docs(spec): add sheet-history-revert spec (history list / revert / revert-status)

3 new lark-sheets shortcuts via existing ToolsCall framework:
- +history-list, +history-revert, +history-revert-status
- async revert: sheet/data RecoverHistory → RecoverMsg(MQ) → agg consumer
  assigns memberId by scene (lark-cli=11 / doubao=10)
- scene threaded via ctx baggage; no thrift changes (codegen all-no)
- spans larksuite/cli, ee/sheet-skill-spec, ee/sheet-facade-agg, sheet/data

Force-added under docs/ (repo-wide gitignored) so ccm-harness drift
detection has the git-tracked SSOT.

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/internal/ @liangshuo-1
+
+# Last match wins: existing domains below are exempt, only new skills/ entries need review.
+/skills/ @liangshuo-1
+/skills/lark-approval/
+/skills/lark-apps/
+/skills/lark-attendance/
+/skills/lark-base/
+/skills/lark-calendar/
+/skills/lark-contact/
+/skills/lark-doc/
+/skills/lark-drive/
+/skills/lark-event/
+/skills/lark-im/
+/skills/lark-mail/
+/skills/lark-markdown/
+/skills/lark-minutes/
+/skills/lark-okr/
+/skills/lark-openapi-explorer/
+/skills/lark-shared/
+/skills/lark-sheets/
+/skills/lark-skill-maker/
+/skills/lark-slides/
+/skills/lark-task/
+/skills/lark-vc/
+/skills/lark-vc-agent/
+/skills/lark-whiteboard/
+/skills/lark-wiki/
+/skills/lark-workflow-meeting-summary/
+/skills/lark-workflow-standup-report/

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ on:
 permissions:
   contents: read
   actions: read
-  checks: write
-  pull-requests: write
 
 jobs:
   # ── Layer 1: Fast Gate ─────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -80,10 +78,47 @@ jobs:
           python-version: '3.x'
       - name: Fetch meta data
         run: python3 scripts/fetch_meta.py
+      - name: Resolve changed-from baseline
+        env:
+          QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha || github.event.before || 'origin/main' }}
+        run: echo "QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM=$(bash scripts/resolve-changed-from.sh)" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
       - name: Run golangci-lint
-        run: go run github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/v2/cmd/golangci-lint@v2.1.6 run --new-from-rev=origin/main
+        run: go run github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/v2/cmd/golangci-lint@v2.1.6 run --new-from-rev="$QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM"
       - name: Run errs/ lint guards (lintcheck)
-        run: go run -C lint . ..
+        run: go run -C lint . --changed-from "$QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM" ..
+
+  deterministic-gate:
+    needs: fast-gate
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      actions: read
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.x'
+      - name: Fetch meta data
+        run: python3 scripts/fetch_meta.py
+      - name: Resolve changed-from baseline
+        env:
+          QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha || github.event.before || 'origin/main' }}
+        run: echo "QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM=$(bash scripts/resolve-changed-from.sh)" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+      - name: Run CLI deterministic gate
+        run: make quality-gate
+      - name: Upload quality gate facts
+        if: ${{ always() && github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4
+        with:
+          name: quality-gate-facts-${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}-${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
+          path: .tmp/quality-gate/facts.json
+          if-no-files-found: error
+          retention-days: 7
 
   coverage:
     needs: fast-gate
@@ -103,6 +138,7 @@ jobs:
           packages=$(go list ./... | grep -v '^github.com/larksuite/cli/tests/cli_e2e$' | grep -v '^github.com/larksuite/cli/tests/cli_e2e/')
           go test -race -coverprofile=coverage.txt -covermode=atomic $packages
       - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
+        if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' || !github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork }}
         uses: codecov/codecov-action@3f20e214133d0983f9a10f3d63b0faf9241a3daa # v6
         with:
           files: coverage.txt
@@ -184,7 +220,7 @@ jobs:
 
   # ── Layer 3: E2E Gate ──────────────────────────────────────────────
   e2e-dry-run:
-    needs: [unit-test, lint]
+    needs: [unit-test, lint, deterministic-gate]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
@@ -205,9 +241,12 @@ jobs:
         run: go test -v -count=1 -timeout=5m ./tests/cli_e2e/... -run 'DryRun|Regression'
 
   e2e-live:
-    needs: [unit-test, lint]
+    needs: [unit-test, lint, deterministic-gate]
     if: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' || !github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      checks: write
     env:
       TEST_BOT1_APP_ID: ${{ secrets.TEST_BOT1_APP_ID }}
       TEST_BOT1_APP_SECRET: ${{ secrets.TEST_BOT1_APP_SECRET }}
@@ -254,6 +293,9 @@ jobs:
   # ── Layer 4: Security & Compliance (parallel with L2-L3) ──────────
   security:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: read
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
         with:
@@ -291,7 +333,7 @@ jobs:
   # ── Results Gate (single required check for branch protection) ─────
   results:
     if: ${{ always() }}
-    needs: [fast-gate, unit-test, lint, coverage, deadcode, e2e-dry-run, e2e-live, security, license-header]
+    needs: [fast-gate, unit-test, lint, deterministic-gate, coverage, deadcode, e2e-dry-run, e2e-live, security, license-header]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Evaluate results
@@ -303,6 +345,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "| L1 | fast-gate | ${{ needs.fast-gate.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
           echo "| L2 | unit-test | ${{ needs.unit-test.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
           echo "| L2 | lint | ${{ needs.lint.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+          echo "| L2 | deterministic-gate | ${{ needs.deterministic-gate.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
           echo "| L2 | coverage | ${{ needs.coverage.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
           echo "| L2 | deadcode | ${{ needs.deadcode.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
           echo "| L3 | e2e-dry-run | ${{ needs.e2e-dry-run.result }} |" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
@@ -318,6 +361,7 @@ jobs:
             "${{ needs.fast-gate.result }}" \
             "${{ needs.unit-test.result }}" \
             "${{ needs.lint.result }}" \
+            "${{ needs.deterministic-gate.result }}" \
             "${{ needs.coverage.result }}" \
             "${{ needs.deadcode.result }}" \
             "${{ needs.e2e-dry-run.result }}" \

.github/workflows/semantic-review.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+name: Semantic Review
+
+on:
+  workflow_run:
+    workflows: ["CI"]
+    types: [completed]
+
+permissions:
+  actions: read
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  pr-quality-summary:
+    if: github.event.workflow_run.event == 'pull_request'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      actions: read
+      contents: read
+      issues: write
+      pull-requests: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Verify workflow run and pull request for summary
+        id: pr
+        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const run = context.payload.workflow_run;
+            if (run.name !== "CI") throw new Error(`unexpected workflow name: ${run.name}`);
+            let workflowPath = run.path || "";
+            if (!workflowPath) {
+              const workflowId = Number(run.workflow_id || 0);
+              if (!Number.isInteger(workflowId) || workflowId <= 0) throw new Error("missing workflow id");
+              const { data: workflow } = await github.rest.actions.getWorkflow({
+                owner: context.repo.owner,
+                repo: context.repo.repo,
+                workflow_id: workflowId,
+              });
+              workflowPath = workflow.path || "";
+            }
+            if (workflowPath !== ".github/workflows/ci.yml") throw new Error(`unexpected workflow path: ${workflowPath}`);
+            if (run.event !== "pull_request") throw new Error(`unexpected event: ${run.event}`);
+            if (run.repository.id !== context.payload.repository.id) throw new Error("repository id mismatch");
+            if (run.repository.full_name !== context.payload.repository.full_name) throw new Error("repository name mismatch");
+            if (typeof run.head_sha !== "string" || run.head_sha.length !== 40) throw new Error("invalid head sha");
+            const runPRs = Array.isArray(run.pull_requests) ? run.pull_requests : [];
+            if (runPRs.length > 1) {
+              throw new Error(`ambiguous workflow_run pull request bindings: ${runPRs.length}`);
+            }
+            let prNumber = Number(runPRs[0]?.number || 0);
+            let eventBaseSha = runPRs[0]?.base?.sha || "";
+            const eventHeadSha = runPRs[0]?.head?.sha || "";
+            const targetHeadSha = eventHeadSha || run.head_sha;
+            if (!/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(targetHeadSha)) throw new Error("invalid PR head sha");
+
+            const factsArtifactPattern = /^quality-gate-facts-([a-f0-9]{40})-([a-f0-9]{40})$/i;
+            const { data: artifactData } = await github.rest.actions.listWorkflowRunArtifacts({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              run_id: run.id,
+              per_page: 100,
+            });
+            const factsArtifacts = artifactData.artifacts.filter((artifact) => factsArtifactPattern.test(artifact.name));
+            let factsArtifactName = "";
+            let artifactBaseSha = "";
+            let artifactError = "";
+            if (factsArtifacts.length !== 1) {
+              artifactError = `expected exactly one base-bound quality gate facts artifact, got ${factsArtifacts.length}`;
+            } else {
+              factsArtifactName = factsArtifacts[0].name;
+              const [, parsedBaseSha, artifactHeadSha] = factsArtifactName.match(factsArtifactPattern);
+              if (artifactHeadSha.toLowerCase() !== targetHeadSha.toLowerCase()) {
+                artifactError = "facts artifact head sha does not match verified PR head sha";
+                factsArtifactName = "";
+              } else if (eventBaseSha && parsedBaseSha.toLowerCase() !== eventBaseSha.toLowerCase()) {
+                artifactError = "facts artifact base sha does not match workflow_run pull request base sha";
+                factsArtifactName = "";
+              } else {
+                artifactBaseSha = parsedBaseSha;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!prNumber) {
+              const { data: associatedPRs } = await github.rest.repos.listPullRequestsAssociatedWithCommit({
+                owner: context.repo.owner,
+                repo: context.repo.repo,
+                commit_sha: targetHeadSha,
+              });
+              const candidatePRs = associatedPRs.filter((candidate) =>
+                candidate.state === "open" &&
+                candidate.base?.repo?.id === context.payload.repository.id &&
+                candidate.head?.sha === targetHeadSha
+              );
+              if (candidatePRs.length > 1) {
+                throw new Error(`ambiguous open PRs for workflow_run head ${targetHeadSha}: ${candidatePRs.length}`);
+              }
+              if (candidatePRs.length === 1) {
+                prNumber = candidatePRs[0].number;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!prNumber) {
+              const candidatePRs = await github.paginate(github.rest.pulls.list, {
+                owner: context.repo.owner,
+                repo: context.repo.repo,
+                state: "open",
+                per_page: 100,
+              }).then((prs) => prs.filter((candidate) =>
+                candidate.base?.repo?.id === context.payload.repository.id &&
+                candidate.head?.sha === targetHeadSha
+              ));
+              if (candidatePRs.length !== 1) {
+                throw new Error(`expected one open PR from pull list fallback for workflow_run head ${targetHeadSha}, got ${candidatePRs.length}`);
+              }
+              prNumber = candidatePRs[0].number;
+            }
+            if (!Number.isInteger(prNumber) || prNumber <= 0) throw new Error("missing pull request binding");
+            const { data: pr } = await github.rest.pulls.get({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              pull_number: prNumber,
+            });
+            if (pr.base.repo.id !== context.payload.repository.id) throw new Error("PR base repo mismatch");
+            if (pr.head.sha !== targetHeadSha) {
+              core.notice("PR quality summary skipped: workflow_run is stale for this PR head");
+              core.setOutput("stale", "true");
+              return;
+            }
+            const baseSha = eventBaseSha || artifactBaseSha || pr.base.sha;
+            if (!/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(baseSha)) throw new Error("invalid PR base sha");
+            if ((eventBaseSha || artifactBaseSha) && pr.base.sha !== baseSha) {
+              core.notice("PR quality summary skipped: workflow_run is stale for this PR base");
+              core.setOutput("stale", "true");
+              return;
+            }
+            if (artifactError) {
+              core.warning(`quality gate facts artifact binding is unavailable: ${artifactError}`);
+            }
+            core.setOutput("pr_number", String(prNumber));
+            core.setOutput("head_sha", targetHeadSha);
+            core.setOutput("base_sha", baseSha);
+            core.setOutput("run_id", String(run.id));
+            core.setOutput("facts_artifact_name", factsArtifactName);
+            core.setOutput("artifact_error", artifactError);
+            core.setOutput("stale", "false");
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+        id: checkout
+        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.base_sha }}
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Verify summary facts artifact metadata
+        id: artifact
+        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.pr.outputs.facts_artifact_name != '' }}
+        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const run = context.payload.workflow_run;
+            const factsArtifactName = "${{ steps.pr.outputs.facts_artifact_name }}";
+            const { data } = await github.rest.actions.listWorkflowRunArtifacts({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              run_id: run.id,
+              per_page: 100,
+            });
+            const artifacts = data.artifacts.filter(a => a.name === factsArtifactName);
+            if (artifacts.length !== 1) throw new Error(`expected exactly one quality-gate-facts artifact, got ${artifacts.length}`);
+            const artifact = artifacts[0];
+            if (artifact.expired) throw new Error("quality-gate-facts artifact expired");
+            if (artifact.size_in_bytes <= 0 || artifact.size_in_bytes > 5 * 1024 * 1024) {
+              throw new Error(`invalid artifact size: ${artifact.size_in_bytes}`);
+            }
+            if (!artifact.digest) throw new Error("facts artifact digest is missing from GitHub API response");
+            core.setOutput("artifact_id", String(artifact.id));
+            core.setOutput("artifact_digest", artifact.digest);
+
+      - name: Download facts artifact zip
+        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.artifact.outputs.artifact_id != '' }}
+        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
+        id: download
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const fs = require("fs");
+            const path = require("path");
+            const artifactId = Number("${{ steps.artifact.outputs.artifact_id }}");
+            if (!Number.isInteger(artifactId) || artifactId <= 0) throw new Error("invalid artifact id");
+            const { data } = await github.rest.actions.downloadArtifact({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              artifact_id: artifactId,
+              archive_format: "zip",
+            });
+            const zipPath = path.join(process.env.RUNNER_TEMP, "quality-gate-facts.zip");
+            fs.writeFileSync(zipPath, Buffer.from(data));
+            core.setOutput("zip_path", zipPath);
+
+      - name: Verify and extract summary facts artifact
+        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.download.outputs.zip_path != '' }}
+        env:
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK: ${{ vars.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_DECISION_OUT: decision.json
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_MARKDOWN_OUT: semantic-review.md
+        run: node scripts/semantic-review-verify-artifact.js '${{ steps.download.outputs.zip_path }}' facts.json '${{ steps.artifact.outputs.artifact_digest }}'
+
+      - name: Publish PR quality summary
+        if: ${{ always() && steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success' }}
+        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
+        env:
+          CI_QUALITY_SUMMARY_HEAD_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_sha }}
+          CI_QUALITY_SUMMARY_BASE_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.base_sha }}
+          CI_QUALITY_SUMMARY_PR_NUMBER: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.pr_number }}
+          CI_QUALITY_SUMMARY_RUN_ID: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.run_id }}
+          CI_QUALITY_SUMMARY_ARTIFACT_ERROR: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.artifact_error }}
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const { publish } = require("./scripts/ci-quality-summary-publish.js");
+            await publish({ github, context, core });
+
+  semantic-review:
+    needs: pr-quality-summary
+    if: always() && github.event.workflow_run.conclusion == 'success' && github.event.workflow_run.event == 'pull_request'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      actions: read
+      checks: write
+      contents: read
+      issues: write
+      pull-requests: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Verify workflow run and pull request
+        id: pr
+        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const run = context.payload.workflow_run;
+            if (run.name !== "CI") throw new Error(`unexpected workflow name: ${run.name}`);
+            let workflowPath = run.path || "";
+            if (!workflowPath) {
+              const workflowId = Number(run.workflow_id || 0);
+              if (!Number.isInteger(workflowId) || workflowId <= 0) throw new Error("missing workflow id");
+              const { data: workflow } = await github.rest.actions.getWorkflow({
+                owner: context.repo.owner,
+                repo: context.repo.repo,
+                workflow_id: workflowId,
+              });
+              workflowPath = workflow.path || "";
+            }
+            if (workflowPath !== ".github/workflows/ci.yml") throw new Error(`unexpected workflow path: ${workflowPath}`);
+            if (run.event !== "pull_request") throw new Error(`unexpected event: ${run.event}`);
+            if (run.conclusion !== "success") throw new Error(`unexpected conclusion: ${run.conclusion}`);
+            if (run.repository.id !== context.payload.repository.id) throw new Error("repository id mismatch");
+            if (run.repository.full_name !== context.payload.repository.full_name) throw new Error("repository name mismatch");
+            if (typeof run.head_sha !== "string" || run.head_sha.length !== 40) throw new Error("invalid head sha");
+            const runPRs = Array.isArray(run.pull_requests) ? run.pull_requests : [];
+            if (runPRs.length > 1) {
+              throw new Error(`ambiguous workflow_run pull request bindings: ${runPRs.length}`);
+            }
+            let prNumber = Number(runPRs[0]?.number || 0);
+            let eventBaseSha = runPRs[0]?.base?.sha || "";
+            const eventHeadSha = runPRs[0]?.head?.sha || "";
+            const targetHeadSha = eventHeadSha || run.head_sha;
+            if (!/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(targetHeadSha)) throw new Error("invalid PR head sha");
+
+            const factsArtifactPattern = /^quality-gate-facts-([a-f0-9]{40})-([a-f0-9]{40})$/i;
+            const { data: artifactData } = await github.rest.actions.listWorkflowRunArtifacts({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              run_id: run.id,
+              per_page: 100,
+            });
+            const factsArtifacts = artifactData.artifacts.filter((artifact) => factsArtifactPattern.test(artifact.name));
+            let factsArtifactName = "";
+            let artifactBaseSha = "";
+            let artifactError = "";
+            if (factsArtifacts.length !== 1) {
+              artifactError = `expected exactly one base-bound quality gate facts artifact, got ${factsArtifacts.length}`;
+            } else {
+              factsArtifactName = factsArtifacts[0].name;
+              const [, parsedBaseSha, artifactHeadSha] = factsArtifactName.match(factsArtifactPattern);
+              if (artifactHeadSha.toLowerCase() !== targetHeadSha.toLowerCase()) {
+                artifactError = "facts artifact head sha does not match verified PR head sha";
+                factsArtifactName = "";
+              } else if (eventBaseSha && parsedBaseSha.toLowerCase() !== eventBaseSha.toLowerCase()) {
+                artifactError = "facts artifact base sha does not match workflow_run pull request base sha";
+                factsArtifactName = "";
+              } else {
+                artifactBaseSha = parsedBaseSha;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!prNumber) {
+              const { data: associatedPRs } = await github.rest.repos.listPullRequestsAssociatedWithCommit({
+                owner: context.repo.owner,
+                repo: context.repo.repo,
+                commit_sha: targetHeadSha,
+              });
+              const candidatePRs = associatedPRs.filter((candidate) =>
+                candidate.state === "open" &&
+                candidate.base?.repo?.id === context.payload.repository.id &&
+                candidate.head?.sha === targetHeadSha
+              );
+              if (candidatePRs.length > 1) {
+                throw new Error(`ambiguous open PRs for workflow_run head ${targetHeadSha}: ${candidatePRs.length}`);
+              }
+              if (candidatePRs.length === 1) {
+                prNumber = candidatePRs[0].number;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!prNumber) {
+              const candidatePRs = await github.paginate(github.rest.pulls.list, {
+                owner: context.repo.owner,
+                repo: context.repo.repo,
+                state: "open",
+                per_page: 100,
+              }).then((prs) => prs.filter((candidate) =>
+                candidate.base?.repo?.id === context.payload.repository.id &&
+                candidate.head?.sha === targetHeadSha
+              ));
+              if (candidatePRs.length !== 1) {
+                throw new Error(`expected one open PR from pull list fallback for workflow_run head ${targetHeadSha}, got ${candidatePRs.length}`);
+              }
+              prNumber = candidatePRs[0].number;
+            }
+            if (!Number.isInteger(prNumber) || prNumber <= 0) throw new Error("missing pull request binding");
+            const { data: pr } = await github.rest.pulls.get({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              pull_number: prNumber,
+            });
+            if (pr.base.repo.id !== context.payload.repository.id) throw new Error("PR base repo mismatch");
+            if (pr.head.sha !== targetHeadSha) {
+              core.notice("semantic review skipped: workflow_run is stale for this PR head");
+              core.setOutput("stale", "true");
+              return;
+            }
+            const baseSha = eventBaseSha || artifactBaseSha || pr.base.sha;
+            if (!/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(baseSha)) throw new Error("invalid PR base sha");
+            if ((eventBaseSha || artifactBaseSha) && pr.base.sha !== baseSha) {
+              core.notice("semantic review skipped: workflow_run is stale for this PR base");
+              core.setOutput("stale", "true");
+              return;
+            }
+            if (artifactError) {
+              core.warning(`semantic review facts artifact binding is unavailable: ${artifactError}`);
+            }
+            core.setOutput("pr_number", String(prNumber));
+            core.setOutput("head_sha", targetHeadSha);
+            core.setOutput("base_sha", baseSha);
+            core.setOutput("head_owner", pr.head.repo.owner.login);
+            core.setOutput("head_repo", pr.head.repo.name);
+            core.setOutput("head_repo_id", String(pr.head.repo.id));
+            core.setOutput("head_is_base_repo", pr.head.repo.id === context.payload.repository.id ? "true" : "false");
+            core.setOutput("run_id", String(run.id));
+            core.setOutput("facts_artifact_name", factsArtifactName);
+            core.setOutput("artifact_error", artifactError);
+            core.setOutput("stale", "false");
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5
+        id: checkout
+        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.base_sha }}
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Publish pre-checkout semantic review failure
+        if: ${{ failure() && steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.checkout.outcome != 'success' && steps.pr.outputs.head_sha != '' && steps.pr.outputs.pr_number != '' }}
+        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
+        env:
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK: ${{ vars.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_sha }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BASE_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.base_sha }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_PR_NUMBER: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.pr_number }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_RUN_ID: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.run_id }}
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const runtimeBlockMode = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK === "true";
+            const pr = Number(process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_PR_NUMBER || 0);
+            const headSha = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_SHA || "";
+            const baseSha = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BASE_SHA || "";
+            if (!Number.isInteger(pr) || pr <= 0 || !/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(headSha) || !/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(baseSha)) {
+              throw new Error("missing verified semantic review target");
+            }
+            const { data: pull } = await github.rest.pulls.get({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              pull_number: pr,
+            });
+            if (pull.head.sha !== headSha) {
+              core.notice("semantic review skipped infrastructure failure check: PR head changed");
+              return;
+            }
+            if (pull.base.sha !== baseSha) {
+              core.notice("semantic review skipped infrastructure failure check: PR base changed");
+              return;
+            }
+            if (pull.base.repo.id !== context.payload.repository.id) {
+              throw new Error("PR base repo mismatch before infrastructure failure check");
+            }
+            await github.rest.checks.create({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              name: runtimeBlockMode ? "semantic-review/result" : "semantic-review/observe",
+              head_sha: headSha,
+              status: "completed",
+              conclusion: runtimeBlockMode ? "failure" : "neutral",
+              output: {
+                title: "Semantic review infrastructure failure",
+                summary: "Semantic review could not checkout the verified base commit. Inspect the workflow logs before relying on semantic review output.",
+              },
+            });
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6
+        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+
+      - name: Verify semantic facts artifact metadata
+        id: artifact
+        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
+        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const run = context.payload.workflow_run;
+            const factsArtifactName = "${{ steps.pr.outputs.facts_artifact_name }}";
+            if (!/^quality-gate-facts-[a-f0-9]{40}-[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(factsArtifactName)) {
+              throw new Error("missing verified facts artifact binding");
+            }
+            const { data } = await github.rest.actions.listWorkflowRunArtifacts({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              run_id: run.id,
+              per_page: 100,
+            });
+            const artifacts = data.artifacts.filter(a => a.name === factsArtifactName);
+            if (artifacts.length !== 1) throw new Error(`expected exactly one quality-gate-facts artifact, got ${artifacts.length}`);
+            const artifact = artifacts[0];
+            if (artifact.expired) throw new Error("quality-gate-facts artifact expired");
+            if (artifact.size_in_bytes <= 0 || artifact.size_in_bytes > 5 * 1024 * 1024) {
+              throw new Error(`invalid artifact size: ${artifact.size_in_bytes}`);
+            }
+            if (!artifact.digest) throw new Error("facts artifact digest is missing from GitHub API response");
+            core.setOutput("artifact_id", String(artifact.id));
+            core.setOutput("artifact_digest", artifact.digest);
+
+      - name: Download facts artifact zip
+        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
+        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
+        id: download
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const fs = require("fs");
+            const path = require("path");
+            const artifactId = Number("${{ steps.artifact.outputs.artifact_id }}");
+            if (!Number.isInteger(artifactId) || artifactId <= 0) throw new Error("invalid artifact id");
+            const { data } = await github.rest.actions.downloadArtifact({
+              owner: context.repo.owner,
+              repo: context.repo.repo,
+              artifact_id: artifactId,
+              archive_format: "zip",
+            });
+            const zipPath = path.join(process.env.RUNNER_TEMP, "quality-gate-facts.zip");
+            fs.writeFileSync(zipPath, Buffer.from(data));
+            core.setOutput("zip_path", zipPath);
+
+      - name: Verify and extract semantic facts artifact
+        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
+        env:
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK: ${{ vars.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_DECISION_OUT: decision.json
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_MARKDOWN_OUT: semantic-review.md
+        run: node scripts/semantic-review-verify-artifact.js '${{ steps.download.outputs.zip_path }}' facts.json '${{ steps.artifact.outputs.artifact_digest }}'
+
+      - name: Download PR semantic waiver config
+        id: waiver_config
+        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
+        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
+        env:
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_sha }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_OWNER: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_owner }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_REPO: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_repo }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_IS_BASE_REPO: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_is_base_repo }}
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const fs = require("fs");
+            const path = require("path");
+            const headSha = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_SHA || "";
+            if (!/^[a-f0-9]{40}$/i.test(headSha)) {
+              throw new Error("missing verified semantic review target");
+            }
+            const headOwner = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_OWNER || "";
+            const headRepo = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_REPO || "";
+            if (!headOwner || !headRepo) {
+              throw new Error("missing verified semantic review head repository");
+            }
+            const waiverPath = "internal/qualitygate/config/semantic/waivers.txt";
+            const outPath = path.join(process.env.RUNNER_TEMP, "semantic-review-waivers.txt");
+            const headIsBaseRepo = process.env.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_IS_BASE_REPO === "true";
+            if (!headIsBaseRepo) {
+              core.notice("fork PR semantic waiver config is ignored");
+              core.setOutput("path", "");
+              return;
+            }
+            let content = "";
+            try {
+              const { data } = await github.rest.repos.getContent({
+                owner: headOwner,
+                repo: headRepo,
+                path: waiverPath,
+                ref: headSha,
+              });
+              if (Array.isArray(data) || data.type !== "file" || data.encoding !== "base64") {
+                throw new Error(`${waiverPath} is not a base64 file at PR head`);
+              }
+              if (data.size > 256 * 1024) {
+                throw new Error(`${waiverPath} is too large: ${data.size} bytes`);
+              }
+              content = Buffer.from(data.content, "base64").toString("utf8");
+            } catch (err) {
+              if (err.status !== 404) {
+                throw err;
+              }
+            }
+            fs.writeFileSync(outPath, content);
+            core.setOutput("path", outPath);
+
+      - name: Run semantic review
+        id: semantic
+        if: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' }}
+        env:
+          ARK_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.ARK_API_KEY }}
+          ARK_BASE_URL: ${{ vars.ARK_BASE_URL }}
+          ARK_MODEL: ${{ vars.ARK_MODEL }}
+          ARK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS: ${{ vars.ARK_TIMEOUT_SECONDS }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK: ${{ vars.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK }}
+        run: |
+          args=(
+            --repo .
+            --facts facts.json
+            --decision-out decision.json
+            --markdown-out semantic-review.md
+          )
+          if [ -n "${{ steps.waiver_config.outputs.path }}" ]; then
+            args+=(--waivers-file '${{ steps.waiver_config.outputs.path }}')
+          fi
+          if [ "$SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK" = "true" ]; then
+            args+=(--block)
+          fi
+          go run ./internal/qualitygate/cmd/semantic-review "${args[@]}"
+
+      - name: Publish semantic review
+        if: ${{ always() && steps.pr.outputs.stale != 'true' && steps.checkout.outcome == 'success' }}
+        uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0
+        env:
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK: ${{ vars.SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BLOCK }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_HEAD_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.head_sha }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_BASE_SHA: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.base_sha }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_PR_NUMBER: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.pr_number }}
+          SEMANTIC_REVIEW_RUN_ID: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.run_id }}
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const { publish } = require("./scripts/semantic-review-publish.js");
+            await publish({ github, context, core });

.gitignore

@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ tests/mail/reports/
 # Generated / test artifacts
 .hammer/
 .lark-slides/
+/notes/
+/minutes/
 internal/registry/meta_data.json
 cmd/api/download.bin
 app.log

.golangci.yml

@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ linters:
     - unused          # checks for unused constants, variables, functions and types
     - depguard        # blocks forbidden package imports
     - forbidigo       # forbids specific function calls
+    - errorlint       # enforces error wrapping (%w) and errors.Is/As over == and type asserts
 
     # To enable later after fixing existing issues:
     # - errcheck      # checks for unchecked errors
     # - errname       # checks that error types are named XxxError
-    # - errorlint     # checks error wrapping best practices
     # - gosec         # security-oriented linter
     # - misspell      # finds commonly misspelled English words
     # - staticcheck   # comprehensive static analysis
@@ -49,39 +49,49 @@ linters:
           - gocritic
           - depguard
           - forbidigo
-      # Paths that run forbidigo. Add an entry when a path joins one of
-      # the rules below.
+          - errorlint # tests legitimately do identity (==) and concrete type-assert checks
+      # forbidigo runs repo-wide (minus the boundaries below) so errs-no-bare-wrap
+      # has no gap. The framework bans (os/vfs, raw HTTP, fmt.Print, filepath,
+      # log) stay scoped to shortcuts/ + internal/ + config/auth/service via the
+      # next rule; elsewhere only errs-no-bare-wrap fires.
+      - path-except: (shortcuts/|internal/|cmd/|events/)
+        linters:
+          - forbidigo
       - path-except: (shortcuts/|internal/|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/)
+        text: (vfs|IOStreams|ctx\.Out|shortcuts-no-raw-http|filepath functions|os\.Exit|structured error return)
         linters:
           - forbidigo
       - path: internal/vfs/
         linters:
           - forbidigo
+      # internal/gen build-time generators (standalone `package main` run via
+      # go:generate) are not shortcut runtime code — no ctx/runtime/framework —
+      # so the shortcut forbidigo bans don't apply. Going "compliant" is also
+      # impossible here: a structured error return needs os.Exit (also banned),
+      # and the vfs.Xxx() alternative is blocked by depguard shortcuts-no-vfs.
+      - path: shortcuts/.*/internal/gen/
+        linters:
+          - forbidigo
+      # internal/qualitygate/cmd contains standalone CI tools. Their main
+      # entrypoints legitimately own process exit codes and stdio, matching the
+      # old tools/ layout before these packages moved under internal/.
+      - path: internal/qualitygate/cmd/[^/]+/main\.go$
+        linters:
+          - forbidigo
       # shortcuts-no-raw-http is shortcuts-only; internal/ wraps raw HTTP
       # for the client / credential layer.
       - path-except: shortcuts/
         text: shortcuts-no-raw-http
         linters:
           - forbidigo
-      # errs-typed-only enforced on paths already migrated to errs.NewXxxError.
-      # Add a path when its migration is complete.
-      - path-except: (internal/auth/|internal/errcompat/|internal/errclass/|internal/client/|internal/cmdutil/factory\.go|cmd/auth/|cmd/config/|cmd/service/|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go|shortcuts/calendar/helpers\.go|shortcuts/drive/)
-        text: errs-typed-only
-        linters:
-          - forbidigo
-      # errs-no-bare-wrap enforced on paths fully migrated to typed final
-      # errors. Scoped separately from errs-typed-only because cmd/auth/,
-      # cmd/config/ still have residual fmt.Errorf and must not be caught.
-      - path-except: (shortcuts/drive/|shortcuts/calendar/helpers\.go|shortcuts/common/mcp_client\.go)
+      # errs-no-bare-wrap enforced across every command/wire boundary by
+      # structural prefix, so any future business domain or command is covered
+      # without editing an allowlist. Genuine intermediate wraps inside these
+      # paths use //nolint:forbidigo with a reason.
+      - path-except: (cmd/|shortcuts/|events/)
         text: errs-no-bare-wrap
         linters:
           - forbidigo
-      # errs-no-legacy-helper is drive-only: the shared helpers it bans are
-      # still used by other domains until their later migration phase.
-      - path-except: (shortcuts/drive/)
-        text: errs-no-legacy-helper
-        linters:
-          - forbidigo
 
   settings:
     depguard:
@@ -100,24 +110,6 @@ linters:
                 Use runtime.FileIO() for file operations or runtime.ValidatePath() for path validation.
     forbidigo:
       forbid:
-        # ── legacy output.Err* helpers banned on migrated paths ──
-        # output.ErrBare is intentionally not listed — it is the predicate-
-        # command silent-exit signal, outside the typed envelope contract.
-        - pattern: output\.(ErrValidation|ErrAuth|ErrNetwork|ErrAPI|ErrWithHint|Errorf)\b
-          msg: >-
-            [errs-typed-only] use errs.NewXxxError(...) builder
-            (see errs/types.go).
-        # ── legacy shared error helpers banned on drive ──
-        # These helpers internally produce legacy output.Err* shapes, so they
-        # are invisible to the errs-typed-only ban above. Drive has migrated its
-        # calls to typed errs.* (drive-local driveInputStatError / driveSaveError);
-        # this prevents reintroduction. Other domains still use the shared
-        # helpers (migrated globally in a later phase), so this is drive-scoped.
-        - pattern: (common\.FlagErrorf|common\.WrapInputStatError|common\.WrapSaveErrorByCategory)\b
-          msg: >-
-            [errs-no-legacy-helper] these shared helpers emit legacy output.Err*
-            shapes. Use the typed errs.NewXxxError builders or the drive-local
-            driveInputStatError / driveSaveError helpers (shortcuts/drive/drive_errors.go).
         # ── bare error wraps banned on fully-typed paths ──
         - pattern: (fmt\.Errorf|errors\.New)\b
           msg: >-

