested scope is not granted"}`}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	tok, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil error for code-0 invalid_scope (must not return empty token + nil error)")
+	}
+	if tok != "" {
+		t.Errorf("token = %q, want empty", tok)
+	}
+	if !errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// A gateway-style {code, msg} error (no OAuth error / error_description fields)
+// must still surface its msg on the typed error, not degrade to a generic
+// "API error: [code]". Guards the legacy-msg fallback in FetchTAT.
+func TestFetchTAT_LarkStyleMsg_FallsBackOnTypedError(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 400, respBody: `{"code":99999,"msg":"app ticket invalid"}`}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for {code, msg} response")
+	}
+	if !errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a typed errs.* error, got %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "app ticket invalid") {
+		t.Errorf("typed error must carry the Lark msg, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Transient server-side failures (5xx / server_error) are NOT deterministic
+// credential rejections — they must stay UNTYPED so a probe caller treats them
+// as upstream noise and stays silent (and retryers can back off).
+func TestFetchTAT_ServerError_Untyped(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 500, respBody: `{"code":20050,"error":"server_error","error_description":"please retry"}`}
+	hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+	_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for server_error")
+	}
+	if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+		t.Errorf("server_error must be UNTYPED (transient), got typed %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Rate-limiting is transient, not a deterministic credential rejection — an HTTP
+// 429 (even with a parseable OAuth body) and the OAuth slow_down error must both
+// stay UNTYPED so a rate-limited probe stays silent and retryers can back off.
+func TestFetchTAT_RateLimit_Untyped(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		code int
+		body string
+	}{
+		{"http 429", 429, `{"code":99991400,"error":"too_many_requests","error_description":"rate limit exceeded"}`},
+		{"oauth slow_down", 200, `{"error":"slow_down","error_description":"polling too fast"}`},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: tc.code, respBody: tc.body}
+			hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
+
+			_, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, core.BrandFeishu, "cli_app", "secret_x")
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatal("expected error for rate-limit")
+			}
+			if errs.IsTyped(err) {
+				t.Errorf("rate-limit must be UNTYPED (transient), got typed %T %v", err, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// Non-2xx HTTP with a non-JSON body is ambiguous (not a structured OAuth
+// rejection) — it must stay UNTYPED so a probe caller treats it as upstream
+// noise and stays silent.
 func TestFetchTAT_HTTPNon200_Untyped(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, code := range []int{401, 403, 500, 503} {
 		rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: code, respBody: `whatever`}
@@ -182,12 +254,12 @@ func TestFetchTAT_BrandRouting(t *testing.T) {
 		brand   core.LarkBrand
 		wantURL string
 	}{
-		{core.BrandFeishu, "https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"},
-		{core.BrandLark, "https://open.larksuite.com/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"},
+		{core.BrandFeishu, "https://accounts.feishu.cn/oauth/v3/token"},
+		{core.BrandLark, "https://accounts.larksuite.com/oauth/v3/token"},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range tests {
 		t.Run(string(tc.brand), func(t *testing.T) {
-			rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":0,"tenant_access_token":"t"}`}
+			rt := &stubRoundTripper{respCode: 200, respBody: `{"code":0,"access_token":"t","token_type":"Bearer"}`}
 			hc := &http.Client{Transport: rt}
 			if _, err := FetchTAT(context.Background(), hc, tc.brand, "a", "b"); err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)

internal/envvars/envvars.go

@@ -4,11 +4,8 @@
 package envvars
 
 const (
-	CliAppID     = "LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID"
-	CliAppSecret = "LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_SECRET"
-	// CliRuntimeAppID pins a profile by appId when --profile is unset.
-	// Selector only; credentials still come from config.json / keychain.
-	CliRuntimeAppID      = "LARKSUITE_CLI_RUNTIME_APP_ID"
+	CliAppID             = "LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID"
+	CliAppSecret         = "LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_SECRET"
 	CliBrand             = "LARKSUITE_CLI_BRAND"
 	CliUserAccessToken   = "LARKSUITE_CLI_USER_ACCESS_TOKEN"
 	CliTenantAccessToken = "LARKSUITE_CLI_TENANT_ACCESS_TOKEN"

internal/errclass/codemeta.go

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ var codeMeta = map[int]CodeMeta{
 
 	// CategoryConfig
 	99991543: {Category: errs.CategoryConfig, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidClient}, // RFC 6749 §5.2 — app_id / app_secret incorrect (Open API)
-	10014:    {Category: errs.CategoryConfig, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidClient}, // TAT endpoint — "app secret invalid" (TAT-mint variant of 99991543)
+	10014:    {Category: errs.CategoryConfig, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidClient}, // legacy TAT endpoint — "app secret invalid" (pre-v3 variant of 99991543; CLI now reports invalid_client)
 
 	// CategoryPolicy
 	21000: {Category: errs.CategoryPolicy, Subtype: errs.SubtypeChallengeRequired},

internal/output/lark_errors.go

@@ -35,9 +35,12 @@ const (
 	LarkErrAppNotInUse     = 99991662 // app is disabled in this tenant
 	LarkErrAppUnauthorized = 99991673 // app status unavailable; check installation
 
-	// TAT-endpoint variant of the "wrong app credentials" condition.
-	// /open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal returns code 10014
-	// ("app secret invalid") instead of 99991543 when the secret is wrong.
+	// "Wrong app credentials" code from the LEGACY TAT endpoint
+	// (/open-apis/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal returns 10014, "app secret
+	// invalid", instead of 99991543). Since the OAuth v3 migration the CLI mints
+	// TAT via accounts/oauth/v3/token and reports this as the OAuth invalid_client
+	// error, so it no longer emits 10014 itself; the constant + codemeta mapping
+	// are retained as a defensive fallback should 10014 still arrive.
 	LarkErrTATInvalidSecret = 10014
 
 	// Rate limit.

internal/registry/service_descriptions.json

@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@
     "en": { "title": "Minutes", "description": "Minutes content and metadata retrieval" },
     "zh": { "title": "妙记", "description": "妙记信息获取、内容查询" }
   },
+  "note": {
+    "en": { "title": "Note", "description": "Meeting note detail and unified transcript retrieval" },
+    "zh": { "title": "会议纪要", "description": "会议纪要详情与 unified 逐字稿查询" }
+  },
   "sheets": {
     "en": { "title": "Sheets", "description": "Spreadsheet operations" },
     "zh": { "title": "电子表格", "description": "电子表格操作" }

lint/errscontract/rule_no_legacy_common_helper_call.go

@@ -18,15 +18,18 @@ var migratedCommonHelperPaths = []string{
 	"cmd/event/",
 	"events/",
 	"internal/event/consume/",
+	"shortcuts/apps/",
 	"shortcuts/base/",
 	"shortcuts/calendar/",
 	"shortcuts/contact/",
 	"shortcuts/doc/",
 	"shortcuts/drive/",
 	"shortcuts/event/",
+	"shortcuts/im/",
 	"shortcuts/mail/",
 	"shortcuts/markdown/",
 	"shortcuts/minutes/",
+	"shortcuts/note/",
 	"shortcuts/okr/",
 	"shortcuts/sheets/",
 	"shortcuts/slides/",

lint/errscontract/rule_no_legacy_envelope_literal.go

@@ -19,15 +19,18 @@ var migratedEnvelopePaths = []string{
 	"cmd/event/",
 	"events/",
 	"internal/event/consume/",
+	"shortcuts/apps/",
 	"shortcuts/base/",
 	"shortcuts/calendar/",
 	"shortcuts/contact/",
 	"shortcuts/doc/",
 	"shortcuts/drive/",
 	"shortcuts/event/",
+	"shortcuts/im/",
 	"shortcuts/mail/",
 	"shortcuts/markdown/",
 	"shortcuts/minutes/",
+	"shortcuts/note/",
 	"shortcuts/okr/",
 	"shortcuts/sheets/",
 	"shortcuts/slides/",
@@ -35,7 +38,6 @@ var migratedEnvelopePaths = []string{
 	"shortcuts/vc/",
 	"shortcuts/whiteboard/",
 	"shortcuts/wiki/",
-	"shortcuts/im/",
 }
 
 // legacyOutputImportPath is the import path of the package that declares the

lint/errscontract/rules_test.go

@@ -953,6 +953,7 @@ func TestCheckNoLegacyCommonHelperCall_RejectsLegacyHelpersOnMigratedPath(t *tes
 	paths := []string{
 		"shortcuts/doc/docs_fetch_v2.go",
 		"shortcuts/drive/drive_search.go",
+		"shortcuts/im/im_messages_send.go",
 		"shortcuts/mail/mail_send.go",
 		"shortcuts/markdown/markdown_fetch.go",
 		"shortcuts/okr/okr_progress_create.go",
@@ -988,6 +989,18 @@ common.` + helper + `()
 	}
 }
 
+func TestMigratedCommonHelperPaths_CoverMigratedEnvelopePaths(t *testing.T) {
+	commonPaths := make(map[string]struct{}, len(migratedCommonHelperPaths))
+	for _, path := range migratedCommonHelperPaths {
+		commonPaths[path] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, path := range migratedEnvelopePaths {
+		if _, ok := commonPaths[path]; !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("migratedEnvelopePaths contains %q but migratedCommonHelperPaths does not", path)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCheckNoLegacyCommonHelperCall_RejectsDangerousCharsOnCalendarPath(t *testing.T) {
 	src := `package calendar
 

package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@larksuite/cli",
-  "version": "1.0.51",
+  "version": "1.0.53",
   "description": "The official CLI for Lark/Feishu open platform",
   "bin": {
     "lark-cli": "scripts/run.js"
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
   ],
   "cpu": [
     "x64",
-    "arm64"
+    "arm64",
+    "riscv64"
   ],
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=16"

scripts/build-pkg-pr-new.sh

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ build_target darwin arm64
 build_target linux amd64
 build_target darwin amd64
 build_target linux arm64
+build_target linux riscv64
 build_target windows amd64
 build_target windows arm64
 
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ const platformMap = {
 const archMap = {
   x64: "amd64",
   arm64: "arm64",
+  riscv64: "riscv64",
 };
 
 const platform = platformMap[process.platform];

scripts/install.js

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ const PLATFORM_MAP = {
 const ARCH_MAP = {
   x64: "amd64",
   arm64: "arm64",
+  riscv64: "riscv64",
 };
 
 const platform = PLATFORM_MAP[process.platform];

shortcuts/apps/apps_access_scope_get.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ var AppsAccessScopeGet = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/apps/apps_access_scope_set.go

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ var AppsAccessScopeSet = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		return validateAccessScopeFlags(rctx)
 	},
@@ -90,36 +89,42 @@ func validateAccessScopeFlags(rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	switch scope {
 	case "specific":
 		if targets == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--targets is required when --scope=specific")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--targets", "--targets is required when --scope=specific")
 		}
 		if err := validateTargetsJSON(targets); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		if approver != "" && !applyEnabled {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--approver requires --apply-enabled")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--approver", "--approver requires --apply-enabled")
 		}
 		if requireLogin {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--require-login is not allowed when --scope=specific")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--require-login", "--require-login is not allowed when --scope=specific")
 		}
 	case "public":
 		if targets != "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--targets is not allowed when --scope=public")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--targets", "--targets is not allowed when --scope=public")
 		}
 		if applyEnabled {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--apply-enabled is not allowed when --scope=public")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--apply-enabled", "--apply-enabled is not allowed when --scope=public")
 		}
 		if approver != "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--approver is not allowed when --scope=public")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--approver", "--approver is not allowed when --scope=public")
 		}
 		if !rctx.Cmd.Flags().Changed("require-login") {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--require-login is required when --scope=public (pass true or false explicitly; do not rely on the default)")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--require-login", "--require-login is required when --scope=public (pass true or false explicitly; do not rely on the default)")
 		}
 	case "tenant":
 		if targets != "" || applyEnabled || approver != "" || requireLogin {
-			return output.ErrValidation("no extra flags allowed when --scope=tenant")
+			return appsValidationError("no extra flags allowed when --scope=tenant").
+				WithParams(
+					appsInvalidParam("--targets", "not allowed when --scope=tenant"),
+					appsInvalidParam("--apply-enabled", "not allowed when --scope=tenant"),
+					appsInvalidParam("--approver", "not allowed when --scope=tenant"),
+					appsInvalidParam("--require-login", "not allowed when --scope=tenant"),
+				)
 		}
 	default:
-		return output.ErrValidation("--scope must be specific / public / tenant")
+		return appsValidationParamError("--scope", "--scope must be specific / public / tenant")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -127,18 +132,18 @@ func validateAccessScopeFlags(rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 func validateTargetsJSON(targetsJSON string) error {
 	var items []map[string]interface{}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(targetsJSON), &items); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--targets is not valid JSON: %v", err)
+		return appsValidationParamError("--targets", "--targets is not valid JSON: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if len(items) == 0 {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--targets must contain at least one entry; specific scope requires concrete user/department/chat ids")
+		return appsValidationParamError("--targets", "--targets must contain at least one entry; specific scope requires concrete user/department/chat ids")
 	}
 	for i, t := range items {
 		typ, _ := t["type"].(string)
 		if !allowedAccessTargetTypes[typ] {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--targets[%d].type %q must be one of: user / department / chat", i, typ)
+			return appsValidationParamError("--targets", "--targets[%d].type %q must be one of: user / department / chat", i, typ)
 		}
 		if id, _ := t["id"].(string); strings.TrimSpace(id) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--targets[%d].id is empty", i)
+			return appsValidationParamError("--targets", "--targets[%d].id is empty", i)
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -157,7 +162,7 @@ func buildAccessScopeBody(rctx *common.RuntimeContext) (map[string]interface{},
 	scope := rctx.Str("scope")
 	enum, ok := scopeStringToServerEnum[scope]
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--scope must be specific / public / tenant, got %q", scope)
+		return nil, appsValidationParamError("--scope", "--scope must be specific / public / tenant, got %q", scope)
 	}
 	body := map[string]interface{}{"scope": enum}
 
@@ -166,7 +171,7 @@ func buildAccessScopeBody(rctx *common.RuntimeContext) (map[string]interface{},
 		// 用户传统一格式 [{type:user|department|chat, id:...}]，body 里拆 3 个并列数组发后端。
 		var targets []map[string]interface{}
 		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(rctx.Str("targets")), &targets); err != nil {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("--targets is not valid JSON: %v", err)
+			return nil, appsValidationParamError("--targets", "--targets is not valid JSON: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		users, departments, chats := splitAccessScopeTargets(targets)
 		if len(users) > 0 {

shortcuts/apps/apps_chat.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -43,14 +42,14 @@ var AppsChat = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("session-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--session-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--session-id", "--session-id is required")
 		}
 		// Do not echo --message content in the error (spec §4 redaction).
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("message")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--message is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--message", "--message is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/apps/apps_create.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ var AppsCreate = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("name")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--name is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--name", "--name is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/apps/apps_create_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
@@ -47,6 +48,31 @@ func runAppsShortcut(t *testing.T, sc common.Shortcut, args []string, factory *c
 	return parent.ExecuteContext(context.Background())
 }
 
+func requireAppsProblem(t *testing.T, err error, category errs.Category) *errs.Problem {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed problem, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != category {
+		t.Fatalf("error category = %q, want %q", p.Category, category)
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+func requireAppsValidationProblem(t *testing.T, err error) *errs.Problem {
+	t.Helper()
+	return requireAppsProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryValidation)
+}
+
+func requireAppsAPIProblem(t *testing.T, err error) *errs.Problem {
+	t.Helper()
+	return requireAppsProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAPI)
+}
+
 // +create 测试
 
 func TestAppsCreate_Success(t *testing.T) {

shortcuts/apps/apps_db_execute.go

@@ -31,8 +31,9 @@ import (
 //   - 多语句部分失败：`Statement K: ✗ <message> [<code>]` + 末尾「前序语句已落地」提示
 //
 // 失败语义：server 多语句失败仍返 code:0，把失败语句标成 ERROR 哨兵塞进 result。Execute 检测到哨兵
-// 后升级成 typed api_error（exit 非 0、detail 带 statement_index / completed / rolled_back），
-// 避免 agent 误判 ok:true 假成功。CLI 永远 DBA 模式（transactional=false），失败前的语句已 auto-commit
+// 后按 partial failure 上报（exit 非 0）：stdout 输出 ok:false 数据，带 results /
+// statement_index / error_code / error_message / rolled_back / note，避免 agent 误判
+// ok:true 假成功。CLI 永远 DBA 模式（transactional=false），失败前的语句已 auto-commit
 // 落地，故 rolled_back=false（真机 boe 实证）。
 //
 // JSON envelope（成功路径）：CLI 把 server 返的 result 字符串解出来放进 `data.results` 数组。
@@ -68,19 +69,27 @@ var AppsDBExecute = common.Shortcut{
 		sql := strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("sql"))
 		file := strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("file"))
 		if sql != "" && file != "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--sql and --file are mutually exclusive")
+			return appsValidationError("--sql and --file are mutually exclusive").
+				WithParams(
+					appsInvalidParam("--sql", "mutually exclusive with --file"),
+					appsInvalidParam("--file", "mutually exclusive with --sql"),
+				)
 		}
 		if file != "" {
 			data, err := cmdutil.ReadInputFile(rctx.FileIO(), file)
 			if err != nil {
-				return output.ErrValidation("--file: %v", err)
+				return appsValidationParamError("--file", "--file: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 			}
 			// 归一化：把文件内容写回 --sql，下游（DryRun/Execute）统一从 sql 取。
 			rctx.Cmd.Flags().Set("sql", string(data))
 			sql = strings.TrimSpace(string(data))
 		}
 		if sql == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("one of --sql or --file is required (use --sql - to read stdin)")
+			return appsValidationError("one of --sql or --file is required (use --sql - to read stdin)").
+				WithParams(
+					appsInvalidParam("--sql", "one of --sql or --file is required"),
+					appsInvalidParam("--file", "one of --sql or --file is required"),
+				)
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -113,13 +122,15 @@ var AppsDBExecute = common.Shortcut{
 		data := map[string]interface{}{"results": stmts}
 
 		// 多语句 / 单语句失败：server 仍返 code:0，把失败语句标成 ERROR 哨兵塞进 result。
-		// 升级成 typed api_error（exit 非 0），别让 agent 误判 ok:true 假成功。
-		// pretty 模式仍把逐条 ✓/✗ 摘要打到 stdout（人看），再返回 error（envelope→stderr）。
+		// 已落地的前序语句 + 失败语句构成 partial failure：逐条结果作为 ok:false 数据
+		// 留在 stdout（机器可读）+ 非零退出信号，别让 agent 误判 ok:true 假成功。
+		// pretty 模式 stdout 只打逐条 ✓/✗ 摘要（不再叠一份 JSON envelope），仅返回退出信号。
 		if errIdx, errStmt, failed := findErrorSentinel(stmts); failed {
 			if rctx.Format == "pretty" {
 				renderSQLPretty(rctx.IO().Out, stmts)
+				return output.PartialFailure(output.ExitAPI)
 			}
-			return sqlStatementError(stmts, errIdx, errStmt)
+			return rctx.OutPartialFailure(sqlStatementFailurePayload(stmts, errIdx, errStmt), nil)
 		}
 
 		rctx.OutFormat(data, nil, func(w io.Writer) {
@@ -140,31 +151,28 @@ func findErrorSentinel(stmts []map[string]interface{}) (int, map[string]interfac
 	return 0, nil, false
 }
 
-// sqlStatementError 把 ERROR 哨兵升级成 typed api_error。
+// sqlStatementFailurePayload 把 ERROR 哨兵整理成 partial-failure 的 stdout 数据。
 //
 // CLI 永远 DBA 模式（transactional=false），真机 boe 实证：失败语句之前的语句已逐条 auto-commit
-// 落地，不存在外层事务回滚。因此 rolled_back=false、completed 列出已落地的前序语句，hint 提示用户
-// 别整批重跑（否则会重复写入）。
-func sqlStatementError(stmts []map[string]interface{}, errIdx int, errStmt map[string]interface{}) error {
+// 落地，不存在外层事务回滚。因此 rolled_back=false、results 含全部逐条结果（ERROR 哨兵在
+// 失败位置），note 提示用户别整批重跑（否则会重复写入）。
+func sqlStatementFailurePayload(stmts []map[string]interface{}, errIdx int, errStmt map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
 	code, msg := parseErrorSentinel(common.GetString(errStmt, "data"))
 	stmtNo := errIdx + 1 // 1-based 给人看
-	fullMsg := fmt.Sprintf("%s (at statement %d of %d)", msg, stmtNo, len(stmts))
-
-	apiErr := output.ErrAPI(code, fullMsg, map[string]interface{}{
-		"statement_index": errIdx,
-		"completed":       stmts[:errIdx],
-		"rolled_back":     false,
-	})
-	if apiErr.Detail != nil {
-		if errIdx > 0 {
-			apiErr.Detail.Hint = fmt.Sprintf(
-				"statements 1-%d were already applied (DBA mode auto-commits each statement); fix statement %d and re-run only the remaining statements.",
-				errIdx, stmtNo)
-		} else {
-			apiErr.Detail.Hint = "no statements were applied; fix the SQL and re-run."
-		}
+	note := "no statements were applied; fix the SQL and re-run."
+	if errIdx > 0 {
+		note = fmt.Sprintf(
+			"statements 1-%d were already applied (DBA mode auto-commits each statement); fix statement %d and re-run only the remaining statements.",
+			errIdx, stmtNo)
+	}
+	return map[string]interface{}{
+		"results":         stmts,
+		"statement_index": errIdx,
+		"error_code":      code,
+		"error_message":   fmt.Sprintf("%s (at statement %d of %d)", msg, stmtNo, len(stmts)),
+		"rolled_back":     false,
+		"note":            note,
 	}
-	return apiErr
 }
 
 // parseErrorSentinel 解析 ERROR 哨兵的 data（`{code,message}` JSON），返回数值 code 与 message。

shortcuts/apps/apps_db_execute_test.go

@@ -495,9 +495,9 @@ func TestAppsDBExecute_PrettyMultiStatementsPartialFailureWithErrorSentinel(t *t
 	}
 }
 
-// TestAppsDBExecute_MultiStatementFailureReturnsTypedError 钉死「多语句失败 → typed api_error」：
-// json 默认不再打 ok:true 假成功，而是返回 *output.ExitError（type=api_error、非零 exit），
-// detail 带 statement_index / completed / rolled_back。rolled_back=false 因 CLI 永远 DBA 模式
+// TestAppsDBExecute_MultiStatementFailureReturnsTypedError 钉死「多语句失败 → partial failure」：
+// 逐条结果 + statement_index / error_code / rolled_back / note 作为 ok:false 数据落 stdout，
+// 退出信号是 PartialFailureError（非零 exit）。rolled_back=false 因 CLI 永远 DBA 模式
 // （真机 boe 实证：失败前的语句已落地）。
 func TestAppsDBExecute_MultiStatementFailureReturnsTypedError(t *testing.T) {
 	factory, stdout, reg := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)
@@ -518,45 +518,64 @@ func TestAppsDBExecute_MultiStatementFailureReturnsTypedError(t *testing.T) {
 		[]string{"+db-execute", "--yes", "--app-id", "app_x", "--sql", "x", "--as", "user"},
 		factory, stdout)
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("multi-statement failure must return a typed error; stdout:\n%s", stdout.String())
+		t.Fatalf("multi-statement failure must return a partial-failure error; stdout:\n%s", stdout.String())
 	}
 	// json 失败路径不得打成功 envelope。
 	if strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok": true`) {
 		t.Errorf("must not emit ok:true success envelope on failure; stdout:\n%s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("want *output.ExitError with detail, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("want *output.PartialFailureError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "api_error" {
-		t.Errorf("error.type = %q, want api_error", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	if pfErr.Code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", pfErr.Code, output.ExitAPI)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Code != 1300002 {
-		t.Errorf("error.code = %d, want 1300002", exitErr.Detail.Code)
+	payload := decodePartialFailureData(t, stdout.String())
+	if got := payload["statement_index"]; got != float64(1) {
+		t.Errorf("statement_index = %v, want 1", got)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "(at statement 2 of 2)") {
-		t.Errorf("error.message missing statement locator: %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	if got := payload["error_code"]; got != float64(1300002) {
+		t.Errorf("error_code = %v, want 1300002", got)
 	}
-	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitAPI {
-		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitAPI)
+	msg, _ := payload["error_message"].(string)
+	if !strings.Contains(msg, "(at statement 2 of 2)") {
+		t.Errorf("error_message missing statement locator: %q", msg)
 	}
-	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("error.detail not a map: %T", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
+	if got := payload["rolled_back"]; got != false {
+		t.Errorf("rolled_back = %v, want false (DBA mode persists prior statements)", got)
 	}
-	if detail["statement_index"] != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("statement_index = %v, want 1", detail["statement_index"])
+	results, _ := payload["results"].([]interface{})
+	if len(results) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("results length = %d, want 2 (persisted statement + ERROR sentinel)", len(results))
 	}
-	if detail["rolled_back"] != false {
-		t.Errorf("rolled_back = %v, want false (DBA mode persists prior statements)", detail["rolled_back"])
-	}
-	if completed, ok := detail["completed"].([]map[string]interface{}); !ok || len(completed) != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("completed = %v, want 1 persisted statement", detail["completed"])
+	note, _ := payload["note"].(string)
+	if !strings.Contains(note, "already applied") {
+		t.Errorf("note should warn prior statements persisted, got %q", note)
 	}
 }
 
+// decodePartialFailureData 解析 stdout 上 ok:false 的 partial-failure envelope，返回 data 块。
+func decodePartialFailureData(t *testing.T, stdoutStr string) map[string]interface{} {
+	t.Helper()
+	var envelope struct {
+		OK   bool                   `json:"ok"`
+		Data map[string]interface{} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdoutStr), &envelope); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout is not a JSON envelope: %v\n%s", err, stdoutStr)
+	}
+	if envelope.OK {
+		t.Fatalf("envelope.ok = true, want false on partial failure")
+	}
+	if envelope.Data == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("envelope.data missing; stdout:\n%s", stdoutStr)
+	}
+	return envelope.Data
+}
+
 // TestAppsDBExecute_SingleErrorReturnsTypedError 单条语句失败（server 也返 code:0 + ERROR 哨兵）
-// 同样升级成 typed error：statement_index=0、completed 空、message 标注 (at statement 1 of 1)。
+// 同样走 partial failure：statement_index=0、note 说明无语句落地、message 标注 (at statement 1 of 1)。
 func TestAppsDBExecute_SingleErrorReturnsTypedError(t *testing.T) {
 	factory, stdout, reg := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)
 	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
@@ -573,21 +592,23 @@ func TestAppsDBExecute_SingleErrorReturnsTypedError(t *testing.T) {
 		[]string{"+db-execute", "--yes", "--app-id", "app_x", "--sql", "x", "--as", "user"},
 		factory, stdout)
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("single ERROR sentinel must return a typed error; stdout:\n%s", stdout.String())
+		t.Fatalf("single ERROR sentinel must return a partial-failure error; stdout:\n%s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("want *output.ExitError with detail, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("want *output.PartialFailureError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "(at statement 1 of 1)") {
-		t.Errorf("error.message missing locator: %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	payload := decodePartialFailureData(t, stdout.String())
+	msg, _ := payload["error_message"].(string)
+	if !strings.Contains(msg, "(at statement 1 of 1)") {
+		t.Errorf("error_message missing locator: %q", msg)
 	}
-	detail, _ := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]interface{})
-	if detail["statement_index"] != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("statement_index = %v, want 0", detail["statement_index"])
+	if got := payload["statement_index"]; got != float64(0) {
+		t.Errorf("statement_index = %v, want 0", got)
 	}
-	if completed, ok := detail["completed"].([]map[string]interface{}); !ok || len(completed) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("completed = %v, want empty", detail["completed"])
+	note, _ := payload["note"].(string)
+	if !strings.Contains(note, "no statements were applied") {
+		t.Errorf("note should say nothing was applied, got %q", note)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -795,3 +816,35 @@ func TestRenderSelectRowsAsTable_Branches(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// TestAppsDBExecute_PrettyPartialFailureKeepsStdoutHumanOnly pins the pretty
+// contract on a statement failure: stdout carries only the per-statement
+// human summary (no JSON envelope stacked after it), and the command still
+// exits non-zero via the partial-failure signal.
+func TestAppsDBExecute_PrettyPartialFailureKeepsStdoutHumanOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	factory, stdout, reg := newAppsExecuteFactory(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_x/sql_commands",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0,
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"result": `[{"sql_type":"ERROR","data":"{\"code\":\"k_dl_000002\",\"message\":\"syntax error\"}"}]`,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	err := runAppsShortcut(t, AppsDBExecute,
+		[]string{"+db-execute", "--yes", "--app-id", "app_x", "--sql", "x", "--format", "pretty", "--as", "user"},
+		factory, stdout)
+	var pfErr *output.PartialFailureError
+	if !errors.As(err, &pfErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("want *output.PartialFailureError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "✗") {
+		t.Fatalf("pretty summary missing failure marker; stdout:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, `"ok"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("pretty stdout must not stack a JSON envelope after the summary; stdout:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/apps/apps_db_table_get.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ var AppsDBTableGet = common.Shortcut{
 			return err
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("table")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--table is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--table", "--table is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/apps/apps_env_pull.go

@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ var AppsEnvPull = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return &errs.ValidationError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryValidation, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, Message: "--app-id is required"}, Param: "app-id"}
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		_, envFile, err := resolveEnvPullTarget(strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("project-path")))
 		if err != nil {
-			return &errs.ValidationError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryValidation, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, Message: fmt.Sprintf("--project-path: %v", err)}, Param: "project-path", Cause: err}
+			return appsValidationParamError("--project-path", "--project-path: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		if err := checkEnvPullTarget(envFile); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ var AppsEnvPull = common.Shortcut{
 		appID := strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id"))
 		_, envFile, err := resolveEnvPullTarget(strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("project-path")))
 		if err != nil {
-			return &errs.ValidationError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryValidation, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, Message: fmt.Sprintf("--project-path: %v", err)}, Param: "project-path", Cause: err}
+			return appsValidationParamError("--project-path", "--project-path: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		if err := checkEnvPullTarget(envFile); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func resolveEnvPullTarget(projectPath string) (string, string, error) {
 	if strings.TrimSpace(projectPath) == "" {
 		cwd, err := os.Getwd() //nolint:forbidigo // shortcuts cannot import internal/vfs; cwd lookup is local-only and bounded.
 		if err != nil {
-			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("cannot determine working directory: %w", err)
+			return "", "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "cannot determine working directory: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		projectPath = cwd
 	}
@@ -137,13 +137,13 @@ func checkEnvPullTarget(envFile string) error {
 		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
 			return nil
 		}
-		return &errs.ValidationError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryValidation, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, Message: fmt.Sprintf("cannot inspect %s: %v", envFile, err)}, Param: "project-path", Cause: err}
+		return appsValidationParamError("--project-path", "cannot inspect %s: %v", envFile, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if info.Mode()&os.ModeSymlink != 0 {
-		return &errs.ValidationError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryValidation, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, Message: fmt.Sprintf("target %s must be a regular file, not a symlink", envFile)}, Param: "project-path"}
+		return appsValidationParamError("--project-path", "target %s must be a regular file, not a symlink", envFile)
 	}
 	if !info.Mode().IsRegular() {
-		return &errs.ValidationError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryValidation, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, Message: fmt.Sprintf("target %s must be a regular file", envFile)}, Param: "project-path"}
+		return appsValidationParamError("--project-path", "target %s must be a regular file", envFile)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func extractEnvPullVars(data map[string]interface{}) (map[string]string, envPull
 		}
 	}
 	if raw == nil {
-		return nil, envPullDatabaseInfo{}, nil, &errs.ValidationError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryValidation, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, Message: "response field env_vars must be an object or array of key/value entries"}}
+		return nil, envPullDatabaseInfo{}, nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "response field env_vars must be an object or array of key/value entries")
 	}
 
 	var skippedKeys []string
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ func extractEnvPullVars(data map[string]interface{}) (map[string]string, envPull
 		}
 		return out, info, skippedKeys, nil
 	default:
-		return nil, envPullDatabaseInfo{}, nil, &errs.ValidationError{Problem: errs.Problem{Category: errs.CategoryValidation, Subtype: errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, Message: "response field env_vars must be an object or array of key/value entries"}}
+		return nil, envPullDatabaseInfo{}, nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "response field env_vars must be an object or array of key/value entries")
 	}
 }
 

shortcuts/apps/apps_env_pull_test.go

@@ -1079,3 +1079,28 @@ func TestEnsureEnvPullParentDir_MkdirError(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("MkdirAll over a file component must surface an error")
 	}
 }
+
+// TestExtractEnvPullVars_MissingEnvVarsIsInternalInvalidResponse pins that a
+// response without a usable env_vars field classifies as
+// internal/invalid_response — a broken upstream payload, not a flag problem
+// the agent should retry with different arguments.
+func TestExtractEnvPullVars_MissingEnvVarsIsInternalInvalidResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	for name, data := range map[string]map[string]interface{}{
+		"missing":    {},
+		"wrong type": {"env_vars": "not-an-object"},
+	} {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, _, _, err := extractEnvPullVars(data)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected error for %s env_vars", name)
+			}
+			p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("expected typed problem, got %T: %v", err, err)
+			}
+			if p.Category != errs.CategoryInternal || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+				t.Fatalf("classification = %s/%s, want internal/invalid_response", p.Category, p.Subtype)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

shortcuts/apps/apps_errors.go

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package apps
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
+)
+
+func appsValidationError(format string, args ...any) *errs.ValidationError {
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, format, args...)
+}
+
+func appsValidationParamError(param, format string, args ...any) *errs.ValidationError {
+	return appsValidationError(format, args...).WithParam(param)
+}
+
+func appsInvalidParam(name, reason string) errs.InvalidParam {
+	return errs.InvalidParam{Name: name, Reason: reason}
+}
+
+func appsFailedPreconditionParamError(param, format string, args ...any) *errs.ValidationError {
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, format, args...).WithParam(param)
+}
+
+func appsFailedPreconditionError(format string, args ...any) *errs.ValidationError {
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, format, args...)
+}
+
+// appsStorageError classifies a local credential/state storage failure
+// (read, write, delete, list) as internal/storage.
+func appsStorageError(err error, format string, args ...any) *errs.InternalError {
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, format, args...).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+// appsExternalToolError classifies a runtime failure of an external tool the
+// CLI shells out to (git, npx) as internal/external_tool. The tool output is
+// carried in the message; recovery guidance goes in the hint.
+func appsExternalToolError(err error, format string, args ...any) *errs.InternalError {
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeExternalTool, format, args...).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+// appsSubprocessEnvelopeError classifies a malformed or failed envelope from a
+// lark-cli subprocess (+git-credential-init / +env-pull) as internal/invalid_response.
+func appsSubprocessEnvelopeError(format string, args ...any) *errs.InternalError {
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, format, args...)
+}
+
+func appsInputPathError(err error) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation) {
+		return appsValidationParamError("--path", "unsafe --path: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+	}
+	return appsValidationParamError("--path", "cannot read --path: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+func appsInputPathEntryError(path string, err error) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation) {
+		return appsValidationParamError("--path", "unsafe --path entry %s: %s", path, err).WithCause(err)
+	}
+	return appsValidationParamError("--path", "cannot read --path entry %s: %s", path, err).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+func appsFileIOError(err error, format string, args ...any) *errs.InternalError {
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, format, args...).WithCause(err)
+}
+
+// enrichHTMLPublishAPIError adapts a typed failure from the HTML publish
+// endpoint: refines endpoint-scoped business codes, prefixes the message with
+// command context, and attaches endpoint-specific recovery hints. A
+// still-untyped error is lifted at the SDK boundary instead.
+func enrichHTMLPublishAPIError(err error) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		return client.WrapDoAPIError(err)
+	}
+	// The HTML publish business codes (90001/90002) are scoped to this
+	// endpoint, not service-global, so their subtype classification lives
+	// here instead of the global errclass code table. Only an
+	// otherwise-unclassified API error is refined; a stronger upstream
+	// classification is never overridden.
+	if p.Category == errs.CategoryAPI && p.Subtype == errs.SubtypeUnknown && p.Code == errCodeAppNotFound {
+		p.Subtype = errs.SubtypeNotFound
+	}
+	if p.Message != "" {
+		p.Message = "html-publish failed: " + p.Message
+	}
+	if hint := buildHTMLPublishFailureHint(p.Code); hint != "" {
+		p.Hint = hint
+	}
+	return err
+}