.goreleaser.yml

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ builds:
     goarch:
       - amd64
       - arm64
+      - riscv64
 
 archives:
   - name_template: "lark-cli-{{ .Version }}-{{ .Os }}-{{ .Arch }}"

AGENTS.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 ```bash
 make build          # Build (runs fetch_meta first)
-make unit-test      # Required before PR (runs with -race)
+make unit-test      # Required before PR (runs with -race where supported, e.g. amd64/arm64)
 make test           # Full: vet + unit + integration
 ```
 
@@ -75,7 +75,31 @@ The one rule to internalize: **every error message you write will be parsed by a
 
 ### Structured errors in commands
 
-`RunE` functions must return `output.Errorf` / `output.ErrWithHint` — never bare `fmt.Errorf`. AI agents parse stderr as JSON; bare errors break this contract.
+Command-facing failures must be typed `errs.*` errors — never the legacy `output.Err*` helpers and never a final bare `fmt.Errorf`. AI agents parse the stderr envelope's `type` / `subtype` / `param` / `hint` fields to decide their next action; the full taxonomy lives in `errs/ERROR_CONTRACT.md`.
+
+Picking a constructor:
+
+| Failure | Constructor |
+|---------|-------------|
+| User flag/arg fails validation | `errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, ...).WithParam("--flag")` |
+| Valid request, wrong system state | `errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, ...).WithHint(...)` |
+| Lark API returned `code != 0` | `runtime.CallAPITyped` (shortcuts) / `errclass.BuildAPIError` (raw responses) — never hand-build |
+| Network / transport failure | `errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, ...)` |
+| Local file I/O failure | `errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, ...)` — validate the path first (`validate.SafeInputPath` / `SafeOutputPath`) and use `vfs.*` |
+| Unclassified lower-layer error as final | `errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, ...).WithCause(err)` |
+| Lower layer already returned a typed error | pass it through unchanged — re-wrapping downgrades its classification |
+
+Signatures that are easy to guess wrong:
+
+- `runtime.CallAPITyped(method, url string, params map[string]interface{}, data interface{}) (map[string]interface{}, error)` — it performs the HTTP request itself and classifies `code != 0` into a typed error; just return the error it gives you.
+- Typed pass-through check: `if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok { return err }` — `ProblemOf` returns `(*errs.Problem, bool)`, not a nilable pointer.
+- `.WithParam` exists only on `*errs.ValidationError`. `InternalError` / `NetworkError` have no param field — file or endpoint context goes in the message or `.WithHint(...)`.
+
+`forbidigo` + `lint/errscontract` reject the legacy `output.Err*` helpers, bare final `fmt.Errorf` / `errors.New`, and legacy envelope literals on migrated paths. Beyond what lint catches, three authoring conventions apply:
+
+- Preserve the underlying error with `.WithCause(err)` so `errors.Is` / `errors.Unwrap` keep working.
+- `param` names only the user input that actually failed. Recovery guidance goes in `.WithHint(...)`; machine-readable recovery fields (`missing_scopes`, `log_id`) carry server/system ground truth only — never caller-side guesses.
+- Error-path tests assert typed metadata via `errs.ProblemOf` (`category` / `subtype` / `param`) and cause preservation, not message substrings alone.
 
 ### stdout is data, stderr is everything else
 
@@ -117,3 +141,74 @@ CLI arguments are untrusted (they come from AI agents). Call `validate.SafeInput
 | Modify shortcut flags/params | Required | If behavior changes |
 | Shortcut bug fix | Required | If regression risk |
 | Internal refactor (no shortcut impact) | Not needed | Not needed |
+
+
+
+## CCM Harness Skill Routing (v2)
+
+When the user's request matches one of these patterns, invoke the corresponding `/ccm-harness:*` skill via the Skill tool. Skills include multi-step workflows, gates, and quality checks that produce more reliable results than ad-hoc answers. When in doubt, invoke the skill — a false positive is cheaper than a false negative.
+
+### 主链路（spec → idl → dev → release）
+
+| 用户表达 | Skill |
+|---------|-------|
+| "新需求 / 这是个新功能 / 开始一个 req / 写 spec / 起 spec / PRD 来了 / 把 PRD 转 spec / 改 spec / 微调 spec / spec 局部更新 / spec 加一个字段" | `/ccm-harness:draft-spec <req-id> [<arg2>] [--force]`（Phase 0 路由器自动决定 init / generate / update capability）|
+| "review spec / 看 spec / 评审 spec / spec 评审" | `/ccm-harness:spec-review <req-id>` |
+| "生成 thrift / 起 idl / 把 spec 转 thrift" | `/ccm-harness:draft-idl` |
+| "推 thrift / 落 contract / Frozen Spec / codegen / 生成框架代码" | `/ccm-harness:codegen-idl <req-id>` |
+| "实现 spec / 写后端 / 后端开发 / 实现这个功能" | `/ccm-harness:backend-dev <req-id>` |
+| "前端怎么改 / 写前端 / 前端开发 / 前端编码" | `/ccm-harness:frontend-coding <req-id>` |
+| "部署 BOE / 上 PPE / 部署到 feature 环境" | `/ccm-harness:deploy <req-id>` |
+| "提 release / 上线 / 发布 / 走 PRE-GRAY-ONLINE" | `/ccm-harness:release <req-id>` |
+| "触发打包 / build / 起 SCM 编译" | `/ccm-harness:build <repo or psm>` |
+
+### 守护与诊断
+
+| 用户表达 | Skill |
+|---------|-------|
+| "工作流到哪一步了 / 下一步咋走 / 我迷路了" | `/ccm-harness:doctor` |
+| "调试 / debug / 这个 bug 怎么排" | `/ccm-harness:debug` |
+| "查 CI 失败 / CI 跑挂了 / pipeline 红了" | `/ccm-harness:check-ci-failure <mr>` |
+| "检查实现是否符合 spec / 蓝图对比" | `/ccm-harness:check-impl-gap` |
+| "spec 跟代码飘了吗 / drift 检查" | `/ccm-harness:spec-review <req-id> --mode drift` |
+| "Hub 知识跟代码一致吗" | `/ccm-harness:check-knowledge-consistency` |
+| "代码 review / 看 MR / cr 一下" | `/ccm-harness:code-review <mr>` |
+| "设计 review / 看技术方案" | `/ccm-harness:design-review <doc>` |
+
+### 工程辅助
+
+| 用户表达 | Skill |
+|---------|-------|
+| "通知 reviewer / 发 review 卡片" | `/ccm-harness:notify-reviewer <mr>` |
+| "自动修 MR / 按 review 改" | `/ccm-harness:autofix-mr <mr>` |
+| "生成测试用例 / 起 case / 筛选可执行 case / E2E 用例 / Playwright 脚本 / 自动化验收" | `/ccm-harness:test`（路由到 `ccm-e2e-check -> exec-e2e`） |
+| "查 idl / 看 thrift 定义" | `/ccm-harness:lookup-idl <psm>` |
+| "看仓库最近改了啥 / 仓库脉搏" | `/ccm-harness:pulse` |
+
+### 元能力（Skill / Prompt 研发）
+
+| 用户表达 | Skill |
+|---------|-------|
+| "起一个新 skill / 设计 skill" | `/ccm-harness:meta-draft-skill` |
+| "做评测集 / 给 skill 出评测数据" | `/ccm-harness:meta-build-evalset` |
+| "跑评测 / Fornax 实验" | `/ccm-harness:meta-run-eval` |
+| "优化 skill / skill 反馈优化" | `/ccm-harness:meta-optimize-skill` |
+
+### 环境与配置
+
+| 用户表达 | Skill |
+|---------|-------|
+| "升级 ccm-harness / 更新插件" | `/ccm-harness:upgrade` |
+| "看遥测 / 最近的反馈" | `/ccm-harness:show-telemetry` |
+| "清遥测 / 重置 telemetry" | `/ccm-harness:clear-telemetry` |
+| "上报问题 / 提 issue" | `/ccm-harness:report-issue` |
+| "看本地教训 / project learnings / 我们踩过啥" | `/ccm-harness:learn` |
+| "反馈 / 评分这次 skill" | `/ccm-harness:feedback` |
+
+### 使用提示
+
+- **入口**：新需求**必从** `/ccm-harness:draft-spec <req-id>` 开始（Phase 0 路由器自动决定建目录 / 带 PRD 一气呵成）。
+- **不跳步**：spec → idl → dev → release 是流水线，不是菜单——按顺序推进，反向走需要 `/ccm-harness:draft-spec <req-id> "<change-desc>"` 局部修（路由进 update capability）。
+- **横切**：任何阶段发现 spec 要局部改 → `/ccm-harness:draft-spec <req-id> "<change-desc>"`；想检测漂移 → `/ccm-harness:spec-review <req-id> --mode drift`；CI 红 → `/ccm-harness:check-ci-failure`；迷路 → `/ccm-harness:doctor`。
+
+完整流程文档：`docs/user-guide/workflow.md`

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,229 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
+## [v1.0.56] - 2026-06-18
+
+### Features
+
+- **apps**: Add `+session-messages-list` for session turn reply messages (#1402)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **api**: Align API success envelopes (#1489)
+- **base**: Reject out-of-range pagination flags (#1495)
+
+### Refactor
+
+- Retire legacy error envelopes and enforce typed contract (#1449)
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **skills**: Soften lark-doc style guidance (#1463)
+
+### Build
+
+- Add CI quality gate with semantic review
+
+## [v1.0.55] - 2026-06-16
+
+### Features
+
+- **vc**: Support agent meeting event workflows (#1483)
+- **drive**: Support exporting Base structure snapshots (#1481)
+- **doc**: Add docx cover resource commands (#1468)
+- **doc**: Support `lang` for docx fetch v2 (#1459)
+- **event**: Optimize subscription precheck, links, and consumer guard (#1447)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **drive**: Validate drive import folder target (#1485)
+
+## [v1.0.54] - 2026-06-15
+
+### Features
+
+- **mail**: Auto-attach default signature on send/reply/forward (#1415)
+- **drive**: Support `original_creator_ids` filter in search (#1046)
+- **cli**: Simplify proxy plugin warning and gate it on TTY (#1448)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **doc**: Fix docs fetch and update ergonomics (#1466)
+- **vfs**: Reject blank local paths (#1460)
+- **vfs**: Reject Windows absolute paths cross-platform (#1401)
+- **event**: Clarify remote bus blocker recovery (#1454)
+
+### Refactor
+
+- Converge command pipelines onto a typed metadata model + catalog (#1191)
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **im**: Document `@mention` format per message type (text/post/card) (#1419)
+- **doc**: Clarify lark-doc create title guidance (#1474)
+- **skills**: Add rename prompt for import without `--name` (#1461)
+- **apps**: Drop Miaoda brand word from apps command help text (#1399)
+
+## [v1.0.53] - 2026-06-12
+
+### Features
+
+- **auth**: Revoke user tokens server-side on `auth logout` (#1434)
+- **auth**: Add `--json` flag support to auth subcommands (#1431)
+- **token**: Mint TAT via unified OAuth v3 Token Endpoint (#1408)
+- **note**: Split note into a dedicated domain with `+detail` and `+transcript` flows (#1345, #1417, #1435)
+- **im**: Unify sort flags into `--sort` field and `--order` direction (#1302)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **apps**: Read release error_logs from `data.error_logs` in `+release-get` (#1436)
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **skills**: Optimize whiteboard skill (#1371)
+- **skills**: Optimize okr skill (#1368)
+
+## [v1.0.52] - 2026-06-11
+
+### Features
+
+- **events**: Per-resource subscription identity + Match hook (#1185)
+- **apps**: Emit typed error envelopes across the apps domain (#1288)
+- **wiki**: Emit typed error envelopes across the wiki domain (#1350)
+- **im**: Add `--chat-modes` filter to chat search (#1317)
+- **apps**: Exclude `.git` directory from `+html-publish` package (#1396)
+- **build**: Support riscv64 prebuilt binaries in release and install pipeline
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **apps**: Support git credential dry-run (#1390)
+- **whiteboard**: Fix parsing empty whiteboard content (#1391)
+- **build**: Make `-race` flag arch-conditional to support riscv64
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **im**: Document `chat.user_setting` batch_query/batch_update (#1339)
+- **im**: Document `chat.managers` and `chat.moderation` API resources (#1294)
+- **skills**: Optimize lark-drive skill routing (#1284)
+- **skills**: Expand cite user guidance and fix typos (#1394)
+
+## [v1.0.51] - 2026-06-10
+
+### Features
+
+- **apps**: Support multi dev modes (#1175)
+- **im**: Complete audio/post rendering and add opt-in `--download-resources` (#1245)
+- **base**: Configure initial base table schema (#1377)
+- **vc**: Add recording event support (#1369)
+- **minutes**: Replace words for transcript (#1372)
+- **markdown**: Emit typed error envelopes across the markdown domain (#1347)
+- **sheets**: Emit typed error envelopes across the sheets domain (#1348)
+- **slides**: Emit typed error envelopes across the slides domain (#1349)
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **skills**: Warn about `@file` absolute path restriction in lark-doc skills (#1375)
+- **skills**: Remove unsupported ⚠️ from callout emoji list (#1374)
+
+## [v1.0.50] - 2026-06-09
+
+### Features
+
+- **doc**: Emit typed error envelopes across the doc domain (#1346)
+- **event**: Emit typed error envelopes across the event domain (#1289)
+- **contact**: Emit typed error envelopes across the contact domain (#1287)
+- **sheets**: Guard `+csv-put --csv` against a path passed without `@` (#1337)
+- **cli**: Adjust agent timeout hint output conditions (#1328)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **drive**: Add `@file`/stdin support to `+add-comment --content` (#1343)
+- **slides**: Build create URL locally instead of drive metas call (#1329)
+- **cli**: Clarify `--block-id` supports comma-separated batch delete in help text (#1336)
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **doc**: Replace append with `block_insert_after` in skeleton workflow guidance (#1340)
+- **doc**: Document `<folder-manager>` resource block (#1168)
+- **drive**: Add drive comment location guidance (#1258)
+
+## [v1.0.49] - 2026-06-08
+
+### Features
+
+- **events**: Add whiteboard event domain with per-board subscription (#1265)
+- **im**: Support feed group (#1102)
+- **im**: Add feed shortcut create, list, and remove shortcuts (#1273)
+- **im**: Format feed group error handling (#1308)
+- **im**: Return typed error envelopes across the im domain (#1230)
+- **base**: Emit typed error envelopes across the base domain (#1248)
+- **calendar**: Emit typed error envelopes across the calendar domain (#1232)
+- **task**: Emit typed error envelopes across the task domain (#1231)
+- **okr,whiteboard**: Emit typed error envelopes across both domains (#1236)
+- **minutes,vc**: Emit typed error envelopes across both domains (#1234)
+- **markdown**: Harden create upload failures (#1325)
+- **drive**: Harden inspect shortcut failures (#1324)
+- **slides**: Add IconPark lookup for Lark slides (#1123)
+- **doc**: Remove docs v1 API (#1291)
+- **cli**: Add `skills` command to read embedded skill content (#1318)
+- **cli**: Fetch official skills index (#1301)
+- **shared**: Document relative-path-only file arguments (#1319)
+- **scopes**: Clear `recommend.allow` scope auto-approve overrides (#1272)
+- **shortcuts**: Check shortcut example commands against the live CLI tree (#1244)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **events**: Keep bounded event consume runs alive after stdin EOF (#1285)
+- **drive**: Use docs secure label read scope (#1281)
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **approval**: Restructure skill with intent table and scope boundaries (#1307)
+- **skills**: Tighten drive and markdown guardrails (#1326)
+- **skills**: Optimize calendar, vc, and minutes skill guidance (#1269)
+- **markdown**: Add markdown domain template (#1293)
+- **markdown**: Improve lark-markdown skill guidance (#1279)
+- **doc**: Improve lark-doc skill guidance (#1283)
+- **wiki**: Optimize skill guidance and routing boundaries (#1275)
+- **slides**: Tighten routing/boundary and reconcile in-slide whiteboard (#1169)
+
+## [v1.0.48] - 2026-06-04
+
+### Features
+
+- **mail**: Preserve mailbox context in `+triage` output for public mailboxes (#1238)
+- **contact**: Add contact skill domain guidance (#1144)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **skills**: Use JSON skills list during update (#1251)
+
+### Documentation
+
+- **drive**: Refine lark-drive knowledge organize workflow (#1253)
+- **vc-agent**: Require explicit leave request (#1260)
+- **slides**: Add whiteboard element documentation and improve slide guidance (#1029)
+
+## [v1.0.47] - 2026-06-03
+
+### Features
+
+- **sheets**: Add spec-driven shortcut package with backward-compatible wrapper (#1220)
+- **base**: Add base block shortcuts (#1044)
+- **im**: Complete card message format (#1198)
+- **im**: Improve markdown guidance for messages (#1237)
+- **vc**: Forward invite call-id on meeting join (#1243)
+- **drive**: Emit typed error envelopes across the drive domain (#1205)
+- **common**: Emit typed validation errors from shared shortcut pre-checks (#1242)
+- **mail**: Validate `message_ids` in `+messages` before batch get (#1202)
+- **wiki**: Support `appid` member type (#1235)
+- **cli**: Add `--json` flag as no-op alias for `--format json` (#1104)
+- **config**: Validate credentials after `config init` (#1151)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **skills**: Recover empty fallback for skills to update (#1233)
+
 ## [v1.0.46] - 2026-06-02
 
 ### Features
@@ -989,6 +1212,16 @@ Bundled AI agent skills for intelligent assistance:
 - Bilingual documentation (English & Chinese).
 - CI/CD pipelines: linting, testing, coverage reporting, and automated releases.
 
+[v1.0.56]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.56
+[v1.0.55]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.55
+[v1.0.54]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.54
+[v1.0.53]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.53
+[v1.0.52]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.52
+[v1.0.51]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.51
+[v1.0.50]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.50
+[v1.0.49]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.49
+[v1.0.48]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.48
+[v1.0.47]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.47
 [v1.0.46]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.46
 [v1.0.45]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.45
 [v1.0.44]: https://github.com/larksuite/cli/releases/tag/v1.0.44

CLAUDE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+
+## CCM Harness Skill Routing (v2)
+
+When the user's request matches one of these patterns, invoke the corresponding `/ccm-harness:*` skill via the Skill tool. Skills include multi-step workflows, gates, and quality checks that produce more reliable results than ad-hoc answers. When in doubt, invoke the skill — a false positive is cheaper than a false negative.
+
+### 主链路（spec → idl → dev → release）
+
+| 用户表达 | Skill |
+|---------|-------|
+| "新需求 / 这是个新功能 / 开始一个 req / 写 spec / 起 spec / PRD 来了 / 把 PRD 转 spec / 改 spec / 微调 spec / spec 局部更新 / spec 加一个字段" | `/ccm-harness:draft-spec <req-id> [<arg2>] [--force]`（Phase 0 路由器自动决定 init / generate / update capability）|
+| "review spec / 看 spec / 评审 spec / spec 评审" | `/ccm-harness:spec-review <req-id>` |
+| "生成 thrift / 起 idl / 把 spec 转 thrift" | `/ccm-harness:draft-idl` |
+| "推 thrift / 落 contract / Frozen Spec / codegen / 生成框架代码" | `/ccm-harness:codegen-idl <req-id>` |
+| "实现 spec / 写后端 / 后端开发 / 实现这个功能" | `/ccm-harness:backend-dev <req-id>` |
+| "前端怎么改 / 写前端 / 前端开发 / 前端编码" | `/ccm-harness:frontend-coding <req-id>` |
+| "部署 BOE / 上 PPE / 部署到 feature 环境" | `/ccm-harness:deploy <req-id>` |
+| "提 release / 上线 / 发布 / 走 PRE-GRAY-ONLINE" | `/ccm-harness:release <req-id>` |
+| "触发打包 / build / 起 SCM 编译" | `/ccm-harness:build <repo or psm>` |
+
+### 守护与诊断
+
+| 用户表达 | Skill |
+|---------|-------|
+| "工作流到哪一步了 / 下一步咋走 / 我迷路了" | `/ccm-harness:doctor` |
+| "调试 / debug / 这个 bug 怎么排" | `/ccm-harness:debug` |
+| "查 CI 失败 / CI 跑挂了 / pipeline 红了" | `/ccm-harness:check-ci-failure <mr>` |
+| "检查实现是否符合 spec / 蓝图对比" | `/ccm-harness:check-impl-gap` |
+| "spec 跟代码飘了吗 / drift 检查" | `/ccm-harness:spec-review <req-id> --mode drift` |
+| "Hub 知识跟代码一致吗" | `/ccm-harness:check-knowledge-consistency` |
+| "代码 review / 看 MR / cr 一下" | `/ccm-harness:code-review <mr>` |
+| "设计 review / 看技术方案" | `/ccm-harness:design-review <doc>` |
+
+### 工程辅助
+
+| 用户表达 | Skill |
+|---------|-------|
+| "通知 reviewer / 发 review 卡片" | `/ccm-harness:notify-reviewer <mr>` |
+| "自动修 MR / 按 review 改" | `/ccm-harness:autofix-mr <mr>` |
+| "生成测试用例 / 起 case / 筛选可执行 case / E2E 用例 / Playwright 脚本 / 自动化验收" | `/ccm-harness:test`（路由到 `ccm-e2e-check -> exec-e2e`） |
+| "查 idl / 看 thrift 定义" | `/ccm-harness:lookup-idl <psm>` |
+| "看仓库最近改了啥 / 仓库脉搏" | `/ccm-harness:pulse` |
+
+### 元能力（Skill / Prompt 研发）
+
+| 用户表达 | Skill |
+|---------|-------|
+| "起一个新 skill / 设计 skill" | `/ccm-harness:meta-draft-skill` |
+| "做评测集 / 给 skill 出评测数据" | `/ccm-harness:meta-build-evalset` |
+| "跑评测 / Fornax 实验" | `/ccm-harness:meta-run-eval` |
+| "优化 skill / skill 反馈优化" | `/ccm-harness:meta-optimize-skill` |
+
+### 环境与配置
+
+| 用户表达 | Skill |
+|---------|-------|
+| "升级 ccm-harness / 更新插件" | `/ccm-harness:upgrade` |
+| "看遥测 / 最近的反馈" | `/ccm-harness:show-telemetry` |
+| "清遥测 / 重置 telemetry" | `/ccm-harness:clear-telemetry` |
+| "上报问题 / 提 issue" | `/ccm-harness:report-issue` |
+| "看本地教训 / project learnings / 我们踩过啥" | `/ccm-harness:learn` |
+| "反馈 / 评分这次 skill" | `/ccm-harness:feedback` |
+
+### 使用提示
+
+- **入口**：新需求**必从** `/ccm-harness:draft-spec <req-id>` 开始（Phase 0 路由器自动决定建目录 / 带 PRD 一气呵成）。
+- **不跳步**：spec → idl → dev → release 是流水线，不是菜单——按顺序推进，反向走需要 `/ccm-harness:draft-spec <req-id> "<change-desc>"` 局部修（路由进 update capability）。
+- **横切**：任何阶段发现 spec 要局部改 → `/ccm-harness:draft-spec <req-id> "<change-desc>"`；想检测漂移 → `/ccm-harness:spec-review <req-id> --mode drift`；CI 红 → `/ccm-harness:check-ci-failure`；迷路 → `/ccm-harness:doctor`。
+
+完整流程文档：`docs/user-guide/workflow.md`

Makefile

@@ -5,10 +5,24 @@ BINARY   := lark-cli
 MODULE   := github.com/larksuite/cli
 VERSION  := $(shell git describe --tags --always --dirty 2>/dev/null || echo dev)
 DATE     := $(shell date +%Y-%m-%d)
+NODE     ?= node
+QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM ?= $(shell bash scripts/resolve-changed-from.sh)
+QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM_RESOLVED = $(if $(strip $(QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM)),$(QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM),$(shell bash scripts/resolve-changed-from.sh))
+QUALITY_GATE_DIR ?= .tmp/quality-gate
+QUALITY_GATE_MANIFEST_OUT ?= $(QUALITY_GATE_DIR)/command-manifest.json
+QUALITY_GATE_COMMAND_INDEX_OUT ?= $(QUALITY_GATE_DIR)/command-index.json
+QUALITY_GATE_FACTS_OUT ?= $(QUALITY_GATE_DIR)/facts.json
 LDFLAGS  := -s -w -X $(MODULE)/internal/build.Version=$(VERSION) -X $(MODULE)/internal/build.Date=$(DATE)
 PREFIX   ?= /usr/local
 
-.PHONY: all build vet fmt-check test unit-test integration-test examples-build install uninstall clean fetch_meta gitleaks
+# The repository's Go 1.23 CI toolchain does not support -race on riscv64.
+# Prefer GOARCH passed to make (for example, `make GOARCH=riscv64 unit-test`)
+# over `go env GOARCH`, because command-line make variables are not visible to
+# $(shell ...).
+TEST_GOARCH := $(or $(GOARCH),$(shell go env GOARCH))
+RACE_FLAG := $(if $(filter riscv64,$(TEST_GOARCH)),,-race)
+
+.PHONY: all build vet fmt-check script-test test unit-test integration-test examples-build quality-gate install uninstall clean fetch_meta gitleaks
 
 all: test
 
@@ -32,9 +46,15 @@ fmt-check:
 		exit 1; \
 	fi
 
+script-test:
+	bash scripts/resolve-changed-from.test.sh
+	bash scripts/ci-workflow.test.sh
+	bash scripts/semantic-review-workflow.test.sh
+	$(NODE) --test scripts/semantic-review-verify-artifact.test.js scripts/pr-quality-summary.test.js scripts/semantic-review-publish.test.js scripts/ci-quality-summary-publish.test.js
+
 # ./extension/... keeps the public plugin SDK in the default test matrix.
 unit-test: fetch_meta
-	go test -race -gcflags="all=-N -l" -count=1 \
+	go test $(RACE_FLAG) -gcflags="all=-N -l" -count=1 \
 		./cmd/... ./internal/... ./shortcuts/... ./extension/...
 
 # examples-build keeps the shipped plugin-SDK examples compilable. If this
@@ -46,7 +66,30 @@ examples-build:
 integration-test: build
 	go test -v -count=1 ./tests/...
 
-test: vet fmt-check unit-test examples-build integration-test
+test: vet fmt-check script-test unit-test examples-build integration-test
+
+quality-gate: build
+	mkdir -p $(QUALITY_GATE_DIR) $(dir $(QUALITY_GATE_FACTS_OUT))
+	LARKSUITE_CLI_REMOTE_META=off \
+	LARKSUITE_CLI_NO_UPDATE_NOTIFIER=1 \
+	LARKSUITE_CLI_NO_SKILLS_NOTIFIER=1 \
+	go run ./internal/qualitygate/cmd/manifest-export \
+		--manifest-out $(QUALITY_GATE_MANIFEST_OUT) \
+		--command-index-out $(QUALITY_GATE_COMMAND_INDEX_OUT)
+	LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_ID=dry-run \
+	LARKSUITE_CLI_APP_SECRET=dry-run \
+	LARKSUITE_CLI_BRAND=feishu \
+	LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR=$${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/quality-gate-cli-config \
+	LARKSUITE_CLI_REMOTE_META=off \
+	LARKSUITE_CLI_NO_UPDATE_NOTIFIER=1 \
+	LARKSUITE_CLI_NO_SKILLS_NOTIFIER=1 \
+	go run ./internal/qualitygate/cmd/quality-gate check \
+		--repo . \
+		--cli-bin ./$(BINARY) \
+		--changed-from $(QUALITY_GATE_CHANGED_FROM_RESOLVED) \
+		--manifest $(QUALITY_GATE_MANIFEST_OUT) \
+		--command-index $(QUALITY_GATE_COMMAND_INDEX_OUT) \
+		--facts-out $(QUALITY_GATE_FACTS_OUT)
 
 install: build
 	install -d $(PREFIX)/bin

README.md

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The official [Lark/Feishu](https://www.larksuite.com/) CLI tool, maintained by t
 | ✍️ Approval   | Query approval tasks, approve/reject/transfer tasks, cancel and CC instances                                                      |
 | 🎯 OKR        | Query, create, update OKRs; manage objective & key results, alignments, indicators and progress.                                  |
 | 📋 Project    | Meegle — manage work items, schedules, and data via the standalone [meegle-cli](https://github.com/larksuite/meegle-cli) (install separately) |
-| 🔗 Apps       | Develop, deploy HTML, web pages and applications                                                                                  |
+| 🔗 Apps       | Create Spark/Miaoda apps, publish HTML/static sites, run cloud generation, and manage access scope                                 |
 
 ## Installation & Quick Start
 

README.zh.md

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 | ✍️ 审批     | 查询审批任务、同意/拒绝/转交审批任务、撤回与抄送审批实例              |
 | 🎯 OKR  | 查询、创建、更新 OKR，管理目标、关键结果、对齐、指标和进展记录        |
 | 📋 飞书项目 | 管理工作项、排期与数据 — 由独立的 [meegle-cli](https://github.com/larksuite/meegle-cli) 提供（需单独安装） |
-| 🔗 应用     | 开发、部署 HTML、Web 页面和应用                                                                                                          |
+| 🔗 应用     | 创建妙搭（Spark/Miaoda）应用、发布 HTML/静态站点、云端生成迭代、管理可用范围                                                                                                   |
 
 ## 安装与快速开始
 

cmd/api/api.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ func NewCmdApiWithContext(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*AP
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageLimit, "page-limit", 10, "max pages to fetch with --page-all (0 = unlimited)")
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageDelay, "page-delay", 200, "delay in ms between pages")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Format, "format", "json", "output format: json|ndjson|table|csv")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("json", false, "shorthand for --format json")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.JqExpr, "jq", "q", "", "jq expression to filter JSON output")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.DryRun, "dry-run", false, "print request without executing")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.File, "file", "", "file to upload as multipart/form-data ([field=]path, supports - for stdin)")
@@ -122,7 +124,13 @@ func buildAPIRequest(opts *APIOptions) (client.RawApiRequest, *cmdutil.FileUploa
 
 	// stdin conflict: --params and --data cannot both read from stdin, regardless of --file.
 	if opts.Params == "-" && opts.Data == "-" {
-		return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, output.ErrValidation("--params and --data cannot both read from stdin (-)")
+		return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"--params and --data cannot both read from stdin (-)").
+			WithHint("pass at most one flag as '-'; give the other inline JSON or @file").
+			WithParams(
+				errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--params", Reason: "reads from stdin (-)"},
+				errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--data", Reason: "reads from stdin (-)"},
+			)
 	}
 
 	params, err := cmdutil.ParseJSONMap(opts.Params, "--params", stdin, fileIO)
@@ -152,7 +160,10 @@ func buildAPIRequest(opts *APIOptions) (client.RawApiRequest, *cmdutil.FileUploa
 				return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, err
 			}
 			if _, ok := dataFields.(map[string]any); !ok {
-				return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, output.ErrValidation("--data must be a JSON object when used with --file")
+				return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+					"--data must be a JSON object when used with --file").
+					WithHint(`with --file, --data carries multipart form fields, e.g. --data '{"image_type":"message"}'`).
+					WithParam("--data")
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -195,7 +206,13 @@ func apiRun(opts *APIOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	if opts.PageAll && opts.Output != "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("--output and --page-all are mutually exclusive")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"--output and --page-all are mutually exclusive").
+			WithHint("drop --page-all to save a binary response, or drop --output to paginate JSON").
+			WithParams(
+				errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--output", Reason: "conflicts with --page-all"},
+				errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--page-all", Reason: "conflicts with --output"},
+			)
 	}
 	if err := output.ValidateJqFlags(opts.JqExpr, opts.Output, opts.Format); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -232,7 +249,7 @@ func apiRun(opts *APIOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	if opts.PageAll {
-		return apiPaginate(opts.Ctx, ac, request, format, opts.JqExpr, out, f.IOStreams.ErrOut,
+		return apiPaginate(opts.Ctx, ac, request, format, opts.JqExpr, out, f.IOStreams.ErrOut, opts.Cmd.CommandPath(),
 			client.PaginationOptions{PageLimit: opts.PageLimit, PageDelay: opts.PageDelay})
 	}
 
@@ -242,7 +259,7 @@ func apiRun(opts *APIOptions) error {
 		// pass on *output.ExitError values. Typed *errs.* errors that flow
 		// through here keep their canonical message / hint from BuildAPIError;
 		// MarkRaw is a no-op on those (it only flips a flag on *ExitError).
-		return output.MarkRaw(err)
+		return errs.MarkRaw(err)
 	}
 	err = client.HandleResponse(resp, client.ResponseOptions{
 		OutputPath:  opts.Output,
@@ -262,7 +279,7 @@ func apiRun(opts *APIOptions) error {
 	// MarkRaw: see comment above on the DoAPI path. Skips legacy
 	// *ExitError enrichment; typed errors flow through unchanged.
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.MarkRaw(err)
+		return errs.MarkRaw(err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -271,46 +288,76 @@ func apiDryRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, request client.RawApiRequest, config *core.Cl
 	return cmdutil.PrintDryRun(f.IOStreams.Out, request, config, format)
 }
 
-func apiPaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.RawApiRequest, format output.Format, jqExpr string, out, errOut io.Writer, pagOpts client.PaginationOptions) error {
+func apiPaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.RawApiRequest, format output.Format, jqExpr string, out, errOut io.Writer, commandPath string, pagOpts client.PaginationOptions) error {
 	if pagOpts.Identity == "" {
 		pagOpts.Identity = request.As
 	}
 	// When jq is set, always aggregate all pages then filter.
 	if jqExpr != "" {
-		if err := client.PaginateWithJq(ctx, ac, request, jqExpr, out, pagOpts, ac.CheckResponse); err != nil {
-			return output.MarkRaw(err)
+		result, err := ac.PaginateAll(ctx, request, pagOpts)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errs.MarkRaw(err)
 		}
-		return nil
+		if apiErr := ac.CheckResponse(result, pagOpts.Identity); apiErr != nil {
+			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
+			return errs.MarkRaw(apiErr)
+		}
+		return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
+			CommandPath: commandPath,
+			Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
+			JqExpr:      jqExpr,
+			Out:         out,
+			ErrOut:      errOut,
+		})
 	}
 
 	switch format {
 	case output.FormatNDJSON, output.FormatTable, output.FormatCSV:
 		pf := output.NewPaginatedFormatter(out, format)
-		result, hasItems, err := ac.StreamPages(ctx, request, func(items []interface{}) {
+		result, hasItems, err := ac.StreamPages(ctx, request, func(items []interface{}) error {
+			// Streaming formats intentionally emit each page after that page has
+			// passed safety scanning. A later page may still fail, so callers
+			// must use the exit code to distinguish complete vs partial output.
+			scanResult := output.ScanForSafety(commandPath, items, errOut)
+			if scanResult.Blocked {
+				return scanResult.BlockErr
+			}
+			if scanResult.Alert != nil {
+				output.WriteAlertWarning(errOut, scanResult.Alert)
+			}
 			pf.FormatPage(items)
+			return nil
 		}, pagOpts)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.MarkRaw(err)
+			return errs.MarkRaw(err)
 		}
 		if apiErr := ac.CheckResponse(result, pagOpts.Identity); apiErr != nil {
-			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
-			return output.MarkRaw(apiErr)
+			return errs.MarkRaw(apiErr)
 		}
 		if !hasItems {
 			fmt.Fprintf(errOut, "warning: this API does not return a list, format %q is not supported, falling back to json\n", format)
-			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
+			return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
+				CommandPath: commandPath,
+				Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
+				Out:         out,
+				ErrOut:      errOut,
+			})
 		}
 		return nil
 	default:
 		result, err := ac.PaginateAll(ctx, request, pagOpts)
 		if err != nil {
-			return output.MarkRaw(err)
+			return errs.MarkRaw(err)
 		}
 		if apiErr := ac.CheckResponse(result, pagOpts.Identity); apiErr != nil {
 			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
-			return output.MarkRaw(apiErr)
+			return errs.MarkRaw(apiErr)
 		}
-		output.FormatValue(out, result, format)
-		return nil
+		return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
+			CommandPath: commandPath,
+			Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
+			Out:         out,
+			ErrOut:      errOut,
+		})
 	}
 }

cmd/api/api_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 package api
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"sort"
@@ -11,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	extcs "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/contentsafety"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
@@ -66,6 +69,24 @@ func TestApiCmd_DryRun(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Regression: --params null parses to a nil map; writing page_size onto it must
+// not panic. Symmetric to the typed-flag overlay path in cmd/service — both
+// write into the map ParseJSONMap returns.
+func TestApiCmd_NullParamsWithPageSize(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	cmd := NewCmdApi(f, nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"GET", "/open-apis/test", "--params", "null", "--page-size", "50", "--as", "bot", "--dry-run"})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("--params null with --page-size should not error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out := stdout.String(); !strings.Contains(out, "page_size") {
+		t.Errorf("expected page_size applied over null --params, got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestApiCmd_BotMode(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
@@ -83,8 +104,19 @@ func TestApiCmd_BotMode(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "success") {
-		t.Error("expected 'success' in output")
+	var got map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if got["ok"] != true || got["identity"] != "bot" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected envelope: %#v", got)
+	}
+	if _, hasCode := got["code"]; hasCode {
+		t.Fatalf("success envelope leaked outer code: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	data, ok := got["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok || data["result"] != "success" {
+		t.Fatalf("data = %#v, want result=success", got["data"])
 	}
 }
 
@@ -310,8 +342,16 @@ func TestApiCmd_PageAll_NonBatchAPI_FallbackToJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("expected 'falling back to json' in stderr")
 	}
 	// Should output JSON result to stdout
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "u123") {
-		t.Error("expected user_id in JSON output")
+	var got map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	data, ok := got["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if got["ok"] != true || got["identity"] != "bot" || !ok || data["user_id"] != "u123" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected fallback envelope: %#v", got)
+	}
+	if _, hasCode := got["code"]; hasCode {
+		t.Fatalf("fallback success envelope leaked outer code: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -324,7 +364,7 @@ func TestApiCmd_PageAll_NonBatchAPI_ErrorStillOutputsJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
 		URL: "/open-apis/im/v1/chats/oc_xxx/announcement",
 		Body: map[string]interface{}{
-			"code": 230001, "msg": "no permission",
+			"code": 230027, "msg": "user not authorized",
 		},
 	})
 
@@ -336,12 +376,20 @@ func TestApiCmd_PageAll_NonBatchAPI_ErrorStillOutputsJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected an error for non-zero code")
 	}
 	// Should still output the response body so user can see the error details
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "230001") {
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "230027") {
 		t.Errorf("expected error response in stdout, got: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "no permission") {
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "user not authorized") {
 		t.Errorf("expected error message in stdout, got: %s", stdout.String())
 	}
+	if strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok": true`) || strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok":true`) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected success envelope on error path: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
+	var permErr *errs.PermissionError
+	if !errors.As(err, &permErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected PermissionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestApiCmd_PageAll_BatchAPI_StreamsItems(t *testing.T) {
@@ -377,6 +425,274 @@ func TestApiCmd_PageAll_BatchAPI_StreamsItems(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestApiCmd_PageAll_StreamBusinessErrorDoesNotDumpJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-pageall-stream-err", AppSecret: "test-secret-pageall-stream-err", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":      []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "safe-page"}},
+				"has_more":   true,
+				"page_token": "next",
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 230027, "msg": "user not authorized",
+		},
+	})
+
+	cmd := NewCmdApi(f, nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"GET", "/open-apis/contact/v3/users", "--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for non-zero code on later page")