shortcuts/apps/apps_errors_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package apps
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
+)
+
+func TestAppsInputPathError_ClassifiesPathValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	cause := errors.New("path escapes working directory")
+	err := appsInputPathError(&fileio.PathValidationError{Err: cause})
+
+	problem := requireAppsValidationProblem(t, err)
+	if problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", problem.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(problem.Message, "unsafe --path") {
+		t.Fatalf("message = %q, want unsafe --path context", problem.Message)
+	}
+	var validationErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &validationErr) || validationErr.Param != "--path" {
+		t.Fatalf("param = %q, want --path", validationErr.Param)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, fileio.ErrPathValidation) || !errors.Is(err, cause) {
+		t.Fatalf("path validation cause chain not preserved: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppsInputPathEntryError_ClassifiesReadFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	cause := errors.New("permission denied")
+	err := appsInputPathEntryError("dist/index.html", cause)
+
+	problem := requireAppsValidationProblem(t, err)
+	if !strings.Contains(problem.Message, "cannot read --path entry dist/index.html") {
+		t.Fatalf("message = %q, want entry read context", problem.Message)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, cause) {
+		t.Fatalf("cause chain not preserved: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppsFileIOError_ClassifiesInternalFileIO(t *testing.T) {
+	cause := errors.New("archive writer failed")
+	err := appsFileIOError(cause, "pack failed: %v", cause)
+
+	problem := requireAppsProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryInternal)
+	if problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFileIO {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", problem.Subtype, errs.SubtypeFileIO)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, cause) {
+		t.Fatalf("cause chain not preserved: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnrichHTMLPublishAPIError_LiftsUntypedBoundaryError(t *testing.T) {
+	err := enrichHTMLPublishAPIError(errors.New("connection reset by peer"))
+
+	problem := requireAppsProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryNetwork)
+	if problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", problem.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnrichHTMLPublishAPIError_PreservesClassificationAndAddsHint(t *testing.T) {
+	err := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "build failed").
+		WithCode(errCodeBuildFailed).
+		WithLogID("logid-build-failed")
+
+	got := enrichHTMLPublishAPIError(err)
+	if got != err {
+		t.Fatalf("typed error should be enriched in place")
+	}
+	problem := requireAppsAPIProblem(t, got)
+	if problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeUnknown {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q unchanged", problem.Subtype, errs.SubtypeUnknown)
+	}
+	if problem.Code != errCodeBuildFailed {
+		t.Fatalf("code = %d, want %d", problem.Code, errCodeBuildFailed)
+	}
+	if problem.LogID != "logid-build-failed" {
+		t.Fatalf("log_id = %q, want preserved", problem.LogID)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(problem.Message, "html-publish failed") {
+		t.Fatalf("message = %q, want html-publish context", problem.Message)
+	}
+	if problem.Hint == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected known-code recovery hint")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnrichHTMLPublishAPIError_ClassifiesAppNotFoundLocally(t *testing.T) {
+	err := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "app not found").WithCode(errCodeAppNotFound)
+
+	problem := requireAppsAPIProblem(t, enrichHTMLPublishAPIError(err))
+	if problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotFound {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", problem.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNotFound)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEnrichHTMLPublishAPIError_KeepsStrongerClassification(t *testing.T) {
+	err := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeRateLimit, "throttled").WithCode(errCodeAppNotFound)
+
+	problem := requireAppsAPIProblem(t, enrichHTMLPublishAPIError(err))
+	if problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeRateLimit {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q unchanged", problem.Subtype, errs.SubtypeRateLimit)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/apps/apps_html_publish.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ var AppsHTMLPublish = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		path := strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("path"))
 		if path == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--path is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--path", "--path is required")
 		}
 		// Block well-known credential files in the publish payload unless the
 		// caller explicitly opts in. Lives in Validate (not DryRun) so that
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ func sensitiveCandidatesError(hits []string) error {
 		sample = strings.Join(hits[:maxSensitiveListInError], ", ") +
 			fmt.Sprintf(" (and %d more)", len(hits)-maxSensitiveListInError)
 	}
-	return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-		fmt.Sprintf("--path contains %d credential file(s) that should not be published: %s", len(hits), sample),
-		"remove these files from the publish payload, OR pass --allow-sensitive if shipping them is intentional (e.g. a docs site demoing credential-file formats)")
+	return appsValidationParamError("--path",
+		"--path contains %d credential file(s) that should not be published: %s", len(hits), sample).
+		WithHint("remove these files from the publish payload, OR pass --allow-sensitive if shipping them is intentional (e.g. a docs site demoing credential-file formats)")
 }
 
 // maxHTMLPublishTarballBytes 是 client 端 tar.gz 包体上限，对齐 OAPI 设计 20MB 约束。
@@ -178,15 +178,14 @@ func ensureIndexHTML(candidates []htmlPublishCandidate) error {
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
-	return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "validation",
-		"--path 中缺少 index.html",
-		"妙搭以 index.html 作为应用入口；目录形态把首页放在根目录命名 index.html，单文件形态把文件命名为 index.html")
+	return appsFailedPreconditionParamError("--path", "--path is missing index.html").
+		WithHint("Miaoda uses index.html as the app entrypoint; for a directory put index.html at the root, or pass a single file named index.html")
 }
 
-func runHTMLPublish(ctx context.Context, fio fileio.FileIO, client appsHTMLPublishClient, spec appsHTMLPublishSpec) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+func runHTMLPublish(ctx context.Context, fio fileio.FileIO, publisher appsHTMLPublishClient, spec appsHTMLPublishSpec) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	candidates, err := walkHTMLPublishCandidates(fio, spec.Path)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "io", "scan --path %s: %v", spec.Path, err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	if err := ensureIndexHTML(candidates); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -196,24 +195,24 @@ func runHTMLPublish(ctx context.Context, fio fileio.FileIO, client appsHTMLPubli
 		rawTotal += c.Size
 	}
 	if rawTotal > maxHTMLPublishRawBytes {
-		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("--path total raw bytes %d exceeds %d bytes limit (uncompressed pre-pack cap)", rawTotal, maxHTMLPublishRawBytes),
-			"在 tar+gzip 进入内存前拦截，避免 OOM；精简 --path 内容或选择更小的子目录")
+		return nil, appsValidationParamError("--path",
+			"--path total raw bytes %d exceeds %d bytes limit (uncompressed pre-pack cap)", rawTotal, maxHTMLPublishRawBytes).
+			WithHint("reduce --path contents or choose a smaller subdirectory before packaging")
 	}
 	tarball, err := buildHTMLPublishTarball(fio, candidates)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "io", "pack: %v", err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	if tarball.Size > maxHTMLPublishTarballBytes {
-		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("packed tar.gz size %d bytes exceeds %d bytes limit", tarball.Size, maxHTMLPublishTarballBytes),
-			"请精简 --path 目录（去掉无关大文件 / 压缩资源）后重试；本期接口上限 20MB")
+		return nil, appsValidationParamError("--path",
+			"packed tar.gz size %d bytes exceeds %d bytes limit", tarball.Size, maxHTMLPublishTarballBytes).
+			WithHint("reduce --path contents, remove unrelated large files, then retry")
 	}
 
-	resp, err := client.HTMLPublish(ctx, spec.AppID, tarball)
+	resp, err := publisher.HTMLPublish(ctx, spec.AppID, tarball)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, client.WrapDoAPIError(err)
 	}
 
 	out := map[string]interface{}{}

shortcuts/apps/apps_html_publish_test.go

@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
 type fakeAppsHTMLPublishClient struct {
@@ -105,17 +103,11 @@ func TestRunHTMLPublish_DirRequiresIndexHTML(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected error for missing index.html")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with detail, got %v", err)
+	problem := requireAppsValidationProblem(t, err)
+	if !strings.Contains(problem.Message, "index.html") {
+		t.Fatalf("message missing 'index.html': %v", problem.Message)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "validation" {
-		t.Fatalf("error.type = %q, want validation", exitErr.Detail.Type)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "index.html") {
-		t.Fatalf("message missing 'index.html': %v", exitErr.Detail.Message)
-	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Hint == "" {
+	if problem.Hint == "" {
 		t.Fatalf("expected non-empty hint")
 	}
 	if len(fake.calls) != 0 {
@@ -153,10 +145,7 @@ func TestRunHTMLPublish_SingleFileRejectedIfNotNamedIndex(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("single-file path 'foo.html' should be rejected (not named index.html)")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "validation" {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError type=validation, got %v", err)
-	}
+	requireAppsValidationProblem(t, err)
 	if len(fake.calls) != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("client must not be called when index.html missing")
 	}
@@ -199,17 +188,11 @@ func TestRunHTMLPublish_RejectsOversizeTarball(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected oversize error")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with detail, got %v", err)
+	problem := requireAppsValidationProblem(t, err)
+	if !strings.Contains(problem.Message, "exceeds") {
+		t.Fatalf("message missing 'exceeds': %v", problem.Message)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "validation" {
-		t.Fatalf("error.type = %q, want validation", exitErr.Detail.Type)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "exceeds") {
-		t.Fatalf("message missing 'exceeds': %v", exitErr.Detail.Message)
-	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Hint == "" {
+	if problem.Hint == "" {
 		t.Fatalf("expected non-empty hint")
 	}
 	if len(fake.calls) != 0 {
@@ -337,18 +320,12 @@ func TestAppsHTMLPublish_SensitiveBlocksValidate(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("dry-run with sensitive file should fail")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with detail, got %v", err)
+	problem := requireAppsValidationProblem(t, err)
+	if !strings.Contains(problem.Message, ".env") {
+		t.Fatalf("error message should list the offending file, got %q", problem.Message)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "validation" {
-		t.Fatalf("error.type = %q, want validation", exitErr.Detail.Type)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, ".env") {
-		t.Fatalf("error message should list the offending file, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "--allow-sensitive") {
-		t.Fatalf("error hint should mention --allow-sensitive escape hatch, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
+	if !strings.Contains(problem.Hint, "--allow-sensitive") {
+		t.Fatalf("error hint should mention --allow-sensitive escape hatch, got %q", problem.Hint)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -438,15 +415,9 @@ func TestAppsHTMLPublish_SensitiveBlocksWhenPathIsCredentialParentDir(t *testing
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatalf("expected rejection when --path is %s/ (would leak %s), got success", tc.parent, tc.fileName)
 			}
-			var exitErr *output.ExitError
-			if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-				t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with detail, got %v", err)
-			}
-			if exitErr.Detail.Type != "validation" {
-				t.Fatalf("error.type = %q, want validation", exitErr.Detail.Type)
-			}
-			if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, tc.wantSubstr) {
-				t.Fatalf("error message should name the leaked file, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+			problem := requireAppsValidationProblem(t, err)
+			if !strings.Contains(problem.Message, tc.wantSubstr) {
+				t.Fatalf("error message should name the leaked file, got %q", problem.Message)
 			}
 		})
 	}
@@ -480,15 +451,9 @@ func TestAppsHTMLPublish_SensitiveBlocksWhenPathIsCredentialFileItself(t *testin
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected rejection when --path points directly at .aws/credentials, got success")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with detail, got %v", err)
-	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "validation" {
-		t.Fatalf("error.type = %q, want validation", exitErr.Detail.Type)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "credentials") {
-		t.Fatalf("error message should name the leaked file, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	problem := requireAppsValidationProblem(t, err)
+	if !strings.Contains(problem.Message, "credentials") {
+		t.Fatalf("error message should name the leaked file, got %q", problem.Message)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -498,11 +463,7 @@ func TestAppsHTMLPublish_SensitiveBlocksWhenPathIsCredentialFileItself(t *testin
 func TestSensitiveCandidatesError_Truncation(t *testing.T) {
 	hits := []string{"a.env", "b.env", "c.env", "d.env", "e.env", "f.env", "g.env"}
 	err := sensitiveCandidatesError(hits)
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with detail, got %v", err)
-	}
-	msg := exitErr.Detail.Message
+	msg := requireAppsValidationProblem(t, err).Message
 	if !strings.Contains(msg, "7 credential file(s)") {
 		t.Fatalf("message should report the full count, got %q", msg)
 	}
@@ -534,15 +495,9 @@ func TestRunHTMLPublish_RejectsOversizeRawCandidates(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected raw-size cap to fire")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with detail, got %v", err)
-	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "validation" {
-		t.Fatalf("error.type = %q, want validation", exitErr.Detail.Type)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "raw") || !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "bytes") {
-		t.Fatalf("expected message to explain raw-byte cap, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	problem := requireAppsValidationProblem(t, err)
+	if !strings.Contains(problem.Message, "raw") || !strings.Contains(problem.Message, "bytes") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected message to explain raw-byte cap, got %q", problem.Message)
 	}
 	if len(fake.calls) != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("client must not be called when raw cap hit")

shortcuts/apps/apps_init.go

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"unicode"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/charcheck"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -72,14 +72,14 @@ var AppsInit = common.Shortcut{
 		// exit-1 (root.go handleRootError case 4), bypassing the structured
 		// envelope. The spec and the E2E assert exit-2 + a structured
 		// {"ok":false,"error":{...}} envelope for missing --app-id, so the empty
-		// check lives in Validate (output.ErrValidation -> ExitValidation=2).
+		// check lives in Validate (typed validation error -> exit 2).
 		{Name: "app-id", Desc: "Miaoda app ID"},
 		{Name: "dir", Desc: "clone target directory; absolute or relative path (default ./<app-id>)"},
 		{Name: "template", Desc: "code-init template for an empty repo; optional — if omitted, derived from the app's tech stack"},
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -152,14 +152,14 @@ func resolveTargetPath(rctx *common.RuntimeContext, appID string) (string, error
 	// path is a log-injection vector); charcheck additionally rejects dangerous
 	// Unicode (bidi overrides, zero-width) that IsControl does not.
 	if strings.IndexFunc(raw, unicode.IsControl) >= 0 {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("--dir must not contain control characters")
+		return "", appsValidationParamError("--dir", "--dir must not contain control characters")
 	}
 	if err := charcheck.RejectControlChars(raw, "--dir"); err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("%v", err)
+		return "", appsValidationParamError("--dir", "%v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	abs, err := filepath.Abs(raw) //nolint:forbidigo // shortcuts cannot import internal/vfs (depguard rule shortcuts-no-vfs); raw is control-char-validated above, and FileIO.ResolvePath cannot resolve a clone target (it rejects absolute paths).
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("--dir cannot be resolved: %v", err)
+		return "", appsValidationParamError("--dir", "--dir cannot be resolved: %v", err)
 	}
 	return abs, nil
 }
@@ -173,20 +173,20 @@ func ensureEmptyDir(dir string) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--dir cannot be read: %v", err)
+		return appsValidationParamError("--dir", "--dir cannot be read: %v", err)
 	}
 	if info.Mode()&os.ModeSymlink != 0 {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--dir must not be a symlink: %q", dir)
+		return appsValidationParamError("--dir", "--dir must not be a symlink: %q", dir)
 	}
 	if !info.IsDir() {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--dir exists and is not a directory: %q", dir)
+		return appsValidationParamError("--dir", "--dir exists and is not a directory: %q", dir)
 	}
 	entries, err := os.ReadDir(dir) //nolint:forbidigo // shortcuts cannot import internal/vfs (depguard rule shortcuts-no-vfs); dir is the validated clone target, and FileIO has no ReadDir.
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--dir cannot be read: %v", err)
+		return appsValidationParamError("--dir", "--dir cannot be read: %v", err)
 	}
 	if len(entries) > 0 {
-		return output.ErrValidation("target directory %q already exists and is not empty", dir)
+		return appsValidationParamError("--dir", "target directory %q already exists and is not empty", dir)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -209,11 +209,11 @@ func ensureMetaAppID(dir, appID string) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "meta_write", "read %s failed: %v", metaRelPath, err)
+		return appsFileIOError(err, "read %s failed: %v", metaRelPath, err)
 	}
 	var m map[string]interface{}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &m); err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "meta_write", "parse %s failed: %v", metaRelPath, err)
+		return appsFileIOError(err, "parse %s failed: %v", metaRelPath, err)
 	}
 	if cur, _ := m["app_id"].(string); strings.TrimSpace(cur) != "" {
 		return nil
@@ -224,10 +224,10 @@ func ensureMetaAppID(dir, appID string) error {
 	m["app_id"] = appID
 	out, err := json.MarshalIndent(m, "", "  ")
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "meta_write", "marshal %s failed: %v", metaRelPath, err)
+		return appsFileIOError(err, "marshal %s failed: %v", metaRelPath, err)
 	}
 	if err := os.WriteFile(path, append(out, '\n'), 0o644); err != nil { //nolint:forbidigo // shortcuts cannot import internal/vfs (depguard rule shortcuts-no-vfs); path is under the validated clone dir, and FileIO.Save rejects absolute paths.
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "meta_write", "write %s failed: %v", metaRelPath, err)
+		return appsFileIOError(err, "write %s failed: %v", metaRelPath, err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ func hasSteeringSkills(dir string) bool {
 func isEmptyRepo(ctx context.Context, dir string) (bool, error) {
 	stdout, stderr, err := initRunner.Run(ctx, dir, "git", "ls-files")
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "git_ls_files", "git ls-files failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err))
+		return false, appsExternalToolError(err, "git ls-files failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err))
 	}
 	for _, line := range strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(stdout), "\n") {
 		f := strings.TrimSpace(line)
@@ -274,19 +274,19 @@ func runScaffold(ctx context.Context, dir, appID, template string) (string, erro
 		// seed README.md — as empty. If other seed files (e.g. .gitignore) can
 		// appear, extend isEmptyRepo's allow-list accordingly.
 		if _, stderr, err := initRunner.Run(ctx, dir, "npx", "-y", "--prefer-online", miaodaCLIPkg, "app", "init", "--template", template, "--app-id", appID); err != nil {
-			return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "npx_app_init", "npx app init failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err))
+			return "", appsExternalToolError(err, "npx app init failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err))
 		}
 		return scaffoldKindInit, nil
 	}
 	if _, stderr, err := initRunner.Run(ctx, dir, "npx", "-y", "--prefer-online", miaodaCLIPkg, "app", "sync"); err != nil {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "npx_app_sync", "npx app sync failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err))
+		return "", appsExternalToolError(err, "npx app sync failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err))
 	}
 	if err := ensureMetaAppID(dir, appID); err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 	if !hasSteeringSkills(dir) {
 		if _, stderr, err := initRunner.Run(ctx, dir, "npx", "-y", "--prefer-online", miaodaCLIPkg, "skills", "sync", "--local"); err != nil {
-			return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "npx_skills_sync", "npx skills sync failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err))
+			return "", appsExternalToolError(err, "npx skills sync failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err))
 		}
 	}
 	return scaffoldKindUpgrade, nil
@@ -303,13 +303,13 @@ func parseRepoURLFromEnvelope(stdout string) (string, error) {
 		} `json:"data"`
 	}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &env); err != nil {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "credential_init", "could not parse +git-credential-init output as JSON: %v", err)
+		return "", appsSubprocessEnvelopeError("could not parse +git-credential-init output as JSON: %v", err)
 	}
 	if !env.OK {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "credential_init", "+git-credential-init reported failure")
+		return "", appsSubprocessEnvelopeError("+git-credential-init reported failure")
 	}
 	if strings.TrimSpace(env.Data.RepositoryURL) == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "credential_init", "+git-credential-init returned no repository_url")
+		return "", appsSubprocessEnvelopeError("+git-credential-init returned no repository_url")
 	}
 	return env.Data.RepositoryURL, nil
 }
@@ -324,13 +324,13 @@ func parseEnvFileFromEnvelope(stdout string) (string, error) {
 		} `json:"data"`
 	}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &env); err != nil {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "env_pull", "could not parse +env-pull output as JSON: %v", err)
+		return "", appsSubprocessEnvelopeError("could not parse +env-pull output as JSON: %v", err)
 	}
 	if !env.OK {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "env_pull", "+env-pull reported failure")
+		return "", appsSubprocessEnvelopeError("+env-pull reported failure")
 	}
 	if strings.TrimSpace(env.Data.EnvFile) == "" {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "env_pull", "+env-pull returned no env_file")
+		return "", appsSubprocessEnvelopeError("+env-pull returned no env_file")
 	}
 	return env.Data.EnvFile, nil
 }
@@ -364,7 +364,9 @@ func validateRepoURLScheme(repoURL string) error {
 	if strings.HasPrefix(repoURL, "http://") || strings.HasPrefix(repoURL, "https://") {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
+	// The URL comes from the +git-credential-init subprocess response, not user
+	// input, so a non-http(s) scheme is a broken upstream contract.
+	return appsSubprocessEnvelopeError(
 		"repository_url from +git-credential-init must be http(s); refusing %q", redactURLCredentials(repoURL))
 }
 
@@ -415,12 +417,12 @@ func appsInitExecute(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	}
 
 	if _, err := exec.LookPath("git"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitInternal, "dependency",
-			"git executable not found on PATH", "install git and ensure it is on your PATH")
+		return appsFailedPreconditionError("git executable not found on PATH").
+			WithHint("install git and ensure it is on your PATH")
 	}
 	if _, err := exec.LookPath("npx"); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitInternal, "dependency",
-			"npx executable not found on PATH", "install Node.js (which provides npx) and ensure it is on your PATH")
+		return appsFailedPreconditionError("npx executable not found on PATH").
+			WithHint("install Node.js (which provides npx) and ensure it is on your PATH")
 	}
 
 	if err := ensureEmptyDir(dir); err != nil {
@@ -438,11 +440,11 @@ func appsInitExecute(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 
 	initLogf(rctx, "Cloning into %s...", dir)
 	if _, stderr, err := initRunner.Run(ctx, "", "git", "clone", "--", repoURL, dir); err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "git_clone", "git clone failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err))
+		return appsExternalToolError(err, "git clone failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err))
 	}
 	initLogf(rctx, "Checking out %s...", defaultInitBranch)
 	if _, stderr, err := initRunner.Run(ctx, dir, "git", "checkout", defaultInitBranch); err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "git_checkout", "git checkout %s failed: %s", defaultInitBranch, gitErr(stderr, err))
+		return appsExternalToolError(err, "git checkout %s failed: %s", defaultInitBranch, gitErr(stderr, err))
 	}
 
 	initLogf(rctx, "Initializing app code (running miaoda-cli)...")
@@ -536,7 +538,7 @@ func pullEnv(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext, appID, dir string
 func issueCredentials(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext, appID string) (string, error) {
 	self, err := os.Executable()
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "cannot locate lark-cli executable: %v", err)
+		return "", errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "cannot locate lark-cli executable: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	args := []string{"apps", "+git-credential-init", "--app-id", appID, "--format", "json"}
 	if as := strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("as")); as != "" {
@@ -544,9 +546,9 @@ func issueCredentials(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext, appID st
 	}
 	stdout, stderr, err := initRunner.Run(ctx, "", self, args...)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "credential_init",
-			fmt.Sprintf("apps +git-credential-init failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err)),
-			"ensure apps +git-credential-init is available and you are logged in")
+		return "", appsExternalToolError(err, "apps +git-credential-init failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, err)).
+			WithHint("ensure apps +git-credential-init is available and you are logged in").
+			WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return parseRepoURLFromEnvelope(stdout)
 }
@@ -560,7 +562,7 @@ func issueCredentials(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext, appID st
 func commitAndPushIfDirty(ctx context.Context, dir, scaffoldKind string) (committed, pushed bool, err error) {
 	status, stderr, runErr := initRunner.Run(ctx, dir, "git", "status", "--porcelain")
 	if runErr != nil {
-		return false, false, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "git_status", "git status failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, runErr))
+		return false, false, appsExternalToolError(runErr, "git status failed: %s", gitErr(stderr, runErr))
 	}
 	if strings.TrimSpace(status) == "" {
 		return false, false, nil
@@ -595,7 +597,7 @@ func commitAndPushIfDirty(ctx context.Context, dir, scaffoldKind string) (commit
 
 	if _, se, e := initRunner.Run(ctx, dir, "git", "push", "origin", defaultInitBranch); e != nil {
 		return true, false, withAppsHint(
-			output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "git_push", "git push failed: %s", gitErr(se, e)),
+			appsExternalToolError(e, "git push failed: %s", gitErr(se, e)),
 			"the push was rejected — the git output is in the message above; if it is a non-fast-forward (remote has new commits), sync the remote and retry; if it is an auth failure, make sure `lark-cli apps +git-credential-init` has succeeded")
 	}
 	return true, true, nil
@@ -609,10 +611,10 @@ func commitAndPushIfDirty(ctx context.Context, dir, scaffoldKind string) (commit
 func stageAndCommit(ctx context.Context, dir, message string, pathspecs ...string) error {
 	addArgs := append([]string{"add", "-A", "--"}, pathspecs...)
 	if _, se, e := initRunner.Run(ctx, dir, "git", addArgs...); e != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "git_add", "git add failed: %s", gitErr(se, e))
+		return appsExternalToolError(e, "git add failed: %s", gitErr(se, e))
 	}
 	if _, se, e := initRunner.Run(ctx, dir, "git", "commit", "--no-verify", "-m", message); e != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "git_commit", "git commit failed: %s", gitErr(se, e))
+		return appsExternalToolError(e, "git commit failed: %s", gitErr(se, e))
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/apps/apps_init_test.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -1466,3 +1467,28 @@ func TestAppsInit_Description_IsAboutCode(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Description should mention app code: %q", AppsInit.Description)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestRunScaffold_SubprocessFailureIsExternalTool pins the typed
+// classification of an external-tool failure: a failing git subprocess
+// surfaces as internal/external_tool with the cause preserved.
+func TestRunScaffold_SubprocessFailureIsExternalTool(t *testing.T) {
+	cause := errors.New("exit status 128")
+	f := &fakeCommandRunner{results: map[string]fakeCallResult{
+		"git ls-files": {stderr: "fatal: not a git repository", err: cause},
+	}}
+	withFakeRunner(t, f)
+	_, err := runScaffold(context.Background(), t.TempDir(), "app_x", "nestjs-react-fullstack")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error from failing git subprocess")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed problem, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryInternal || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeExternalTool {
+		t.Fatalf("classification = %s/%s, want internal/external_tool", p.Category, p.Subtype)
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, cause) {
+		t.Fatalf("cause chain not preserved: %v", err)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/apps/apps_release_create.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ var AppsReleaseCreate = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/apps/apps_release_get.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -32,10 +31,10 @@ var AppsReleaseGet = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("release-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--release-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--release-id", "--release-id is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},
@@ -58,6 +57,9 @@ var AppsReleaseGet = common.Shortcut{
 		out := data
 		if release, ok := data["release"].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
 			out = release
+			if el, ok := data["error_logs"]; ok {
+				out["error_logs"] = el
+			}
 		}
 		rctx.OutFormat(out, nil, func(w io.Writer) {
 			fmt.Fprintf(w, "release_id: %v\nstatus: %v\ncreated_at: %v\nupdated_at: %v\n",

shortcuts/apps/apps_release_get_test.go

@@ -134,13 +134,15 @@ func TestAppsReleaseGetPrettyFailedErrorLogs(t *testing.T) {
 		URL:    "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_x/releases/6",
 		Body: map[string]interface{}{
 			"code": 0, "msg": "",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{"release": map[string]interface{}{
-				"release_id": "6", "status": "failed",
-				"created_at": "1700000000000", "updated_at": "1700000000050",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"release": map[string]interface{}{
+					"release_id": "6", "status": "failed",
+					"created_at": "1700000000000", "updated_at": "1700000000050",
+				},
 				"error_logs": []interface{}{
 					map[string]interface{}{"step": "build", "error_log": "compile error"},
 				},
-			}},
+			},
 		},
 	})
 	if err := AppsReleaseGet.Execute(context.Background(), rctx); err != nil {
@@ -200,11 +202,13 @@ func TestAppsReleaseGetPrettyFailedEmptyLogs(t *testing.T) {
 	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
 		Method: "GET", URL: "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_x/releases/9",
 		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "msg": "",
-			"data": map[string]interface{}{"release": map[string]interface{}{
-				"release_id": "9", "status": "failed",
-				"created_at": "1700000000000", "updated_at": "1700000000050",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"release": map[string]interface{}{
+					"release_id": "9", "status": "failed",
+					"created_at": "1700000000000", "updated_at": "1700000000050",
+				},
 				"error_logs": []interface{}{},
-			}}},
+			}},
 	})
 	if err := AppsReleaseGet.Execute(context.Background(), rctx); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Execute() = %v", err)
@@ -214,6 +218,69 @@ func TestAppsReleaseGetPrettyFailedEmptyLogs(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAppsReleaseGetJSONErrorLogsPassthrough(t *testing.T) {
+	rctx, stdoutBuf, reg := newStatusRuntimeContext(t, "app_x", "6")
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "GET", URL: "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_x/releases/6",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "msg": "",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"release": map[string]interface{}{
+					"release_id": "6", "status": "failed",
+					"created_at": "1700000000000", "updated_at": "1700000000050",
+				},
+				"error_logs": []interface{}{
+					map[string]interface{}{"step": "build", "error_log": "compile error"},
+				},
+			}},
+	})
+	if err := AppsReleaseGet.Execute(context.Background(), rctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() = %v", err)
+	}
+	var env struct {
+		OK   bool                   `json:"ok"`
+		Data map[string]interface{} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdoutBuf.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v\nraw: %s", err, stdoutBuf.String())
+	}
+	logs, ok := env.Data["error_logs"].([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(logs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("JSON must passthrough data.error_logs, got: %v", env.Data["error_logs"])
+	}
+	first, _ := logs[0].(map[string]interface{})
+	if first["step"] != "build" || first["error_log"] != "compile error" {
+		t.Errorf("error_logs content mismatch: %v", logs[0])
+	}
+	// flattened release fields must still be present alongside error_logs
+	if env.Data["release_id"] != "6" || env.Data["status"] != "failed" {
+		t.Errorf("flattened release fields missing: %v", env.Data)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppsReleaseGetJSONNoErrorLogsKeyWhenAbsent(t *testing.T) {
+	rctx, stdoutBuf, reg := newStatusRuntimeContext(t, "app_x", "5")
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "GET", URL: "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_x/releases/5",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "msg": "",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{"release": map[string]interface{}{
+				"release_id": "5", "status": "finished",
+				"created_at": "1700000000000", "updated_at": "1700000000001",
+			}}},
+	})
+	if err := AppsReleaseGet.Execute(context.Background(), rctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Execute() = %v", err)
+	}
+	var env struct {
+		Data map[string]interface{} `json:"data"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdoutBuf.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v\nraw: %s", err, stdoutBuf.String())
+	}
+	if _, present := env.Data["error_logs"]; present {
+		t.Errorf("error_logs key must be absent when API omits it, got: %v", env.Data)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAppsReleaseGetPrettyCommitID(t *testing.T) {
 	rctx, stdoutBuf, reg := newStatusRuntimeContext(t, "app_x", "10")
 	rctx.Format = "pretty"

shortcuts/apps/apps_release_list.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ var AppsReleaseList = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/apps/apps_session_create.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ var AppsSessionCreate = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/apps/apps_session_get.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -33,10 +32,10 @@ var AppsSessionGet = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("session-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--session-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--session-id", "--session-id is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/apps/apps_session_list.go

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ var AppsSessionList = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/apps/apps_session_stop.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -35,13 +34,13 @@ var AppsSessionStop = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("session-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--session-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--session-id", "--session-id is required")
 		}
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("turn-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--turn-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--turn-id", "--turn-id is required")
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/apps/apps_update.go

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -34,11 +33,15 @@ var AppsUpdate = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
 		body := buildAppsUpdateBody(rctx)
 		if len(body) == 0 {
-			return output.ErrValidation("provide at least one of --name or --description")
+			return appsValidationError("provide at least one of --name or --description").
+				WithParams(
+					appsInvalidParam("--name", "provide at least one of --name or --description"),
+					appsInvalidParam("--description", "provide at least one of --name or --description"),
+				)
 		}
 		return nil
 	},

shortcuts/apps/common.go

@@ -4,11 +4,9 @@
 package apps
 
 import (
-	"errors"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
 // appsService 是 CLI 命令的 service 前缀（lark-cli apps ...）。
@@ -23,11 +21,11 @@ const apiBasePath = "/open-apis/spark/v1"
 // lark-apps SKILL.md ("app_id 获取"); the hint stays lean and does not repeat it.
 const appIDListHint = "verify --app-id is correct and you have access to the app; list your apps with `lark-cli apps +list`"
 
-// withAppsHint attaches an actionable next-step hint to a failure returned by
-// CallAPI, preserving its original classification (typed subtype/code/log_id or
-// legacy detail). A hint already present on the error is kept (the upstream
-// wording wins); only an empty hint is filled in. Mirrors
-// drive.appendDriveExportRecoveryHint. err==nil passes through.
+// withAppsHint attaches an actionable next-step hint to a typed failure,
+// preserving its original classification (subtype/code/log_id). A hint already
+// present on the error is kept (the upstream wording wins); only an empty hint
+// is filled in. Mirrors drive.appendDriveExportRecoveryHint. err==nil and
+// untyped errors pass through unchanged.
 func withAppsHint(err error, hint string) error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
@@ -39,14 +37,5 @@ func withAppsHint(err error, hint string) error {
 		}
 		return err
 	}
-	// Legacy *output.ExitError fallback: fill the hint in place, preserving the
-	// original class / exit code rather than downgrading the error.
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) && exitErr.Detail != nil {
-		if strings.TrimSpace(exitErr.Detail.Hint) == "" {
-			exitErr.Detail.Hint = hint
-		}
-		return err
-	}
 	return err
 }

shortcuts/apps/common_test.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 )
 
 func TestWithAppsHint(t *testing.T) {
@@ -17,46 +17,40 @@ func TestWithAppsHint(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("empty hint gets filled, code/type preserved", func(t *testing.T) {
-		in := &output.ExitError{Code: 1, Detail: &output.ErrDetail{Type: "api_error", Message: "boom"}}
+	t.Run("empty hint gets filled, classification preserved", func(t *testing.T) {
+		in := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeNotFound, "boom").WithCode(404)
 		out := withAppsHint(in, "run +release-list")
-		var exitErr *output.ExitError
-		if !errors.As(out, &exitErr) {
-			t.Fatalf("returned error is not *output.ExitError: %T", out)
+		p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(out)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("returned error is not typed: %T", out)
 		}
-		if exitErr.Detail.Hint != "run +release-list" {
-			t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint, "run +release-list")
+		if p.Hint != "run +release-list" {
+			t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want %q", p.Hint, "run +release-list")
 		}
-		if exitErr.Code != 1 || exitErr.Detail.Type != "api_error" || exitErr.Detail.Message != "boom" {
-			t.Errorf("code/type/message mutated: code=%d type=%q msg=%q", exitErr.Code, exitErr.Detail.Type, exitErr.Detail.Message)
+		if p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotFound || p.Code != 404 || p.Message != "boom" {
+			t.Errorf("subtype/code/message mutated: subtype=%q code=%d msg=%q", p.Subtype, p.Code, p.Message)
 		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("existing hint is preserved, not clobbered", func(t *testing.T) {
-		in := output.ErrWithHint(1, "api_error", "boom", "original hint")
+		in := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "boom").WithHint("original hint")
 		out := withAppsHint(in, "new hint")
-		var exitErr *output.ExitError
-		if !errors.As(out, &exitErr) {
-			t.Fatalf("returned error is not *output.ExitError: %T", out)
-		}
-		if exitErr.Detail.Hint != "original hint" {
-			t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want preserved %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint, "original hint")
+		p, _ := errs.ProblemOf(out)
+		if p.Hint != "original hint" {
+			t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want preserved %q", p.Hint, "original hint")
 		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("blank-whitespace hint is treated as empty and filled", func(t *testing.T) {
-		in := output.ErrWithHint(1, "api_error", "boom", "   ")
+		in := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "boom").WithHint("   ")
 		out := withAppsHint(in, "filled hint")
-		var exitErr *output.ExitError
-		if !errors.As(out, &exitErr) {
-			t.Fatalf("returned error is not *output.ExitError: %T", out)
-		}
-		if exitErr.Detail.Hint != "filled hint" {
-			t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint, "filled hint")
+		p, _ := errs.ProblemOf(out)
+		if p.Hint != "filled hint" {
+			t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want %q", p.Hint, "filled hint")
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("unrecognized error type returned unchanged, no panic", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("untyped error returned unchanged, no panic", func(t *testing.T) {
 		in := errors.New("plain")
 		out := withAppsHint(in, "ignored")
 		if out == nil || out.Error() != "plain" {

shortcuts/apps/db_common.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 )
 