+	}
+	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
+	out := stdout.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "safe-page") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected earlier successful page to remain streamed, got: %s", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, "230027") || strings.Contains(out, "user not authorized") {
+		t.Fatalf("streaming stdout should not contain raw error JSON, got: %s", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, "\n  \"code\"") {
+		t.Fatalf("streaming stdout should not contain indented JSON error dump, got: %s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApiCmd_PageAll_BatchAPI_DefaultJSONEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-pageall-json", AppSecret: "test-secret-pageall-json", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "1"}},
+				"has_more": false,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	cmd := NewCmdApi(f, nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"GET", "/open-apis/contact/v3/users", "--as", "bot", "--page-all"})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var got map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	data, ok := got["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if got["ok"] != true || got["identity"] != "bot" || !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected envelope: %#v", got)
+	}
+	if _, hasCode := got["code"]; hasCode {
+		t.Fatalf("success envelope leaked outer code: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	items, ok := data["items"].([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(items) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("data.items = %#v, want one item", data["items"])
+	}
+}
+
+type apiContentSafetyProvider struct {
+	called bool
+	path   string
+	data   interface{}
+	match  string
+}
+
+func (p *apiContentSafetyProvider) Name() string { return "api-test" }
+
+func (p *apiContentSafetyProvider) Scan(_ context.Context, req extcs.ScanRequest) (*extcs.Alert, error) {
+	p.called = true
+	p.path = req.Path
+	p.data = req.Data
+	if p.match != "" {
+		b, _ := json.Marshal(req.Data)
+		if !strings.Contains(string(b), p.match) {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return &extcs.Alert{Provider: "api-test", MatchedRules: []string{"pagination"}}, nil
+}
+
+func TestApiCmd_PageAll_DefaultJSONRunsContentSafety(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "warn")
+	provider := &apiContentSafetyProvider{}
+	extcs.Register(provider)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-pageall-safety", AppSecret: "test-secret-pageall-safety", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "1"}},
+				"has_more": false,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
+	root.AddCommand(NewCmdApi(f, nil))
+	root.SetArgs([]string{"api", "GET", "/open-apis/contact/v3/users", "--as", "bot", "--page-all"})
+	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !provider.called {
+		t.Fatal("expected content safety provider to scan paginated output")
+	}
+	if provider.path != "api" {
+		t.Fatalf("scan path = %q, want api", provider.path)
+	}
+	data, ok := provider.data.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("scanned data type = %T, want map", provider.data)
+	}
+	if _, hasCode := data["code"]; hasCode {
+		t.Fatalf("scanned data should be business data only, got %#v", data)
+	}
+
+	var got map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	alert, ok := got["_content_safety_alert"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok || alert["provider"] != "api-test" {
+		t.Fatalf("missing content safety alert in envelope: %#v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApiCmd_PageAll_StreamFormatRunsContentSafety(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "warn")
+	provider := &apiContentSafetyProvider{}
+	extcs.Register(provider)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-pageall-stream-safety", AppSecret: "test-secret-pageall-stream-safety", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "1"}},
+				"has_more": false,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
+	root.AddCommand(NewCmdApi(f, nil))
+	root.SetArgs([]string{"api", "GET", "/open-apis/contact/v3/users", "--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
+	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !provider.called {
+		t.Fatal("expected content safety provider to scan streamed paginated output")
+	}
+	if provider.path != "api" {
+		t.Fatalf("scan path = %q, want api", provider.path)
+	}
+	items, ok := provider.data.([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(items) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("scanned data = %#v, want one streamed item", provider.data)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "warning: content safety alert from api-test") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected content safety warning on stderr, got: %s", stderr.String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"id":"1"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected streamed ndjson output, got: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestApiCmd_PageAll_StreamFormatBlockSkipsBlockedPage(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "block")
+	provider := &apiContentSafetyProvider{match: "blocked"}
+	extcs.Register(provider)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-pageall-stream-block", AppSecret: "test-secret-pageall-stream-block", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":      []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "safe-page"}},
+				"has_more":   true,
+				"page_token": "next",
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/contact/v3/users",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "blocked-page"}},
+				"has_more": false,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
+	root.AddCommand(NewCmdApi(f, nil))
+	root.SetArgs([]string{"api", "GET", "/open-apis/contact/v3/users", "--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
+	err := root.Execute()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected content safety block error")
+	}
+	var safetyErr *errs.ContentSafetyError
+	if !errors.As(err, &safetyErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ContentSafetyError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if safetyErr.Category != errs.CategoryPolicy || safetyErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeContentSafety {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", safetyErr.Category, safetyErr.Subtype, errs.CategoryPolicy, errs.SubtypeContentSafety)
+	}
+	if len(safetyErr.Rules) != 1 || safetyErr.Rules[0] != "pagination" {
+		t.Fatalf("rules = %v, want [pagination]", safetyErr.Rules)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "safe-page") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected earlier safe page to remain streamed, got: %s", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, "blocked-page") {
+		t.Fatalf("blocked page was written before safety block: %s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+func requireProblem(t *testing.T, err error, category errs.Category, subtype errs.Subtype, code int) {
+	t.Helper()
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != category || p.Subtype != subtype || p.Code != code {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = %s/%s/%d, want %s/%s/%d", p.Category, p.Subtype, p.Code, category, subtype, code)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestNormalisePath_StripsQueryAndFragment(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tt := range []struct {
 		name string
@@ -718,3 +1034,23 @@ func TestApiCmd_PermissionError_DerivesFirstClassFields(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("LogID = %q, want %q", pe.LogID, "20260527-test-log")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestApiCmd_JsonFlag_Accepted(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	var gotOpts *APIOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdApi(f, func(opts *APIOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"GET", "/open-apis/test", "--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("--json should be accepted without error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts.Method != "GET" {
+		t.Errorf("expected method GET, got %s", gotOpts.Method)
+	}
+}

cmd/auth/auth_test.go

@@ -91,6 +91,29 @@ func TestAuthCheckCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthCheckCmd_AcceptsJSONFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	var gotOpts *CheckOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdAuthCheck(f, func(opts *CheckOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--scope", "calendar:calendar:read", "--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected opts to be set")
+	}
+	if !gotOpts.JSON {
+		t.Error("expected JSON=true")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthLogoutCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 
@@ -109,6 +132,27 @@ func TestAuthLogoutCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthLogoutCmd_AcceptsJSONFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+
+	var gotOpts *LogoutOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdAuthLogout(f, func(opts *LogoutOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected opts to be set")
+	}
+	if !gotOpts.JSON {
+		t.Error("expected JSON=true")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthListCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 
@@ -126,6 +170,27 @@ func TestAuthListCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthListCmd_AcceptsJSONFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+
+	var gotOpts *ListOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdAuthList(f, func(opts *ListOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts == nil {
+		t.Error("expected opts to be set")
+	}
+	if !gotOpts.JSON {
+		t.Error("expected JSON=true")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthStatusCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
@@ -145,6 +210,29 @@ func TestAuthStatusCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthStatusCmd_AcceptsJSONFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	var gotOpts *StatusOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdAuthStatus(f, func(opts *StatusOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts == nil {
+		t.Error("expected opts to be set")
+	}
+	if !gotOpts.JSON {
+		t.Error("expected JSON=true")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthStatusCmd_VerifyFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
@@ -267,6 +355,32 @@ func TestAuthScopesCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthScopesCmd_JSONFlagForcesJSONFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	var gotOpts *ScopesOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdAuthScopes(f, func(opts *ScopesOptions) error {
+		gotOpts = opts
+		return nil
+	})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--format", "pretty", "--json"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotOpts == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected opts to be set")
+	}
+	if !gotOpts.JSON {
+		t.Error("expected JSON=true")
+	}
+	if gotOpts.Format != "json" {
+		t.Errorf("expected format json, got %s", gotOpts.Format)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAuthScopesRun_UsesTenantAccessTokenFromCredentialProvider(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,

cmd/auth/check.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 type CheckOptions struct {
 	Factory *cmdutil.Factory
 	Scope   string
+	JSON    bool
 }
 
 // NewCmdAuthCheck creates the auth check subcommand.
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ func NewCmdAuthCheck(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*CheckOptions) error) *cobra.
 	}
 
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Scope, "scope", "", "scopes to check (space-separated)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.JSON, "json", false, "structured JSON output")
 	cmd.MarkFlagRequired("scope")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
 

cmd/auth/check_test.go

@@ -33,12 +33,9 @@ func TestAuthCheckRun_NotLoggedIn_ExitOneWithStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
 	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != 1 {
 		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want 1 (predicate 'missing' signal)", got)
 	}
-	var bare *output.ExitError
+	var bare *output.BareError
 	if !errors.As(err, &bare) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError (ErrBare), got %T: %v", err, err)
-	}
-	if bare.Detail != nil {
-		t.Errorf("ErrBare must carry no Detail (no envelope), got %+v", bare.Detail)
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.BareError (ErrBare), got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
 
 	if stderr.Len() != 0 {

cmd/auth/list.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 // ListOptions holds all inputs for auth list.
 type ListOptions struct {
 	Factory *cmdutil.Factory
+	JSON    bool
 }
 
 // NewCmdAuthList creates the auth list subcommand.
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ func NewCmdAuthList(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*ListOptions) error) *cobra.Co
 			return authListRun(opts)
 		},
 	}
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.JSON, "json", false, "structured JSON output")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
 
 	return cmd
@@ -44,12 +47,20 @@ func authListRun(opts *ListOptions) error {
 
 	multi, _ := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
 	if multi == nil || len(multi.Apps) == 0 {
+		if opts.JSON {
+			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{
+				"ok":     true,
+				"users":  []map[string]interface{}{},
+				"reason": "not_configured",
+			})
+			return nil
+		}
 		// auth list is a read-only probe; the "configured but no users"
 		// branch below already returns exit 0 with a stderr hint, so we
 		// keep the same contract here. We still want the hint to be
 		// workspace-aware, so we pull the message+hint out of
 		// NotConfiguredError() instead of hard-coding it.
-		var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
+		var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 		if errors.As(core.NotConfiguredError(), &cfgErr) {
 			fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, cfgErr.Message)
 			if cfgErr.Hint != "" {
@@ -61,6 +72,14 @@ func authListRun(opts *ListOptions) error {
 
 	app := multi.CurrentAppConfig(f.Invocation.Profile)
 	if app == nil || len(app.Users) == 0 {
+		if opts.JSON {
+			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{
+				"ok":     true,
+				"users":  []map[string]interface{}{},
+				"reason": "not_logged_in",
+			})
+			return nil
+		}
 		fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "No logged-in users. Run `lark-cli auth login` to log in.")
 		return nil
 	}

cmd/auth/list_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package auth
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -34,6 +35,33 @@ func TestAuthListRun_NotConfigured_ReturnsExitZero(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAuthListRun_JSONMode_NotConfigured_WritesStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authListRun(&ListOptions{Factory: f, JSON: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("auth list should succeed when not configured (exit 0); got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if payload["ok"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want true", payload["ok"])
+	}
+	users, ok := payload["users"].([]any)
+	if !ok || len(users) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.users = %v, want empty array", payload["users"])
+	}
+	if payload["reason"] != "not_configured" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.reason = %v, want not_configured", payload["reason"])
+	}
+	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty in JSON mode, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
 // TestAuthListRun_NotConfigured_AgentWorkspace_RoutesToBindHelp covers the
 // reason this hint exists workspace-aware in the first place: an AI agent
 // in OpenClaw / Hermes that probes auth list before binding gets routed to
@@ -57,3 +85,48 @@ func TestAuthListRun_NotConfigured_AgentWorkspace_RoutesToBindHelp(t *testing.T)
 		t.Errorf("agent hint must not mention config init: %s", out)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAuthListRun_JSONMode_NoLoggedInUsers_WritesStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	writeLogoutConfig(t, nil)
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authListRun(&ListOptions{Factory: f, JSON: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("auth list should succeed when no users exist (exit 0); got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if payload["ok"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want true", payload["ok"])
+	}
+	users, ok := payload["users"].([]any)
+	if !ok || len(users) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.users = %v, want empty array", payload["users"])
+	}
+	if payload["reason"] != "not_logged_in" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.reason = %v, want not_logged_in", payload["reason"])
+	}
+	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty in JSON mode, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthListRun_DefaultMode_NoLoggedInUsers_KeepsTextOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	writeLogoutConfig(t, nil)
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authListRun(&ListOptions{Factory: f}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("auth list should succeed when no users exist (exit 0); got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stdout must stay empty in default mode, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "No logged-in users") {
+		t.Errorf("stderr = %q, want no-users hint", stderr.String())
+	}
+}

cmd/auth/login.go

@@ -296,10 +296,11 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	// Step 2: Show user code and verification URL.
-	// Both branches surface AgentTimeoutHint, but on different channels:
-	// JSON mode embeds it as a structured field (so an agent that captures
-	// stdout into a JSON parser sees it without stream-mixing surprises),
-	// text mode prints to stderr (alongside the URL prompt).
+	// JSON mode embeds AgentTimeoutHint as a structured field so agents that
+	// capture stdout into a JSON parser see it without stream-mixing surprises.
+	// Text mode prints the hint to stderr only when running under a non-TTY
+	// (i.e. piped / agent harness), since humans reading a terminal don't need
+	// the agent-oriented instructions.
 	if opts.JSON {
 		data := map[string]interface{}{
 			"event":                     "device_authorization",
@@ -317,7 +318,9 @@ func authLoginRun(opts *LoginOptions) error {
 	} else {
 		fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, msg.OpenURL)
 		fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "  %s\n\n", authResp.VerificationUriComplete)
-		fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, msg.AgentTimeoutHint)
+		if f.IOStreams != nil && !f.IOStreams.IsTerminal {
+			fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, msg.AgentTimeoutHint)
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Step 3: Poll for token
@@ -404,10 +407,11 @@ func authLoginPollDeviceCode(opts *LoginOptions, config *core.CliConfig, msg *lo
 			fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "[lark-cli] [WARN] auth login: failed to remove cached requested scopes: %v\n", err)
 		}
 	}
-	// Skip the stderr hint in JSON mode — the --no-wait call that issued the
-	// device_code already returned the hint as a JSON field, and writing
-	// text to stderr would pollute consumers that combine streams via 2>&1.
-	if !opts.JSON {
+	// Skip the stderr hint in JSON mode (the --no-wait call that issued
+	// the device_code already surfaced it as a JSON field), and also skip it
+	// when running on an interactive terminal — the agent-oriented
+	// instructions only matter for piped / harness environments.
+	if !opts.JSON && f.IOStreams != nil && !f.IOStreams.IsTerminal {
 		fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, msg.AgentTimeoutHint)
 	}
 	log(msg.WaitingAuth)

cmd/auth/login_interactive.go

@@ -92,16 +92,11 @@ func buildDomainMeta(name, lang string) domainMeta {
 			Description: desc,
 		}
 	}
-	// Fallback: read from from_meta spec (legacy)
-	meta := registry.LoadFromMeta(name)
+	// Fallback: read from the typed service spec (legacy)
 	dm := domainMeta{Name: name}
-	if meta != nil {
-		if t, ok := meta["title"].(string); ok {
-			dm.Title = t
-		}
-		if d, ok := meta["description"].(string); ok {
-			dm.Description = d
-		}
+	if svc, ok := registry.ServiceTyped(name); ok {
+		dm.Title = svc.Title
+		dm.Description = svc.Description
 	}
 	return dm
 }

cmd/auth/login_messages.go

@@ -128,5 +128,5 @@ func getLoginMsg(lang i18n.Lang) *loginMsg {
 // (not backed by from_meta service specs). Descriptions are now centralized in
 // service_descriptions.json.
 func getShortcutOnlyDomainNames() []string {
-	return []string{"base", "contact", "docs", "markdown", "apps"}
+	return []string{"base", "contact", "docs", "markdown", "apps", "note"}
 }

cmd/auth/login_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -214,6 +215,12 @@ func TestGetShortcutOnlyDomainNames_HaveDescriptions(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestGetShortcutOnlyDomainNames_IncludesNote(t *testing.T) {
+	if !slices.Contains(getShortcutOnlyDomainNames(), "note") {
+		t.Fatal("shortcut-only domains must include note so auth login can select vc:note:read")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCollectScopesForDomains(t *testing.T) {
 	projects := registry.ListFromMetaProjects()
 	if len(projects) == 0 {
@@ -871,7 +878,7 @@ func TestAuthLoginRun_DeviceCodeTokenNilCleansScopeCache(t *testing.T) {
 // contract that when --json is set and pollDeviceToken returns OK=false,
 // stdout carries the structured authorization_failed event and stderr is
 // NOT polluted with a typed envelope. The returned error is a bare
-// ExitError with ExitAuth so the dispatcher only propagates the exit code
+// BareError with ExitAuth so the dispatcher only propagates the exit code
 // without emitting a second envelope on top of the JSON event.
 func TestAuthLoginRun_JSONAbort_StdoutEventOnly_StderrEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	keyring.MockInit()
@@ -938,16 +945,13 @@ func TestAuthLoginRun_JSONAbort_StdoutEventOnly_StderrEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("stderr should not contain JSON envelope fields, got: %s", stderrStr)
 	}
 
-	// Returned error must be the bare *output.ExitError signal (no envelope).
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	// Returned error must be the bare *output.BareError signal (no envelope).
+	var bareErr *output.BareError
+	if !errors.As(err, &bareErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.BareError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Fatalf("ExitError.Code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
-	}
-	if exitErr.Detail != nil {
-		t.Errorf("ExitError.Detail should be nil for bare signal, got: %+v", exitErr.Detail)
+	if bareErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
+		t.Fatalf("BareError.Code = %d, want %d", bareErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
 	}
 }
 

cmd/auth/logout.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 // LogoutOptions holds all inputs for auth logout.
 type LogoutOptions struct {
 	Factory *cmdutil.Factory
+	JSON    bool
 }
 
 // NewCmdAuthLogout creates the auth logout subcommand.
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ func NewCmdAuthLogout(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*LogoutOptions) error) *cobr
 			return authLogoutRun(opts)
 		},
 	}
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.JSON, "json", false, "structured JSON output")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "write")
 
 	return cmd
@@ -44,25 +46,65 @@ func authLogoutRun(opts *LogoutOptions) error {
 
 	multi, _ := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
 	if multi == nil || len(multi.Apps) == 0 {
+		if opts.JSON {
+			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{
+				"ok":        true,
+				"loggedOut": false,
+				"reason":    "not_configured",
+			})
+			return nil
+		}
 		fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "No configuration found.")
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	app := multi.CurrentAppConfig(f.Invocation.Profile)
 	if app == nil || len(app.Users) == 0 {
+		if opts.JSON {
+			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{
+				"ok":        true,
+				"loggedOut": false,
+				"reason":    "not_logged_in",
+			})
+			return nil
+		}
 		fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "Not logged in.")
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	httpClient, httpErr := f.HttpClient()
+	appSecret, secretErr := core.ResolveSecretInput(app.AppSecret, f.Keychain)
+
 	for _, user := range app.Users {
+		if httpErr == nil && secretErr == nil {
+			if token := larkauth.GetStoredToken(app.AppId, user.UserOpenId); token != nil {
+				revokeToken := token.RefreshToken
+				tokenTypeHint := "refresh_token"
+				if revokeToken == "" {
+					revokeToken = token.AccessToken
+					tokenTypeHint = "access_token"
+				}
+				if revokeToken != "" {
+					_ = larkauth.RevokeToken(httpClient, app.AppId, appSecret, app.Brand, revokeToken, tokenTypeHint)
+				}
+			}
+		}
 		if err := larkauth.RemoveStoredToken(app.AppId, user.UserOpenId); err != nil {
 			fmt.Fprintf(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "Warning: failed to remove token for %s: %v\n", user.UserOpenId, err)
 		}
 	}
+
 	app.Users = []core.AppUser{}
 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
 		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
+	if opts.JSON {
+		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{
+			"ok":        true,
+			"loggedOut": true,
+		})
+		return nil
+	}
 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, "Logged out")
 	return nil
 }

cmd/auth/logout_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+	"github.com/zalando/go-keyring"
+)
+
+func writeLogoutConfig(t *testing.T, users []core.AppUser) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(&core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "test-app",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
+			{
+				AppId:     "test-app",
+				AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("test-secret"),
+				Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
+				Users:     users,
+			},
+		},
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_JSONMode_NotConfigured_WritesStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f, JSON: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if payload["ok"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want true", payload["ok"])
+	}
+	if payload["loggedOut"] != false {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.loggedOut = %v, want false", payload["loggedOut"])
+	}
+	if payload["reason"] != "not_configured" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.reason = %v, want not_configured", payload["reason"])
+	}
+	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty in JSON mode, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_JSONMode_NotLoggedIn_WritesStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	writeLogoutConfig(t, nil)
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f, JSON: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if payload["ok"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want true", payload["ok"])
+	}
+	if payload["loggedOut"] != false {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.loggedOut = %v, want false", payload["loggedOut"])
+	}
+	if payload["reason"] != "not_logged_in" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.reason = %v, want not_logged_in", payload["reason"])
+	}
+	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty in JSON mode, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_JSONMode_Success_WritesStdoutOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	keyring.MockInit()
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_DATA_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	writeLogoutConfig(t, []core.AppUser{{UserOpenId: "ou_user", UserName: "tester"}})
+	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(&larkauth.StoredUAToken{
+		AppId:      "test-app",
+		UserOpenId: "ou_user",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetStoredToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f, JSON: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var payload map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout must be valid JSON: %v\nstdout=%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if payload["ok"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.ok = %v, want true", payload["ok"])
+	}
+	if payload["loggedOut"] != true {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.loggedOut = %v, want true", payload["loggedOut"])
+	}
+	if _, hasReason := payload["reason"]; hasReason {
+		t.Errorf("stdout.reason must be absent on success, got %v", payload["reason"])
+	}
+	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty in JSON mode, got:\n%s", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_DefaultMode_KeepsTextOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	keyring.MockInit()
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_DATA_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	writeLogoutConfig(t, []core.AppUser{{UserOpenId: "ou_user", UserName: "tester"}})
+	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(&larkauth.StoredUAToken{
+		AppId:      "test-app",
+		UserOpenId: "ou_user",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetStoredToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stdout must stay empty in default mode, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "Logged out") {
+		t.Errorf("stderr = %q, want success text", stderr.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_RevokesTokenAndClearsLocalState(t *testing.T) {
+	keyring.MockInit()
+	setupLoginConfigDir(t)
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "default",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
+			{
+				Name:      "default",
+				AppId:     "cli_test",
+				AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret"),
+				Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
+				Users:     []core.AppUser{{UserOpenId: "ou_user", UserName: "tester"}},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(&larkauth.StoredUAToken{
+		AppId:        "cli_test",
+		UserOpenId:   "ou_user",
+		AccessToken:  "user-access-token",
+		RefreshToken: "user-refresh-token",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetStoredToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, _, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		ProfileName: "default",
+		AppID:       "cli_test",
+		AppSecret:   "secret",
+		Brand:       core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    larkauth.PathOAuthRevoke,
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0},
+		BodyFilter: func(body []byte) bool {
+			values, err := url.ParseQuery(string(body))
+			if err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			return values.Get("client_id") == "cli_test" &&
+				values.Get("client_secret") == "secret" &&
+				values.Get("token") == "user-refresh-token" &&
+				values.Get("token_type_hint") == "refresh_token"
+		},
+	})
+
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if got := stderr.String(); !strings.Contains(got, "Logged out") {
+		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q, want Logged out", got)
+	}
+	if got := larkauth.GetStoredToken("cli_test", "ou_user"); got != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected stored token removed, got %#v", got)
+	}
+	saved, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LoadMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(saved.Apps) != 1 || len(saved.Apps[0].Users) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected users cleared, got %#v", saved.Apps)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_FallsBackToAccessTokenWhenRefreshTokenMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	keyring.MockInit()
+	setupLoginConfigDir(t)
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "default",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
+			{
+				Name:      "default",
+				AppId:     "cli_test",
+				AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret"),
+				Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
+				Users:     []core.AppUser{{UserOpenId: "ou_user", UserName: "tester"}},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(&larkauth.StoredUAToken{
+		AppId:       "cli_test",
+		UserOpenId:  "ou_user",
+		AccessToken: "user-access-token",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetStoredToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, _, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		ProfileName: "default",
+		AppID:       "cli_test",
+		AppSecret:   "secret",
+		Brand:       core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    larkauth.PathOAuthRevoke,
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"code": 0},
+		BodyFilter: func(body []byte) bool {
+			values, err := url.ParseQuery(string(body))
+			if err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			return values.Get("client_id") == "cli_test" &&
+				values.Get("client_secret") == "secret" &&
+				values.Get("token") == "user-access-token" &&
+				values.Get("token_type_hint") == "access_token"
+		},
+	})
+
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if got := stderr.String(); !strings.Contains(got, "Logged out") {
+		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q, want Logged out", got)
+	}
+	if got := larkauth.GetStoredToken("cli_test", "ou_user"); got != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected stored token removed, got %#v", got)
+	}
+	saved, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LoadMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(saved.Apps) != 1 || len(saved.Apps[0].Users) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected users cleared, got %#v", saved.Apps)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthLogoutRun_RevokeFailureStillClearsLocalState(t *testing.T) {
+	keyring.MockInit()
+	setupLoginConfigDir(t)
+	t.Setenv("HOME", t.TempDir())
+
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "default",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
+			{
+				Name:      "default",
+				AppId:     "cli_test",
+				AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret"),
+				Brand:     core.BrandFeishu,
+				Users:     []core.AppUser{{UserOpenId: "ou_user", UserName: "tester"}},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := larkauth.SetStoredToken(&larkauth.StoredUAToken{
+		AppId:        "cli_test",
+		UserOpenId:   "ou_user",
+		AccessToken:  "user-access-token",
+		RefreshToken: "user-refresh-token",
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetStoredToken() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, _, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		ProfileName: "default",
+		AppID:       "cli_test",
+		AppSecret:   "secret",
+		Brand:       core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		Method: "POST",
+		URL:    larkauth.PathOAuthRevoke,
+		Status: 500,
+		Body:   map[string]interface{}{"error": "server_error"},
+	})
+
+	if err := authLogoutRun(&LogoutOptions{Factory: f}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("authLogoutRun() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	gotErr := stderr.String()
+	if strings.Contains(gotErr, "failed to revoke token for ou_user") {
+		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q, want no revoke warning", gotErr)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(gotErr, "Logged out") {
+		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q, want Logged out", gotErr)
+	}
+	if got := larkauth.GetStoredToken("cli_test", "ou_user"); got != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected stored token removed, got %#v", got)
+	}
+	saved, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LoadMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(saved.Apps) != 1 || len(saved.Apps[0].Users) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected users cleared, got %#v", saved.Apps)
+	}
+}

cmd/auth/scopes.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ type ScopesOptions struct {
 	Factory *cmdutil.Factory
 	Ctx     context.Context
 	Format  string
+	JSON    bool
 }
 
 // NewCmdAuthScopes creates the auth scopes subcommand.
@@ -30,6 +31,9 @@ func NewCmdAuthScopes(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*ScopesOptions) error) *cobr
 		Short: "Query scopes enabled for the app",
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			opts.Ctx = cmd.Context()
+			if opts.JSON {
+				opts.Format = "json"
+			}
 			if runF != nil {
 				return runF(opts)
 			}
@@ -38,6 +42,7 @@ func NewCmdAuthScopes(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*ScopesOptions) error) *cobr
 	}
 
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Format, "format", "json", "output format: json (default) | pretty")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.JSON, "json", false, "structured JSON output")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
 
 	return cmd

cmd/auth/status.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 type StatusOptions struct {
 	Factory *cmdutil.Factory
 	Verify  bool
+	JSON    bool
 }
 
 // NewCmdAuthStatus creates the auth status subcommand.
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ func NewCmdAuthStatus(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*StatusOptions) error) *cobr
 	}
 
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.Verify, "verify", false, "verify token against server (requires network)")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.JSON, "json", false, "structured JSON output")
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
 
 	return cmd

cmd/build.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"context"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/api"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/auth"
@@ -16,8 +17,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/profile"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/schema"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/service"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/skill"
 	cmdupdate "github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd/update"