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ func appDbEnvCreatePath(appID string) string {
 func requireAppID(raw string) (string, error) {
 	id := strings.TrimSpace(raw)
 	if id == "" {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+		return "", appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 	}
 	return id, nil
 }

shortcuts/apps/git_credential.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ package apps
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@@ -22,10 +21,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/keychain"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/apps/gitcred"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -53,9 +53,12 @@ var AppsGitCredentialInit = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
-		return validate.ResourceName(strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")), "--app-id")
+		if err := validate.ResourceName(strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")), "--app-id"); err != nil {
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "%v", err).WithCause(err)
+		}
+		return nil
 	},
 	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
 		appID := strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id"))
@@ -129,9 +132,12 @@ var AppsGitCredentialRemove = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	Validate: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")) == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "--app-id is required")
 		}
-		return validate.ResourceName(strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")), "--app-id")
+		if err := validate.ResourceName(strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id")), "--app-id"); err != nil {
+			return appsValidationParamError("--app-id", "%v", err).WithCause(err)
+		}
+		return nil
 	},
 	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, rctx *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
 		appID := strings.TrimSpace(rctx.Str("app-id"))
@@ -268,7 +274,7 @@ func (i runtimeIssuer) Issue(ctx context.Context, appID string, profile gitcred.
 		HttpMethod: http.MethodGet,
 		ApiPath:    issuePath(appID),
 	})
-	data, err := parseIssueCredentialData(resp, err)
+	data, err := parseIssueCredentialData(resp, err, i.rctx.APIClassifyContext())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -285,7 +291,8 @@ func (i factoryIssuer) Issue(ctx context.Context, appID string, profile gitcred.
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if cfg.UserOpenId == "" {
-		return nil, output.ErrAuth("not logged in: run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"spark:app:read\"`")
+		return nil, errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing, "not logged in").
+			WithHint("run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"spark:app:read\"`")
 	}
 	ac, err := i.f.NewAPIClientWithConfig(cfg)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -296,7 +303,11 @@ func (i factoryIssuer) Issue(ctx context.Context, appID string, profile gitcred.
 		ApiPath:    issuePath(appID),
 	}
 	resp, err := ac.DoSDKRequest(ctx, req, core.AsUser)
-	data, err := parseIssueCredentialData(resp, err)
+	data, err := parseIssueCredentialData(resp, err, errclass.ClassifyContext{
+		Brand:    string(cfg.Brand),
+		AppID:    cfg.AppID,
+		Identity: string(core.AsUser),
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -414,13 +425,11 @@ func gitCredentialLocalError(action string, err error) error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
+	// Typed errors pass through unchanged; everything the apps domain and the
+	// shared runtime produce is typed, so there is no legacy envelope to forward.
 	if _, ok := errs.UnwrapTypedError(err); ok {
 		return err
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		return err
-	}
 	return &errs.ConfigError{Problem: errs.Problem{
 		Category: errs.CategoryConfig,
 		Subtype:  errs.SubtypeInvalidConfig,
@@ -448,64 +457,43 @@ func issuedFromData(appID string, data map[string]interface{}) (*gitcred.IssuedC
 		issued.AppID = appID
 	}
 	if issued.GitHTTPURL == "" {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response missing gitURL")
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response missing gitURL")
 	}
 	if issued.PAT == "" {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response missing token")
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response missing token")
 	}
 	return issued, nil
 }
 
-func parseIssueCredentialData(resp *larkcore.ApiResp, err error) (map[string]any, error) {
+// parseIssueCredentialData turns the git-credential issue response into the
+// credential data map. A standard Lark envelope (top-level "code") and any
+// HTTP error status route through the shared response classifier, so generic
+// codes (missing scope, app not authorized) and 5xx statuses keep their
+// canonical category/subtype/retryable classification. The endpoint's
+// non-standard success shapes — direct git info or a BaseResp wrapper — are
+// handled locally.
+func parseIssueCredentialData(resp *larkcore.ApiResp, err error, cc errclass.ClassifyContext) (map[string]any, error) {
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, client.WrapDoAPIError(err)
 	}
 	detail := logIDDetail(resp)
 	if resp == nil || len(resp.RawBody) == 0 {
-		return nil, &errs.InternalError{Problem: errs.Problem{
-			Category: errs.CategoryInternal,
-			Subtype:  errs.SubtypeUnknown,
-			Message:  "Issue Miaoda Git credential: empty response body",
-		}}
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse,
+			"Issue Miaoda Git credential: empty response body")
 	}
 	var result map[string]any
-	if jsonErr := json.Unmarshal(resp.RawBody, &result); jsonErr != nil {
-		return nil, &errs.InternalError{Problem: errs.Problem{
-			Category: errs.CategoryInternal,
-			Subtype:  errs.SubtypeUnknown,
-			Message:  fmt.Sprintf("Issue Miaoda Git credential: unmarshal response: %s", jsonErr),
-		}, Cause: jsonErr}
-	}
-	if resp.StatusCode >= http.StatusBadRequest {
-		msg := firstString(result, "msg", "message")
-		if msg == "" {
-			msg = fmt.Sprintf("HTTP %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	jsonErr := json.Unmarshal(resp.RawBody, &result)
+	_, hasCode := result["code"]
+	if jsonErr != nil || hasCode || resp.StatusCode >= http.StatusBadRequest {
+		data, cerr := common.ClassifyAPIResponseWith(resp, cc)
+		if cerr != nil {
+			return nil, withAppsHint(cerr, gitCredentialIssueHint)
 		}
-		return nil, &errs.APIError{Problem: errs.Problem{
-			Category:  errs.CategoryAPI,
-			Subtype:   errs.SubtypeUnknown,
-			Code:      resp.StatusCode,
-			Message:   msg,
-			LogID:     logIDString(resp),
-			Hint:      gitCredentialIssueHint,
-			Retryable: resp.StatusCode >= http.StatusInternalServerError,
-		}}
-	}
-	if _, hasCode := result["code"]; hasCode {
-		code := firstInt64(result, "code")
-		if code != 0 {
-			return nil, &errs.APIError{Problem: errs.Problem{
-				Category: errs.CategoryAPI,
-				Subtype:  errs.SubtypeUnknown,
-				Code:     int(code),
-				Message:  firstString(result, "msg", "message"),
-				LogID:    logIDString(resp),
-				Hint:     gitCredentialIssueHint,
-			}}
-		}
-		if data, ok := result["data"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		if data != nil {
 			result = data
 		}
+		// data == nil: a code==0 envelope whose fields sit beside "code" instead
+		// of under "data" — keep the locally-unmarshalled top-level object.
 	} else if err := checkGitInfoBaseResp(result, logIDString(resp)); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -534,13 +522,11 @@ func checkGitInfoBaseResp(result map[string]any, logID string) error {
 		if message == "" {
 			message = "Git credential API returned non-zero BaseResp status"
 		}
-		return &errs.APIError{Problem: errs.Problem{
-			Category: errs.CategoryAPI,
-			Subtype:  errs.SubtypeUnknown,
-			Code:     int(code),
-			Message:  "Issue Miaoda Git credential: " + message,
-			LogID:    logID,
-		}}
+		baseErr := errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "Issue Miaoda Git credential: %s", message).WithCode(int(code))
+		if logID != "" {
+			baseErr = baseErr.WithLogID(logID)
+		}
+		return baseErr
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -578,6 +564,9 @@ func firstInt64(data map[string]interface{}, keys ...string) int64 {
 			return int64(v)
 		case float64:
 			return int64(v)
+		case json.Number:
+			n, _ := v.Int64()
+			return n
 		case string:
 			n, _ := strconv.ParseInt(strings.TrimSpace(v), 10, 64)
 			return n

shortcuts/apps/git_credential_storage.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package apps
 
 import (
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ func (gitCredentialAppStorage) ListAppIDs() ([]string, error) {
 		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 			return []string{}, nil
 		}
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("apps storage: read root: %w", err)
+		return nil, appsStorageError(err, "apps storage: read root: %v", err)
 	}
 	appIDs := make([]string, 0, len(entries))
 	for _, e := range entries {

shortcuts/apps/git_credential_test.go

@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/apps/gitcred"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ func TestParseIssueCredentialDataAcceptsDirectBaseRespShape(t *testing.T) {
 			"expiredTime":1780050600,
 			"BaseResp":{"StatusCode":0,"StatusMessage":"ok"}
 		}`),
-	}, nil)
+	}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("parseIssueCredentialData returned error: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -717,9 +717,9 @@ func TestGitCredentialLocalErrorWrapsOnlyPlainErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("typed error was rewrapped: %#v", got)
 	}
 
-	exitErr := output.ErrValidation("bad app")
-	if got := gitCredentialLocalError("action", exitErr); got != exitErr {
-		t.Fatalf("legacy output error was rewrapped: %#v", got)
+	validationErr := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "bad app")
+	if got := gitCredentialLocalError("action", validationErr); got != error(validationErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("typed validation error was rewrapped: %#v", got)
 	}
 
 	if got := gitCredentialLocalError("action", nil); got != nil {
@@ -925,43 +925,43 @@ func TestGitCredentialHelpersAndParsers(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseIssueCredentialDataErrors(t *testing.T) {
-	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(nil, errors.New("transport failed")); err == nil {
+	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(nil, errors.New("transport failed"), errclass.ClassifyContext{}); err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("parseIssueCredentialData transport error returned nil")
 	}
-	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(nil, nil); err == nil {
+	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(nil, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{}); err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("parseIssueCredentialData nil response returned nil")
 	}
-	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte("{bad json")}, nil); err == nil {
+	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte("{bad json")}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{}); err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("parseIssueCredentialData bad json returned nil")
 	}
 	header := http.Header{"X-Tt-Logid": []string{"log_x"}}
-	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest, RawBody: []byte(`{"msg":"bad request"}`), Header: header}, nil); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "bad request") {
+	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest, RawBody: []byte(`{"msg":"bad request"}`), Header: header}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{}); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "bad request") {
 		t.Fatalf("HTTP error = %v", err)
 	}
-	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusInternalServerError, RawBody: []byte(`{}`), Header: header}, nil); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "HTTP 500") {
+	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusInternalServerError, RawBody: []byte(`{}`), Header: header}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{}); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "HTTP 500") {
 		t.Fatalf("HTTP fallback error = %v", err)
 	}
-	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`{"code":999,"msg":"failed"}`), Header: header}, nil); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "failed") {
+	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`{"code":999,"msg":"failed"}`), Header: header}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{}); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "failed") {
 		t.Fatalf("code error = %v", err)
 	}
-	data, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`{"code":0}`), Header: header}, nil)
+	data, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`{"code":0}`), Header: header}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("code zero without data returned error: %v", err)
 	}
 	if data["log_id"] != "log_x" {
 		t.Fatalf("log_id = %v", data["log_id"])
 	}
-	data, err = parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`null`), Header: header}, nil)
+	data, err = parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`null`), Header: header}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("null response with log id returned error: %v", err)
 	}
 	if data["log_id"] != "log_x" {
 		t.Fatalf("null response log_id = %v", data["log_id"])
 	}
-	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`{"BaseResp":{"StatusCode":7,"StatusMessage":"denied"}}`), Header: header}, nil); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "denied") {
+	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`{"BaseResp":{"StatusCode":7,"StatusMessage":"denied"}}`), Header: header}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{}); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "denied") {
 		t.Fatalf("BaseResp error = %v", err)
 	}
-	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`{"baseResp":{"statusCode":7}}`)}, nil); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "non-zero BaseResp") {
+	if _, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`{"baseResp":{"statusCode":7}}`)}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{}); err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "non-zero BaseResp") {
 		t.Fatalf("BaseResp fallback error = %v", err)
 	}
 }
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ func TestParseIssueCredentialDataErrors(t *testing.T) {
 // credential issuance failure is flagged retryable and carries the developer-access hint.
 func TestParseIssueCredentialData503IsRetryableWithHint(t *testing.T) {
 	header := http.Header{"X-Tt-Logid": []string{"log_x"}}
-	_, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusServiceUnavailable, RawBody: []byte(`{"msg":"upstream busy"}`), Header: header}, nil)
+	_, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusServiceUnavailable, RawBody: []byte(`{"msg":"upstream busy"}`), Header: header}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected 503 error, got nil")
 	}
@@ -990,7 +990,7 @@ func TestParseIssueCredentialData503IsRetryableWithHint(t *testing.T) {
 // non-zero business code (no HTTP status) carries the hint but is not retryable.
 func TestParseIssueCredentialDataBusinessCodeHasHintNotRetryable(t *testing.T) {
 	header := http.Header{"X-Tt-Logid": []string{"log_x"}}
-	_, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`{"code":999,"msg":"no developer access"}`), Header: header}, nil)
+	_, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(`{"code":999,"msg":"no developer access"}`), Header: header}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected business-code error, got nil")
 	}
@@ -1014,11 +1014,10 @@ func TestParseIssueCredentialDataBusinessCodeHasHintNotRetryable(t *testing.T) {
 // server msg and assert (a) Message equals that msg exactly, and (b) neither
 // Message nor Hint contains any token/secret-shaped string.
 //
-// Note: server msg passthrough is the framework's responsibility; apps adds
-// only a static hint. There is no msg redaction in this path (verbatim
-// passthrough is the existing behavior), so this test does not assert a
-// redaction that does not exist — it asserts that apps injects nothing
-// sensitive of its own.
+// Note: server msg passthrough is the shared classifier's responsibility;
+// apps adds only a static hint. There is no msg redaction in this path, so
+// this test does not assert a redaction that does not exist — it asserts
+// that apps injects nothing sensitive of its own.
 func TestParseIssueCredentialDataMessageAddsNoExtraSecret(t *testing.T) {
 	const serverMsg = "permission denied"
 	header := http.Header{"X-Tt-Logid": []string{"log_x"}}
@@ -1045,7 +1044,7 @@ func TestParseIssueCredentialDataMessageAddsNoExtraSecret(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			_, err := parseIssueCredentialData(tc.resp, nil)
+			_, err := parseIssueCredentialData(tc.resp, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatal("expected an error, got nil")
 			}
@@ -1053,9 +1052,12 @@ func TestParseIssueCredentialDataMessageAddsNoExtraSecret(t *testing.T) {
 			if !ok {
 				t.Fatalf("expected typed errs.Problem, got %T: %v", err, err)
 			}
-			// (a) The server msg is passed through verbatim.
-			if p.Message != serverMsg {
-				t.Fatalf("Message = %q, want server msg %q (verbatim passthrough)", p.Message, serverMsg)
+			// (a) The server msg survives into the message. The business-code
+			// path passes it through verbatim; the HTTP-status path reports
+			// "HTTP <status>: <body>" via the shared classifier, so assert
+			// containment rather than equality.
+			if !strings.Contains(p.Message, serverMsg) {
+				t.Fatalf("Message = %q, want it to contain server msg %q", p.Message, serverMsg)
 			}
 			// apps adds only the static hint — assert that exact static text,
 			// proving apps injects no per-request secret into the hint either.
@@ -1138,3 +1140,45 @@ exit 0
 	}
 	t.Setenv("PATH", dir+string(os.PathListSeparator)+os.Getenv("PATH"))
 }
+
+// TestParseIssueCredentialData_SharedClassifierCoverage pins the canonical
+// classifications the shared classifier provides on the credential-issue
+// path: a generic missing-scope code becomes a typed permission error with
+// the missing scopes extracted, and an HTTP 503 becomes a retryable
+// network/server_error — neither collapses to api/unknown.
+func TestParseIssueCredentialData_SharedClassifierCoverage(t *testing.T) {
+	header := http.Header{"X-Tt-Logid": []string{"log_x"}}
+
+	t.Run("missing scope classifies as authorization with scopes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		body := `{"code":99991676,"msg":"token scope insufficient","error":{"permission_violations":[{"subject":"spark:app:read"}]}}`
+		_, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{
+			StatusCode: http.StatusOK, RawBody: []byte(body), Header: header,
+		}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
+		var permErr *errs.PermissionError
+		if !errors.As(err, &permErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("want *errs.PermissionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+		}
+		if permErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeTokenScopeInsufficient {
+			t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", permErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeTokenScopeInsufficient)
+		}
+		if len(permErr.MissingScopes) != 1 || permErr.MissingScopes[0] != "spark:app:read" {
+			t.Fatalf("MissingScopes = %v, want [spark:app:read]", permErr.MissingScopes)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("http 503 classifies as retryable network server_error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := parseIssueCredentialData(&larkcore.ApiResp{
+			StatusCode: http.StatusServiceUnavailable, RawBody: []byte(`{"msg":"upstream busy"}`), Header: header,
+		}, nil, errclass.ClassifyContext{})
+		p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("want typed problem, got %T: %v", err, err)
+		}
+		if p.Category != errs.CategoryNetwork || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNetworkServer {
+			t.Fatalf("classification = %s/%s, want network/server_error", p.Category, p.Subtype)
+		}
+		if !p.Retryable {
+			t.Fatalf("retryable = false, want true for 5xx")
+		}
+	})
+}

shortcuts/apps/gitcred/gitconfig.go

@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ package gitcred
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 )
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func (g GlobalGitConfig) SetHelper(ctx context.Context, gitHTTPURL, appID string
 		return err
 	}
 	if hadHelper && previousHelper != helper && !g.isManagedHelper(previousHelper) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("git credential helper already configured for %s; refusing to overwrite non-lark helper", normalizedURL)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "git credential helper already configured for %s; refusing to overwrite non-lark helper", normalizedURL)
 	}
 	if err := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "git", "config", "--global", helperKey, helper).Run(); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func gitConfigGet(ctx context.Context, key string) (string, bool, error) {
 	if isGitConfigGetMissing(err) {
 		return "", false, nil
 	}
-	return "", false, fmt.Errorf("get %s: %w", key, err)
+	return "", false, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeExternalTool, "git config get %s failed: %v", key, err).WithCause(err)
 }
 
 func gitConfigUnset(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func gitConfigUnset(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
 		if isGitConfigUnsetMissing(err) {
 			return nil
 		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("unset %s: %w", key, err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeExternalTool, "git config unset %s failed: %v", key, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/apps/gitcred/helper.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 )
 