 	_ "github.com/larksuite/cli/events"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/apicatalog"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
@@ -31,9 +34,13 @@ import (
 type BuildOption func(*buildConfig)
 
 type buildConfig struct {
-	streams  *cmdutil.IOStreams
-	keychain keychain.KeychainAccess
-	globals  GlobalOptions
+	streams        *cmdutil.IOStreams
+	keychain       keychain.KeychainAccess
+	globals        GlobalOptions
+	skipPlugins    bool
+	skipStrictMode bool
+	skipService    bool
+	serviceCatalog *apicatalog.Catalog
 }
 
 // WithIO sets the IO streams for the CLI by wrapping raw reader/writers.
@@ -51,6 +58,18 @@ func WithKeychain(kc keychain.KeychainAccess) BuildOption {
 	}
 }
 
+// embeddedSkillContent is the skill tree wired into cmdutil.Factory.SkillContent
+// at build time. It is registered by the repo-root package main's init via
+// SetEmbeddedSkillContent — it cannot be threaded through main.go without
+// breaking the single-file preview build (see skills_embed.go). nil in builds
+// that embed no skills; the `skills` commands then return a typed internal error.
+var embeddedSkillContent fs.FS
+
+// SetEmbeddedSkillContent registers the embedded skill tree. Called from the
+// repo-root package main's init; a wrapper main can call it before Execute to
+// supply its own skill content.
+func SetEmbeddedSkillContent(fsys fs.FS) { embeddedSkillContent = fsys }
+
 // HideProfile sets the visibility policy for the root-level --profile flag.
 // When hide is true the flag stays registered (so existing invocations still
 // parse) but is omitted from help and shell completion. Typically called as
@@ -61,6 +80,41 @@ func HideProfile(hide bool) BuildOption {
 	}
 }
 
+// WithoutPlugins builds only repository-owned commands. It is intended for
+// inspection tools that need a deterministic command tree.
+func WithoutPlugins() BuildOption {
+	return func(c *buildConfig) {
+		c.skipPlugins = true
+	}
+}
+
+// WithoutStrictMode builds the complete repository-owned command tree without
+// applying user/profile strict-mode pruning. It is intended for offline
+// inspection tools, not production execution.
+func WithoutStrictMode() BuildOption {
+	return func(c *buildConfig) {
+		c.skipStrictMode = true
+	}
+}
+
+// WithoutServiceCommands builds only hand-authored commands. It is intended for
+// repository quality gates that should not depend on the remote OpenAPI
+// metadata command surface.
+func WithoutServiceCommands() BuildOption {
+	return func(c *buildConfig) {
+		c.skipService = true
+	}
+}
+
+// WithServiceCatalog builds generated service commands from a specific metadata
+// catalog. It is intended for offline inspection tools that need deterministic
+// embedded metadata while production execution keeps using the runtime catalog.
+func WithServiceCatalog(catalog apicatalog.Catalog) BuildOption {
+	return func(c *buildConfig) {
+		c.serviceCatalog = &catalog
+	}
+}
+
 // Build constructs the full command tree. It also installs registered
 // plugins and emits the Startup lifecycle event during assembly --
 // so Plugin.On(Startup) handlers run even if the returned command is
@@ -103,6 +157,7 @@ func buildInternal(ctx context.Context, inv cmdutil.InvocationContext, opts ...B
 	if cfg.keychain != nil {
 		f.Keychain = cfg.keychain
 	}
+	f.SkillContent = embeddedSkillContent
 	rootCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "lark-cli",
 		Short:   "Lark/Feishu CLI — OAuth authorization, UAT management, API calls",
@@ -117,6 +172,13 @@ func buildInternal(ctx context.Context, inv cmdutil.InvocationContext, opts ...B
 
 	installTipsHelpFunc(rootCmd)
 	rootCmd.SilenceErrors = true
+	// SilenceUsage as a static field (not only in PersistentPreRun) so it also
+	// covers flag-parse errors, which fail before PreRun runs — otherwise cobra
+	// dumps usage instead of our structured error. SetFlagErrorFunc on root is
+	// inherited by every subcommand, turning unknown-flag errors into a
+	// structured "did you mean" envelope.
+	rootCmd.SilenceUsage = true
+	rootCmd.SetFlagErrorFunc(flagDidYouMean)
 
 	RegisterGlobalFlags(rootCmd.PersistentFlags(), &cfg.globals)
 	rootCmd.PersistentPreRun = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
@@ -133,15 +195,27 @@ func buildInternal(ctx context.Context, inv cmdutil.InvocationContext, opts ...B
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(completion.NewCmdCompletion(f))
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(cmdupdate.NewCmdUpdate(f))
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(cmdevent.NewCmdEvents(f))
-	service.RegisterServiceCommandsWithContext(ctx, rootCmd, f)
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(skill.NewCmdSkill(f))
+	if !cfg.skipService {
+		if cfg.serviceCatalog != nil {
+			service.RegisterServiceCommandsFromCatalog(ctx, rootCmd, f, *cfg.serviceCatalog)
+		} else {
+			service.RegisterServiceCommandsWithContext(ctx, rootCmd, f)
+		}
+	}
 	shortcuts.RegisterShortcutsWithContext(ctx, rootCmd, f)
 
 	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(rootCmd)
 
-	if mode := f.ResolveStrictMode(ctx); mode.IsActive() {
+	if mode := f.ResolveStrictMode(ctx); mode.IsActive() && !cfg.skipStrictMode {
 		pruneForStrictMode(rootCmd, mode)
 	}
 
+	if cfg.skipPlugins {
+		recordInventory(nil)
+		return f, rootCmd, nil
+	}
+
 	installResult, installErr := installPluginsAndHooks(cfg.streams.ErrOut)
 	if installErr != nil {
 		installPluginInstallErrorGuard(rootCmd, installErr)

cmd/build_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func TestBuildWithoutPluginsStillBuildsBuiltinCommands(t *testing.T) {
+	root := Build(context.Background(), cmdutil.InvocationContext{}, WithoutPlugins())
+
+	if root == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Build returned nil root")
+	}
+	if findCommand(root, "api") == nil {
+		t.Fatal("builtin api command missing")
+	}
+	if findCommand(root, "docs +fetch") == nil {
+		t.Fatal("builtin docs +fetch shortcut missing")
+	}
+}
+
+func findCommand(root *cobra.Command, path string) *cobra.Command {
+	parts := strings.Fields(path)
+	cmd := root
+	for _, part := range parts {
+		var next *cobra.Command
+		for _, child := range cmd.Commands() {
+			if child.Name() == part {
+				next = child
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if next == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		cmd = next
+	}
+	return cmd
+}

cmd/cmdexample_catalog_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd_test
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// universalFlags are accepted by every command (cobra auto-injects help; the
+// root injects version). They are never reported as unknown.
+var universalFlags = map[string]bool{"--help": true, "-h": true, "--version": true}
+
+// catalog is the source-of-truth command catalog: command path -> accepted flag
+// tokens. A path is the command words WITHOUT the "lark-cli" root prefix, e.g.
+// "contact +search-user". The root command is the empty path "".
+type catalog struct {
+	flagsByPath map[string]map[string]bool
+	group       map[string]bool // paths that are parent groups (have subcommands)
+	sorted      []string        // cached sorted paths for suggestCommand; invalidated on addCommand
+}
+
+func newCatalog() *catalog {
+	return &catalog{
+		flagsByPath: map[string]map[string]bool{},
+		group:       map[string]bool{},
+	}
+}
+
+// setGroup records whether path is a parent group (has subcommands). Leftover
+// words after a group node are unknown subcommands; after a leaf they are
+// positionals (e.g. "api GET /path").
+func (c *catalog) setGroup(path string, isGroup bool) {
+	if isGroup {
+		c.group[path] = true
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *catalog) isGroup(path string) bool { return c.group[path] }
+
+// addCommand registers a command path and the flags it accepts. Repeated calls
+// for the same path union the flag sets. flags are full tokens ("--query", "-q").
+func (c *catalog) addCommand(path string, flags []string) {
+	set := c.flagsByPath[path]
+	if set == nil {
+		set = map[string]bool{}
+		c.flagsByPath[path] = set
+	}
+	for _, f := range flags {
+		set[f] = true
+	}
+	c.sorted = nil // invalidate cached suggestion list
+}
+
+func (c *catalog) hasCommand(path string) bool {
+	_, ok := c.flagsByPath[path]
+	return ok
+}
+
+// hasFlag reports whether flag is accepted by command path (universal flags
+// always pass).
+func (c *catalog) hasFlag(path, flag string) bool {
+	if universalFlags[flag] {
+		return true
+	}
+	set := c.flagsByPath[path]
+	return set[flag]
+}
+
+// longestPrefix returns the longest known command path that is a prefix of
+// words, plus how many words it consumed. This separates real subcommands from
+// trailing positionals (e.g. "api GET /path" resolves to "api"). When words is
+// empty it falls back to the root command. ok=false means not even the first
+// word names a command.
+func (c *catalog) longestPrefix(words []string) (path string, n int, ok bool) {
+	if len(words) == 0 {
+		if c.hasCommand("") {
+			return "", 0, true
+		}
+		return "", 0, false
+	}
+	for i := len(words); i >= 1; i-- {
+		cand := strings.Join(words[:i], " ")
+		if c.hasCommand(cand) {
+			return cand, i, true
+		}
+	}
+	return "", 0, false
+}
+
+// paths returns all known command paths, sorted.
+func (c *catalog) paths() []string {
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(c.flagsByPath))
+	for p := range c.flagsByPath {
+		out = append(out, p)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(out)
+	return out
+}
+
+// suggestCommand returns the known command path closest to want (small edit
+// distance), for error hints. Returns "" when nothing is reasonably close.
+func (c *catalog) suggestCommand(want string) string {
+	if c.sorted == nil {
+		c.sorted = c.paths() // built once after the catalog is fully populated
+	}
+	return closest(want, c.sorted)
+}
+
+// suggestFlag returns the flag of path closest to flag, for error hints.
+func (c *catalog) suggestFlag(path, flag string) string {
+	set := c.flagsByPath[path]
+	cands := make([]string, 0, len(set))
+	for f := range set {
+		cands = append(cands, f)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(cands)
+	return closest(flag, cands)
+}
+
+// closest returns the candidate with the smallest Levenshtein distance to want,
+// but only if that distance is within a tolerance scaled to want's length
+// (avoids absurd suggestions).
+func closest(want string, cands []string) string {
+	best := ""
+	bestD := 1 << 30
+	for _, cand := range cands {
+		d := levenshtein(want, cand)
+		if d < bestD {
+			bestD, best = d, cand
+		}
+	}
+	tol := len(want)/2 + 1
+	if bestD > tol {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return best
+}
+
+func levenshtein(a, b string) int {
+	ra, rb := []rune(a), []rune(b)
+	prev := make([]int, len(rb)+1)
+	for j := range prev {
+		prev[j] = j
+	}
+	for i := 1; i <= len(ra); i++ {
+		cur := make([]int, len(rb)+1)
+		cur[0] = i
+		for j := 1; j <= len(rb); j++ {
+			cost := 1
+			if ra[i-1] == rb[j-1] {
+				cost = 0
+			}
+			cur[j] = min(prev[j]+1, cur[j-1]+1, prev[j-1]+cost)
+		}
+		prev = cur
+	}
+	return prev[len(rb)]
+}

cmd/cmdexample_check_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd_test
+
+import "strings"
+
+// Finding kinds.
+const (
+	unknownCommand = "unknown_command"
+	unknownFlag    = "unknown_flag"
+)
+
+// finding is a single mismatch between an example command reference and the
+// catalog.
+type finding struct {
+	line    int
+	raw     string
+	kind    string // unknownCommand | unknownFlag
+	path    string // resolved command path (unknownFlag) or attempted path (unknownCommand)
+	flag    string // offending flag (unknownFlag only)
+	suggest string // nearest known command/flag, "" if none close
+}
+
+// checkRefs validates refs against cat and returns all mismatches in order.
+func checkRefs(cat *catalog, refs []ref) []finding {
+	var out []finding
+	for _, r := range refs {
+		path, n, ok := cat.longestPrefix(r.words)
+		if !ok {
+			attempted := strings.Join(r.words, " ")
+			out = append(out, finding{
+				line: r.line, raw: r.raw, kind: unknownCommand,
+				path: attempted, suggest: cat.suggestCommand(attempted),
+			})
+			continue
+		}
+		// Leftover words after a group node are an unknown subcommand (e.g. a
+		// mistyped method like "batch_modify_message"). After a leaf they are
+		// positionals (e.g. "api GET /path"), so only groups trigger this.
+		if n < len(r.words) && cat.isGroup(path) {
+			attempted := strings.Join(r.words, " ")
+			out = append(out, finding{
+				line: r.line, raw: r.raw, kind: unknownCommand,
+				path: attempted, suggest: cat.suggestCommand(attempted),
+			})
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, f := range r.flags {
+			if cat.hasFlag(path, f) {
+				continue
+			}
+			out = append(out, finding{
+				line: r.line, raw: r.raw, kind: unknownFlag,
+				path: path, flag: f, suggest: cat.suggestFlag(path, f),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}

cmd/cmdexample_parse_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd_test
+
+import (
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ref is one lark-cli command reference extracted from a shortcut example.
+type ref struct {
+	line  int      // 1-based line number (the line where the command starts)
+	raw   string   // reconstructed command text, for error display
+	words []string // command words before the first flag (subcommand candidates)
+	flags []string // flag tokens used, e.g. "--query", "-q"
+}
+
+const cliToken = "lark-cli"
+
+// subcommandStart guards against false positives from prose: a real command's
+// first word is ASCII (a service name or a +shortcut). A token starting with
+// CJK / punctuation is treated as narration, not a command.
+var subcommandStart = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z+]`)
+
+// shellStops are standalone tokens that terminate a command (pipes, redirects,
+// separators). Separators glued to a token (`get;`, `foo|`) are handled inline.
+var shellStops = map[string]bool{
+	"|": true, "||": true, "&&": true, "&": true, ";": true,
+	">": true, ">>": true, "<": true, "2>": true, "2>&1": true,
+}
+
+// wordTrailPunct is sentence / CJK punctuation that can cling to a command word
+// in prose ("auth login." / "auth login，"); stripped so the word still resolves
+// instead of being dropped as an unknown command or non-ASCII narration.
+const wordTrailPunct = `.,;:!?"')]}，。、；：！？）】」』`
+
+// parseRefs extracts every lark-cli command reference from text (a shortcut's
+// Tips line, which may embed an "Example: lark-cli ..." command). It is
+// deliberately format-agnostic: it keys on the "lark-cli" token whether it sits
+// in a ```bash fence, an inline `code` span, or bare prose. Backslash
+// line-continuations are joined first so a multi-line invocation is parsed as
+// one command; inline-code backticks and trailing # comments terminate it.
+func parseRefs(content string) []ref {
+	var refs []ref
+	lines := strings.Split(content, "\n")
+	for i := 0; i < len(lines); i++ {
+		lineNo := i + 1
+		logical := lines[i]
+		// Shell line continuation: a trailing backslash joins the next physical
+		// line. Without this, flags on the continuation lines of a multi-line
+		// `lark-cli ... \` example are never seen by the checker.
+		for endsWithBackslash(logical) && i+1 < len(lines) {
+			logical = strings.TrimRight(logical, " \t")
+			logical = logical[:len(logical)-1] // drop the trailing backslash
+			i++
+			logical += " " + lines[i]
+		}
+		refs = append(refs, parseLine(logical, lineNo)...)
+	}
+	return refs
+}
+
+func endsWithBackslash(s string) bool {
+	return strings.HasSuffix(strings.TrimRight(s, " \t"), `\`)
+}
+
+func parseLine(line string, lineNo int) []ref {
+	var refs []ref
+	rest := line
+	for {
+		idx := strings.Index(rest, cliToken)
+		if idx < 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		after := rest[idx+len(cliToken):]
+		beforeOK := idx == 0 || isBoundary(rest[idx-1])
+		afterOK := after == "" || isBoundary(after[0])
+		if beforeOK && afterOK {
+			if words, flags, raw, ok := parseCmd(after); ok {
+				refs = append(refs, ref{line: lineNo, raw: cliToken + raw, words: words, flags: flags})
+			}
+		}
+		rest = after
+	}
+	return refs
+}
+
+// parseCmd tokenizes the text following "lark-cli" into leading command words
+// (the subcommand path, up to the first flag) and flag tokens. It stops at a
+// shell separator (standalone or glued), an inline-code backtick, a comment, or
+// a placeholder/prose word. ok=false filters out non-commands.
+func parseCmd(after string) (words, flags []string, raw string, ok bool) {
+	// An inline code span ends at the next backtick; a command never spans one.
+	if i := strings.IndexByte(after, '`'); i >= 0 {
+		after = after[:i]
+	}
+	// Drop $(...) command substitutions so flags belonging to the inner command
+	// (e.g. `--data "$(jq -n --arg x ...)"`) are not mistaken for lark-cli flags.
+	after = stripCmdSubst(after)
+
+	var kept []string
+	inFlags := false
+	for _, orig := range strings.Fields(after) {
+		tok := orig
+		if shellStops[tok] || strings.HasPrefix(tok, "#") {
+			break
+		}
+		// A shell separator glued to a token ends the command mid-token
+		// ("get;", "foo|next"): keep the part before it, handle it, then stop.
+		stop := false
+		if i := strings.IndexAny(tok, ";|"); i >= 0 {
+			tok, stop = tok[:i], true
+		}
+		switch {
+		case tok == "" || tok == "-":
+			// empty (after a glued separator) or a bare stdin marker — skip
+		case strings.HasPrefix(tok, "-"):
+			if f := normalizeFlag(tok); f != "" {
+				inFlags = true
+				flags = append(flags, f)
+				kept = append(kept, tok)
+			}
+		case inFlags:
+			// positional / flag value after the first flag — not a command word
+			kept = append(kept, tok)
+		default:
+			// Command-path word. ASCII placeholder markers (<x>, [x], {x|y},
+			// +<verb>, ...) end the command — checked on the RAW token so the
+			// trailing-punct stripping below cannot erase a "..." ellipsis
+			// ("base +..." must stay a placeholder, not become "+").
+			if strings.ContainsAny(tok, "<>[]{}|") || strings.Contains(tok, "...") {
+				stop = true
+				break
+			}
+			// Strip trailing sentence/CJK punctuation so "login." / "login，"
+			// resolve to "login"; non-ASCII narration ends the command.
+			w := strings.TrimRight(tok, wordTrailPunct)
+			if w == "" || hasNonASCII(w) {
+				stop = true
+				break
+			}
+			words = append(words, w)
+			kept = append(kept, tok)
+		}
+		if stop {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if len(kept) > 0 {
+		raw = " " + strings.Join(kept, " ")
+	}
+	// Keep root-only refs ("lark-cli --help") and refs whose first word looks
+	// like a subcommand; drop prose ("lark-cli 就能搞定 ...").
+	if len(words) == 0 {
+		return words, flags, raw, len(flags) > 0
+	}
+	if !subcommandStart.MatchString(words[0]) {
+		return nil, nil, "", false
+	}
+	return words, flags, raw, true
+}
+
+// stripCmdSubst removes $(...) command substitutions (including nested ones)
+// from s, leaving the surrounding text intact. Backtick substitutions are
+// already handled upstream (a command never spans a backtick).
+func stripCmdSubst(s string) string {
+	var b strings.Builder
+	depth := 0
+	for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
+		if depth == 0 && i+1 < len(s) && s[i] == '$' && s[i+1] == '(' {
+			depth = 1
+			i++ // skip '('
+			continue
+		}
+		if depth > 0 {
+			switch s[i] {
+			case '(':
+				depth++
+			case ')':
+				depth--
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		b.WriteByte(s[i])
+	}
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+// isPlaceholderOrProse reports whether a command word is a doc placeholder
+// (<resource>, [flags], {a|b}, +<verb>, ...) or narration (CJK / other
+// non-ASCII), rather than a literal command token.
+func isPlaceholderOrProse(w string) bool {
+	if hasNonASCII(w) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return strings.ContainsAny(w, "<>[]{}|") || strings.Contains(w, "...")
+}
+
+func hasNonASCII(s string) bool {
+	return strings.IndexFunc(s, func(r rune) bool { return r > 127 }) >= 0
+}
+
+// flagShape matches the leading flag token, stripping any trailing junk such as
+// a "=value" suffix or punctuation that bled in from the surrounding markdown
+// ("--help\"", "--help;", "--params={}"). The underscore is allowed because
+// real flags use it ("--input_format", "--output_as"). Returns "" for non-flags.
+var flagShape = regexp.MustCompile(`^--?[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_-]*`)
+
+// normalizeFlag extracts the canonical flag token from tok, or "" if tok is not
+// a real flag (e.g. a shell-string fragment like "-草稿'").
+func normalizeFlag(tok string) string {
+	return flagShape.FindString(tok)
+}
+
+func isBoundary(b byte) bool {
+	switch b {
+	case ' ', '\t', '`', '(', ')', '\'', '"', '*':
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}

cmd/cmdexample_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// This file and its cmdexample_*_test.go siblings implement a test-only check:
+// the example commands embedded in shortcut definitions (the "Example: lark-cli
+// ..." lines in each shortcut's Tips, shown in --help) must match the real
+// command tree. It lives entirely in _test.go files (package cmd_test) so it
+// ships in no binary and is not importable by product code; the truth source is
+// cmd.Build, the same tree the binary uses, so the check cannot drift.
+//
+// It runs in the standard unit-test CI job (go test ./cmd/...). A mismatch — an
+// example using a renamed command or an unaccepted flag — fails that job.
+
+package cmd_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/cmd"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+)
+
+// TestShortcutExampleCommands checks the example commands embedded in every
+// shortcut's Tips against the live command tree. A shortcut that defines no
+// example is simply skipped.
+//
+// Because the examples and the command definitions live in the same Go code,
+// this is a self-consistency check: any mismatch (an example using a renamed
+// command or a flag the command doesn't accept) is a bug to fix at the source.
+// It runs over all shortcuts — no baseline, no diff — since a wrong example is
+// always a defect, never acceptable "pre-existing drift".
+func TestShortcutExampleCommands(t *testing.T) {
+	// Reproducibility: use the embedded API metadata (not a developer's stale
+	// ~/.lark-cli remote cache, which can miss commands) and an empty config
+	// dir so local strict mode / plugins / policy cannot reshape the tree.
+	// t.Setenv auto-restores after the test, so other cmd tests are unaffected.
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_REMOTE_META", "off")
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	cat := buildCmdExampleCatalog()
+
+	type located struct {
+		shortcut string
+		f        finding
+	}
+	var findings []located
+	for _, sc := range shortcuts.AllShortcuts() {
+		var refs []ref
+		for _, tip := range sc.Tips {
+			refs = append(refs, parseRefs(tip)...)
+		}
+		label := strings.TrimSpace(sc.Service + " " + sc.Command)
+		for _, f := range checkRefs(cat, refs) {
+			findings = append(findings, located{shortcut: label, f: f})
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(findings) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	sort.Slice(findings, func(i, j int) bool { return findings[i].shortcut < findings[j].shortcut })
+	for _, lf := range findings {
+		hint := ""
+		if lf.f.suggest != "" {
+			hint = "  (did you mean " + lf.f.suggest + "?)"
+		}
+		if lf.f.kind == unknownFlag {
+			t.Errorf("shortcut %q example uses unknown flag %s on %q%s\n      %s",
+				lf.shortcut, lf.f.flag, lf.f.path, hint, strings.TrimSpace(lf.f.raw))
+		} else {
+			t.Errorf("shortcut %q example uses unknown command %q%s\n      %s",
+				lf.shortcut, lf.f.path, hint, strings.TrimSpace(lf.f.raw))
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatalf("%d shortcut example command(s) don't match the real CLI — "+
+		"fix the Example in the shortcut definition.", len(findings))
+}
+
+// buildCmdExampleCatalog walks the live cobra command tree and records every
+// command path (minus the "lark-cli" root prefix) with its accepted flags and
+// whether it is a parent group. This is the same Build() the binary uses, so
+// the catalog can never drift from the real commands.
+func buildCmdExampleCatalog() *catalog {
+	root := cmd.Build(context.Background(), cmdutil.InvocationContext{})
+	cat := newCatalog()
+	var walk func(c *cobra.Command)
+	walk = func(c *cobra.Command) {
+		path := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(c.CommandPath(), "lark-cli"))
+		var flags []string
+		add := func(fl *pflag.Flag) {
+			flags = append(flags, "--"+fl.Name)
+			if fl.Shorthand != "" {
+				flags = append(flags, "-"+fl.Shorthand)
+			}
+		}
+		c.Flags().VisitAll(add)
+		c.InheritedFlags().VisitAll(add)
+		c.PersistentFlags().VisitAll(add) // root's own persistent flags (e.g. --profile)
+		cat.addCommand(path, flags)
+		cat.setGroup(path, c.HasSubCommands())
+		for _, sub := range c.Commands() {
+			walk(sub)
+		}
+	}
+	walk(root)
+	return cat
+}

cmd/cmdexample_units_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd_test
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func testCatalog() *catalog {
+	c := newCatalog()
+	c.addCommand("", []string{"--profile"}) // root
+	c.setGroup("", true)
+	c.addCommand("contact", []string{"--profile"})
+	c.setGroup("contact", true)
+	c.addCommand("contact +search-user", []string{"--query", "--as", "--format", "-q"})
+	c.addCommand("api", []string{"--params", "--data", "--as"}) // leaf (no subcommands)
+	c.addCommand("mail", nil)
+	c.setGroup("mail", true)
+	c.addCommand("mail user_mailbox.messages", []string{"--profile"})
+	c.setGroup("mail user_mailbox.messages", true)
+	c.addCommand("mail user_mailbox.messages batch_modify", []string{"--params", "--data"})
+	return c
+}
+
+func TestCmdExampleCatalogHasCommandAndFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	c := testCatalog()
+	if !c.hasCommand("contact +search-user") {
+		t.Fatal("expected contact +search-user to exist")
+	}
+	if c.hasCommand("contact +nope") {
+		t.Fatal("did not expect contact +nope")
+	}
+	if !c.hasFlag("contact +search-user", "--query") {
+		t.Fatal("--query should be valid")
+	}
+	if c.hasFlag("contact +search-user", "--nope") {
+		t.Fatal("--nope should be invalid")
+	}
+	// universal flags pass on any command
+	for _, f := range []string{"--help", "-h", "--version"} {
+		if !c.hasFlag("contact +search-user", f) {
+			t.Fatalf("universal flag %s should pass", f)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCmdExampleLongestPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	c := testCatalog()
+	tests := []struct {
+		words  []string
+		want   string
+		wantN  int
+		wantOK bool
+	}{
+		{[]string{"contact", "+search-user"}, "contact +search-user", 2, true},
+		{[]string{"api", "GET", "/open-apis/x"}, "api", 1, true}, // trailing positionals
+		{[]string{"nope"}, "", 0, false},
+		{nil, "", 0, true}, // empty -> root
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got, n, ok := c.longestPrefix(tt.words)
+		if got != tt.want || n != tt.wantN || ok != tt.wantOK {
+			t.Errorf("longestPrefix(%v) = (%q,%d,%v), want (%q,%d,%v)",
+				tt.words, got, n, ok, tt.want, tt.wantN, tt.wantOK)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func refWordsOf(refs []ref) [][]string {
+	var out [][]string
+	for _, r := range refs {
+		out = append(out, r.words)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func TestCmdExampleParseRefsExtractsCommands(t *testing.T) {
+	content := strings.Join([]string{
+		"运行 `lark-cli contact +search-user --query 张三` 搜索", // inline code
+		"```bash",
+		"lark-cli api GET /open-apis/x --params '{}'", // bash block
+		"```",
+		"用 lark-cli mail user_mailbox.messages batch_modify 即可", // bare prose command
+		"npx foo | lark-cli api GET /y",                         // after a pipe
+	}, "\n")
+	refs := parseRefs(content)
+	if len(refs) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 4 refs, got %d: %v", len(refs), refWordsOf(refs))
+	}
+	if got := refs[0]; strings.Join(got.words, " ") != "contact +search-user" ||
+		len(got.flags) != 1 || got.flags[0] != "--query" {
+		t.Errorf("ref0 = %+v", got)
+	}
+	if got := refs[1]; strings.Join(got.words, " ") != "api GET /open-apis/x" {
+		t.Errorf("ref1 words = %v", got.words)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCmdExampleParseRefsFiltersPlaceholdersAndProse(t *testing.T) {
+	// A line whose first word is prose yields no command at all.
+	if refs := parseRefs("lark-cli 就能搞定这件事"); len(refs) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("prose-first line should yield 0 refs, got %v", refWordsOf(refs))
+	}
+	// Syntax templates / trailing prose may leave a real leading word ("mail"),
+	// but no placeholder or CJK token may leak into the command words — that is
+	// what prevents false positives like an "<resource>" unknown-command report.
+	for _, line := range []string{
+		"lark-cli mail <resource> <method> [flags]",
+		"lark-cli apps +<verb> [flags]",
+		"lark-cli base +...",
+		"lark-cli mail 写信场景下的格式说明",
+	} {
+		for _, r := range parseRefs(line) {
+			for _, w := range r.words {
+				if isPlaceholderOrProse(w) {
+					t.Errorf("%q: placeholder/prose token %q leaked into words %v", line, w, r.words)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCmdExampleParseRefsStripsTrailingJunk(t *testing.T) {
+	// frontmatter-style quoted value: the trailing quote must not bleed into the flag
+	refs := parseRefs(`cliHelp: "lark-cli contact --help"`)
+	if len(refs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 ref, got %d", len(refs))
+	}
+	if len(refs[0].flags) != 1 || refs[0].flags[0] != "--help" {
+		t.Errorf("expected flag --help, got %v", refs[0].flags)
+	}
+	// bare "-" (stdin marker) and "=value" suffix
+	refs = parseRefs("lark-cli api GET /x --params={} --data -")
+	if len(refs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 ref, got %d", len(refs))
+	}
+	flags := strings.Join(refs[0].flags, " ")
+	if flags != "--params --data" {
+		t.Errorf("expected '--params --data', got %q", flags)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCmdExampleCheck(t *testing.T) {
+	c := testCatalog()
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		r        ref
+		wantKind string // "" = no finding
+		wantPath string
+	}{
+		{"valid shortcut", ref{words: []string{"contact", "+search-user"}, flags: []string{"--query"}}, "", ""},
+		{"valid leaf positional", ref{words: []string{"api", "GET", "/x"}}, "", ""},
+		{"unknown top command", ref{words: []string{"nope"}}, unknownCommand, "nope"},
+		{"group leftover = unknown subcommand",
+			ref{words: []string{"mail", "user_mailbox.messages", "batch_modify_message"}},
+			unknownCommand, "mail user_mailbox.messages batch_modify_message"},
+		{"unknown flag", ref{words: []string{"contact", "+search-user"}, flags: []string{"--nope"}}, unknownFlag, "contact +search-user"},
+		{"universal flag ok", ref{words: []string{"contact", "+search-user"}, flags: []string{"--help"}}, "", ""},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			fs := checkRefs(c, []ref{tt.r})
+			if tt.wantKind == "" {
+				if len(fs) != 0 {
+					t.Fatalf("expected no finding, got %+v", fs)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if len(fs) != 1 {
+				t.Fatalf("expected 1 finding, got %d: %+v", len(fs), fs)
+			}
+			if fs[0].kind != tt.wantKind || fs[0].path != tt.wantPath {
+				t.Errorf("got kind=%s path=%q, want kind=%s path=%q", fs[0].kind, fs[0].path, tt.wantKind, tt.wantPath)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCmdExampleCheckSuggestsNearest(t *testing.T) {
+	c := testCatalog()
+	fs := checkRefs(c, []ref{{words: []string{"mail", "user_mailbox.messages", "batch_modify_message"}}})
+	if len(fs) != 1 || fs[0].suggest != "mail user_mailbox.messages batch_modify" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected suggestion 'mail user_mailbox.messages batch_modify', got %+v", fs)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCmdExampleParseRefsRobustness covers the parser edge cases hardened after
+// review: backslash continuation, underscore flags, $(...) substitution, glued
+// separators, trailing punctuation, and the "..." placeholder.
+func TestCmdExampleParseRefsRobustness(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name, content, wantWords, wantFlags string
+		wantRefs                            int
+	}{
+		{"backslash continuation joins flags",
+			"lark-cli contact +search-user \\\n  --query foo \\\n  --as user",
+			"contact +search-user", "--query --as", 1},
+		{"underscore flag not truncated",
+			"lark-cli whiteboard +update --input_format mermaid",
+			"whiteboard +update", "--input_format", 1},
+		{"command-substitution flags ignored",
+			`lark-cli slides x create --data "$(jq -n --arg c '{}')" --as user`,
+			"slides x create", "--data --as", 1},
+		{"glued separator truncates",
+			"lark-cli auth login; echo done",
+			"auth login", "", 1},
+		{"trailing CJK punctuation stripped",
+			"用 lark-cli auth login。",
+			"auth login", "", 1},
+		{"ellipsis placeholder stays placeholder",
+			"lark-cli base +...",
+			"base", "", 1},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range cases {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			refs := parseRefs(tt.content)
+			if len(refs) != tt.wantRefs {
+				t.Fatalf("refs=%d want %d: %v", len(refs), tt.wantRefs, refWordsOf(refs))
+			}
+			if tt.wantRefs == 0 {
+				return
+			}
+			if got := strings.Join(refs[0].words, " "); got != tt.wantWords {
+				t.Errorf("words=%q want %q", got, tt.wantWords)
+			}
+			if got := strings.Join(refs[0].flags, " "); got != tt.wantFlags {
+				t.Errorf("flags=%q want %q", got, tt.wantFlags)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/command_catalog_path_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// TestCommandCatalogPath pins that the auth-hint path reconstruction inverts the
+// service command tree for any depth — flat dotted resources AND genuinely
+// nested resources — so it round-trips through apicatalog.Resolve instead of
+// assuming a fixed root->service->resource->method shape.
+func TestCommandCatalogPath(t *testing.T) {
+	chain := func(names ...string) *cobra.Command {
+		var parent, leaf *cobra.Command
+		for _, n := range names {
+			c := &cobra.Command{Use: n}
+			if parent != nil {
+				parent.AddCommand(c)
+			}
+			parent = c
+			leaf = c
+		}
+		return leaf
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		leaf *cobra.Command
+		want []string
+	}{
+		{"flat dotted resource", chain("lark-cli", "im", "chat.members", "create"), []string{"im", "chat.members", "create"}},
+		{"nested resources", chain("lark-cli", "im", "spaces", "items", "get"), []string{"im", "spaces", "items", "get"}},
+		{"service level", chain("lark-cli", "im"), []string{"im"}},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := commandCatalogPath(tt.leaf); !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("commandCatalogPath = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	// The root command (no parent) has no catalog path.
+	if got := commandCatalogPath(&cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}); len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("root path = %v, want empty", got)
+	}
+}

cmd/completion/completion.go

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 package completion
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
-
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
@@ -32,7 +31,9 @@ func NewCmdCompletion(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 			case "powershell":
 				return root.GenPowerShellCompletionWithDesc(out)
 			default:
-				return fmt.Errorf("unsupported shell: %s", args[0])
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+					"unsupported shell: %s", args[0]).
+					WithHint("supported shells: bash, zsh, fish, powershell")
 			}
 		},
 	}

cmd/config/bind.go

@@ -212,10 +212,7 @@ func finalizeSource(opts *BindOptions) (string, error) {
 	if opts.IsTUI && !opts.langExplicit {
 		lang, err := promptLangSelection()
 		if err != nil {
-			if err == huh.ErrUserAborted {
-				return "", output.ErrBare(1)
-			}
-			return "", output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "language selection failed: %v", err)
+			return "", langSelectionError(err)
 		}
 		opts.Lang = string(lang)
 		opts.UILang = lang

cmd/config/bind_test.go

@@ -20,35 +20,29 @@ import (
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
-// assertExitError checks the full structured error in one assertion. It
-// accepts both *output.ExitError (used by output.ErrWithHint) and the
-// typed errors (ValidationError, ConfigError) — they normalize to the same
-// wantDetail fields. The wantDetail.Type is matched against the typed error's
-// Category string ("validation", "config", etc.).
-func assertExitError(t *testing.T, err error, wantCode int, wantDetail output.ErrDetail) {
+// wantErrDetail is the normalized comparison shape for a typed error's wire
+// fields: Type is the error's Category string ("validation", "config", ...),
+// alongside Message and Hint.
+type wantErrDetail struct {
+	Type    string
+	Message string
+	Hint    string
+}
+
+// assertExitError checks the full structured error in one assertion against a
+// typed error (ValidationError or ConfigError), normalizing its Category /
+// Message / Hint to wantDetail.
+func assertExitError(t *testing.T, err error, wantCode int, wantDetail wantErrDetail) {
 	t.Helper()
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		if exitErr.Code != wantCode {
-			t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, wantCode)
-		}
-		if exitErr.Detail == nil {
-			t.Fatal("expected non-nil error detail")
-		}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(*exitErr.Detail, wantDetail) {
-			t.Errorf("error detail mismatch:\n  got:  %+v\n  want: %+v", *exitErr.Detail, wantDetail)
-		}
-		return
-	}
 	var ve *errs.ValidationError
 	if errors.As(err, &ve) {
 		if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != wantCode {
 			t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", got, wantCode)
 		}
-		gotDetail := output.ErrDetail{Type: string(ve.Category), Message: ve.Message, Hint: ve.Hint}
+		gotDetail := wantErrDetail{Type: string(ve.Category), Message: ve.Message, Hint: ve.Hint}
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotDetail, wantDetail) {
 			t.Errorf("validation error mismatch:\n  got:  %+v\n  want: %+v", gotDetail, wantDetail)
 		}
@@ -59,13 +53,13 @@ func assertExitError(t *testing.T, err error, wantCode int, wantDetail output.Er
 		if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != wantCode {
 			t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", got, wantCode)
 		}
-		gotDetail := output.ErrDetail{Type: string(ce.Category), Message: ce.Message, Hint: ce.Hint}
+		gotDetail := wantErrDetail{Type: string(ce.Category), Message: ce.Message, Hint: ce.Hint}