@@ -40,21 +40,21 @@ func NewManager(store *Store, secrets *SecretStore, gitConfig GitConfig, issuer
 func (m *Manager) Init(ctx context.Context, profile ProfileContext, appID string) (*InitResult, error) {
 	appID = strings.TrimSpace(appID)
 	if appID == "" {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--app-id is required").WithParam("--app-id")
 	}
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(appID, "--app-id"); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%v", err).WithParam("--app-id").WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if profile.UserOpenID == "" {
-		return nil, output.ErrAuth("not logged in: run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"spark:app:read\"`")
+		return nil, errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing, "not logged in").WithHint("run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"spark:app:read\"`")
 	}
 	unlockApp, err := lockApp(appID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acquire Git credential lock for %s: %w", appID, err)
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "acquire Git credential lock for %s: %v", appID, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	defer unlockApp()
 	if m.Issuer == nil {
-		return nil, output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "git credential issuer is not configured")
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "git credential issuer is not configured")
 	}
 	issued, err := m.Issuer.Issue(ctx, appID, profile)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -125,14 +125,14 @@ func (m *Manager) Init(ctx context.Context, profile ProfileContext, appID string
 func (m *Manager) Remove(ctx context.Context, profile ProfileContext, appID string) (*RemoveResult, error) {
 	appID = strings.TrimSpace(appID)
 	if appID == "" {
-		return nil, output.ErrValidation("--app-id is required")
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "--app-id is required").WithParam("--app-id")
 	}
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(appID, "--app-id"); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%v", err).WithParam("--app-id").WithCause(err)
 	}
 	unlockApp, err := lockApp(appID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("acquire Git credential lock for %s: %w", appID, err)
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "acquire Git credential lock for %s: %v", appID, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	defer unlockApp()
 	records, err := m.Store.FindByAppID(appID, ProfileContext{})
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Erase(r io.Reader) error {
 	}
 	unlockApp, err := lockApp(record.AppID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("acquire Git credential lock for %s: %w", record.AppID, err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "acquire Git credential lock for %s: %v", record.AppID, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	defer unlockApp()
 	record, err = m.Store.FindByURL(url)
@@ -360,7 +360,8 @@ func (m *Manager) readConfirmed(url string, current ProfileContext) (CredentialR
 		return CredentialRecord{}, "", false, err
 	}
 	if record.ProfileAppID != current.ProfileAppID || record.UserOpenID != current.UserOpenID {
-		return CredentialRecord{}, "", false, fmt.Errorf("current login does not match initialized credential; run `lark-cli apps +git-credential-init --app-id %s` with the current login or switch back to the original account", record.AppID)
+		return CredentialRecord{}, "", false, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "current login does not match initialized credential").
+			WithHint(fmt.Sprintf("run `lark-cli apps +git-credential-init --app-id %s` with the current login or switch back to the original account", record.AppID))
 	}
 	pat, err := m.Secrets.Get(record.PATRef)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -423,7 +424,7 @@ func ParseCredentialInput(r io.Reader) (CredentialInput, error) {
 func parseNormalizedForInput(raw string) (CredentialInput, error) {
 	parts := strings.SplitN(raw, "://", 2)
 	if len(parts) != 2 {
-		return CredentialInput{}, output.ErrValidation("invalid credential URL")
+		return CredentialInput{}, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid credential URL")
 	}
 	hostPath := parts[1]
 	idx := strings.Index(hostPath, "/")
@@ -457,19 +458,19 @@ func defaultUsername(username string) string {
 
 func validateIssuedCredential(appID, normalizedURL string, issued *IssuedCredential, now int64) error {
 	if issued == nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "Issue Miaoda Git credential: empty credential")
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "Issue Miaoda Git credential: empty credential")
 	}
 	if issued.AppID != "" && issued.AppID != appID {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response app_id %q does not match requested app_id %q", issued.AppID, appID)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response app_id %q does not match requested app_id %q", issued.AppID, appID)
 	}
 	if normalizedURL == "" {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response missing gitURL")
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response missing gitURL")
 	}
 	if strings.TrimSpace(issued.PAT) == "" {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response missing token")
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response missing token")
 	}
 	if issued.ExpiresAt <= now {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitAPI, "api_error", "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response expiredTime must be in the future")
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "Issue Miaoda Git credential: response expiredTime must be in the future")
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/apps/gitcred/lock.go

@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ package gitcred
 
 import (
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/lockfile"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs" //nolint:depguard // git credential locks live under CLI config dir and are not user file I/O.
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func lockURL(url string) func() {
 func lockApp(appID string) (func(), error) {
 	dir := filepath.Join(core.GetConfigDir(), "locks")
 	if err := vfs.MkdirAll(dir, 0700); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create Git credential lock dir: %w", err)
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "create Git credential lock dir: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	name := "apps_git_credential_" + safeLockNameChars.ReplaceAllString(appID, "_") + ".lock"
 	lock := lockfile.New(filepath.Join(dir, filepath.Base(name)))

shortcuts/apps/gitcred/url.go

@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 )
 
 func NormalizeGitHTTPURL(raw string) (string, error) {
 	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
 	if raw == "" {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("git_http_url is empty")
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "git_http_url is empty")
 	}
 	u, err := url.Parse(raw)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("invalid git_http_url %q: %s", raw, err)
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "invalid git_http_url %q: %s", raw, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	return normalizeParsedURL(u)
 }
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func NormalizeCredentialInput(input CredentialInput) (string, error) {
 	protocol := strings.TrimSpace(input.Protocol)
 	host := strings.TrimSpace(input.Host)
 	if protocol == "" || host == "" {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("git credential input must include protocol and host")
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "git credential input must include protocol and host")
 	}
 	u := &url.URL{
 		Scheme: protocol,
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ func NormalizeCredentialInput(input CredentialInput) (string, error) {
 func normalizeParsedURL(u *url.URL) (string, error) {
 	scheme := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(u.Scheme))
 	if scheme != "http" && scheme != "https" {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("git credential only supports http/https URLs")
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "git credential only supports http/https URLs")
 	}
 	host := normalizeHost(scheme, u.Host)
 	if host == "" {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("git_http_url host is empty")
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "git_http_url host is empty")
 	}
 	cleanPath := cleanURLPath(u.EscapedPath())
 	normalized := (&url.URL{Scheme: scheme, Host: host, Path: cleanPath}).String()

shortcuts/apps/html_publish_client.go

@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ package apps
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -39,28 +39,18 @@ func (api appsHTMLPublishAPI) HTMLPublish(ctx context.Context, appID string, tar
 		Body:       fd,
 	}, larkcore.WithFileUpload())
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, client.WrapDoAPIError(err)
 	}
-	return parseHTMLPublishResponse(apiResp.RawBody)
-}
-
-func parseHTMLPublishResponse(raw []byte) (*htmlPublishResponse, error) {
-	var envelope struct {
-		Code int    `json:"code"`
-		Msg  string `json:"msg"`
-		Data struct {
-			URL string `json:"url"`
-		} `json:"data"`
+	data, err := api.runtime.ClassifyAPIResponse(apiResp)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, enrichHTMLPublishAPIError(err)
 	}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &envelope); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode html-publish response: %w", err)
+	url, _ := data["url"].(string)
+	if url == "" {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse,
+			"html-publish response is missing the published app url")
 	}
-	if envelope.Code != 0 {
-		return nil, output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitAPI, "api_error",
-			fmt.Sprintf("html-publish failed (code=%d): %s", envelope.Code, envelope.Msg),
-			buildHTMLPublishFailureHint(envelope.Code))
-	}
-	return &htmlPublishResponse{URL: envelope.Data.URL}, nil
+	return &htmlPublishResponse{URL: url}, nil
 }
 
 // OAPI business error codes returned by the Miaoda
@@ -74,9 +64,9 @@ const (
 func buildHTMLPublishFailureHint(code int) string {
 	switch code {
 	case errCodeBuildFailed:
-		return "构建失败：用 `lark-cli apps +html-publish --app-id <your-app-id> --path <path> --dry-run` 检查打包文件清单"
+		return "server-side build failed: run `lark-cli apps +html-publish --app-id <your-app-id> --path <path> --dry-run` to inspect the packaged file list"
 	case errCodeAppNotFound:
-		return "应用不存在或无权访问；请用户确认 app_id（从妙搭应用链接 https://miaoda.feishu.cn/app/app_xxx 的 /app/ 后面提取，或直接给 app_xxx 字符串）"
+		return "the app does not exist or the caller has no access; ask the user to confirm the app_id (extract it from the Miaoda app URL https://miaoda.feishu.cn/app/app_xxx after /app/, or take the app_xxx string directly)"
 	default:
 		return ""
 	}

shortcuts/apps/html_publish_client_test.go

@@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ package apps
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"mime"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
 func newAppsClientRuntime(t *testing.T) (*common.RuntimeContext, *httpmock.Registry) {
 	t.Helper()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
 	cfg := &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID:      "test-app-" + strings.ToLower(t.Name()),
 		AppSecret:  "test-secret",
@@ -94,15 +94,57 @@ func TestAppsHTMLPublishAPI_BusinessErrorHasHint(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("expected error")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected ExitError with detail, got %v", err)
+	problem := requireAppsAPIProblem(t, err)
+	if problem.Code != errCodeBuildFailed {
+		t.Fatalf("code = %d, want %d", problem.Code, errCodeBuildFailed)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Hint == "" {
+	if problem.Hint == "" {
 		t.Fatalf("expected non-empty hint on code 90001")
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, "build failed") {
-		t.Fatalf("missing failure message: %v", exitErr.Detail.Message)
+	if !strings.Contains(problem.Message, "build failed") {
+		t.Fatalf("missing failure message: %v", problem.Message)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppsHTMLPublishAPI_AppNotFoundClassified(t *testing.T) {
+	rctx, reg := newAppsClientRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_missing/upload_and_release_html_code",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": errCodeAppNotFound,
+			"msg":  "app not found",
+		},
+	})
+
+	api := appsHTMLPublishAPI{runtime: rctx}
+	_, err := api.HTMLPublish(context.Background(), "app_missing", &htmlPublishTarball{Body: []byte("fake")})
+	problem := requireAppsAPIProblem(t, err)
+	if problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotFound {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", problem.Subtype, errs.SubtypeNotFound)
+	}
+	if problem.Hint == "" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected app-not-found recovery hint")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppsHTMLPublishAPI_MissingURLIsInvalidResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	rctx, reg := newAppsClientRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_x/upload_and_release_html_code",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0,
+			"msg":  "success",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{},
+		},
+	})
+
+	api := appsHTMLPublishAPI{runtime: rctx}
+	_, err := api.HTMLPublish(context.Background(), "app_x", &htmlPublishTarball{Body: []byte("fake")})
+	problem := requireAppsProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryInternal)
+	if problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", problem.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -138,8 +180,18 @@ func TestBuildHTMLPublishFailureHint_NotFoundHintNoLongerMentionsList(t *testing
 	}
 }
 
-func TestParseHTMLPublishResponse_InvalidJSON(t *testing.T) {
-	if _, err := parseHTMLPublishResponse([]byte("{not json")); err == nil {
-		t.Error("malformed html-publish response must surface a decode error")
+func TestAppsHTMLPublishAPI_MalformedResponseIsInvalidResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	rctx, reg := newAppsClientRuntime(t)
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method:  "POST",
+		URL:     "/open-apis/spark/v1/apps/app_x/upload_and_release_html_code",
+		RawBody: []byte("{not json"),
+	})
+
+	api := appsHTMLPublishAPI{runtime: rctx}
+	_, err := api.HTMLPublish(context.Background(), "app_x", &htmlPublishTarball{Body: []byte("fake")})
+	problem := requireAppsProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryInternal)
+	if problem.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", problem.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
 	}
 }

shortcuts/apps/html_publish_tarball.go

@@ -9,10 +9,9 @@ import (
 	"compress/gzip"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/hex"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"io"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
 )
 
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ type htmlPublishTarball struct {
 
 func buildHTMLPublishTarball(fio fileio.FileIO, candidates []htmlPublishCandidate) (*htmlPublishTarball, error) {
 	if len(candidates) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("no files to pack")
+		return nil, appsValidationParamError("--path", "no files to pack")
 	}
 
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
@@ -45,10 +44,10 @@ func buildHTMLPublishTarball(fio fileio.FileIO, candidates []htmlPublishCandidat
 
 	if err := tw.Close(); err != nil {
 		_ = gz.Close()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tar close: %w", err)
+		return nil, appsFileIOError(err, "tar close: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := gz.Close(); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("gzip close: %w", err)
+		return nil, appsFileIOError(err, "gzip close: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	return &htmlPublishTarball{
@@ -60,12 +59,12 @@ func buildHTMLPublishTarball(fio fileio.FileIO, candidates []htmlPublishCandidat
 
 func writeHTMLPublishTarEntry(fio fileio.FileIO, tw *tar.Writer, c htmlPublishCandidate) error {
 	if isUnsafeRelPath(c.RelPath) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid tar entry name %q", c.RelPath)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "invalid tar entry name %q", c.RelPath)
 	}
 
 	src, err := fio.Open(c.AbsPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", c.AbsPath, err)
+		return appsInputPathEntryError(c.AbsPath, err)
 	}
 	defer src.Close()
 