 		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotDetail, wantDetail) {
 			t.Errorf("config error mismatch:\n  got:  %+v\n  want: %+v", gotDetail, wantDetail)
 		}
 		return
 	}
-	t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *output.ExitError or *errs.ValidationError / *errs.ConfigError; error = %v", err, err)
+	t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ValidationError / *errs.ConfigError; error = %v", err, err)
 }
 
 // assertEnvelope decodes stdout and checks it matches want exactly — every key
@@ -179,15 +173,21 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_InvalidLang(t *testing.T) {
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatalf("expected validation error for --lang %q, got nil", tc.lang)
 			}
-			exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
-			if !ok {
-				t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+			var valErr *errs.ValidationError
+			if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 			}
-			if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
-				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+			if valErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+				t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", valErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
 			}
-			if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Error(), "invalid --lang") {
-				t.Errorf("error message %q does not contain 'invalid --lang'", exitErr.Error())
+			if valErr.Param != "--lang" {
+				t.Errorf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--lang")
+			}
+			if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
+				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", got, output.ExitValidation)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid --lang") {
+				t.Errorf("error message %q does not contain 'invalid --lang'", err.Error())
 			}
 		})
 	}
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_InvalidSource(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "invalid"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `invalid --source "invalid"; valid values: openclaw, hermes, lark-channel`,
 	})
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_MissingSourceNonTTY(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	// TestFactory has IsTerminal=false by default
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: ""})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: "cannot determine Agent source: no --source flag and no Agent environment detected",
 		Hint:    "pass --source openclaw|hermes|lark-channel, or run this command inside the corresponding Agent context",
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_SourceEnvMismatch_OpenClawFlagInHermesEnv(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--source "openclaw" does not match detected Agent environment (hermes)`,
 		Hint:    "remove --source to auto-detect, or run this command in the correct Agent context",
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_SourceEnvMismatch_HermesFlagInOpenClawEnv(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--source "hermes" does not match detected Agent environment (openclaw)`,
 		Hint:    "remove --source to auto-detect, or run this command in the correct Agent context",
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_HermesMissingEnvFile(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
 	envPath := filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "failed to read Hermes config: open " + envPath + ": no such file or directory",
 		Hint:    "verify Hermes is installed and configured at " + envPath,
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMissingFile(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
 	configPath := filepath.Join(openclawHome, ".openclaw", "openclaw.json")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "cannot read " + configPath + ": open " + configPath + ": no such file or directory",
 		Hint:    "verify OpenClaw is installed and configured",
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_SourceEnvMismatch_LarkChannelFlagInOpenClawEnv(t *testing
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--source "lark-channel" does not match detected Agent environment (openclaw)`,
 		Hint:    "remove --source to auto-detect, or run this command in the correct Agent context",
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_LarkChannelMissingFile(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
 	configPath := filepath.Join(fakeHome, ".lark-channel", "config.json")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "cannot read " + configPath + ": open " + configPath + ": no such file or directory",
 		Hint:    "verify lark-channel-bridge is installed and configured",
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_LarkChannelEmptyAppID(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "accounts.app.id missing in " + configPath,
 		Hint:    "run lark-channel-bridge's setup to populate the app credential",
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_LarkChannelEmptySecret(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "lark-channel"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "accounts.app.secret is empty in " + configPath,
 		Hint:    "run lark-channel-bridge's setup to populate the app credential",
@@ -835,17 +835,19 @@ func TestConfigShowRun_AgentWorkspaceNotBound(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for unbound workspace")
 	}
 	// Should be a structured ConfigError suggesting config bind, not config init.
-	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *core.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
 	}
 	// Config errors share ExitAuth (3); the workspace is detected but no
 	// binding exists yet, which is a config error.
-	if cfgErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (config category → ExitAuth)", cfgErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
+	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitAuth {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (config category → ExitAuth)", got, output.ExitAuth)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Type != "openclaw" {
-		t.Errorf("type = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Type, "openclaw")
+	// The workspace name stays out of the wire subtype; it only appears in
+	// the message.
+	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want not_configured", cfgErr.Subtype)
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Message, "openclaw context detected") {
 		t.Errorf("message missing 'openclaw context detected': %q", cfgErr.Message)
@@ -1187,7 +1189,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMultiAccount_TTYFlagMode(t *testing.T) {
 	// iterates a map — ordering is non-deterministic. DeepEqual inline against
 	// each accepted variant so every ErrDetail field (Type, Code, Message,
 	// Hint, ConsoleURL, Detail, and any future addition) is still compared.
-	base := output.ErrDetail{
+	base := wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: "multiple accounts in openclaw.json; pass --app-id <id>",
 	}
@@ -1203,7 +1205,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMultiAccount_TTYFlagMode(t *testing.T) {
 	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
 		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ValidationError; err = %v", err, err)
 	}
-	got := output.ErrDetail{Type: string(ve.Category), Message: ve.Message, Hint: ve.Hint}
+	got := wantErrDetail{Type: string(ve.Category), Message: ve.Message, Hint: ve.Hint}
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, wantWorkFirst) && !reflect.DeepEqual(got, wantPersonalFirst) {
 		t.Errorf("error detail did not match any accepted variant:\n  got:  %+v\n  want: %+v OR %+v",
 			got, wantWorkFirst, wantPersonalFirst)
@@ -1230,7 +1232,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMultiAccount_WrongAppID(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw", AppID: "nonexistent"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--app-id "nonexistent" not found in openclaw.json`,
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_only_one",
@@ -1250,7 +1252,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_InvalidIdentity(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes", Identity: "invalid"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `invalid --identity "invalid"; valid values: bot-only, user-default`,
 	})
@@ -1536,7 +1538,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_HermesMissingAppID(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
 	envPath := filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "FEISHU_APP_ID not found in " + envPath,
 		Hint:    "run 'hermes setup' to configure Feishu credentials",
@@ -1556,7 +1558,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_HermesMissingAppSecret(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "hermes"})
 	envPath := filepath.Join(hermesHome, ".env")
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "FEISHU_APP_SECRET not found in " + envPath,
 		Hint:    "run 'hermes setup' to configure Feishu credentials",
@@ -1582,7 +1584,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawMissingFeishu(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "openclaw.json missing channels.feishu section",
 		Hint:    "configure Feishu in OpenClaw first",
@@ -1610,7 +1612,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawEmptyAppSecret(t *testing.T) {
 	openclawPath := filepath.Join(openclawDir, "openclaw.json")
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "appSecret is empty for app cli_no_secret in " + openclawPath,
 		Hint:    "configure channels.feishu.appSecret in openclaw.json",
@@ -1672,7 +1674,7 @@ func TestConfigBindRun_OpenClawDisabledAccount(t *testing.T) {
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 	err := configBindRun(&BindOptions{Factory: f, Source: "openclaw"})
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "no Feishu app configured in openclaw.json",
 		Hint:    "configure channels.feishu.appId in openclaw.json",

cmd/config/binder_test.go

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func assertCandidate(t *testing.T, got *Candidate, want Candidate) {
 func TestSelectCandidate_ZeroCandidates_OpenClaw(t *testing.T) {
 	b := &fakeBinder{name: "openclaw", path: "/tmp/openclaw.json"}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, nil, "", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "no Feishu app configured in openclaw.json",
 		Hint:    "configure channels.feishu.appId in openclaw.json",
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_ZeroCandidates_GenericSource(t *testing.T) {
 	// even before it has a bespoke error message.
 	b := &fakeBinder{name: "hermes", path: "/tmp/.env"}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, nil, "", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitAuth, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "config",
 		Message: "hermes: no app configured",
 	})
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_AppIDFlag_NoMatch(t *testing.T) {
 		{AppID: "cli_home", Label: "home"},
 	}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, candidates, "nonexistent", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--app-id "nonexistent" not found in openclaw.json`,
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_work (work)\n  cli_home (home)",
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_MultiCandidate_NoFlag_NonTUI(t *testing.T) {
 		{AppID: "cli_home", Label: "home"},
 	}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, candidates, "", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: "multiple accounts in openclaw.json; pass --app-id <id>",
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_work (work)\n  cli_home (home)",
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func TestSelectCandidate_SingleCandidate_WrongFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	b := &fakeBinder{name: "openclaw", path: "/tmp/openclaw.json"}
 	candidates := []Candidate{{AppID: "cli_only"}}
 	_, err := selectCandidate(b, candidates, "nonexistent", false, tuiUnreachable(t))
-	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, output.ErrDetail{
+	assertExitError(t, err, output.ExitValidation, wantErrDetail{
 		Type:    "validation",
 		Message: `--app-id "nonexistent" not found in openclaw.json`,
 		Hint:    "available app IDs:\n  cli_only",

cmd/config/config_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	extcred "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -92,16 +93,16 @@ func TestConfigShowRun_NotConfiguredReturnsStructuredError(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error")
 	}
 
-	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *core.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
 	}
 	// Config errors share ExitAuth (3), not ExitValidation.
-	if cfgErr.Code != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (config category → ExitAuth)", cfgErr.Code, output.ExitAuth)
+	if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitAuth {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (config category → ExitAuth)", got, output.ExitAuth)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Type != "config" || cfgErr.Message != "not configured" {
-		t.Fatalf("detail = %+v, want config/not configured", cfgErr)
+	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured || cfgErr.Message != "not configured" {
+		t.Fatalf("detail = %+v, want not_configured/not configured", cfgErr)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -233,15 +234,21 @@ func TestConfigInitCmd_InvalidLang(t *testing.T) {
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Fatalf("expected validation error for --lang %q, got nil", tc.lang)
 			}
-			exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
-			if !ok {
-				t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+			var valErr *errs.ValidationError
+			if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 			}
-			if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
-				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+			if valErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+				t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want %q", valErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
 			}
-			if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Error(), "invalid --lang") {
-				t.Errorf("error message %q does not contain 'invalid --lang'", exitErr.Error())
+			if valErr.Param != "--lang" {
+				t.Errorf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--lang")
+			}
+			if got := output.ExitCodeOf(err); got != output.ExitValidation {
+				t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", got, output.ExitValidation)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid --lang") {
+				t.Errorf("error message %q does not contain 'invalid --lang'", err.Error())
 			}
 		})
 	}
@@ -385,8 +392,38 @@ func TestSaveAsProfile_RejectsProfileNameCollisionWithExistingAppID(t *testing.T
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected conflict error")
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "conflicts with existing appId") {
-		t.Fatalf("error = %v, want conflict with existing appId", err)
+	// A name/appId conflict is user input — a typed validation error naming the
+	// offending flag, not a system storage failure.
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ValidationError; err=%v", err, err)
+	}
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want invalid_argument", verr.Subtype)
+	}
+	if verr.Param != "--name" {
+		t.Errorf("param = %q, want --name", verr.Param)
+	}
+	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (validation)", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "conflicts with existing appId") {
+		t.Errorf("message = %q, want conflict description", verr.Message)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWrapSaveConfigError_PassesTypedValidationThrough pins that a user-input
+// validation error (e.g. the --name conflict) is not reclassified as an
+// internal storage failure on its way up through the save call sites.
+func TestWrapSaveConfigError_PassesTypedValidationThrough(t *testing.T) {
+	conflict := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "name conflict").WithParam("--name")
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(wrapSaveConfigError(conflict), &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("typed validation must pass through unchanged, got %T", wrapSaveConfigError(conflict))
+	}
+	var ierr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(wrapSaveConfigError(errors.New("disk full")), &ierr) || ierr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeStorage {
+		t.Fatalf("untyped failure must become internal/storage")
 	}
 }
 

cmd/config/init.go

@@ -6,13 +6,11 @@ package config
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
@@ -127,12 +125,9 @@ func guardAgentWorkspace(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	if ws.IsLocal() {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return &core.ConfigError{
-		Code:    2,
-		Type:    ws.Display(),
-		Message: fmt.Sprintf("config init is refused inside %s context (would create a parallel app and shadow the existing %s binding)", ws.Display(), ws.Display()),
-		Hint:    "see `lark-cli config bind --help` to bind lark-cli to the Agent's existing app instead. Pass --force-init only if the user explicitly wants a separate app in this workspace.",
-	}
+	return errs.NewConfigError(errs.SubtypeNotConfigured,
+		"config init is refused inside %s context (would create a parallel app and shadow the existing %s binding)", ws.Display(), ws.Display()).
+		WithHint("see `lark-cli config bind --help` to bind lark-cli to the Agent's existing app instead. Pass --force-init only if the user explicitly wants a separate app in this workspace.")
 }
 
 // hasAnyNonInteractiveFlag returns true if any non-interactive flag is set.
@@ -183,6 +178,20 @@ func saveInitConfig(profileName string, existing *core.MultiAppConfig, f *cmduti
 	return saveAsOnlyApp(appId, secret, brand, string(preferredLang(i18n.Lang(lang), prior)))
 }
 
+// wrapSaveConfigError passes an already-typed error (e.g. the --name conflict
+// validation error from saveAsProfile) through unchanged, and classifies any
+// other failure as an internal storage error. Without the passthrough a user
+// input error would surface to agents as a system storage failure.
+func wrapSaveConfigError(err error) error {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+}
+
 // saveAsProfile appends or updates a named profile in the config.
 // If a profile with the same name exists, it updates it; otherwise appends.
 // When updating, cleans up old keychain secrets if AppId changed.
@@ -207,7 +216,9 @@ func saveAsProfile(existing *core.MultiAppConfig, kc keychain.KeychainAccess, pr
 		multi.Apps[idx].Lang = preferredLang(i18n.Lang(lang), multi.Apps[idx].Lang)
 	} else {
 		if findAppIndexByAppID(multi, profileName) >= 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("profile name %q conflicts with existing appId", profileName)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				"profile name %q conflicts with existing appId", profileName).
+				WithParam("--name")
 		}
 		// Append new profile
 		multi.Apps = append(multi.Apps, core.AppConfig{
@@ -249,8 +260,8 @@ func findAppIndexByAppID(multi *core.MultiAppConfig, appID string) int {
 // wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr classifies the error returned by
 // updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret. Typed errors (e.g. *errs.ValidationError
 // for blank-input) pass through unchanged so their exit code semantics
-// survive; legacy *output.ExitError also passes through; everything else
-// (filesystem, keychain, etc.) is wrapped as InternalError.
+// survive; everything else (filesystem, keychain, etc.) is wrapped as
+// InternalError.
 func wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(err error) error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
@@ -258,10 +269,6 @@ func wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(err error) error {
 	if errs.IsTyped(err) {
 		return err
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		return err
-	}
 	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 }
 
@@ -336,7 +343,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, opts.AppID, secret, brand, opts.Lang); err != nil {
-			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+			return wrapSaveConfigError(err)
 		}
 		output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Configuration saved to %s", core.GetConfigPath()))
 		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
@@ -353,10 +360,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 	if f.IOStreams.IsTerminal && !opts.langExplicit && !opts.hasAnyNonInteractiveFlag() {
 		lang, err := promptLangSelection()
 		if err != nil {
-			if err == huh.ErrUserAborted {
-				return output.ErrBare(1)
-			}
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "language selection failed: %v", err)
+			return langSelectionError(err)
 		}
 		opts.Lang = string(lang)
 		opts.UILang = lang
@@ -379,7 +383,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, result.AppID, secret, result.Brand, opts.Lang); err != nil {
-			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+			return wrapSaveConfigError(err)
 		}
 		printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)
 		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, map[string]interface{}{"appId": result.AppID, "appSecret": "****", "brand": result.Brand})
@@ -409,7 +413,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
 			}
 			if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, result.AppID, secret, result.Brand, opts.Lang); err != nil {
-				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+				return wrapSaveConfigError(err)
 			}
 		} else if result.Mode == "existing" && result.AppID != "" {
 			// Existing app with unchanged secret — update app ID and brand only
@@ -514,7 +518,7 @@ func configInitRun(opts *ConfigInitOptions) error {
 		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeSDKError, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if err := saveInitConfig(opts.ProfileName, existing, f, resolvedAppId, storedSecret, parseBrand(resolvedBrand), opts.Lang); err != nil {
-		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+		return wrapSaveConfigError(err)
 	}
 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Configuration saved to %s", core.GetConfigPath()))
 	printLangPreferenceConfirmation(opts)

cmd/config/init_guard_test.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 )
 
 func TestGuardAgentWorkspace_LocalAllows(t *testing.T) {
@@ -26,12 +26,15 @@ func TestGuardAgentWorkspace_OpenClawRefuses(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected refusal in OpenClaw context, got nil")
 	}
-	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *core.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Type != "openclaw" {
-		t.Errorf("type = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Type, "openclaw")
+	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want not_configured", cfgErr.Subtype)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Message, "openclaw") {
+		t.Errorf("message must name the openclaw workspace; got %q", cfgErr.Message)
 	}
 	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Hint, "config bind --help") {
 		t.Errorf("hint must point to config bind --help; got %q", cfgErr.Hint)
@@ -48,12 +51,15 @@ func TestGuardAgentWorkspace_HermesRefuses(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected refusal in Hermes context, got nil")
 	}
-	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
+	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *core.ConfigError", err)
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ConfigError", err)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Type != "hermes" {
-		t.Errorf("type = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Type, "hermes")
+	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeNotConfigured {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want not_configured", cfgErr.Subtype)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(cfgErr.Message, "hermes") {
+		t.Errorf("message must name the hermes workspace; got %q", cfgErr.Message)
 	}
 }
 

cmd/config/init_messages.go

@@ -4,10 +4,14 @@
 package config
 
 import (
+	"errors"
+
 	"github.com/charmbracelet/huh"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
 type initMsg struct {
@@ -97,3 +101,12 @@ func promptLangSelection() (i18n.Lang, error) {
 	}
 	return lang, nil
 }
+
+// langSelectionError maps a promptLangSelection failure to its exit surface:
+// user abort exits bare with code 1; any other failure is internal.
+func langSelectionError(err error) error {
+	if errors.Is(err, huh.ErrUserAborted) {
+		return output.ErrBare(1)
+	}
+	return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "language selection failed: %v", err).WithCause(err)
+}

cmd/config/init_probe.go

@@ -33,15 +33,16 @@ const probeTimeout = 3 * time.Second
 //
 //  1. A TAT request using the just-saved credentials. credential.FetchTAT
 //     returns a typed errs.* error (via the shared classifyTATResponseCode)
-//     only when the server deterministically rejected the credentials — a
-//     non-zero TAT body code, classified as CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient
-//     (10003 / 10014) or whatever codemeta maps. That typed error is propagated
-//     so the root dispatcher renders the canonical envelope and `config init`
-//     exits non-zero — identical to how every other token-resolving command
-//     reports the same bad credentials. Ambiguous failures (transport errors,
-//     HTTP non-200, JSON parse errors, timeouts) come back as raw untyped
-//     errors and are swallowed (return nil), so valid configurations are never
-//     disturbed by upstream noise. errs.IsTyped is the discriminator.
+//     only when the unified Token Endpoint deterministically rejected the
+//     credentials — an OAuth2 invalid_client / unauthorized_client classified as
+//     CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient, or whatever codemeta maps. That
+//     typed error is propagated so the root dispatcher renders the canonical
+//     envelope and `config init` exits non-zero — identical to how every other
+//     token-resolving command reports the same bad credentials. Ambiguous
+//     failures (transport errors, transient 5xx/server_error, JSON parse errors,
+//     timeouts) come back as raw untyped errors and are swallowed (return nil),
+//     so valid configurations are never disturbed by upstream noise.
+//     errs.IsTyped is the discriminator.
 //
 //  2. If TAT succeeded, a POST to the probe endpoint is fired. The outcome of
 //     that call (success, server error, timeout, parse failure) is always

cmd/config/init_probe_test.go

@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ type fakeRT struct {
 
 func (f *fakeRT) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
 	switch {
-	case strings.HasSuffix(req.URL.Path, "/auth/v3/tenant_access_token/internal"):
+	case strings.HasSuffix(req.URL.Path, "/oauth/v3/token"):
 		f.tatCalls++
 		if f.tatHandler == nil {
-			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":0,"tenant_access_token":"t-ok"}`), nil
+			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":0,"access_token":"t-ok","token_type":"Bearer"}`), nil
 		}
 		return f.tatHandler(req)
 	case strings.HasSuffix(req.URL.Path, "/application/v6/larksuite_cli_app/probe"):
@@ -84,14 +84,15 @@ func fakeFactory(t *testing.T, rt http.RoundTripper) (*cmdutil.Factory, *bytes.B
 }
 
 // assertConfigRejection asserts runProbe propagated a deterministic credential
-// rejection: a *errs.ConfigError (CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient) with
-// the expected upstream code. This is the same typed error every other
-// token-resolving command returns for the same bad credentials, and nothing is
-// written to stderr (the root dispatcher renders the envelope).
-func assertConfigRejection(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer, wantCode int) {
+// rejection: a *errs.ConfigError (CategoryConfig / SubtypeInvalidClient). This
+// is the same typed error every other token-resolving command returns for the
+// same bad credentials, and nothing is written to stderr (the root dispatcher
+// renders the envelope). The numeric code is not asserted: the unified v3 Token
+// Endpoint reports invalid_client via the OAuth2 error string, not a Lark code.
+func assertConfigRejection(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer) {
 	t.Helper()
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ConfigError (code %d), got nil", wantCode)
+		t.Fatal("expected *errs.ConfigError, got nil")
 	}
 	var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
@@ -103,9 +104,6 @@ func assertConfigRejection(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer, wantCo
 	if cfgErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidClient {
 		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", cfgErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidClient)
 	}
-	if cfgErr.Code != wantCode {
-		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want %d", cfgErr.Code, wantCode)
-	}
 	if errBuf.Len() != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("runProbe must not write to stderr, got: %q", errBuf.String())
 	}
@@ -123,11 +121,13 @@ func assertSilent(t *testing.T, err error, errBuf *bytes.Buffer) {
 	}
 }
 
-// 10003 (bad / non-existent app_id) → ConfigError/InvalidClient, propagated.
-func TestRunProbe_TATCode10003_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
+// invalid_client (bad / non-existent app_id or wrong secret) → the v3 Token
+// Endpoint returns HTTP 400 with the OAuth2 error → ConfigError/InvalidClient,
+// propagated. The probe endpoint must not be called when TAT fails.
+func TestRunProbe_TATInvalidClient_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := &fakeRT{
 		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":10003,"msg":"invalid param"}`), nil
+			return jsonResp(400, `{"error":"invalid_client","error_description":"The client secret is invalid.","code":20002}`), nil
 		},
 	}
 	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
@@ -137,28 +137,27 @@ func TestRunProbe_TATCode10003_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
 	if rt.probeCalls != 0 {
 		t.Error("probe endpoint must not be called when TAT fails")
 	}
-	assertConfigRejection(t, err, errBuf, 10003)
+	assertConfigRejection(t, err, errBuf)
 }
 
-// 10014 (real app_id + wrong secret) → ConfigError/InvalidClient via codemeta —
-// the most common real-world rejection, propagated.
-func TestRunProbe_TATCode10014_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
+// unauthorized_client is treated as the same credential rejection, propagated.
+func TestRunProbe_TATUnauthorizedClient_ReturnsConfigError(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := &fakeRT{
 		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":10014,"msg":"app secret invalid"}`), nil
+			return jsonResp(401, `{"error":"unauthorized_client","error_description":"client not authorized"}`), nil
 		},
 	}
 	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)
-	assertConfigRejection(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf, 10014)
+	assertConfigRejection(t, runProbe(context.Background(), f, "cli_x", "secret_y", core.BrandFeishu), errBuf)
 }
 
-// Any non-zero body code is a deterministic rejection and propagates (typed).
-// An unrecognized code falls back to *errs.APIError via BuildAPIError — still
-// typed, so the probe still surfaces it rather than swallowing.
-func TestRunProbe_TATUnknownBodyCode_Propagates(t *testing.T) {
+// Any other deterministic client-side OAuth error (e.g. invalid_scope) falls
+// back to *errs.APIError via BuildAPIError — still typed, so the probe surfaces
+// it rather than swallowing — but is not a credential (ConfigError) rejection.
+func TestRunProbe_TATOtherClientError_Propagates(t *testing.T) {
 	rt := &fakeRT{
 		tatHandler: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
-			return jsonResp(200, `{"code":99999,"msg":"future-unknown"}`), nil
+			return jsonResp(400, `{"code":20068,"error":"invalid_scope","error_description":"unauthorized scope"}`), nil
 		},
 	}
 	f, errBuf := fakeFactory(t, rt)

cmd/config/init_test.go

@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ func TestUpdateExistingProfileWithoutSecret_AppIdMismatch_EmitsValidationError(t
 
 // wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr is the caller-side classifier for the error
 // returned by updateExistingProfileWithoutSecret. It must preserve typed-error
-// exit semantics (regression: typed ValidationError was being downgraded to
-// InternalError by the legacy *output.ExitError-only passthrough).
+// exit semantics: a typed ValidationError must keep ExitValidation rather than
+// being downgraded to InternalError.
 
 func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_NilPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	if got := wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(nil); got != nil {
@@ -90,18 +90,6 @@ func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_TypedValidationErrorPreserved(t *testing.T
 	}
 }
 
-func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_LegacyExitErrorPreserved(t *testing.T) {
-	in := &output.ExitError{Code: 7, Err: errors.New("legacy")}
-	got := wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(in)
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(got, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError to pass through, got %T: %v", got, got)
-	}
-	if exitErr.Code != 7 {
-		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want 7", exitErr.Code)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestWrapUpdateExistingProfileErr_UntypedErrorBecomesInternal(t *testing.T) {
 	in := fmt.Errorf("disk full")
 	got := wrapUpdateExistingProfileErr(in)

cmd/doctor/doctor.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ func doctorRun(opts *DoctorOptions) error {
 		// underlying problem is still visible.
 		msg, hint := err.Error(), ""
 		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
+			var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 			if errors.As(core.NotConfiguredError(), &cfgErr) {
 				msg, hint = cfgErr.Message, cfgErr.Hint
 			}
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ func doctorRun(opts *DoctorOptions) error {
 	cfg, err := f.Config()
 	if err != nil {
 		hint := ""
-		var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
+		var cfgErr *errs.ConfigError
 		if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
 			hint = cfgErr.Hint
 		}

cmd/error_auth_hint.go

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/apicatalog"
 	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts"
 	shortcutcommon "github.com/larksuite/cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -48,32 +48,6 @@ func applyNeedAuthorizationHint(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) {
 	authErr.Hint += "\n" + scopeHint
 }
 
-// enrichMissingScopeError appends a "current command requires scope(s): X"
-// hint to a legacy *output.ExitError when the underlying error carries the
-// need_user_authorization marker AND the current command declares scopes
-// locally.
-//
-// Deprecated: enrichment for the legacy envelope; the typed path is
-// applyNeedAuthorizationHint above.
-func enrichMissingScopeError(f *cmdutil.Factory, exitErr *output.ExitError) {
-	if exitErr == nil || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	if !internalauth.IsNeedUserAuthorizationError(exitErr) {
-		return
-	}
-	scopes := resolveDeclaredScopesForCurrentCommand(f)
-	if len(scopes) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	scopeHint := fmt.Sprintf("current command requires scope(s): %s", strings.Join(scopes, ", "))
-	if exitErr.Detail.Hint == "" {
-		exitErr.Detail.Hint = scopeHint
-		return
-	}
-	exitErr.Detail.Hint += "\n" + scopeHint
-}
-
 // resolveDeclaredScopesForCurrentCommand returns the scopes declared by the
 // current command for the resolved identity, checking shortcuts first and then
 // service methods from local registry metadata.
@@ -118,38 +92,37 @@ func resolveDeclaredShortcutScopes(cmd *cobra.Command, identity string) []string
 }
 
 // resolveDeclaredServiceMethodScopes returns the scopes declared by a
-// service/resource/method command from the embedded from_meta registry.
+// service/resource/method command. It reconstructs the catalog path from the
+// command ancestry and resolves it through the same navigation Module the
+// command tree is built from (apicatalog), so it stays correct for nested
+// resources instead of hard-coding a root->service->resource->method depth.
+// Non-method commands (services, resources, shortcuts) resolve to a non-method
+// target and yield no scopes.
 func resolveDeclaredServiceMethodScopes(cmd *cobra.Command, identity string) []string {
-	// Service-method scope lookup only applies to commands mounted as
-	// root -> service -> resource -> method. Non-resource/method commands
-	// intentionally return no scopes here so auth-hint enrichment does not
-	// change runtime semantics for other command shapes.
-	if cmd == nil || cmd.Parent() == nil || cmd.Parent().Parent() == nil || cmd.Parent().Parent().Parent() == nil {
+	if cmd == nil || strings.HasPrefix(cmd.Name(), "+") {
 		return nil
 	}
-	if strings.HasPrefix(cmd.Name(), "+") {
+	path := commandCatalogPath(cmd)
+	if len(path) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
+	target, err := registry.RuntimeCatalog().Resolve(path)
+	if err != nil || target.Kind != apicatalog.TargetMethod {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return registry.DeclaredScopesForMethod(target.Method.Method, identity)
+}
 
-	service := cmd.Parent().Parent().Name()
-	resource := cmd.Parent().Name()
-	method := cmd.Name()
-
-	spec := registry.LoadFromMeta(service)
-	if spec == nil {
-		return nil
+// commandCatalogPath reconstructs the catalog path [service, resource..., method]
+// from a command's ancestry, excluding the root command. It is the inverse of
+// the service command tree's construction, so any depth (flat or nested)
+// round-trips through apicatalog.Resolve.
+func commandCatalogPath(cmd *cobra.Command) []string {
+	var path []string
+	for c := cmd; c != nil && c.Parent() != nil; c = c.Parent() {
+		path = append([]string{c.Name()}, path...)
 	}
-	resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
-	resMap, _ := resources[resource].(map[string]interface{})
-	if resMap == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	methods, _ := resMap["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-	methodMap, _ := methods[method].(map[string]interface{})
-	if methodMap == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return registry.DeclaredScopesForMethod(methodMap, identity)
+	return path
 }
 
 // shortcutSupportsIdentity reports whether a shortcut supports the requested

cmd/event/appmeta_err.go

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 )
 
-// authURLPattern matches the grant-scope URL embedded in 99991672 errors; widen when adding brands in consoleScopeGrantURL.
+// authURLPattern matches the grant-scope URL embedded in 99991672 errors; widen the host alternation when adding brands.
 var authURLPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`https?://open\.(?:feishu\.cn|larksuite\.com)/app/[^/\s"']+/auth\?q=[^\s"'<>]+`)
 
 // describeAppMetaErr reduces a FetchCurrentPublished error to a one-line stderr summary.

cmd/event/bus.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
@@ -38,7 +39,8 @@ func NewCmdBus(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 
 			logger, err := bus.SetupBusLogger(eventsDir)
 			if err != nil {
-				return err
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO,
+					"set up bus logger: %s", err).WithCause(err)
 			}
 
 			tr := transport.New()
@@ -58,7 +60,14 @@ func NewCmdBus(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 				}
 			}()
 
-			return b.Run(ctx)
+			if err := b.Run(ctx); err != nil {
+				if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+					return err
+				}
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+					"event bus daemon exited: %s", err).WithCause(err)
+			}
+			return nil
 		},
 	}
 

cmd/event/bus_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package event
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+)
+
+// The hidden `event _bus` daemon command must exit with a typed file_io error
+// when its log directory cannot be created (the error is only visible in the
+// forked process's captured stderr / bus.log).
+func TestBusCommandLoggerSetupFailureIsTypedFileIO(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
+	// Block the events/ root with a regular file so MkdirAll fails.
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "events"), []byte("x"), 0600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "cli_bus_test", AppSecret: "secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+	cmd := NewCmdBus(f)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{})
+
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected logger setup error")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed errs error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryInternal || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFileIO {
+		t.Errorf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", p.Category, p.Subtype,
+			errs.CategoryInternal, errs.SubtypeFileIO)
+	}
+}

cmd/event/console_url.go

@@ -4,21 +4,117 @@
 package event
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"compress/gzip"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	eventlib "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
 )
 
-// consoleScopeGrantURL builds the developer-console "apply & grant scopes" deep link; scopes are comma-joined without URL encoding.
-func consoleScopeGrantURL(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string, scopes []string) string {
-	host := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand).Open
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/app/%s/auth?q=%s&op_from=openapi&token_type=tenant",
-		host, appID, strings.Join(scopes, ","))
+// Landing-page contract for the scan-to-enable deep link, verified against the
+// open platform: {open-host}/page/launcher?clientID=<appID>&addons=<encoded>.
+// Note the param is camelCase "clientID" (not snake_case), and the value is the
+// consuming app's own ID. Centralized so it can be corrected in one place.
+const (
+	addonsLandingPath   = "/page/launcher"
+	addonsClientIDParam = "clientID"
+)
+
+// ManifestAddons mirrors the 5 public manifest sections the launcher page accepts.
+// Encoded form: JSON -> gzip -> base64url(no padding).
+type ManifestAddons struct {
+	Scopes    *AddonsScopes    `json:"scopes,omitempty"`
+	Events    *AddonsEvents    `json:"events,omitempty"`
+	Callbacks *AddonsCallbacks `json:"callbacks,omitempty"`
 }
 
-// consoleEventSubscriptionURL points at the app's event subscription console page.
-func consoleEventSubscriptionURL(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string) string {
-	host := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand).Open
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/app/%s/event", host, appID)
+type AddonsScopes struct {
+	Tenant []string `json:"tenant"`
+	User   []string `json:"user"`
+}
+
+type AddonsEvents struct {
+	Items AddonsEventItems `json:"items"`
+}
+
+type AddonsEventItems struct {
+	Tenant []string `json:"tenant"`
+	User   []string `json:"user"`
+}
+
+type AddonsCallbacks struct {
+	Items []string `json:"items"`
+}
+
+// encodeAddons: JSON -> gzip -> base64url(no padding). Matches the front-end decode chain.
+func encodeAddons(a ManifestAddons) (string, error) {
+	raw, err := json.Marshal(a)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	gw := gzip.NewWriter(&buf)
+	if _, err := gw.Write(raw); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if err := gw.Close(); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(buf.Bytes()), nil
+}
+
+// consoleAddonsURL builds the scan-to-enable deep link carrying incremental scopes/events/callbacks.
+func consoleAddonsURL(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string, a ManifestAddons) (string, error) {
+	encoded, err := encodeAddons(a)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	host := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand).Open
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?%s=%s&addons=%s", host, addonsLandingPath, addonsClientIDParam, appID, encoded), nil
+}
+
+// consoleLandingURL is the bare landing page (no addons) — fallback when encoding fails.
+func consoleLandingURL(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string) string {
+	host := core.ResolveEndpoints(brand).Open
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%s?%s=%s", host, addonsLandingPath, addonsClientIDParam, appID)
+}
+
+// addonsHintURL returns the scan URL, degrading to the bare landing page on encode error.
+func addonsHintURL(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string, a ManifestAddons) string {
+	url, err := consoleAddonsURL(brand, appID, a)
+	if err != nil {
+		return consoleLandingURL(brand, appID)
+	}
+	return url
+}
+
+// missingScopeAddons routes missing scopes into the identity-appropriate section.
+// The unused side is an empty (non-nil) slice so JSON encodes [] not null —
+// the addons spec treats a missing tenant/user as an empty array.
+func missingScopeAddons(identity core.Identity, missing []string) ManifestAddons {
+	s := &AddonsScopes{Tenant: []string{}, User: []string{}}
+	if identity.IsBot() {
+		s.Tenant = missing
+	} else {
+		s.User = missing
+	}
+	return ManifestAddons{Scopes: s}
+}
+
+// missingSubscriptionAddons routes missing events/callbacks into the right section.
+// Like missingScopeAddons, unused event sides stay [] (not null) per the addons spec.
+func missingSubscriptionAddons(subType eventlib.SubscriptionType, identity core.Identity, missing []string) ManifestAddons {
+	if subType == eventlib.SubTypeCallback {
+		return ManifestAddons{Callbacks: &AddonsCallbacks{Items: missing}}
+	}
+	ev := &AddonsEvents{Items: AddonsEventItems{Tenant: []string{}, User: []string{}}}
+	if identity.IsBot() {
+		ev.Items.Tenant = missing
+	} else {
+		ev.Items.User = missing
+	}
+	return ManifestAddons{Events: ev}
 }

cmd/event/console_url_test.go

@@ -4,33 +4,109 @@
 package event
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"compress/gzip"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	eventlib "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
 )
 
-func TestConsoleScopeGrantURL_Feishu(t *testing.T) {
-	got := consoleScopeGrantURL(core.BrandFeishu, "cli_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX", []string{
-		"im:message:readonly",
-		"im:message.group_at_msg",
-	})
-	want := "https://open.feishu.cn/app/cli_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX/auth?q=im:message:readonly,im:message.group_at_msg&op_from=openapi&token_type=tenant"
-	if got != want {
-		t.Errorf("url\n got: %s\nwant: %s", got, want)
+func decodeAddons(t *testing.T, encoded string) ManifestAddons {
+	t.Helper()
+	gz, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(encoded)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("base64url decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	zr, err := gzip.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(gz))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("gzip reader: %v", err)
+	}
+	raw, err := io.ReadAll(zr)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("gunzip: %v", err)
+	}
+	var a ManifestAddons
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &a); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("json: %v", err)
+	}
+	return a
+}
+
+func TestEncodeAddons_RoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	in := ManifestAddons{Scopes: &AddonsScopes{Tenant: []string{"im:message"}}}
+	encoded, err := encodeAddons(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("encode: %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, r := range encoded {
+		if !(r == '-' || r == '_' || (r >= '0' && r <= '9') || (r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z') || (r >= 'a' && r <= 'z')) {
+			t.Fatalf("encoded contains non-base64url char %q in %q", r, encoded)
+		}
+	}
+	out := decodeAddons(t, encoded)
+	if out.Scopes == nil || len(out.Scopes.Tenant) != 1 || out.Scopes.Tenant[0] != "im:message" {
+		t.Errorf("roundtrip mismatch: %+v", out)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestConsoleScopeGrantURL_LarkBrand(t *testing.T) {
-	got := consoleScopeGrantURL(core.BrandLark, "cli_x", []string{"im:message"})
-	want := "https://open.larksuite.com/app/cli_x/auth?q=im:message&op_from=openapi&token_type=tenant"
-	if got != want {
-		t.Errorf("url\n got: %s\nwant: %s", got, want)
+func TestConsoleAddonsURL_FormatAndBrandHost(t *testing.T) {
+	url, err := consoleAddonsURL(core.BrandFeishu, "cli_x", ManifestAddons{Callbacks: &AddonsCallbacks{Items: []string{"card.action.trigger"}}})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("url: %v", err)
+	}
+	host := core.ResolveEndpoints(core.BrandFeishu).Open
+	prefix := host + "/page/launcher?clientID=cli_x&addons="
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(url, prefix) {
+		t.Errorf("url = %q, want prefix %q", url, prefix)
+	}
+	out := decodeAddons(t, strings.TrimPrefix(url, prefix))
+	if out.Callbacks == nil || len(out.Callbacks.Items) != 1 || out.Callbacks.Items[0] != "card.action.trigger" {
+		t.Errorf("decoded callbacks mismatch: %+v", out)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestConsoleScopeGrantURL_EmptyBrandDefaultsFeishu(t *testing.T) {
-	got := consoleScopeGrantURL("", "cli_x", []string{"im:message"})
-	if got != "https://open.feishu.cn/app/cli_x/auth?q=im:message&op_from=openapi&token_type=tenant" {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected url: %s", got)
+func TestMissingScopeAddons_ByIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	bot := missingScopeAddons(core.AsBot, []string{"im:message"})
+	if bot.Scopes == nil || len(bot.Scopes.Tenant) != 1 || len(bot.Scopes.User) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("bot scopes = %+v, want tenant-only", bot.Scopes)
+	}
+	user := missingScopeAddons(core.AsUser, []string{"im:message"})
+	if user.Scopes == nil || len(user.Scopes.User) != 1 || len(user.Scopes.Tenant) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("user scopes = %+v, want user-only", user.Scopes)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMissingSubscriptionAddons_EventVsCallback(t *testing.T) {
+	ev := missingSubscriptionAddons(eventlib.SubTypeEvent, core.AsBot, []string{"im.message.receive_v1"})
+	if ev.Events == nil || len(ev.Events.Items.Tenant) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("event addons = %+v, want events.items.tenant", ev.Events)
+	}
+	cb := missingSubscriptionAddons(eventlib.SubTypeCallback, core.AsBot, []string{"card.action.trigger"})
+	if cb.Callbacks == nil || len(cb.Callbacks.Items) != 1 || cb.Events != nil {
+		t.Errorf("callback addons = %+v, want callbacks.items only", cb)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMissingAddons_EncodeEmptyArraysNotNull(t *testing.T) {
+	// Unused identity sides must encode as [] (not null) so the launcher page's
+	// shape validation treats them as "缺省 -> 空数组" per the addons spec.
+	cases := []ManifestAddons{
+		missingScopeAddons(core.AsBot, []string{"im:message"}),
+		missingScopeAddons(core.AsUser, []string{"im:message"}),
+		missingSubscriptionAddons(eventlib.SubTypeEvent, core.AsBot, []string{"im.message.receive_v1"}),
+	}
+	for i, a := range cases {
+		raw, err := json.Marshal(a)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("case %d marshal: %v", i, err)
+		}
+		if bytes.Contains(raw, []byte("null")) {
+			t.Errorf("case %d encodes a null array, want []: %s", i, raw)
+		}
 	}
 }

cmd/event/consume.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/appmeta"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
@@ -64,8 +65,8 @@ Use 'event schema <EventKey>' for parameter details.`,
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&o.jqExpr, "jq", "", "JQ expression to filter output")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&o.quiet, "quiet", false, "Suppress informational messages on stderr")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&o.outputDir, "output-dir", "", "Write each event as a file in this directory (relative paths only; absolute paths and ~ are rejected to prevent path traversal)")
-	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&o.maxEvents, "max-events", 0, "Exit after N successful emits (0 = unlimited). Multi-worker EventKeys may emit up to workers-1 past N before all workers stop.")
-	cmd.Flags().DurationVar(&o.timeout, "timeout", 0, "Exit after DURATION (e.g. 30s, 2m). 0 = no timeout. Timeout is a normal exit (code 0; stderr 'reason: timeout').")
+	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&o.maxEvents, "max-events", 0, "Exit after N successful emits (0 = unlimited). Multi-worker EventKeys may emit up to workers-1 past N before all workers stop. Bounded runs ignore stdin EOF.")
+	cmd.Flags().DurationVar(&o.timeout, "timeout", 0, "Exit after DURATION (e.g. 30s, 2m). 0 = no timeout. Timeout is a normal exit (code 0; stderr 'reason: timeout'). Bounded runs ignore stdin EOF.")
 	cmd.Flags().String("as", "auto", "identity type: user | bot | auto (must match EventKey's declared AuthTypes)")
 	_ = cmd.RegisterFlagCompletionFunc("as", func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
 		return []string{"user", "bot", "auto"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
@@ -101,11 +102,10 @@ func runConsume(cmd *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory, eventKey string, o consu
 
 	if o.jqExpr != "" {
 		if err := output.ValidateJqExpression(o.jqExpr); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrWithHint(
-				output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-				err.Error(),
-				fmt.Sprintf("see `lark-cli event consume --help` EXAMPLES for common patterns, or `lark-cli event schema %s` for valid field paths", eventKey),
-			)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).
+				WithParam("--jq").
+				WithCause(err).
+				WithHint("see `lark-cli event consume --help` EXAMPLES for common patterns, or `lark-cli event schema %s` for valid field paths", eventKey)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -146,14 +146,28 @@ func runConsume(cmd *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory, eventKey string, o consu
 		fmt.Fprintln(preflightErrOut, "[event] skipped console precheck: app has no published version")
 	}
 
+	// Callback subscriptions live in application/get, not app_versions; fetch the
+	// callback 底账 only for callback-type EventKeys. Weak dependency: on error,
+	// leave subscribedCallbacks nil so the callback precheck skips.
+	var subscribedCallbacks []string
+	if keyDef.SubscriptionType == eventlib.SubTypeCallback {
+		cbs, cbErr := appmeta.FetchSubscribedCallbacks(cmd.Context(), botRuntime, cfg.AppID)
+		if cbErr != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(preflightErrOut, "[event] skipped console precheck: %s\n", describeAppMetaErr(cbErr))
+		} else {
+			subscribedCallbacks = cbs
+		}
+	}
+
 	pf := &preflightCtx{
-		factory:  f,
-		appID:    cfg.AppID,
-		brand:    cfg.Brand,
-		eventKey: eventKey,
-		identity: identity,
-		keyDef:   keyDef,
-		appVer:   appVer,
+		factory:             f,
+		appID:               cfg.AppID,
+		brand:               cfg.Brand,
+		eventKey:            eventKey,
+		identity:            identity,
+		keyDef:              keyDef,
+		appVer:              appVer,
+		subscribedCallbacks: subscribedCallbacks,
 	}
 	if err := preflightEventTypes(pf); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -184,8 +198,9 @@ func runConsume(cmd *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory, eventKey string, o consu
 		errOut = io.Discard
 	}
 
-	// Non-TTY only: stdin EOF is shutdown for subprocess callers; in TTY Ctrl-D must not exit.
-	if !f.IOStreams.IsTerminal {
+	// Non-TTY unbounded consumers use stdin EOF as shutdown for subprocess callers.
+	// Bounded runs already have --max-events/--timeout as their lifecycle control.
+	if shouldWatchStdinEOF(f.IOStreams.IsTerminal, o.maxEvents, o.timeout) {
 		watchStdinEOF(os.Stdin, cancel, errOut)
 	}
 
@@ -228,6 +243,9 @@ type preflightCtx struct {
 	identity core.Identity
 	keyDef   *eventlib.KeyDefinition
 	appVer   *appmeta.AppVersion
+	// subscribedCallbacks is the application/get 底账 for callback-type EventKeys;
+	// nil means "not fetched / unavailable" → callback precheck skips (weak dependency).
+	subscribedCallbacks []string
 }
 
 // preflightScopes compares required scopes against session-available scopes (user: UAT stored; bot: appVer.TenantScopes).
@@ -260,63 +278,87 @@ func preflightScopes(ctx context.Context, pf *preflightCtx) error {
 	if len(missing) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return output.ErrWithHint(
-		output.ExitAuth, "auth",
-		fmt.Sprintf("missing required scopes for EventKey %s (as %s): %s",
-			pf.eventKey, pf.identity, strings.Join(missing, ", ")),
-		scopeRemediationHint(pf.identity, missing, pf.appID, pf.brand),
-	)
+	return errs.NewPermissionError(errs.SubtypeMissingScope,
+		"missing required scopes for EventKey %s (as %s): %s",
+		pf.eventKey, pf.identity, strings.Join(missing, ", ")).
+		WithIdentity(string(pf.identity)).
+		WithMissingScopes(missing...).
+		WithHint("%s", scopeRemediationHint(pf.brand, pf.appID, pf.identity, missing))
 }
 
 // scopeRemediationHint returns an identity-appropriate fix for missing scopes.
-func scopeRemediationHint(identity core.Identity, missing []string, appID string, brand core.LarkBrand) string {
+// Bot: the scan-to-enable link adds the scopes to the app manifest, after which
+// the tenant token carries them. User: the scan link only updates the app
+// manifest — the user's own token still lacks the scopes until it is
+// re-authorized — so direct the user to re-login instead.
+func scopeRemediationHint(brand core.LarkBrand, appID string, identity core.Identity, missing []string) string {
 	if identity.IsBot() {
-		return fmt.Sprintf(
-			"grant these scopes and publish a new app version at: %s",
-			consoleScopeGrantURL(brand, appID, missing),
-		)
+		return fmt.Sprintf("grant these scopes by scanning: %s",
+			addonsHintURL(brand, appID, missingScopeAddons(identity, missing)))
 	}
 	return fmt.Sprintf(
 		"run `lark-cli auth login --scope \"%s\"` in the background. It blocks and outputs a verification URL — retrieve the URL and open it in a browser to complete login.",
-		strings.Join(missing, " "),
-	)
+		strings.Join(missing, " "))
 }
 
-// preflightEventTypes verifies every RequiredConsoleEvents entry is subscribed in the app's current published version.
+// preflightEventTypes verifies every RequiredConsoleEvents entry is subscribed
+// in the app's console 底账 — published app_versions for event subscriptions,
+// application/get subscribed_callbacks for callback subscriptions.
 func preflightEventTypes(pf *preflightCtx) error {
-	if pf.appVer == nil || len(pf.keyDef.RequiredConsoleEvents) == 0 {
+	if len(pf.keyDef.RequiredConsoleEvents) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	subscribed := make(map[string]bool, len(pf.appVer.EventTypes))
-	for _, t := range pf.appVer.EventTypes {
-		subscribed[t] = true
+
+	var subscribed []string
+	noun := "event types"
+	if pf.keyDef.SubscriptionType == eventlib.SubTypeCallback {
+		if pf.subscribedCallbacks == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		subscribed = pf.subscribedCallbacks
+		noun = "callbacks"
+	} else {
+		if pf.appVer == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		subscribed = pf.appVer.EventTypes
+	}
+
+	have := make(map[string]bool, len(subscribed))
+	for _, t := range subscribed {
+		have[t] = true
 	}
 	var missing []string
 	for _, t := range pf.keyDef.RequiredConsoleEvents {
-		if !subscribed[t] {
+		if !have[t] {
 			missing = append(missing, t)
 		}
 	}
 	if len(missing) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return output.ErrWithHint(
-		output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-		fmt.Sprintf("EventKey %s requires event types not subscribed in console: %s",
-			pf.keyDef.Key, strings.Join(missing, ", ")),
-		fmt.Sprintf("subscribe these events and publish a new app version at: %s",
-			consoleEventSubscriptionURL(pf.brand, pf.appID)),
-	)
+
+	url := addonsHintURL(pf.brand, pf.appID, missingSubscriptionAddons(pf.keyDef.SubscriptionType, pf.identity, missing))
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition,
+		"EventKey %s requires %s not subscribed in console: %s",
+		pf.keyDef.Key, noun, strings.Join(missing, ", ")).
+		WithHint("subscribe these %s by scanning: %s", noun, url)
 }
 
 // sanitizeOutputDir rejects absolute/parent-escaping paths and ~ (SafeOutputPath treats it as a literal dir name).
 func sanitizeOutputDir(dir string) (string, error) {
 	if strings.HasPrefix(dir, "~") {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("%s; use a relative path like ./output instead", errOutputDirTilde)
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"%s; use a relative path like ./output instead", errOutputDirTilde).
+			WithParam("--output-dir").
+			WithCause(errOutputDirTilde)
 	}
 	safe, err := validate.SafeOutputPath(dir)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrValidation("%s %q: %s", errOutputDirUnsafe, dir, err)
+		return "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"%s %q: %s", errOutputDirUnsafe, dir, err).
+			WithParam("--output-dir").
+			WithCause(errOutputDirUnsafe)
 	}
 	return safe, nil
 }
@@ -328,22 +370,25 @@ func resolveTenantToken(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, appID string) (
 	}
 	result, err := f.Credential.ResolveToken(ctx, credential.NewTokenSpec(core.AsBot, appID))
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", output.ErrAuth("resolve tenant access token: %s", err)
+		if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		return "", errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing,
+			"resolve tenant access token: %s", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if result == nil || result.Token == "" {
-		return "", output.ErrWithHint(
-			output.ExitAuth, "auth",
-			fmt.Sprintf("no tenant access token available for app %s", appID),
-			"Check that app_secret is configured (lark-cli config show) and try 'lark-cli auth login'.",
-		)
+		return "", errs.NewAuthenticationError(errs.SubtypeTokenMissing,
+			"no tenant access token available for app %s", appID).
+			WithHint("Check that app_secret is configured (lark-cli config show) and try 'lark-cli auth login'.")
 	}
 	return result.Token, nil
 }
 
+// Sentinels for errors.Is checks; call sites wrap them as typed ValidationError causes.
 var (
-	errInvalidParamFormat = errors.New("invalid --param format")
-	errOutputDirTilde     = errors.New("--output-dir does not support ~ expansion")
-	errOutputDirUnsafe    = errors.New("unsafe --output-dir")
+	errInvalidParamFormat = errors.New("invalid --param format")                    //nolint:forbidigo // sentinel, typed at call sites
+	errOutputDirTilde     = errors.New("--output-dir does not support ~ expansion") //nolint:forbidigo // sentinel, typed at call sites
+	errOutputDirUnsafe    = errors.New("unsafe --output-dir")                       //nolint:forbidigo // sentinel, typed at call sites
 )
 
 func parseParams(raw []string) (map[string]string, error) {
@@ -351,7 +396,10 @@ func parseParams(raw []string) (map[string]string, error) {
 	for _, kv := range raw {
 		k, v, ok := strings.Cut(kv, "=")
 		if !ok || k == "" {
-			return nil, output.ErrValidation("%s %q: expected key=value", errInvalidParamFormat, kv)
+			return nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				"%s %q: expected key=value", errInvalidParamFormat, kv).
+				WithParam("--param").
+				WithCause(errInvalidParamFormat)
 		}
 		m[k] = v
 	}
@@ -370,3 +418,8 @@ func watchStdinEOF(r io.Reader, cancel context.CancelFunc, errOut io.Writer) {
 		cancel()
 	}()
 }
+
+// shouldWatchStdinEOF gates the stdin-EOF shutdown watcher: non-TTY unbounded runs only (<= 0 mirrors downstream's >0-is-bounded semantics, so negative bounds stay unbounded).
+func shouldWatchStdinEOF(isTerminal bool, maxEvents int, timeout time.Duration) bool {
+	return !isTerminal && maxEvents <= 0 && timeout <= 0
+}

cmd/event/consume_stdin_test.go

@@ -61,3 +61,70 @@ func TestWatchStdinEOF_DiagnosticMessage(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("watchStdinEOF did not cancel within 1s of EOF")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestShouldWatchStdinEOF(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		isTerminal bool
+		maxEvents  int
+		timeout    time.Duration
+		want       bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "terminal",
+			isTerminal: true,
+			want:       false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "non terminal unbounded",
+			want: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "non terminal negative max events is unbounded",
+			maxEvents: -1,
+			want:      true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "non terminal negative timeout is unbounded",
+			timeout: -1 * time.Second,
+			want:    true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "non terminal max events bounded",
+			maxEvents: 1,
+			want:      false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "non terminal timeout bounded",
+			timeout: 10 * time.Minute,
+			want:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "non terminal both bounds positive",
+			maxEvents: 1,
+			timeout:   10 * time.Minute,
+			want:      false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "non terminal bounded max events with negative timeout",
+			maxEvents: 1,
+			timeout:   -1 * time.Second,
+			want:      false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "non terminal bounded timeout with negative max events",
+			maxEvents: -1,
+			timeout:   10 * time.Minute,
+			want:      false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := shouldWatchStdinEOF(tt.isTerminal, tt.maxEvents, tt.timeout)
+			if got != tt.want {
+				t.Fatalf("shouldWatchStdinEOF() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/event/consume_test.go

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@
 package event
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
 )
 
 func TestParseParams(t *testing.T) {
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@ func TestParseParams(t *testing.T) {
 				if tc.wantEcho != "" && !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tc.wantEcho) {
 					t.Errorf("err %q should echo %q so user sees the bad input", err.Error(), tc.wantEcho)
 				}
+				assertInvalidArgumentParam(t, err, "--param")
 				return
 			}
 			if err != nil {
@@ -90,6 +96,77 @@ func TestParseParams(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// emptyTokenResolver resolves to a result that carries no token.
+type emptyTokenResolver struct{}
+
+func (emptyTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, _ credential.TokenSpec) (*credential.TokenResult, error) {
+	return &credential.TokenResult{}, nil
+}
+
+// failingTokenResolver fails outright with an untyped error.
+type failingTokenResolver struct{}
+
+func (failingTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, _ credential.TokenSpec) (*credential.TokenResult, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("backend unavailable")
+}
+
+func factoryWithResolver(r credential.DefaultTokenResolver) *cmdutil.Factory {
+	return &cmdutil.Factory{Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, r, nil)}
+}
+
+func TestResolveTenantToken_EmptyTokenResult(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := resolveTenantToken(context.Background(), factoryWithResolver(emptyTokenResolver{}), "cli_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed errs error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryAuthentication || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeTokenMissing {
+		t.Errorf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", p.Category, p.Subtype,
+			errs.CategoryAuthentication, errs.SubtypeTokenMissing)
+	}
+	var malformed *credential.MalformedTokenResultError
+	if !errors.As(err, &malformed) {
+		t.Error("empty-token failure should preserve the credential-layer cause")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveTenantToken_ResolverFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := resolveTenantToken(context.Background(), factoryWithResolver(failingTokenResolver{}), "cli_x")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed errs error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryAuthentication || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeTokenMissing {
+		t.Errorf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", p.Category, p.Subtype,
+			errs.CategoryAuthentication, errs.SubtypeTokenMissing)
+	}
+	if errors.Unwrap(err) == nil {
+		t.Error("resolver failure should preserve its cause")
+	}
+}
+
+// assertInvalidArgumentParam verifies err is a typed validation error with
+// subtype invalid_argument naming the given flag in its param field.
+func assertInvalidArgumentParam(t *testing.T, err error, param string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %s, want %s", ve.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+	if ve.Param != param {
+		t.Errorf("param = %q, want %q", ve.Param, param)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSanitizeOutputDir(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		name       string
@@ -130,6 +207,7 @@ func TestSanitizeOutputDir(t *testing.T) {
 				if !errors.Is(err, tc.wantSentry) {
 					t.Fatalf("want errors.Is(err, %v), got %q", tc.wantSentry, err.Error())
 				}
+				assertInvalidArgumentParam(t, err, "--output-dir")
 				return
 			}
 			if err != nil {

cmd/event/format_helpers_test.go

@@ -143,6 +143,79 @@ func TestWriteStatusText_CoversAllStates(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestWriteStatusText_ShowsSubColumn(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writeStatusText(&buf, []appStatus{
+		{
+			AppID:     "cli_RUNNINGXXXXXXXXX",
+			State:     stateRunning,
+			PID:       1234,
+			UptimeSec: 60,
+			Active:    2,
+			Consumers: []protocol.ConsumerInfo{
+				{PID: 1001, EventKey: "mail.x", SubscriptionID: "mail.x:alice", Received: 5, Dropped: 0},
+				{PID: 1002, EventKey: "mail.x", SubscriptionID: "mail.x:bob", Received: 3, Dropped: 0},
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	out := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "SUB") {
+		t.Errorf("missing SUB column header: %s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "alice") {
+		t.Errorf("missing alice suffix in SUB column: %s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "bob") {
+		t.Errorf("missing bob suffix in SUB column: %s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteStatusText_LegacySubscriptionID_RendersDash(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writeStatusText(&buf, []appStatus{
+		{
+			AppID:     "cli_RUNNINGXXXXXXXXX",
+			State:     stateRunning,
+			PID:       1234,
+			UptimeSec: 60,
+			Active:    1,
+			Consumers: []protocol.ConsumerInfo{
+				{PID: 1001, EventKey: "im.x", SubscriptionID: "", Received: 5},
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	out := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "SUB") {
+		t.Errorf("missing SUB header: %s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "-") {
+		t.Errorf("missing dash placeholder for empty SubscriptionID: %s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWriteStatusText_EventKeyEqualSubscriptionID_RendersDash(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	writeStatusText(&buf, []appStatus{
+		{
+			AppID:     "cli_RUNNINGXXXXXXXXX",
+			State:     stateRunning,
+			PID:       1234,
+			UptimeSec: 60,
+			Active:    1,
+			Consumers: []protocol.ConsumerInfo{
+				{PID: 1001, EventKey: "im.x", SubscriptionID: "im.x", Received: 5},
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	out := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "SUB") {
+		t.Errorf("missing SUB header: %s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "-") {
+		t.Errorf("missing dash placeholder when SubscriptionID==EventKey: %s", out)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestWriteStatusJSON_OrphanHint(t *testing.T) {
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
 	if err := writeStatusJSON(&buf, []appStatus{
@@ -197,15 +270,15 @@ func TestExitForOrphan(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("flag on + orphan → expected error, got nil")
 	}
-	var exit *output.ExitError
+	var exit *output.BareError
 	if !errorAs(err, &exit) || exit.Code != output.ExitValidation {
 		t.Errorf("exit code = %v, want ExitValidation", err)
 	}
 }
 
 func errorAs(err error, target interface{}) bool {
-	if e, ok := err.(*output.ExitError); ok {
-		if t, ok := target.(**output.ExitError); ok {
+	if e, ok := err.(*output.BareError); ok {
+		if t, ok := target.(**output.BareError); ok {
 			*t = e
 			return true
 		}

cmd/event/preflight_test.go

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/appmeta"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	eventlib "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
 func newPreflightCtx(appID string, brand core.LarkBrand, identity core.Identity, keyDef *eventlib.KeyDefinition, appVer *appmeta.AppVersion) *preflightCtx {
@@ -89,19 +89,17 @@ func TestPreflightEventTypes_MissingBlocks(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "mail.user_mailbox.event.message_read_v1") {
 		t.Errorf("error should name the missing event type, got: %v", err)
 	}
-	var exit *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exit) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed errs error, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exit.Code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("ExitCode = %d, want ExitValidation (%d)", exit.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryValidation || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", p.Category, p.Subtype,
+			errs.CategoryValidation, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition)
 	}
-	if exit.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected Detail with hint")
-	}
-	wantURL := "https://open.feishu.cn/app/cli_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX/event"
-	if !strings.Contains(exit.Detail.Hint, wantURL) {
-		t.Errorf("hint missing subscription URL %q\ngot: %s", wantURL, exit.Detail.Hint)
+	wantURL := "https://open.feishu.cn/page/launcher?clientID=cli_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&addons="
+	if !strings.Contains(p.Hint, wantURL) {
+		t.Errorf("hint missing scan link %q\ngot: %s", wantURL, p.Hint)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -145,21 +143,22 @@ func TestPreflightScopes_Bot_MissingBlocks(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "im:message.group_at_msg") {
 		t.Errorf("error should name missing scope, got: %v", err)
 	}
-	var exit *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exit) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected output.ExitError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	var permErr *errs.PermissionError
+	if !errors.As(err, &permErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.PermissionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exit.Code != output.ExitAuth {
-		t.Errorf("ExitCode = %d, want ExitAuth (%d)", exit.Code, output.ExitAuth)
+	if permErr.Category != errs.CategoryAuthorization || permErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeMissingScope {
+		t.Errorf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", permErr.Category, permErr.Subtype,
+			errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeMissingScope)
 	}
-	if exit.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected Detail with hint, got nil Detail")
+	wantMissing := []string{"im:message.group_at_msg"}
+	if len(permErr.MissingScopes) != 1 || permErr.MissingScopes[0] != wantMissing[0] {
+		t.Errorf("MissingScopes = %v, want %v", permErr.MissingScopes, wantMissing)
 	}
-	hint := exit.Detail.Hint
+	hint := permErr.Hint
 	wantSubstrings := []string{
-		"https://open.feishu.cn/app/cli_x/auth?q=",
-		"im:message.group_at_msg",
-		"token_type=tenant",
+		"grant these scopes by scanning: ",
+		"https://open.feishu.cn/page/launcher?clientID=cli_x&addons=",
 	}
 	for _, want := range wantSubstrings {
 		if !strings.Contains(hint, want) {
@@ -174,3 +173,109 @@ func TestPreflightScopes_NoRequiredScopes_SkipsCheck(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("no required scopes means nothing to verify, got: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestPreflightEventTypes_CallbackMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	pf := &preflightCtx{
+		appID:               "cli_x",
+		brand:               core.BrandFeishu,
+		eventKey:            "test.cb",
+		identity:            core.AsBot,
+		subscribedCallbacks: []string{"profile.view.get"},
+		keyDef: &eventlib.KeyDefinition{
+			Key:                   "test.cb",
+			SubscriptionType:      eventlib.SubTypeCallback,
+			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{"card.action.trigger"},
+		},
+	}
+	err := preflightEventTypes(pf)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for missing callback")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "callbacks not subscribed") {