@@ -76,10 +75,10 @@ func writeHTMLPublishTarEntry(fio fileio.FileIO, tw *tar.Writer, c htmlPublishCa
 		Typeflag: tar.TypeReg,
 	}
 	if err := tw.WriteHeader(hdr); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("write header %s: %w", c.RelPath, err)
+		return appsFileIOError(err, "write header %s: %v", c.RelPath, err)
 	}
 	if _, err := io.Copy(tw, src); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("copy %s: %w", c.RelPath, err)
+		return appsFileIOError(err, "copy %s: %v", c.RelPath, err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }

shortcuts/apps/storage.go

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ package apps
 
 import (
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/vfs" //nolint:depguard // existing apps storage persists CLI config-dir state; it is not user file I/O.
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ const storageRoot = "spark"
 // can traverse out of the storage directory.
 func checkSeg(name, what string) error {
 	if err := validate.ResourceName(name, what); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("apps storage: %w", err)
+		return appsStorageError(err, "apps storage: %v", err)
 	}
 	if name == "." {
-		return fmt.Errorf("apps storage: %s must not be \".\"", what)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "apps storage: %s must not be \".\"", what)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func Read(appID, key string) ([]byte, error) {
 		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 			return nil, nil
 		}
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("apps storage: read: %w", err)
+		return nil, appsStorageError(err, "apps storage: read: %v", err)
 	}
 	return data, nil
 }
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ func Write(appID, key string, data []byte) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if err := vfs.MkdirAll(appDir(appID), 0700); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("apps storage: create dir: %w", err)
+		return appsStorageError(err, "apps storage: create dir: %v", err)
 	}
 	if err := validate.AtomicWrite(appKeyPath(appID, key), data, 0600); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("apps storage: write: %w", err)
+		return appsStorageError(err, "apps storage: write: %v", err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func Delete(appID, key string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if err := vfs.Remove(appKeyPath(appID, key)); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("apps storage: delete: %w", err)
+		return appsStorageError(err, "apps storage: delete: %v", err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ func List(appID string) ([]string, error) {
 		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 			return []string{}, nil
 		}
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("apps storage: read dir: %w", err)
+		return nil, appsStorageError(err, "apps storage: read dir: %v", err)
 	}
 	keys := make([]string, 0, len(entries))
 	for _, e := range entries {

shortcuts/apps/walk_html_publish_candidates.go

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 package apps
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"io/fs"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/fileio"
 )
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func isUnsafeRelPath(rel string) bool {
 func walkHTMLPublishCandidates(fio fileio.FileIO, rootPath string) ([]htmlPublishCandidate, error) {
 	stat, err := fio.Stat(rootPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("stat %s: %w", rootPath, err)
+		return nil, appsInputPathError(err)
 	}
 	if !stat.IsDir() {
 		return []htmlPublishCandidate{{
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func walkHTMLPublishCandidates(fio fileio.FileIO, rootPath string) ([]htmlPublis
 	//nolint:forbidigo // fileio has no WalkDir; rootPath is already validated above via fio.Stat -> SafeInputPath.
 	err = filepath.WalkDir(rootPath, func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, walkErr error) error {
 		if walkErr != nil {
-			return walkErr
+			return appsInputPathEntryError(path, walkErr)
 		}
 		// Skip a stray git repo: a directory named .git skips the whole subtree,
 		// and a .git file (the gitdir pointer used by submodules/worktrees) is
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func walkHTMLPublishCandidates(fio fileio.FileIO, rootPath string) ([]htmlPublis
 		}
 		info, err := d.Info()
 		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			return appsInputPathEntryError(path, err)
 		}
 		// 只接受 regular file —— symlink / device / pipe / socket 都跳过。
 		// symlink 不跟随是设计决策（避免 loop + out-of-root 引用），且 fio.Open 也会拒非 regular。
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func walkHTMLPublishCandidates(fio fileio.FileIO, rootPath string) ([]htmlPublis
 		}
 		rel, err := filepath.Rel(rootPath, path)
 		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			return appsFileIOError(err, "resolve relative path for %s: %v", path, err)
 		}
 		relSlash := filepath.ToSlash(rel)
 		// Defense in depth: WalkDir + Rel inside rootPath should never yield a
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func walkHTMLPublishCandidates(fio fileio.FileIO, rootPath string) ([]htmlPublis
 		// filesystem layout shouldn't be able to inject one into RelPath.
 		// Mirrors the same guard at tar entry write time.
 		if isUnsafeRelPath(relSlash) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("walker produced unsafe relative path %q for %s", relSlash, path)
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "walker produced unsafe relative path %q for %s", relSlash, path)
 		}
 		out = append(out, htmlPublishCandidate{
 			RelPath: relSlash,

shortcuts/common/runner.go

@@ -298,6 +298,14 @@ func (ctx *RuntimeContext) CallAPITyped(method, url string, params map[string]in
 // carry fields a caller needs on failure (e.g. the file_token an overwrite
 // returned, for token-stability handling).
 func (ctx *RuntimeContext) ClassifyAPIResponse(resp *larkcore.ApiResp) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	return ClassifyAPIResponseWith(resp, ctx.APIClassifyContext())
+}
+
+// ClassifyAPIResponseWith is the RuntimeContext-free form of
+// ClassifyAPIResponse for callers that drive the request outside a running
+// shortcut (e.g. a cobra command holding only a factory) and supply their own
+// classification context.
+func ClassifyAPIResponseWith(resp *larkcore.ApiResp, cc errclass.ClassifyContext) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	logID, _ := logIDFromHeader(resp)["log_id"].(string)
 
 	result, parseErr := client.ParseJSONResponse(resp)
@@ -321,7 +329,7 @@ func (ctx *RuntimeContext) ClassifyAPIResponse(resp *larkcore.ApiResp) (map[stri
 		}
 	}
 	out, _ := resultMap["data"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if apiErr := errclass.BuildAPIError(resultMap, ctx.APIClassifyContext()); apiErr != nil {
+	if apiErr := errclass.BuildAPIError(resultMap, cc); apiErr != nil {
 		return out, apiErr
 	}
 	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {

shortcuts/im/builders_test.go

@@ -841,7 +841,7 @@ func TestShortcutDryRunShapes(t *testing.T) {
 			"page-size": "10",
 		}, nil)
 		got := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImThreadsMessagesList.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime))
-		if !strings.Contains(got, `"container_id":"omt_123"`) || !strings.Contains(got, `"sort_type":"ByCreateTimeDesc"`) || !strings.Contains(got, `"page_size":10`) {
+		if !strings.Contains(got, `"container_id":"omt_123"`) || !strings.Contains(got, `"sort_type":"ByCreateTimeDesc"`) || !strings.Contains(got, `"page_size":"10"`) {
 			t.Fatalf("ImThreadsMessagesList.DryRun() = %s", got)
 		}
 	})
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ func TestShortcutDryRunShapes(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("ImChatList dry run includes endpoint and params", func(t *testing.T) {
 		runtime := newTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{
 			"user-id-type": "open_id",
-			"sort-type":    "ByCreateTimeAsc",
+			"sort":         "create_time",
 		}, nil)
 		got := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImChatList.DryRun(context.Background(), runtime))
 		if !strings.Contains(got, `"/open-apis/im/v1/chats"`) {

shortcuts/im/im_chat_list.go

@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ var ImChatList = common.Shortcut{
 	HasFormat:   true,
 	Flags: []common.Flag{
 		{Name: "user-id-type", Default: "open_id", Desc: "ID type for owner_id in response", Enum: []string{"open_id", "union_id", "user_id"}},
-		{Name: "sort-type", Default: "ByCreateTimeAsc", Desc: "sort order", Enum: []string{"ByCreateTimeAsc", "ByActiveTimeDesc"}},
+		{Name: "sort", Default: "create_time", Desc: "sort field: create_time (ascending) | active_time (descending)", Enum: []string{"create_time", "active_time"}},
+		{Name: "sort-type", Hidden: true, Desc: "alias of --sort (hidden)", Enum: []string{"ByCreateTimeAsc", "ByActiveTimeDesc"}},
 		{Name: "types", Type: "string_slice", Desc: "chat types to include (group, p2p); omit = groups only (backward compatible); p2p requires user identity"},
 		{Name: "page-size", Type: "int", Default: "20", Desc: "page size (1-100)"},
 		{Name: "page-token", Desc: "pagination token for next page"},
@@ -266,9 +267,16 @@ func resolveTypes(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) (string, bool, error) {
 // CSV string already normalized + bot-stripped by resolveTypes; pass "" to
 // omit the types query param entirely (backward compatible default).
 func buildChatListParams(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, effectiveTypes string) map[string]interface{} {
+	sortType := map[string]string{
+		"create_time": "ByCreateTimeAsc",
+		"active_time": "ByActiveTimeDesc",
+	}[runtime.Str("sort")]
+	if old, ok := aliasFlagValue(runtime, "sort-type", "sort"); ok {
+		sortType = old // old value is already the upstream enum -> pass through
+	}
 	params := map[string]interface{}{
 		"user_id_type": runtime.Str("user-id-type"),
-		"sort_type":    runtime.Str("sort-type"),
+		"sort_type":    sortType,
 	}
 	if n := runtime.Int("page-size"); n > 0 {
 		params["page_size"] = n

shortcuts/im/im_chat_list_test.go

@@ -611,3 +611,85 @@ func TestImChatList_Execute_UserMuteFiltersP2p(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("remaining chat = %v; want oc_g", parsed.Data.Chats[0]["chat_id"])
 	}
 }
+
+func TestChatList_SortMapping(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct{ sort, want string }{
+		{"create_time", "ByCreateTimeAsc"},
+		{"active_time", "ByActiveTimeDesc"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.sort, func(t *testing.T) {
+			rt := newChatListTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{"sort": c.sort}, nil)
+			got := buildChatListParams(rt, "")
+			if got["sort_type"] != c.want {
+				t.Fatalf("sort=%s -> sort_type=%v, want %s", c.sort, got["sort_type"], c.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestChatList_SortAliasParity proves the hidden --sort-type alias maps to the
+// exact same upstream request as the equivalent new --sort value (byte-equal).
+func TestChatList_SortAliasParity(t *testing.T) {
+	pairs := []struct{ newVal, oldVal string }{
+		{"create_time", "ByCreateTimeAsc"},
+		{"active_time", "ByActiveTimeDesc"},
+	}
+	for _, p := range pairs {
+		t.Run(p.newVal, func(t *testing.T) {
+			newRT := newChatListTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{"sort": p.newVal}, nil)
+			oldRT := newChatListTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{"sort-type": p.oldVal}, nil)
+			a := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImChatList.DryRun(context.Background(), newRT))
+			b := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImChatList.DryRun(context.Background(), oldRT))
+			if a != b {
+				t.Fatalf("alias parity broken:\n new=%s\n old=%s", a, b)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestChatList_SortNewWins: both flags set -> new wins, old ignored, no error.
+func TestChatList_SortNewWins(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := newChatListTestRuntimeContext(t, map[string]string{
+		"sort":      "active_time",
+		"sort-type": "ByCreateTimeAsc",
+	}, nil)
+	got := buildChatListParams(rt, "")
+	if got["sort_type"] != "ByActiveTimeDesc" {
+		t.Fatalf("new should win: sort_type=%v, want ByActiveTimeDesc", got["sort_type"])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestChatList_SortFlagSurface asserts the declared flag structure.
+func TestChatList_SortFlagSurface(t *testing.T) {
+	var sortFlag, aliasFlag *common.Flag
+	for i := range ImChatList.Flags {
+		switch ImChatList.Flags[i].Name {
+		case "sort":
+			sortFlag = &ImChatList.Flags[i]
+		case "sort-type":
+			aliasFlag = &ImChatList.Flags[i]
+		}
+	}
+	if sortFlag == nil || aliasFlag == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected both --sort and --sort-type flags declared")
+	}
+	if sortFlag.Default != "create_time" {
+		t.Errorf("--sort Default = %q, want create_time", sortFlag.Default)
+	}
+	if got := strings.Join(sortFlag.Enum, ","); got != "create_time,active_time" {
+		t.Errorf("--sort Enum = %q, want create_time,active_time", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(sortFlag.Desc, "create_time") || !strings.Contains(sortFlag.Desc, "active_time") {
+		t.Errorf("--sort Desc must document both fields/directions: %q", sortFlag.Desc)
+	}
+	if !aliasFlag.Hidden {
+		t.Errorf("--sort-type must be Hidden")
+	}
+	if got := strings.Join(aliasFlag.Enum, ","); got != "ByCreateTimeAsc,ByActiveTimeDesc" {
+		t.Errorf("--sort-type Enum = %q, want ByCreateTimeAsc,ByActiveTimeDesc", got)
+	}
+	if aliasFlag.Default != "" {
+		t.Errorf("--sort-type (hidden alias) must not carry a Default, got %q", aliasFlag.Default)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/im/im_chat_messages_list.go

@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ var ImChatMessageList = common.Shortcut{
 		{Name: "user-id", Desc: "(required, mutually exclusive with --chat-id; user identity only) user open_id (ou_xxx)"},
 		{Name: "start", Desc: "start time (ISO 8601)"},
 		{Name: "end", Desc: "end time (ISO 8601)"},
-		{Name: "sort", Default: "desc", Desc: "sort order", Enum: []string{"asc", "desc"}},
+		{Name: "order", Default: "desc", Desc: "sort order: asc | desc", Enum: []string{"asc", "desc"}},
+		{Name: "sort", Hidden: true, Desc: "alias of --order (hidden)", Enum: []string{"asc", "desc"}},
 		{Name: "page-size", Default: "50", Desc: "page size (1-50)"},
 		{Name: "page-token", Desc: "pagination token for next page"},
 		{Name: "no-reactions", Type: "bool", Desc: "skip auto-fetching reactions for each message (default: enrichment enabled)"},
@@ -209,7 +210,11 @@ func buildChatMessageListParams(sortFlag, pageSizeStr, chatId string) larkcore.Q
 }
 
 func buildChatMessageListRequest(runtime *common.RuntimeContext, chatId string) (larkcore.QueryParams, error) {
-	params := buildChatMessageListParams(runtime.Str("sort"), runtime.Str("page-size"), chatId)
+	dir := runtime.Str("order")
+	if old, ok := aliasFlagValue(runtime, "sort", "order"); ok {
+		dir = old // old value is asc/desc -> must go through the same map, never pass through
+	}
+	params := buildChatMessageListParams(dir, runtime.Str("page-size"), chatId)
 
 	if startFlag := runtime.Str("start"); startFlag != "" {
 		startTime, err := common.ParseTime(startFlag)

shortcuts/im/im_chat_messages_list_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+// newMsgListTestRT registers chat-id (so the builder has a container) plus the
+// sort flags under test; only flags present in stringFlags are "set" (Changed).
+func newMsgListTestRT(t *testing.T, stringFlags map[string]string) *common.RuntimeContext {
+	t.Helper()
+	if stringFlags == nil {
+		stringFlags = map[string]string{}
+	}
+	if _, ok := stringFlags["chat-id"]; !ok {
+		stringFlags["chat-id"] = "oc_test"
+	}
+	return newChatListTestRuntimeContext(t, stringFlags, nil)
+}
+
+func TestChatMessagesList_OrderMapping(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct{ order, want string }{
+		{"asc", "ByCreateTimeAsc"},
+		{"desc", "ByCreateTimeDesc"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.order, func(t *testing.T) {
+			rt := newMsgListTestRT(t, map[string]string{"order": c.order})
+			params, err := buildChatMessageListRequest(rt, "oc_test")
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("buildChatMessageListRequest() error = %v", err)
+			}
+			if got := params["sort_type"][0]; got != c.want {
+				t.Fatalf("order=%s -> sort_type=%s, want %s", c.order, got, c.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestChatMessagesList_OrderAliasParity: hidden --sort alias (asc/desc) must map
+// through the SAME table as --order (NOT pass through), producing identical upstream.
+func TestChatMessagesList_OrderAliasParity(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, dir := range []string{"asc", "desc"} {
+		t.Run(dir, func(t *testing.T) {
+			newRT := newMsgListTestRT(t, map[string]string{"order": dir})
+			oldRT := newMsgListTestRT(t, map[string]string{"sort": dir})
+			a := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImChatMessageList.DryRun(context.Background(), newRT))
+			b := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImChatMessageList.DryRun(context.Background(), oldRT))
+			if a != b {
+				t.Fatalf("alias parity broken:\n new=%s\n old=%s", a, b)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChatMessagesList_OrderNewWins(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := newMsgListTestRT(t, map[string]string{"order": "asc", "sort": "desc"})
+	params, err := buildChatMessageListRequest(rt, "oc_test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := params["sort_type"][0]; got != "ByCreateTimeAsc" {
+		t.Fatalf("new should win: sort_type=%s, want ByCreateTimeAsc", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChatMessagesList_OrderFlagSurface(t *testing.T) {
+	var orderFlag, aliasFlag *common.Flag
+	for i := range ImChatMessageList.Flags {
+		switch ImChatMessageList.Flags[i].Name {
+		case "order":
+			orderFlag = &ImChatMessageList.Flags[i]
+		case "sort":
+			aliasFlag = &ImChatMessageList.Flags[i]
+		}
+	}
+	if orderFlag == nil || aliasFlag == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected both --order and --sort flags declared")
+	}
+	if orderFlag.Default != "desc" {
+		t.Errorf("--order Default = %q, want desc", orderFlag.Default)
+	}
+	if got := strings.Join(orderFlag.Enum, ","); got != "asc,desc" {
+		t.Errorf("--order Enum = %q, want asc,desc", got)
+	}
+	if !aliasFlag.Hidden {
+		t.Errorf("--sort must be Hidden")
+	}
+	if got := strings.Join(aliasFlag.Enum, ","); got != "asc,desc" {
+		t.Errorf("--sort (alias) Enum = %q, want asc,desc", got)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/im/im_chat_search.go

@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ var ImChatSearch = common.Shortcut{
 		{Name: "member-ids", Desc: "filter by member open_ids, comma-separated"},
 		{Name: "is-manager", Type: "bool", Desc: "only show chats you created or manage"},
 		{Name: "disable-search-by-user", Type: "bool", Desc: "disable search-by-member-name (default: search by member name first, then group name)"},
-		{Name: "sort-by", Desc: "sort field (descending)", Enum: []string{"create_time_desc", "update_time_desc", "member_count_desc"}},
+		{Name: "sort", Desc: "sort field (always descending): create_time | update_time | member_count", Enum: []string{"create_time", "update_time", "member_count"}},
+		{Name: "sort-by", Hidden: true, Desc: "alias of --sort (hidden)", Enum: []string{"create_time_desc", "update_time_desc", "member_count_desc"}},
 		{Name: "page-size", Type: "int", Default: "20", Desc: "page size (1-100)"},
 		{Name: "page-token", Desc: "pagination token for next page"},
 		{Name: "exclude-muted", Type: "bool", Desc: "(user identity only) drop chats the current user has muted (do-not-disturb); bot identity returns all chats unfiltered"},
@@ -209,8 +210,8 @@ var ImChatSearch = common.Shortcut{
 // buildSearchChatBody builds the JSON request body for POST /im/v2/chats/search
 // from the runtime flag values. The query string is normalized via
 // normalizeChatSearchQuery (hyphenated terms get quoted). The "filter" object
-// is omitted when no filter flags are set; "sorter" is omitted when --sort-by
-// is empty.
+// is omitted when no filter flags are set; "sorter" is omitted when --sort
+// (and its hidden alias --sort-by) is unset.
 func buildSearchChatBody(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) map[string]interface{} {
 	body := map[string]interface{}{}
 
@@ -256,9 +257,18 @@ func buildSearchChatBody(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) map[string]interface{}
 		body["filter"] = filter
 	}
 