+		t.Errorf("error = %q, want mention of 'callbacks not subscribed'", err.Error())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "card.action.trigger") {
+		t.Errorf("error should name the missing callback, got: %q", err.Error())
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok || p.Category != errs.CategoryValidation || p.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("problem = %v, want validation/failed_precondition", p)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPreflightEventTypes_CallbackSkippedWhenNil(t *testing.T) {
+	pf := &preflightCtx{
+		appID:               "cli_x",
+		brand:               core.BrandFeishu,
+		eventKey:            "test.cb",
+		identity:            core.AsBot,
+		subscribedCallbacks: nil, // fetch 失败/拿不到 -> 弱依赖跳过
+		keyDef: &eventlib.KeyDefinition{
+			Key:                   "test.cb",
+			SubscriptionType:      eventlib.SubTypeCallback,
+			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{"card.action.trigger"},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := preflightEventTypes(pf); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected skip (nil), got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPreflightEventTypes_CallbackEmptyReportsMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	// fetched but zero callbacks subscribed (non-nil empty) is a definitive
+	// console state: a required callback IS missing and must be reported,
+	// not skipped as a weak dependency.
+	pf := &preflightCtx{
+		appID:               "cli_x",
+		brand:               core.BrandFeishu,
+		eventKey:            "test.cb",
+		identity:            core.AsBot,
+		subscribedCallbacks: []string{}, // fetched, none subscribed
+		keyDef: &eventlib.KeyDefinition{
+			Key:                   "test.cb",
+			SubscriptionType:      eventlib.SubTypeCallback,
+			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{"card.action.trigger"},
+		},
+	}
+	err := preflightEventTypes(pf)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for missing callback when none are subscribed")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "card.action.trigger") {
+		t.Errorf("error should name the missing callback, got: %q", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPreflightEventTypes_CallbackAllSubscribed_Passes(t *testing.T) {
+	pf := &preflightCtx{
+		appID:               "cli_x",
+		brand:               core.BrandFeishu,
+		eventKey:            "test.cb",
+		identity:            core.AsBot,
+		subscribedCallbacks: []string{"card.action.trigger", "profile.view.get"},
+		keyDef: &eventlib.KeyDefinition{
+			Key:                   "test.cb",
+			SubscriptionType:      eventlib.SubTypeCallback,
+			RequiredConsoleEvents: []string{"card.action.trigger"},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := preflightEventTypes(pf); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("all callbacks subscribed, unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestScopeRemediationHint_ByIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	// bot: scan-to-enable link (adds scopes to app manifest)
+	bot := scopeRemediationHint(core.BrandFeishu, "cli_x", core.AsBot, []string{"im:message"})
+	if !strings.Contains(bot, "/page/launcher?clientID=cli_x&addons=") {
+		t.Errorf("bot hint should give the scan link, got: %s", bot)
+	}
+	// user: re-login (scan link cannot grant scopes to the user's own token)
+	user := scopeRemediationHint(core.BrandFeishu, "cli_x", core.AsUser, []string{"im:message"})
+	if !strings.Contains(user, "auth login --scope") {
+		t.Errorf("user hint should direct to auth login, got: %s", user)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(user, "/page/launcher") {
+		t.Errorf("user hint must NOT use the scan link, got: %s", user)
+	}
+}

cmd/event/runtime.go

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ package event
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 )
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@ func (r *consumeRuntime) CallAPI(ctx context.Context, method, path string, body
 		As:     r.accessIdentity,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return nil, errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport,
+			"api %s %s: %s", method, path, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	// Non-JSON HTTP errors (gateway text/plain 404 etc.) skip OAPI envelope parsing.
 	ct := resp.Header.Get("Content-Type")
@@ -36,11 +40,20 @@ func (r *consumeRuntime) CallAPI(ctx context.Context, method, path string, body
 		if len(body) > maxBodyEcho {
 			body = body[:maxBodyEcho] + "…(truncated)"
 		}
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("api %s %s returned %d: %s", method, path, resp.StatusCode, body)
+		if resp.StatusCode >= 500 {
+			return nil, errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkServer,
+				"api %s %s returned %d: %s", method, path, resp.StatusCode, body).WithRetryable()
+		}
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse,
+			"api %s %s returned %d: %s", method, path, resp.StatusCode, body)
 	}
 	result, err := client.ParseJSONResponse(resp)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); ok {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse,
+			"api %s %s: %s", method, path, err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if apiErr := r.client.CheckResponse(result, r.accessIdentity); apiErr != nil {
 		return json.RawMessage(resp.RawBody), apiErr

cmd/event/runtime_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package event
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	lark "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3"
+	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
+)
+
+// staticTokenResolver always returns a fixed token without any HTTP calls.
+type staticTokenResolver struct{}
+
+func (s *staticTokenResolver) ResolveToken(_ context.Context, _ credential.TokenSpec) (*credential.TokenResult, error) {
+	return &credential.TokenResult{Token: "test-token"}, nil
+}
+
+// stubRoundTripper intercepts every outgoing request with a canned response.
+type stubRoundTripper struct {
+	respond func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+}
+
+func (s stubRoundTripper) RoundTrip(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) { return s.respond(r) }
+
+func newTestConsumeRuntime(rt http.RoundTripper) *consumeRuntime {
+	sdk := lark.NewClient("test-app", "test-secret",
+		lark.WithEnableTokenCache(false),
+		lark.WithLogLevel(larkcore.LogLevelError),
+		lark.WithHttpClient(&http.Client{Transport: rt}),
+	)
+	return &consumeRuntime{
+		client: &client.APIClient{
+			SDK:        sdk,
+			ErrOut:     io.Discard,
+			Credential: credential.NewCredentialProvider(nil, nil, &staticTokenResolver{}, nil),
+			Config:     &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
+		},
+		accessIdentity: core.AsBot,
+	}
+}
+
+func stubResponse(status int, contentType, body string) func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	return func(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+		return &http.Response{
+			StatusCode: status,
+			Header:     http.Header{"Content-Type": []string{contentType}},
+			Body:       io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(body)),
+			Request:    r,
+		}, nil
+	}
+}
+
+func requireCallAPIProblem(t *testing.T, err error, category errs.Category, subtype errs.Subtype) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed errs error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != category || p.Subtype != subtype {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", p.Category, p.Subtype, category, subtype)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConsumeRuntimeCallAPI_NonJSONHTTPError(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestConsumeRuntime(stubRoundTripper{respond: stubResponse(http.StatusNotFound, "text/plain", "gone")})
+	_, err := r.CallAPI(context.Background(), "GET", "/open-apis/event/v1/connection", nil)
+	requireCallAPIProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryInternal, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "returned 404") {
+		t.Errorf("error should echo the HTTP status, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConsumeRuntimeCallAPI_NonJSONHTTPErrorTruncatesLongBody(t *testing.T) {
+	long := strings.Repeat("x", 300)
+	r := newTestConsumeRuntime(stubRoundTripper{respond: stubResponse(http.StatusBadGateway, "text/html", long)})
+	_, err := r.CallAPI(context.Background(), "GET", "/open-apis/event/v1/connection", nil)
+	requireCallAPIProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryNetwork, errs.SubtypeNetworkServer)
+	p, _ := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !p.Retryable {
+		t.Fatal("5xx non-JSON response should be marked retryable")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "…(truncated)") {
+		t.Errorf("long body should be truncated in the message, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConsumeRuntimeCallAPI_UnparsableJSONBody(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestConsumeRuntime(stubRoundTripper{respond: stubResponse(http.StatusOK, "application/json", "{not json")})
+	_, err := r.CallAPI(context.Background(), "GET", "/open-apis/event/v1/connection", nil)
+	requireCallAPIProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryInternal, errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse)
+}
+
+func TestConsumeRuntimeCallAPI_TransportFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestConsumeRuntime(stubRoundTripper{respond: func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+		return nil, errors.New("connection refused")
+	}})
+	_, err := r.CallAPI(context.Background(), "GET", "/open-apis/event/v1/connection", nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed errs error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryNetwork {
+		t.Fatalf("category = %s, want %s", p.Category, errs.CategoryNetwork)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConsumeRuntimeCallAPI_EnvelopeErrorIsTyped(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestConsumeRuntime(stubRoundTripper{respond: stubResponse(http.StatusOK, "application/json",
+		`{"code":99991663,"msg":"app not found"}`)})
+	_, err := r.CallAPI(context.Background(), "GET", "/open-apis/event/v1/connection", nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	if _, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("envelope error should be typed via BuildAPIError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConsumeRuntimeCallAPI_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	r := newTestConsumeRuntime(stubRoundTripper{respond: stubResponse(http.StatusOK, "application/json",
+		`{"code":0,"data":{"ok":true}}`)})
+	raw, err := r.CallAPI(context.Background(), "GET", "/open-apis/event/v1/connection", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(string(raw), `"code":0`) {
+		t.Errorf("raw body should pass through, got: %s", raw)
+	}
+}

cmd/event/schema.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	eventlib "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event/schemas"
@@ -39,12 +40,14 @@ func resolveSchemaJSON(def *eventlib.KeyDefinition) (json.RawMessage, []string,
 	if len(def.Schema.FieldOverrides) > 0 {
 		var parsed map[string]interface{}
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(base, &parsed); err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
+			return nil, nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+				"parse base schema for field overrides: %s", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		orphans := schemas.ApplyFieldOverrides(parsed, def.Schema.FieldOverrides)
 		out, err := json.Marshal(parsed)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
+			return nil, nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown,
+				"serialize schema with field overrides: %s", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		return out, orphans, nil
 	}
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ func renderSpec(s *eventlib.SchemaSpec) (json.RawMessage, error) {
 		copy(buf, s.Raw)
 		return buf, nil
 	}
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("schemaSpec has neither Type nor Raw")
+	return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "schemaSpec has neither Type nor Raw")
 }
 
 func NewCmdSchema(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
@@ -131,12 +134,16 @@ func runSchema(f *cmdutil.Factory, key string, asJSON bool) error {
 	if len(def.Params) > 0 {
 		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\nParameters:\n")
 		w := tabwriter.NewWriter(out, 0, 4, 2, ' ', 0)
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  NAME\tTYPE\tREQUIRED\tDEFAULT\tDESCRIPTION\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  NAME\tTYPE\tREQUIRED\tSUB-KEY\tDEFAULT\tDESCRIPTION\n")
 		for _, p := range def.Params {
 			required := "no"
 			if p.Required {
 				required = "yes"
 			}
+			subKey := "no"
+			if p.SubscriptionKey {
+				subKey = "yes"
+			}
 			defaultVal := p.Default
 			if defaultVal == "" {
 				defaultVal = "-"
@@ -145,7 +152,7 @@ func runSchema(f *cmdutil.Factory, key string, asJSON bool) error {
 			if desc == "" {
 				desc = "-"
 			}
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", p.Name, p.Type, required, defaultVal, desc)
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n", p.Name, p.Type, required, subKey, defaultVal, desc)
 		}
 		w.Flush()
 
@@ -165,7 +172,7 @@ func runSchema(f *cmdutil.Factory, key string, asJSON bool) error {
 
 	resolved, _, err := resolveSchemaJSON(def)
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "resolve schema: %v", err)
+		return err
 	}
 	if resolved != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\nOutput Schema:\n")

cmd/event/schema_test.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	eventlib "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
@@ -95,6 +96,79 @@ func TestRunSchema_JSONOutput(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestSchema_RendersSubscriptionKeyMarker(t *testing.T) {
+	const syntheticKey = "test.evt_sub"
+	t.Cleanup(func() { eventlib.UnregisterKeyForTest(syntheticKey) })
+
+	eventlib.RegisterKey(eventlib.KeyDefinition{
+		Key:       syntheticKey,
+		EventType: syntheticKey,
+		Params: []eventlib.ParamDef{
+			{Name: "mailbox", SubscriptionKey: true, Description: "subscription id source"},
+			{Name: "folders", Description: "filter only"},
+		},
+		Schema: eventlib.SchemaDef{Native: &eventlib.SchemaSpec{Type: reflect.TypeOf(struct{ X string }{})}},
+	})
+
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test"})
+	if err := runSchema(f, syntheticKey, false); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("runSchema: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	out := stdout.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "SUB-KEY") {
+		t.Errorf("missing SUB-KEY column header in:\n%s", out)
+	}
+
+	// Find the mailbox row and verify "yes" is present
+	var mailboxRow string
+	for _, ln := range strings.Split(out, "\n") {
+		if strings.Contains(ln, "mailbox") && !strings.Contains(ln, "NAME") {
+			mailboxRow = ln
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(mailboxRow, "yes") {
+		t.Errorf("mailbox row missing yes SUB-KEY marker: %q", mailboxRow)
+	}
+
+	// Find the folders row and verify "no" is present
+	var foldersRow string
+	for _, ln := range strings.Split(out, "\n") {
+		if strings.Contains(ln, "folders") && !strings.Contains(ln, "NAME") {
+			foldersRow = ln
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(foldersRow, "no") {
+		t.Errorf("folders row missing no SUB-KEY marker: %q", foldersRow)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSchema_JSON_IncludesSubscriptionKey(t *testing.T) {
+	const syntheticKey = "test.evt_json"
+	t.Cleanup(func() { eventlib.UnregisterKeyForTest(syntheticKey) })
+
+	eventlib.RegisterKey(eventlib.KeyDefinition{
+		Key:       syntheticKey,
+		EventType: syntheticKey,
+		Params:    []eventlib.ParamDef{{Name: "mailbox", SubscriptionKey: true}},
+		Schema:    eventlib.SchemaDef{Native: &eventlib.SchemaSpec{Type: reflect.TypeOf(struct{ X string }{})}},
+	})
+
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{AppID: "test"})
+	if err := runSchema(f, syntheticKey, true); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("runSchema json: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"subscription_key"`) {
+		t.Errorf("JSON output missing subscription_key field: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `true`) {
+		t.Errorf("JSON output missing subscription_key: true value: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
 func TestResolveSchemaJSON_CustomWithOverlay(t *testing.T) {
 	const syntheticKey = "t.custom.overlay"
 	t.Cleanup(func() { eventlib.UnregisterKeyForTest(syntheticKey) })
@@ -129,3 +203,38 @@ func TestResolveSchemaJSON_CustomWithOverlay(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("overlay format = %v, want open_id", got)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRenderSpec_EmptySpecIsTypedInternalError(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := renderSpec(&eventlib.SchemaSpec{})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for spec with neither Type nor Raw")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed errs error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryInternal {
+		t.Errorf("category = %s, want %s", p.Category, errs.CategoryInternal)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveSchemaJSON_InvalidBaseWithOverridesIsTypedInternalError(t *testing.T) {
+	def := &eventlib.KeyDefinition{
+		Key: "synthetic.invalid.base",
+		Schema: eventlib.SchemaDef{
+			Custom:         &eventlib.SchemaSpec{Raw: json.RawMessage("{not json")},
+			FieldOverrides: map[string]schemas.FieldMeta{"x": {}},
+		},
+	}
+	_, _, err := resolveSchemaJSON(def)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for unparsable base schema")
+	}
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed errs error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != errs.CategoryInternal {
+		t.Errorf("category = %s, want %s", p.Category, errs.CategoryInternal)
+	}
+}

cmd/event/status.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"sort"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
@@ -242,12 +243,17 @@ func writeStatusText(out io.Writer, statuses []appStatus) {
 				s.PID, (time.Duration(s.UptimeSec) * time.Second).String())
 			fmt.Fprintf(out, "  Active consumers: %d\n", s.Active)
 			if len(s.Consumers) > 0 {
-				headers := []string{"CONSUMER", "EVENT KEY", "RECEIVED", "DROPPED"}
+				headers := []string{"CONSUMER", "EVENT KEY", "SUB", "RECEIVED", "DROPPED"}
 				rows := make([][]string, 0, len(s.Consumers))
 				for _, c := range s.Consumers {
+					subDisplay := "-"
+					if c.SubscriptionID != "" && c.SubscriptionID != c.EventKey {
+						subDisplay = strings.TrimPrefix(c.SubscriptionID, c.EventKey+":")
+					}
 					rows = append(rows, []string{
 						fmt.Sprintf("pid=%d", c.PID),
 						c.EventKey,
+						subDisplay,
 						fmt.Sprintf("%d", c.Received),
 						fmt.Sprintf("%d", c.Dropped),
 					})

cmd/event/status_fail_on_orphan_test.go

@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ func TestExitForOrphan_Orphan(t *testing.T) {
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected error when failOnOrphan=true and orphan present")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
+	var bareErr *output.BareError
+	if !errors.As(err, &bareErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *output.BareError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
+	if bareErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("Code = %d, want %d", bareErr.Code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
 }
 

cmd/event/suggestions.go

@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	eventlib "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/event"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/suggest"
 )
 
 const maxSuggestions = 3
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ func suggestEventKeys(input string) []string {
 			hits = append(hits, match{def.Key, 0})
 			continue
 		}
-		if d := levenshtein(input, def.Key); d <= threshold {
+		if d := suggest.Levenshtein(input, def.Key); d <= threshold {
 			hits = append(hits, match{def.Key, d})
 		}
 	}
@@ -63,40 +64,6 @@ func unknownEventKeyErr(key string) error {
 	if guesses := suggestEventKeys(key); len(guesses) > 0 {
 		msg += " — did you mean " + formatSuggestions(guesses) + "?"
 	}
-	return output.ErrWithHint(
-		output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-		msg,
-		"Run 'lark-cli event list' to see available keys.",
-	)
-}
-
-// levenshtein computes classic edit distance (two-row DP).
-func levenshtein(a, b string) int {
-	if a == b {
-		return 0
-	}
-	ra, rb := []rune(a), []rune(b)
-	if len(ra) == 0 {
-		return len(rb)
-	}
-	if len(rb) == 0 {
-		return len(ra)
-	}
-	prev := make([]int, len(rb)+1)
-	curr := make([]int, len(rb)+1)
-	for j := range prev {
-		prev[j] = j
-	}
-	for i := 1; i <= len(ra); i++ {
-		curr[0] = i
-		for j := 1; j <= len(rb); j++ {
-			cost := 1
-			if ra[i-1] == rb[j-1] {
-				cost = 0
-			}
-			curr[j] = min(prev[j]+1, curr[j-1]+1, prev[j-1]+cost)
-		}
-		prev, curr = curr, prev
-	}
-	return prev[len(rb)]
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", msg).
+		WithHint("Run 'lark-cli event list' to see available keys.")
 }

cmd/event/suggestions_test.go

@@ -10,27 +10,6 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/larksuite/cli/events"
 )
 
-func TestLevenshtein(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		a, b string
-		want int
-	}{
-		{"", "", 0},
-		{"a", "", 1},
-		{"", "abc", 3},
-		{"kitten", "kitten", 0},
-		{"kitten", "sitten", 1},
-		{"kitten", "sitting", 3},
-		{"飞书", "飞书", 0},
-		{"飞书", "飞s", 1},
-	}
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		if got := levenshtein(tc.a, tc.b); got != tc.want {
-			t.Errorf("levenshtein(%q,%q) = %d, want %d", tc.a, tc.b, got, tc.want)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func TestSuggestEventKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		name              string

cmd/flag_suggest_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func TestUnknownFlagName(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		in   string
+		name string
+		ok   bool
+	}{
+		{"unknown flag: --query", "query", true},
+		{"unknown flag: --with-styles", "with-styles", true},
+		{"unknown shorthand flag: 'z' in -z", "", false},
+		{"flag needs an argument: --find", "", false},
+		{`invalid argument "x" for "--count"`, "", false},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		name, ok := unknownFlagName(errors.New(c.in))
+		if name != c.name || ok != c.ok {
+			t.Errorf("unknownFlagName(%q) = (%q,%v), want (%q,%v)", c.in, name, ok, c.name, c.ok)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFlagDidYouMean_UnknownFlagSuggestsAndListsValid(t *testing.T) {
+	c := &cobra.Command{Use: "demo"}
+	c.Flags().String("range", "", "")
+	c.Flags().String("find", "", "")
+	c.Flags().Bool("dry-run", false, "")
+
+	err := flagDidYouMean(c, errors.New("unknown flag: --rang")) // typo of --range
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want invalid_argument", verr.Subtype)
+	}
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	// The offending flag is carried structurally on Params (replaces the
+	// legacy detail map) and named in the message.
+	if len(verr.Params) != 1 || verr.Params[0].Name != "--rang" {
+		t.Errorf("Params = %v, want one entry named --rang", verr.Params)
+	}
+	if len(verr.Params) == 1 && verr.Params[0].Reason == "" {
+		t.Error("Params[0].Reason must explain the rejection")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "--rang") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the offending flag, got %q", verr.Message)
+	}
+	// The ranked candidate rides on the param as a machine-readable suggestion
+	// so an agent can retry without parsing prose.
+	if len(verr.Params) == 1 {
+		found := false
+		for _, s := range verr.Params[0].Suggestions {
+			if s == "--range" {
+				found = true
+			}
+		}
+		if !found {
+			t.Errorf("Params[0].Suggestions should include --range, got %v", verr.Params[0].Suggestions)
+		}
+	}
+	// The same candidate is also carried in the human-facing hint.
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "--range") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should suggest --range, got %q", verr.Hint)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFlagDidYouMean_OtherErrorStaysGeneric(t *testing.T) {
+	c := &cobra.Command{Use: "demo"}
+	err := flagDidYouMean(c, errors.New("flag needs an argument: --find"))
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	// Non-unknown-flag errors stay generic: invalid_argument subtype, no
+	// structured param, generic --help hint (no "did you mean" suggestion).
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want invalid_argument (non-unknown-flag errors stay generic)", verr.Subtype)
+	}
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if verr.Param != "" || len(verr.Params) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Param=%q Params=%v, want both empty for generic flag error", verr.Param, verr.Params)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "did you mean") {
+		t.Errorf("generic flag error must not produce a did-you-mean hint, got %q", verr.Hint)
+	}
+}

cmd/notice_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/deprecation"
+)
+
+// composePendingNotice must surface a deprecated-command alias under the
+// "deprecated_command" key, with the migration target and a skill-update hint,
+// so the JSON "_notice" envelope reaches users who run pre-refactor commands
+// without ever reading --help.
+func TestComposePendingNoticeDeprecatedCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
+
+	deprecation.SetPending(&deprecation.Notice{
+		Command:     "+read",
+		Replacement: "+cells-get",
+		Skill:       "lark-sheets",
+	})
+
+	got := composePendingNotice()
+	if got == nil {
+		t.Fatal("composePendingNotice() = nil, want deprecated_command entry")
+	}
+	entry, ok := got["deprecated_command"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("missing deprecated_command key: %#v", got)
+	}
+	if entry["command"] != "+read" {
+		t.Errorf("command = %v, want +read", entry["command"])
+	}
+	if entry["replacement"] != "+cells-get" {
+		t.Errorf("replacement = %v, want +cells-get", entry["replacement"])
+	}
+	if entry["skill"] != "lark-sheets" {
+		t.Errorf("skill = %v, want lark-sheets", entry["skill"])
+	}
+	if msg, _ := entry["message"].(string); !strings.Contains(msg, "update your lark-sheets skill") {
+		t.Errorf("message missing skill-update hint: %q", msg)
+	}
+}
+
+// With nothing pending, the provider returns nil so no "_notice" field is
+// emitted on a clean run.
+func TestComposePendingNoticeEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
+	deprecation.SetPending(nil)
+
+	if got := composePendingNotice(); got != nil {
+		// update/skills pending are process-global; only assert the absence of
+		// our own key to stay robust against unrelated pending state.
+		if _, ok := got["deprecated_command"]; ok {
+			t.Fatalf("deprecated_command present after clear: %#v", got)
+		}
+	}
+}

cmd/platform_bootstrap_test.go

@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
@@ -102,7 +104,7 @@ func findLeaf(t *testing.T, parent *cobra.Command, names ...string) *cobra.Comma
 }
 
 // Happy path: a valid policy.yml denies one specific command. The denied
-// command's RunE returns a typed ExitError envelope; allowed commands are
+// command's RunE returns a typed error envelope; allowed commands are
 // untouched.
 func TestApplyUserPolicyPruning_appliesValidPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 	cfgDir := tmpHome(t)
@@ -127,13 +129,27 @@ max_risk: write
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("+delete-doc RunE should return an error")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "command_denied" {
-		t.Fatalf("expected command_denied ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
-	if !ok || detail["reason_code"] != "command_denylisted" {
-		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want command_denylisted", detail["reason_code"])
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
+	}
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	// The denial taxonomy (reason_code, layer, rule) is preserved on the
+	// wrapped *platform.CommandDeniedError cause and folded into the hint.
+	var cd *platform.CommandDeniedError
+	if !errors.As(err, &cd) {
+		t.Fatalf("error chain should expose *platform.CommandDeniedError")
+	}
+	if cd.ReasonCode != "command_denylisted" {
+		t.Errorf("CommandDeniedError.ReasonCode = %q, want command_denylisted", cd.ReasonCode)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "command_denylisted") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code command_denylisted, got %q", verr.Hint)
 	}
 
 	// im/+send must be denied (domain not in Allow).

cmd/platform_guards.go

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/hook"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	internalplatform "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/platform"
 )
 
@@ -34,16 +34,8 @@ import (
 // lands directly on their RunE, which now carries the guard.
 //
 // makeErr is called for every guarded dispatch; it must return a fresh
-// *output.ExitError each time (the envelope writer mutates a few fields
-// as it serialises).
-// Deprecated: installFatalGuard accepts a *output.ExitError-producing lambda,
-// which is part of the legacy error surface that predates the typed error
-// contract introduced by errs/. New code MUST NOT add new callers — the
-// platform-extension fatal-guard plumbing will switch to typed errs.* errors
-// when the platform-extension framework migrates. This wrapper is retained
-// only for the existing in-tree call sites; it will be removed once they
-// have moved to the typed surface.
-func installFatalGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, makeErr func() *output.ExitError) {
+// typed error each time.
+func installFatalGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, makeErr func() error) {
 	// Two cobra subcommands are injected lazily at Execute() time and
 	// would otherwise slip past walkGuard. We pre-register both so
 	// walkGuard catches them.
@@ -80,120 +72,65 @@ func installFatalGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, makeErr func() *output.ExitError)
 }
 
 // installPluginInstallErrorGuard surfaces a FailClosed plugin install
-// failure as a structured plugin_install envelope before any command
-// runs.
-// Deprecated: installPluginInstallErrorGuard produces a legacy
-// *output.ExitError via its internal makeErr lambda. New code MUST NOT add
-// such producers — plugin install failures should surface as a typed
-// *errs.XxxError once the platform-extension framework migrates. This
-// helper is retained only while existing call sites are migrated; it will
-// be removed once they have moved to the typed surface.
+// failure as a typed validation error (failed_precondition) before any
+// command runs.
 func installPluginInstallErrorGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, installErr error) {
-	makeErr := func() *output.ExitError {
+	makeErr := func() error {
 		var pi *internalplatform.PluginInstallError
 		if errors.As(installErr, &pi) {
-			return &output.ExitError{
-				Code: output.ExitValidation,
-				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-					Type:    "plugin_install",
-					Message: pi.Error(),
-					Detail: map[string]any{
-						"plugin":      pi.PluginName,
-						"reason_code": pi.ReasonCode,
-						"reason":      pi.Reason,
-					},
-				},
-				Err: installErr,
-			}
-		}
-		return &output.ExitError{
-			Code: output.ExitValidation,
-			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-				Type:    "plugin_install",
-				Message: installErr.Error(),
-				Detail: map[string]any{
-					"reason_code": internalplatform.ReasonInstallFailed,
-				},
-			},
-			Err: installErr,
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "%s", pi.Error()).
+				WithHint("plugin %q failed to install (reason_code %s); fix or remove the plugin before running commands", pi.PluginName, pi.ReasonCode).
+				WithCause(installErr)
 		}
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "%s", installErr.Error()).
+			WithHint("a plugin failed to install (reason_code %s); fix or remove the plugin before running commands", internalplatform.ReasonInstallFailed).
+			WithCause(installErr)
 	}
 	installFatalGuard(rootCmd, makeErr)
 }
 
 // installPluginConflictGuard surfaces a Plugin.Restrict() configuration
 // error (single plugin invalid Rule or multiple plugins each contributing
-// Restrict). The design separates the envelope type:
+// Restrict). The hint separates the two failure modes by reason code:
 //
-//   - "plugin_install" with reason_code "invalid_rule"           - single bad rule
-//   - "plugin_conflict" with reason_code "multiple_restrict_plugins" - multi
+//   - "invalid_rule"              - single bad rule
+//   - "multiple_restrict_plugins" - multiple Restrict plugins conflict
 //
 // Either way the CLI must NOT silently continue with a broken policy.
-// Deprecated: installPluginConflictGuard produces a legacy *output.ExitError
-// via its internal makeErr lambda. New code MUST NOT add such producers —
-// plugin conflict failures should surface as a typed *errs.XxxError once the
-// platform-extension framework migrates. This helper is retained only while
-// existing call sites are migrated; it will be removed once they have moved
-// to the typed surface.
 func installPluginConflictGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, err error) {
-	makeErr := func() *output.ExitError {
-		envelopeType := "plugin_install"
+	makeErr := func() error {
 		reasonCode := internalplatform.ReasonInvalidRule
 		if errors.Is(err, cmdpolicy.ErrMultipleRestricts) {
-			envelopeType = "plugin_conflict"
 			reasonCode = internalplatform.ReasonMultipleRestricts
 		}
-		return &output.ExitError{
-			Code: output.ExitValidation,
-			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-				Type:    envelopeType,
-				Message: err.Error(),
-				Detail: map[string]any{
-					"reason_code": reasonCode,
-				},
-			},
-			Err: err,
-		}
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "%s", err.Error()).
+			WithHint("plugin policy configuration is broken (reason_code %s); fix the plugin's Restrict rule or remove the conflicting plugin", reasonCode).
+			WithCause(err)
 	}
 	installFatalGuard(rootCmd, makeErr)
 }
 
 // installPluginLifecycleErrorGuard surfaces a Startup lifecycle handler
-// failure as a plugin_lifecycle envelope. The reason_code splits
-// returned-error vs panic so consumers (audit / on-call) can tell the
-// two failure modes apart.
-// Deprecated: installPluginLifecycleErrorGuard produces a legacy
-// *output.ExitError via its internal makeErr lambda. New code MUST NOT add
-// such producers — plugin lifecycle failures should surface as a typed
-// *errs.XxxError once the platform-extension framework migrates. This
-// helper is retained only while existing call sites are migrated; it will
-// be removed once they have moved to the typed surface.
+// failure as a typed validation error (failed_precondition). The hint's
+// reason code splits returned-error vs panic so consumers (audit /
+// on-call) can tell the two failure modes apart.
 func installPluginLifecycleErrorGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, err error) {
-	makeErr := func() *output.ExitError {
+	makeErr := func() error {
 		reasonCode := "lifecycle_failed"
-		detail := map[string]any{
-			"reason_code": reasonCode,
-		}
+		hookName := ""
 		var le *hook.LifecycleError
 		if errors.As(err, &le) {
 			if le.Panic {
 				reasonCode = "lifecycle_panic"
 			}
-			detail = map[string]any{
-				"reason_code": reasonCode,
-				"hook_name":   le.HookName,
-				"event":       "startup",
-			}
+			hookName = le.HookName
 		}
-		return &output.ExitError{
-			Code: output.ExitValidation,
-			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-				Type:    "plugin_lifecycle",
-				Message: err.Error(),
-				Detail:  detail,
-			},
-			Err: err,
+		typed := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "%s", err.Error()).
+			WithCause(err)
+		if hookName != "" {
+			return typed.WithHint("plugin startup hook %q failed (reason_code %s); fix or remove the plugin before running commands", hookName, reasonCode)
 		}
+		return typed.WithHint("a plugin startup hook failed (reason_code %s); fix or remove the plugin before running commands", reasonCode)
 	}
 	installFatalGuard(rootCmd, makeErr)
 }
@@ -219,14 +156,7 @@ func installPluginLifecycleErrorGuard(rootCmd *cobra.Command, err error) {
 //
 // This way the very first non-nil step in cobra's chain is always our
 // guard, regardless of which leaf the user invoked.
-// Deprecated: walkGuard accepts a *output.ExitError-producing lambda, part
-// of the legacy error surface that predates the typed error contract
-// introduced by errs/. New code MUST NOT add new callers — the platform-
-// extension guard plumbing will switch to typed errs.* errors when the
-// platform-extension framework migrates. This wrapper is retained only for
-// the existing in-tree call sites; it will be removed once they have moved
-// to the typed surface.
-func walkGuard(cmd *cobra.Command, makeErr func() *output.ExitError) {
+func walkGuard(cmd *cobra.Command, makeErr func() error) {
 	if cmd == nil {
 		return
 	}

cmd/platform_guards_test.go

@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/hook"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ func (failClosedAbortingPlugin) Install(platform.Registrar) error {
 }
 
 // When a FailClosed plugin fails to install, buildInternal must
-// install a PersistentPreRunE that returns a structured *output.ExitError.
+// install a PersistentPreRunE that returns a typed *errs.ValidationError.
 // The user must NEVER see a silent partial-install state.
 //
 // This pins the build.go fix for codex's NEW ISSUE about
@@ -93,26 +95,31 @@ func TestBuildInternal_failClosedAbortsCLI(t *testing.T) {
 	checkGuardError(t, leaf.RunE(leaf, nil))
 }
 
-// checkGuardError asserts that err is the structured plugin_install
-// ExitError the guard produces.
+// checkGuardError asserts that err is the typed validation error the
+// install guard produces: a failed_precondition *errs.ValidationError
+// (exit 2) whose message + hint preserve the plugin name and the
+// install_failed reason code (the recovery info that lived in the legacy
+// detail map).
 func checkGuardError(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	t.Helper()
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatalf("PersistentPreRunE must surface the install error, got nil")
 	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "plugin_install" {
-		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want plugin_install", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