-	// Build sorters (always descending)
-	if sortBy := runtime.Str("sort-by"); sortBy != "" {
-		body["sorter"] = sortBy
+	// Build sorter (always descending). --sort maps field -> field_desc; the hidden
+	// --sort-by alias is already the upstream value (pass-through). Omitted when unset.
+	sorter := map[string]string{
+		"create_time":  "create_time_desc",
+		"update_time":  "update_time_desc",
+		"member_count": "member_count_desc",
+	}[runtime.Str("sort")]
+	if old, ok := aliasFlagValue(runtime, "sort-by", "sort"); ok {
+		sorter = old
+	}
+	if sorter != "" {
+		body["sorter"] = sorter
 	}
 
 	return body

shortcuts/im/im_chat_search_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+func newSearchTestRT(t *testing.T, stringFlags map[string]string) *common.RuntimeContext {
+	t.Helper()
+	if stringFlags == nil {
+		stringFlags = map[string]string{}
+	}
+	if _, ok := stringFlags["query"]; !ok {
+		stringFlags["query"] = "team"
+	}
+	return newChatListTestRuntimeContext(t, stringFlags, nil)
+}
+
+func TestChatSearch_SortMapping(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct{ sort, want string }{
+		{"create_time", "create_time_desc"},
+		{"update_time", "update_time_desc"},
+		{"member_count", "member_count_desc"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.sort, func(t *testing.T) {
+			rt := newSearchTestRT(t, map[string]string{"sort": c.sort})
+			body := buildSearchChatBody(rt)
+			if body["sorter"] != c.want {
+				t.Fatalf("sort=%s -> sorter=%v, want %s", c.sort, body["sorter"], c.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestChatSearch_SortOmittedWhenUnset: no --sort and no --sort-by -> sorter omitted.
+func TestChatSearch_SortOmittedWhenUnset(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := newSearchTestRT(t, nil)
+	body := buildSearchChatBody(rt)
+	if _, present := body["sorter"]; present {
+		t.Fatalf("sorter should be omitted when neither --sort nor --sort-by set")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestChatSearch_SortAliasParity: hidden --sort-by value is already the upstream
+// sorter (pass-through), so it must equal the mapped new --sort body.
+func TestChatSearch_SortAliasParity(t *testing.T) {
+	pairs := []struct{ newVal, oldVal string }{
+		{"create_time", "create_time_desc"},
+		{"update_time", "update_time_desc"},
+		{"member_count", "member_count_desc"},
+	}
+	for _, p := range pairs {
+		t.Run(p.newVal, func(t *testing.T) {
+			newBody := buildSearchChatBody(newSearchTestRT(t, map[string]string{"sort": p.newVal}))
+			oldBody := buildSearchChatBody(newSearchTestRT(t, map[string]string{"sort-by": p.oldVal}))
+			if newBody["sorter"] != oldBody["sorter"] {
+				t.Fatalf("alias parity: new sorter=%v, old sorter=%v", newBody["sorter"], oldBody["sorter"])
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChatSearch_SortNewWins(t *testing.T) {
+	rt := newSearchTestRT(t, map[string]string{"sort": "member_count", "sort-by": "create_time_desc"})
+	body := buildSearchChatBody(rt)
+	if body["sorter"] != "member_count_desc" {
+		t.Fatalf("new should win: sorter=%v, want member_count_desc", body["sorter"])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChatSearch_SortFlagSurface(t *testing.T) {
+	var sortFlag, aliasFlag *common.Flag
+	for i := range ImChatSearch.Flags {
+		switch ImChatSearch.Flags[i].Name {
+		case "sort":
+			sortFlag = &ImChatSearch.Flags[i]
+		case "sort-by":
+			aliasFlag = &ImChatSearch.Flags[i]
+		}
+	}
+	if sortFlag == nil || aliasFlag == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected both --sort and --sort-by flags declared")
+	}
+	if sortFlag.Default != "" {
+		t.Errorf("--sort must have no default (sorter omitted when unset), got %q", sortFlag.Default)
+	}
+	if got := strings.Join(sortFlag.Enum, ","); got != "create_time,update_time,member_count" {
+		t.Errorf("--sort Enum = %q", got)
+	}
+	if !aliasFlag.Hidden {
+		t.Errorf("--sort-by must be Hidden")
+	}
+	if got := strings.Join(aliasFlag.Enum, ","); got != "create_time_desc,update_time_desc,member_count_desc" {
+		t.Errorf("--sort-by Enum = %q", got)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/im/im_threads_messages_list.go

@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ var ImThreadsMessagesList = common.Shortcut{
 	HasFormat:   true,
 	Flags: []common.Flag{
 		{Name: "thread", Desc: "thread ID (om_xxx or omt_xxx)", Required: true},
-		{Name: "sort", Default: "asc", Desc: "sort order", Enum: []string{"asc", "desc"}},
+		{Name: "order", Default: "asc", Desc: "sort order: asc | desc", Enum: []string{"asc", "desc"}},
+		{Name: "sort", Hidden: true, Desc: "alias of --order (hidden)", Enum: []string{"asc", "desc"}},
 		{Name: "page-size", Default: "50", Desc: "page size (1-500)"},
 		{Name: "page-token", Desc: "page token"},
 		{Name: "no-reactions", Type: "bool", Desc: "skip auto-fetching reactions for each message (default: enrichment enabled)"},
@@ -39,15 +40,10 @@ var ImThreadsMessagesList = common.Shortcut{
 	},
 	DryRun: func(ctx context.Context, runtime *common.RuntimeContext) *common.DryRunAPI {
 		threadFlag := runtime.Str("thread")
-		sortFlag := runtime.Str("sort")
+		dir := resolveThreadsOrder(runtime)
 		pageSizeStr := runtime.Str("page-size")
 		pageToken := runtime.Str("page-token")
 
-		sortType := "ByCreateTimeAsc"
-		if sortFlag == "desc" {
-			sortType = "ByCreateTimeDesc"
-		}
-
 		pageSize, _ := common.ValidatePageSizeTyped(runtime, "page-size", threadsMessagesMaxPageSize, 1, threadsMessagesMaxPageSize)
 
 		d := common.NewDryRunAPI()
@@ -57,21 +53,12 @@ var ImThreadsMessagesList = common.Shortcut{
 			containerID = "<resolved_thread_id>"
 		}
 
-		params := map[string]interface{}{
-			"container_id_type":     "thread",
-			"container_id":          containerID,
-			"sort_type":             sortType,
-			"page_size":             pageSize,
-			"card_msg_content_type": "raw_card_content",
-		}
-		if pageToken != "" {
-			params["page_token"] = pageToken
-		}
+		params := buildThreadsMessagesListParams(dir, containerID, pageSize, pageToken)
 
 		d = d.
 			GET("/open-apis/im/v1/messages").
-			Params(params).
-			Set("thread", threadFlag).Set("sort", sortFlag).Set("page_size", pageSizeStr)
+			Params(toDryParams(params)).
+			Set("thread", threadFlag).Set("order", dir).Set("page_size", pageSizeStr)
 		if !runtime.Bool("no-reactions") {
 			d = d.POST("/open-apis/im/v1/messages/reactions/batch_query").
 				Desc("Reaction enrichment: queries returned thread messages in batches of up to 20. Pass --no-reactions to skip.")
@@ -97,26 +84,12 @@ var ImThreadsMessagesList = common.Shortcut{
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		sortFlag := runtime.Str("sort")
+		dir := resolveThreadsOrder(runtime)
 		pageToken := runtime.Str("page-token")
 
-		sortType := "ByCreateTimeAsc"
-		if sortFlag == "desc" {
-			sortType = "ByCreateTimeDesc"
-		}
-
 		pageSize, _ := common.ValidatePageSizeTyped(runtime, "page-size", threadsMessagesMaxPageSize, 1, threadsMessagesMaxPageSize)
 
-		params := map[string][]string{
-			"container_id_type":     []string{"thread"},
-			"container_id":          []string{threadId},
-			"sort_type":             []string{sortType},
-			"page_size":             []string{strconv.Itoa(pageSize)},
-			"card_msg_content_type": []string{"raw_card_content"},
-		}
-		if pageToken != "" {
-			params["page_token"] = []string{pageToken}
-		}
+		params := buildThreadsMessagesListParams(dir, threadId, pageSize, pageToken)
 
 		data, err := runtime.DoAPIJSONTyped(http.MethodGet, "/open-apis/im/v1/messages", params, nil)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -188,3 +161,45 @@ var ImThreadsMessagesList = common.Shortcut{
 		return nil
 	},
 }
+
+// buildThreadsMessagesListParams builds the upstream query params shared by
+// DryRun and Execute, so the asc/desc -> sort_type mapping lives in exactly one
+// place (precondition for the dry-run == real alias-parity test).
+func buildThreadsMessagesListParams(dir, containerID string, pageSize int, pageToken string) map[string][]string {
+	sortType := "ByCreateTimeAsc"
+	if dir == "desc" {
+		sortType = "ByCreateTimeDesc"
+	}
+	params := map[string][]string{
+		"container_id_type":     {"thread"},
+		"container_id":          {containerID},
+		"sort_type":             {sortType},
+		"page_size":             {strconv.Itoa(pageSize)},
+		"card_msg_content_type": {"raw_card_content"},
+	}
+	if pageToken != "" {
+		params["page_token"] = []string{pageToken}
+	}
+	return params
+}
+
+// resolveThreadsOrder picks --order, falling back to the hidden --sort alias.
+func resolveThreadsOrder(runtime *common.RuntimeContext) string {
+	dir := runtime.Str("order")
+	if old, ok := aliasFlagValue(runtime, "sort", "order"); ok {
+		dir = old
+	}
+	return dir
+}
+
+// toDryParams flattens single-valued query params to scalars for dry-run preview,
+// matching the historical dry-run JSON shape.
+func toDryParams(p map[string][]string) map[string]interface{} {
+	out := make(map[string]interface{}, len(p))
+	for k, v := range p {
+		if len(v) > 0 {
+			out[k] = v[0]
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}

shortcuts/im/im_threads_messages_list_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+)
+
+func newThreadsTestRT(t *testing.T, stringFlags map[string]string) *common.RuntimeContext {
+	t.Helper()
+	if stringFlags == nil {
+		stringFlags = map[string]string{}
+	}
+	if _, ok := stringFlags["thread"]; !ok {
+		stringFlags["thread"] = "omt_test"
+	}
+	return newChatListTestRuntimeContext(t, stringFlags, nil)
+}
+
+func TestThreadsMessagesList_OrderMapping(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct{ order, want string }{
+		{"asc", "ByCreateTimeAsc"},
+		{"desc", "ByCreateTimeDesc"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.order, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := buildThreadsMessagesListParams(c.order, "omt_test", 50, "")
+			if v := got["sort_type"][0]; v != c.want {
+				t.Fatalf("order=%s -> sort_type=%s, want %s", c.order, v, c.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestThreadsMessagesList_OrderAliasParity proves DryRun(--sort dir) == DryRun(--order dir).
+// This is the test the refactor exists to make meaningful (single shared mapping).
+func TestThreadsMessagesList_OrderAliasParity(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, dir := range []string{"asc", "desc"} {
+		t.Run(dir, func(t *testing.T) {
+			newRT := newThreadsTestRT(t, map[string]string{"order": dir})
+			oldRT := newThreadsTestRT(t, map[string]string{"sort": dir})
+			a := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImThreadsMessagesList.DryRun(context.Background(), newRT))
+			b := mustMarshalDryRun(t, ImThreadsMessagesList.DryRun(context.Background(), oldRT))
+			if a != b {
+				t.Fatalf("alias parity broken:\n new=%s\n old=%s", a, b)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestThreadsMessagesList_OrderFlagSurface(t *testing.T) {
+	var orderFlag, aliasFlag *common.Flag
+	for i := range ImThreadsMessagesList.Flags {
+		switch ImThreadsMessagesList.Flags[i].Name {
+		case "order":
+			orderFlag = &ImThreadsMessagesList.Flags[i]
+		case "sort":
+			aliasFlag = &ImThreadsMessagesList.Flags[i]
+		}
+	}
+	if orderFlag == nil || aliasFlag == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected both --order and --sort flags declared")
+	}
+	if orderFlag.Default != "asc" {
+		t.Errorf("--order Default = %q, want asc", orderFlag.Default)
+	}
+	if got := strings.Join(orderFlag.Enum, ","); got != "asc,desc" {
+		t.Errorf("--order Enum = %q, want asc,desc", got)
+	}
+	if !aliasFlag.Hidden {
+		t.Errorf("--sort must be Hidden")
+	}
+	if aliasFlag.Default != "" {
+		t.Errorf("--sort (hidden alias) must not carry a Default, got %q", aliasFlag.Default)
+	}
+}

shortcuts/im/sort_flags.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+
+// aliasFlagValue handles a renamed sort flag whose old name is kept as a silent
+// alias. It returns (oldValue, true) only when the old flag was explicitly used
+// and the new one was not; otherwise ("", false) — meaning "no old flag, or both
+// given (new wins), so use the new-flag logic". Pure function, no IO: callable
+// from DryRun, Execute, and minimal test fixtures alike. Never prints anything.
+func aliasFlagValue(rt *common.RuntimeContext, oldName, newName string) (string, bool) {
+	if rt.Changed(oldName) && !rt.Changed(newName) {
+		return rt.Str(oldName), true
+	}
+	return "", false
+}

shortcuts/im/sort_flags_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package im
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// newAliasTestRT registers a new flag (with a default) and an old flag, then
+// sets only the flags present in `set` — so Changed() reflects exactly which
+// flags were "passed on the command line".
+func newAliasTestRT(t *testing.T, newName, newDefault, oldName string, set map[string]string) *common.RuntimeContext {
+	t.Helper()
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "test"}
+	cmd.Flags().String(newName, newDefault, "")
+	cmd.Flags().String(oldName, "", "")
+	if err := cmd.ParseFlags(nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ParseFlags() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	for k, v := range set {
+		if err := cmd.Flags().Set(k, v); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Set(%q) error = %v", k, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return &common.RuntimeContext{Cmd: cmd}
+}
+
+func TestAliasFlagValue(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		set     map[string]string
+		wantVal string
+		wantOK  bool
+	}{
+		{"only old set", map[string]string{"sort-type": "ByActiveTimeDesc"}, "ByActiveTimeDesc", true},
+		{"neither set", nil, "", false},
+		{"only new set", map[string]string{"sort": "active_time"}, "", false},
+		{"both set new wins", map[string]string{"sort": "active_time", "sort-type": "ByCreateTimeAsc"}, "", false},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			rt := newAliasTestRT(t, "sort", "create_time", "sort-type", c.set)
+			gotVal, gotOK := aliasFlagValue(rt, "sort-type", "sort")
+			if gotVal != c.wantVal || gotOK != c.wantOK {
+				t.Fatalf("aliasFlagValue() = (%q, %v), want (%q, %v)", gotVal, gotOK, c.wantVal, c.wantOK)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

shortcuts/mail/mail_message.go

@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
-// MailMessage is the `+message` shortcut: fetch full content of a single
-// email by message ID (normalized body + attachments / inline metadata).
+// MailMessage is the `+message` shortcut: fetch full content of one email
+// by one message ID (normalized body + attachments / inline metadata).
 var MailMessage = common.Shortcut{
 	Service:     "mail",
 	Command:     "+message",
-	Description: "Use when reading full content for a single email by message ID. Returns normalized body content plus attachments metadata, including inline images.",
+	Description: "Use only when reading full content for one email by one message ID. For multiple message IDs, use mail +messages; do not loop mail +message. Returns normalized body content plus attachments metadata, including inline images.",
 	Risk:        "read",
 	Scopes:      []string{"mail:user_mailbox.message:readonly", "mail:user_mailbox.message.address:read", "mail:user_mailbox.message.subject:read", "mail:user_mailbox.message.body:read"},
 	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
 	HasFormat:   true,
 	Flags: []common.Flag{
 		{Name: "mailbox", Default: "me", Desc: "email address (default: me)"},
-		{Name: "message-id", Desc: "Required. Email message ID", Required: true},
+		{Name: "message-id", Desc: "Required. Single email message ID only. For multiple IDs, use mail +messages --message-ids.", Required: true},
 		{Name: "html", Type: "bool", Default: "true", Desc: "Whether to return HTML body (false returns plain text only to save bandwidth)"},
 		{Name: "print-output-schema", Type: "bool", Desc: "Print output field reference (run this first to learn field names before parsing output)"},
 	},

shortcuts/mail/mail_messages.go

@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ type mailMessagesOutput struct {
 }
 
 // MailMessages is the `+messages` shortcut: batch-fetch full content for
-// multiple message IDs, chunking backend calls into batches of 20 while
-// preserving request order.
+// multiple message IDs, chunking requests into batches of 20 while preserving
+// request order.
 var MailMessages = common.Shortcut{
 	Service:     "mail",
 	Command:     "+messages",
-	Description: "Use when reading full content for multiple emails by message ID. Prefer this shortcut over calling raw mail user_mailbox.messages batch_get directly, because it base64url-decodes body fields and returns normalized per-message output that is easier to consume.",
+	Description: "Use when reading full content for multiple emails by message ID. You may pass more than 20 IDs; the CLI handles them in batches of 20 and merges output while preserving request order.",
 	Risk:        "read",
 	Scopes:      []string{"mail:user_mailbox.message:readonly", "mail:user_mailbox.message.address:read", "mail:user_mailbox.message.subject:read", "mail:user_mailbox.message.body:read"},
 	AuthTypes:   []string{"user", "bot"},
 	HasFormat:   true,
 	Flags: []common.Flag{
 		{Name: "mailbox", Default: "me", Desc: "email address (default: me)"},
-		{Name: "message-ids", Desc: `Required. Comma-separated email message IDs. Example: "id1,id2,id3"`, Required: true},
+		{Name: "message-ids", Desc: `Required. Comma-separated email message IDs. You may pass more than 20 IDs; the CLI handles them in batches of 20 and merges output. Example: "<id1>,<id2>,<id3>"`, Required: true},
 		{Name: "html", Type: "bool", Default: "true", Desc: "Whether to return HTML body (false returns plain text only to save bandwidth)"},
 		{Name: "print-output-schema", Type: "bool", Desc: "Print output field reference (run this first to learn field names before parsing output)"},
 	},
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ var MailMessages = common.Shortcut{
 			body["message_ids"] = messageIDs
 		}
 		return common.NewDryRunAPI().
-			Desc("Fetch multiple emails via messages.batch_get (auto-chunked in batches of 20 IDs during execution)").
+			Desc("Fetch multiple emails; execution chunks every 20 IDs and merges output").
 			POST(mailboxPath(mailboxID, "messages", "batch_get")).
 			Body(body)
 	},