 	}
-	detail := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
-	if detail["plugin"] != "policy" {
-		t.Errorf("detail.plugin = %v, want policy", detail["plugin"])
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
-	if detail["reason_code"] != internalplatform.ReasonInstallFailed {
-		t.Errorf("detail.reason_code = %v, want install_failed", detail["reason_code"])
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "policy") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should name the failing plugin %q, got %q", "policy", verr.Hint)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, internalplatform.ReasonInstallFailed) {
+		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code %q, got %q", internalplatform.ReasonInstallFailed, verr.Hint)
 	}
 }
 

cmd/plugin_integration_test.go

@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
@@ -156,19 +158,23 @@ func TestPluginPipeline_wrapAbortReachesEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	err = leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "hook" {
-		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want hook", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
 	}
-	detail := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
-	if detail["reason_code"] != "aborted" {
-		t.Errorf("detail.reason_code = %v, want aborted", detail["reason_code"])
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
-	if detail["hook_name"] != "policy-plugin.policy" {
-		t.Errorf("detail.hook_name = %v, want policy-plugin.policy", detail["hook_name"])
+	// The namespaced hook name and the abort semantics are preserved in the
+	// message so a caller can identify which plugin hook rejected the call.
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "policy-plugin.policy") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the aborting hook policy-plugin.policy, got %q", verr.Message)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "aborted") {
+		t.Errorf("message should describe the abort, got %q", verr.Message)
 	}
 
 	// errors.As must still reach the original AbortError so consumers
@@ -409,15 +415,20 @@ func TestPluginConflictGuard_MultipleRestrictAbortsCLI(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("no runnable leaf in command tree")
 	}
 	err := leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "plugin_conflict" {
-		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want plugin_conflict", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
 	}
-	if rc := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)["reason_code"]; rc != "multiple_restrict_plugins" {
-		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want multiple_restrict_plugins", rc)
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	// reason_code multiple_restrict_plugins is folded into the hint so the
+	// operator can distinguish a multi-Restrict conflict from a bad rule.
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "multiple_restrict_plugins") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code multiple_restrict_plugins, got %q", verr.Hint)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -447,15 +458,20 @@ func TestPluginConflictGuard_InvalidRuleAbortsCLI(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("no runnable leaf in command tree")
 	}
 	err := leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "plugin_install" {
-		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want plugin_install", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
 	}
-	if rc := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)["reason_code"]; rc != "invalid_rule" {
-		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want invalid_rule", rc)
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	// reason_code invalid_rule is folded into the hint, distinct from the
+	// multiple_restrict_plugins conflict path.
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "invalid_rule") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code invalid_rule, got %q", verr.Hint)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -484,19 +500,24 @@ func TestPluginLifecycleGuard_StartupErrorAbortsCLI(t *testing.T) {
 
 	leaf := findRunnableLeaf(root)
 	err := leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "plugin_lifecycle" {
-		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want plugin_lifecycle", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
 	}
-	d := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
-	if d["reason_code"] != "lifecycle_failed" {
-		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want lifecycle_failed", d["reason_code"])
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
-	if d["hook_name"] != "lc.start" {
-		t.Errorf("hook_name = %v, want lc.start", d["hook_name"])
+	// reason_code lifecycle_failed (vs lifecycle_panic) and the failing
+	// hook name are folded into the hint so audit / on-call can tell the
+	// failure mode and which hook failed.
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "lifecycle_failed") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code lifecycle_failed, got %q", verr.Hint)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "lc.start") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should name the failing hook lc.start, got %q", verr.Hint)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -520,12 +541,20 @@ func TestPluginLifecycleGuard_StartupPanicAbortsCLI(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	leaf := findRunnableLeaf(root)
 	err := leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if rc := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)["reason_code"]; rc != "lifecycle_panic" {
-		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want lifecycle_panic", rc)
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
+	}
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	// A panicking startup hook is distinguished from a returned error by
+	// reason_code lifecycle_panic in the hint.
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "lifecycle_panic") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should surface reason_code lifecycle_panic, got %q", verr.Hint)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -579,19 +608,24 @@ func TestWrapperPanic_BecomesHookPanicEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	err = leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "hook" {
-		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want hook", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
 	}
-	d := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
-	if d["reason_code"] != "panic" {
-		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want panic", d["reason_code"])
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
-	if d["hook_name"] != "p.boom" {
-		t.Errorf("hook_name = %v, want p.boom (namespaced)", d["hook_name"])
+	// The recovered panic surfaces as a structured error naming the
+	// namespaced hook (p.boom) and describing the panic, so the process
+	// never crashes and the caller can attribute the failure.
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "p.boom") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the namespaced hook p.boom, got %q", verr.Message)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "panic") {
+		t.Errorf("message should describe the panic, got %q", verr.Message)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -653,19 +687,24 @@ func TestWrapperFactoryPanic_BecomesHookPanicEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	err = leaf.RunE(leaf, nil)
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) || exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T %+v", err, err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T %+v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "hook" {
-		t.Errorf("envelope type = %q, want hook", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
 	}
-	d := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
-	if d["reason_code"] != "panic" {
-		t.Errorf("reason_code = %v, want panic", d["reason_code"])
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
-	if d["hook_name"] != "fac.bad-factory" {
-		t.Errorf("hook_name = %v, want fac.bad-factory (namespaced)", d["hook_name"])
+	// A panic in the wrapper FACTORY (not just the inner handler) is
+	// recovered into the same structured panic error, naming the
+	// namespaced hook fac.bad-factory.
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "fac.bad-factory") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the namespaced hook fac.bad-factory, got %q", verr.Message)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "panic") {
+		t.Errorf("message should describe the panic, got %q", verr.Message)
 	}
 }
 

cmd/profile/add.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
@@ -53,7 +54,9 @@ func NewCmdProfileAdd(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 
 func profileAddRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name, appID string, appSecretStdin bool, brand, lang string, useAfter bool) error {
 	if err := core.ValidateProfileName(name); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%v", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%v", err).
+			WithCause(err).
+			WithParam("--name")
 	}
 
 	langPref, err := cmdutil.ParseLangFlag(lang)
@@ -64,46 +67,57 @@ func profileAddRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name, appID string, appSecretStdin bool,
 
 	// Read secret from stdin
 	if !appSecretStdin {
-		return output.ErrValidation("app secret must be provided via stdin: use --app-secret-stdin and pipe the secret")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "app secret must be provided via stdin").
+			WithHint("use --app-secret-stdin and pipe the secret").
+			WithParam("--app-secret-stdin")
 	}
 	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f.IOStreams.In)
 	if !scanner.Scan() {
 		if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
-			return output.ErrValidation("failed to read secret from stdin: %v", err)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "failed to read secret from stdin: %v", err).
+				WithCause(err).
+				WithParam("--app-secret-stdin")
 		}
-		return output.ErrValidation("stdin is empty, expected app secret")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "stdin is empty, expected app secret").
+			WithHint("pipe the app secret to stdin").
+			WithParam("--app-secret-stdin")
 	}
 	appSecret := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
 	if appSecret == "" {
-		return output.ErrValidation("app secret read from stdin is empty")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "app secret read from stdin is empty").
+			WithHint("pipe a non-empty app secret to stdin").
+			WithParam("--app-secret-stdin")
 	}
 
 	// Load or create config
 	multi, err := core.LoadMultiAppConfig()
 	if err != nil {
 		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to load config: %v", err)
+			return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "failed to load config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 		}
 		multi = &core.MultiAppConfig{}
 	}
 
 	// Check name uniqueness
 	if multi.FindApp(name) != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("profile %q already exists", name)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "profile %q already exists", name).
+			WithHint("choose a different name, or remove the existing profile first").
+			WithParam("--name")
 	}
 
 	// Check app-id uniqueness — keychain stores secrets by appId, so
 	// multiple profiles sharing the same appId would collide on credentials.
 	for _, a := range multi.Apps {
 		if a.AppId == appID {
-			return output.ErrValidation("app-id %q is already used by profile %q; each profile must have a unique app-id", appID, a.ProfileName())
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "app-id %q is already used by profile %q; each profile must have a unique app-id", appID, a.ProfileName()).
+				WithParam("--app-id")
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Store secret securely
 	secret, err := core.ForStorage(appID, core.PlainSecret(appSecret), f.Keychain)
 	if err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "%v", err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 
 	parsedBrand := core.ParseBrand(brand)
@@ -134,7 +148,7 @@ func profileAddRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name, appID string, appSecretStdin bool,
 	}
 
 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 
 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Profile %q added (%s, %s)", name, appID, parsedBrand))

cmd/profile/list.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ func profileListRun(f *cmdutil.Factory) error {
 			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, []profileListItem{})
 			return nil
 		}
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitValidation, "config", "failed to load config: %v", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "failed to load config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 	if multi == nil || len(multi.Apps) == 0 {
 		output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, []profileListItem{})

cmd/profile/profile_test.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/i18n"
@@ -50,6 +51,16 @@ func TestProfileAddRun_InvalidExistingConfigReturnsError(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "failed to load config") {
 		t.Fatalf("error = %v, want failed to load config", err)
 	}
+	var internalErr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &internalErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.InternalError; err=%v", err, err)
+	}
+	if internalErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFileIO {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", internalErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeFileIO)
+	}
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitInternal)", code, output.ExitInternal)
+	}
 }
 
 // TestProfileAddRun_Lang covers the unified --lang contract on profile add:
@@ -95,9 +106,9 @@ func TestProfileAddRun_Lang(t *testing.T) {
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Fatal("expected validation error for --lang ZH, got nil")
 		}
-		exitErr, ok := err.(*output.ExitError)
-		if !ok || exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
-			t.Fatalf("expected ExitValidation, got %T: %v", err, err)
+		var valErr *errs.ValidationError
+		if !errors.As(err, &valErr) || output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitValidation {
+			t.Fatalf("expected typed validation error with ExitValidation, got %T: %v", err, err)
 		}
 	})
 }
@@ -406,17 +417,226 @@ func TestProfileUseRun_SaveFailureReturnsStructuredError(t *testing.T) {
 func assertInternalExitError(t *testing.T, err error, wantMsg string) {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *output.ExitError; err=%v", err, err)
+	var internalErr *errs.InternalError
+	if !errors.As(err, &internalErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.InternalError; err=%v", err, err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitInternal {
-		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d", exitErr.Code, output.ExitInternal)
+	if internalErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeStorage {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", internalErr.Subtype, errs.SubtypeStorage)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail == nil || exitErr.Detail.Type != "internal" {
-		t.Fatalf("detail = %#v, want internal detail", exitErr.Detail)
+	if internalErr.Cause == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("cause = nil, want wrapped underlying error")
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, wantMsg) {
-		t.Fatalf("message = %q, want contains %q", exitErr.Detail.Message, wantMsg)
+	if !strings.Contains(internalErr.Message, wantMsg) {
+		t.Fatalf("message = %q, want contains %q", internalErr.Message, wantMsg)
+	}
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitInternal {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitInternal)", code, output.ExitInternal)
+	}
+}
+
+// assertValidationError asserts err is a typed *errs.ValidationError with the
+// given subtype, message fragment, and exit code 2.
+func assertValidationError(t *testing.T, err error, wantSubtype errs.Subtype, wantMsg string) *errs.ValidationError {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	}
+	var valErr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &valErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("error type = %T, want *errs.ValidationError; err=%v", err, err)
+	}
+	if valErr.Subtype != wantSubtype {
+		t.Fatalf("subtype = %q, want %q", valErr.Subtype, wantSubtype)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(valErr.Message, wantMsg) {
+		t.Fatalf("message = %q, want contains %q", valErr.Message, wantMsg)
+	}
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Fatalf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	return valErr
+}
+
+func saveTwoProfiles(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+		CurrentApp: "default",
+		Apps: []core.AppConfig{
+			{Name: "default", AppId: "app-default", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret-default"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
+			{Name: "target", AppId: "app-target", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret-target"), Brand: core.BrandLark},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProfileAddRun_ValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("invalid profile name", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("secret\n")
+		err := profileAddRun(f, "bad name!", "app-x", true, "feishu", "", false)
+		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "")
+		if valErr.Param != "--name" {
+			t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--name")
+		}
+		if valErr.Cause == nil {
+			t.Fatal("cause = nil, want wrapped validation error")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("missing app-secret-stdin flag", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		err := profileAddRun(f, "p", "app-x", false, "feishu", "", false)
+		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "app secret must be provided via stdin")
+		if valErr.Param != "--app-secret-stdin" {
+			t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--app-secret-stdin")
+		}
+		if valErr.Hint == "" {
+			t.Fatal("hint is empty, want actionable hint")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("empty stdin", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("")
+		err := profileAddRun(f, "p", "app-x", true, "feishu", "", false)
+		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "stdin is empty")
+		if valErr.Param != "--app-secret-stdin" {
+			t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--app-secret-stdin")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("blank secret on stdin", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("   \n")
+		err := profileAddRun(f, "p", "app-x", true, "feishu", "", false)
+		assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "app secret read from stdin is empty")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("duplicate profile name", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		saveTwoProfiles(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("secret\n")
+		err := profileAddRun(f, "default", "app-new", true, "feishu", "", false)
+		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, `profile "default" already exists`)
+		if valErr.Param != "--name" {
+			t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--name")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("duplicate app-id", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		saveTwoProfiles(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		f.IOStreams.In = strings.NewReader("secret\n")
+		err := profileAddRun(f, "fresh", "app-default", true, "feishu", "", false)
+		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "already used by profile")
+		if valErr.Param != "--app-id" {
+			t.Fatalf("param = %q, want %q", valErr.Param, "--app-id")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestProfileUseRun_ValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("no previous profile for toggle", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		saveTwoProfiles(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		err := profileUseRun(f, "-")
+		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "no previous profile to switch back to")
+		if valErr.Hint == "" {
+			t.Fatal("hint is empty, want actionable hint")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("profile not found", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		saveTwoProfiles(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		err := profileUseRun(f, "ghost")
+		assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, `profile "ghost" not found`)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestProfileRenameRun_ValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("invalid new name", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		saveTwoProfiles(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		err := profileRenameRun(f, "default", "bad name!")
+		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "")
+		if valErr.Cause == nil {
+			t.Fatal("cause = nil, want wrapped validation error")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("old profile not found", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		saveTwoProfiles(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		err := profileRenameRun(f, "ghost", "fresh")
+		assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, `profile "ghost" not found`)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("new name already exists", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		saveTwoProfiles(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		err := profileRenameRun(f, "default", "target")
+		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, `profile "target" already exists`)
+		if valErr.Hint == "" {
+			t.Fatal("hint is empty, want actionable hint")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestProfileRemoveRun_ValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("profile not found", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		saveTwoProfiles(t)
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		err := profileRemoveRun(f, "ghost")
+		assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, `profile "ghost" not found`)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("cannot remove the only profile", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+		multi := &core.MultiAppConfig{
+			CurrentApp: "solo",
+			Apps: []core.AppConfig{
+				{Name: "solo", AppId: "app-solo", AppSecret: core.PlainSecret("secret-solo"), Brand: core.BrandFeishu},
+			},
+		}
+		if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("SaveMultiAppConfig() error = %v", err)
+		}
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		err := profileRemoveRun(f, "solo")
+		valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "cannot remove the only profile")
+		if valErr.Hint == "" {
+			t.Fatal("hint is empty, want actionable hint")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestProfileListRun_InvalidConfigReturnsValidationError(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := setupProfileConfigDir(t)
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "config.json"), []byte("{invalid json"), 0600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteFile() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	err := profileListRun(f)
+	valErr := assertValidationError(t, err, errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "failed to load config")
+	if valErr.Cause == nil {
+		t.Fatal("cause = nil, want wrapped load error")
 	}
 }

cmd/profile/remove.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	larkauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
@@ -40,11 +41,12 @@ func profileRemoveRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name string) error {
 
 	idx := multi.FindAppIndex(name)
 	if idx < 0 {
-		return output.ErrValidation("profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", name, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", name, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
 	}
 
 	if len(multi.Apps) == 1 {
-		return output.ErrValidation("cannot remove the only profile")
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "cannot remove the only profile").
+			WithHint("add another profile first: lark-cli profile add")
 	}
 
 	app := &multi.Apps[idx]
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ func profileRemoveRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name string) error {
 	}
 
 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 
 	// Best-effort credential cleanup after config commit

cmd/profile/rename.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ func NewCmdProfileRename(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 
 func profileRenameRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, oldName, newName string) error {
 	if err := core.ValidateProfileName(newName); err != nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("%v", err)
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 
 	multi, err := core.LoadOrNotConfigured()
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ func profileRenameRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, oldName, newName string) error {
 
 	idx := multi.FindAppIndex(oldName)
 	if idx < 0 {
-		return output.ErrValidation("profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", oldName, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", oldName, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
 	}
 
 	// Check new name uniqueness across other profiles, allowing renames to this
@@ -50,7 +51,8 @@ func profileRenameRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, oldName, newName string) error {
 			continue
 		}
 		if multi.Apps[i].Name == newName || multi.Apps[i].AppId == newName {
-			return output.ErrValidation("profile %q already exists", newName)
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "profile %q already exists", newName).
+				WithHint("choose a different name")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ func profileRenameRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, oldName, newName string) error {
 	}
 
 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 
 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Profile renamed: %q -> %q", oldProfileName, newName))

cmd/profile/use.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -40,14 +41,15 @@ func profileUseRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name string) error {
 	// Handle "-" for toggle-back
 	if name == "-" {
 		if multi.PreviousApp == "" {
-			return output.ErrValidation("no previous profile to switch back to")
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "no previous profile to switch back to").
+				WithHint("switch to a profile by name first: lark-cli profile use <name>")
 		}
 		name = multi.PreviousApp
 	}
 
 	app := multi.FindApp(name)
 	if app == nil {
-		return output.ErrValidation("profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", name, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "profile %q not found, available profiles: %s", name, strings.Join(multi.ProfileNames(), ", "))
 	}
 
 	targetName := app.ProfileName()
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ func profileUseRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, name string) error {
 	multi.CurrentApp = targetName
 
 	if err := core.SaveMultiAppConfig(multi); err != nil {
-		return output.Errorf(output.ExitInternal, "internal", "failed to save config: %v", err)
+		return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeStorage, "failed to save config: %v", err).WithCause(err)
 	}
 
 	output.PrintSuccess(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, fmt.Sprintf("Switched to profile %q (%s, %s)", targetName, app.AppId, app.Brand))

cmd/prune.go

@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
 // pruneForStrictMode removes commands incompatible with the active strict mode.
@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ func strictModeStubFrom(child *cobra.Command, mode core.StrictMode) *cobra.Comma
 	//     pick auth's instead of our denial. A leaf-level no-op makes
 	//     cobra stop here and proceed to the wrapped RunE.
 	//
-	// strict-mode keeps its short Message + independent Hint and
-	// composes the shared detail.* / wrapped-CommandDeniedError shape
-	// by hand; BuildDenialError would override Message with the
-	// CommandDeniedError.Error() long form.
+	// strict-mode keeps its short Message + independent Hint and wraps
+	// the CommandDeniedError as the Cause by hand; BuildDenialError
+	// would override Message with the CommandDeniedError.Error() long
+	// form.
 	stubMessage := fmt.Sprintf(
 		"strict mode is %q, only %s-identity commands are available",
 		mode, mode.ForcedIdentity())
@@ -105,20 +105,9 @@ func strictModeStubFrom(child *cobra.Command, mode core.StrictMode) *cobra.Comma
 		},
 		RunE: func(c *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
 			cd := cmdpolicy.CommandDeniedFromDenial(cmdpolicy.CanonicalPath(c), denial)
-			// Legacy *output.ExitError producer: this literal predates the
-			// typed error contract introduced by errs/. New denial sites MUST
-			// NOT construct *output.ExitError directly — they should return a
-			// typed *errs.XxxError once the cmdpolicy framework migrates.
-			return &output.ExitError{
-				Code: output.ExitValidation,
-				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-					Type:    "command_denied",
-					Message: stubMessage,
-					Hint:    stubHint,
-					Detail:  cmdpolicy.DenialDetailMap(cd),
-				},
-				Err: cd,
-			}
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition, "%s", stubMessage).
+				WithHint("denied by %s policy (reason_code %s); %s", cd.Layer, cd.ReasonCode, stubHint).
+				WithCause(cd)
 		},
 	}
 }

cmd/prune_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
@@ -247,9 +248,12 @@ func TestStrictModeStub_BypassesArgsValidator(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Pins the strict-mode envelope shape: structured detail.* / wrapped
-// CommandDeniedError for external agents, AND the historical short
-// Message + independent Hint for existing consumers.
+// Pins the strict-mode typed envelope: a failed_precondition
+// *errs.ValidationError (exit 2) carrying the short historical Message,
+// a Hint that still surfaces the policy layer + reason code (the
+// safety-critical recovery info that lived in the legacy detail map),
+// and the wrapped *platform.CommandDeniedError so external agents can
+// still inspect the structured denial taxonomy via errors.As.
 func TestStrictModeStub_StructuredEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	root := newTestTree()
 	pruneForStrictMode(root, core.StrictModeBot)
@@ -262,30 +266,33 @@ func TestStrictModeStub_StructuredEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("strict-mode stub RunE should return error")
 	}
 
-	var ee *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &ee) {
-		t.Fatalf("err is not *output.ExitError: %T", err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("err is not *errs.ValidationError: %T", err)
 	}
-	if ee.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("ExitError.Detail is nil; envelope writer cannot emit JSON")
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeFailedPrecondition {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", verr.Subtype)
 	}
-	if ee.Detail.Type != "command_denied" {
-		t.Errorf("Detail.Type = %q, want command_denied", ee.Detail.Type)
+	if code := output.ExitCodeOf(err); code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
 	}
-	dm, ok := ee.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("Detail.Detail = %T, want map[string]any", ee.Detail.Detail)
+	// Short historical Message is preserved verbatim.
+	if verr.Message != `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available` {
+		t.Errorf("Message = %q, want short historical form", verr.Message)
 	}
-	if got, _ := dm["layer"].(string); got != cmdpolicy.LayerStrictMode {
-		t.Errorf("Detail.Detail[layer] = %q, want %q", got, cmdpolicy.LayerStrictMode)
+	// The denial layer + reason code remain user-readable in the hint, and
+	// the historical switch-policy guidance is still appended.
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, cmdpolicy.LayerStrictMode) {
+		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want substring %q (policy layer)", verr.Hint, cmdpolicy.LayerStrictMode)
 	}
-	if got, _ := dm["reason_code"].(string); got != "identity_not_supported" {
-		t.Errorf("Detail.Detail[reason_code] = %q, want identity_not_supported", got)
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "identity_not_supported") {
+		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want substring identity_not_supported (reason code)", verr.Hint)
 	}
-	if got, _ := dm["policy_source"].(string); got != "strict-mode" {
-		t.Errorf("Detail.Detail[policy_source] = %q, want strict-mode", got)
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy") {
+		t.Errorf("Hint = %q, want historical switch-policy guidance", verr.Hint)
 	}
 
+	// The structured denial taxonomy survives on the wrapped cause.
 	var cd *platform.CommandDeniedError
 	if !errors.As(err, &cd) {
 		t.Fatalf("err does not unwrap to *platform.CommandDeniedError")
@@ -296,15 +303,12 @@ func TestStrictModeStub_StructuredEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	if cd.ReasonCode != "identity_not_supported" {
 		t.Errorf("CommandDeniedError.ReasonCode = %q, want identity_not_supported", cd.ReasonCode)
 	}
+	if cd.PolicySource != "strict-mode" {
+		t.Errorf("CommandDeniedError.PolicySource = %q, want strict-mode", cd.PolicySource)
+	}
 	if !strings.Contains(cd.Reason, `strict mode is "bot"`) {
 		t.Errorf("CommandDeniedError.Reason = %q, want substring 'strict mode is \"bot\"'", cd.Reason)
 	}
-	if ee.Detail.Message != `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available` {
-		t.Errorf("Detail.Message = %q, want short historical form", ee.Detail.Message)
-	}
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(ee.Detail.Hint, "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy") {
-		t.Errorf("Detail.Hint = %q, want historical hint", ee.Detail.Hint)
-	}
 }
 
 // strictModeStubFrom must write the denial annotations so the hook

cmd/root.go

@@ -13,19 +13,17 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/platform"
-	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdpolicy"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errcompat"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/deprecation"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/hook"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/skillscheck"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/suggest"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/update"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
 
 const rootLong = `lark-cli — Lark/Feishu CLI tool.
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ const rootLong = `lark-cli — Lark/Feishu CLI tool.
 USAGE:
     lark-cli <command> [subcommand] [method] [options]
     lark-cli api <method> <path> [--params <json>] [--data <json>]
-    lark-cli schema <service.resource.method> [--format pretty]
+    lark-cli schema <service.resource.method>
 
 EXAMPLES:
     # View upcoming events
@@ -69,7 +67,15 @@ COMMUNITY:
 More help: lark-cli <command> --help`
 
 // Execute runs the root command and returns the process exit code.
+// rawInvocationArgs holds os.Args[1:] captured at Execute() entry. cobra's
+// UnknownFlags whitelist (installUnknownSubcommandGuard) swallows unknown flags
+// before they reach a group's RunE, so unknownSubcommandRunE re-derives them
+// from here. It stays nil in unit tests that invoke a RunE directly with
+// explicit args — correct, since those don't exercise the whitelist path.
+var rawInvocationArgs []string
+
 func Execute() int {
+	rawInvocationArgs = os.Args[1:]
 	inv, err := BootstrapInvocationContext(os.Args[1:])
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "Error:", err)
@@ -133,29 +139,49 @@ func setupNotices() {
 	skillscheck.Init(build.Version)
 
 	// Composed notice provider — emits keys only when each pending is set.
-	output.PendingNotice = func() map[string]interface{} {
-		notice := map[string]interface{}{}
-		if info := update.GetPending(); info != nil {
-			notice["update"] = map[string]interface{}{
-				"current": info.Current,
-				"latest":  info.Latest,
-				"message": info.Message(),
-				"command": "lark-cli update",
-			}
+	output.PendingNotice = composePendingNotice
+}
+
+// composePendingNotice merges all process-level pending notices (available
+// update, skills/binary drift, deprecated-command alias) into the map surfaced
+// as the JSON "_notice" envelope field. Returns nil when nothing is pending.
+// Extracted from Execute so the composition is unit-testable.
+func composePendingNotice() map[string]interface{} {
+	notice := map[string]interface{}{}
+	if info := update.GetPending(); info != nil {
+		notice["update"] = map[string]interface{}{
+			"current": info.Current,
+			"latest":  info.Latest,
+			"message": info.Message(),
+			"command": "lark-cli update",
 		}
-		if stale := skillscheck.GetPending(); stale != nil {
-			notice["skills"] = map[string]interface{}{
-				"current": stale.Current,
-				"target":  stale.Target,
-				"message": stale.Message(),
-				"command": "lark-cli update",
-			}
-		}
-		if len(notice) == 0 {
-			return nil
-		}
-		return notice
 	}
+	if stale := skillscheck.GetPending(); stale != nil {
+		notice["skills"] = map[string]interface{}{
+			"current": stale.Current,
+			"target":  stale.Target,
+			"message": stale.Message(),
+			"command": "lark-cli update",
+		}
+	}
+	if dep := deprecation.GetPending(); dep != nil {
+		entry := map[string]interface{}{
+			"command": dep.Command,
+			"message": dep.Message(),
+			"action":  "lark-cli update",
+		}
+		if dep.Replacement != "" {
+			entry["replacement"] = dep.Replacement
+		}
+		if dep.Skill != "" {
+			entry["skill"] = dep.Skill
+		}
+		notice["deprecated_command"] = entry
+	}
+	if len(notice) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return notice
 }
 
 // isCompletionCommand returns true if args indicate a shell completion request.
@@ -186,56 +212,37 @@ func configureFlagCompletions(args []string) {
 // and returns the process exit code.
 //
 // Dispatch order:
-//  1. Legacy shapes (*core.ConfigError, *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError)
-//     are promoted via errcompat to their typed errs/ counterparts, with the
-//     original preserved in the Cause chain.
-//  2. Typed errors from errs/ (e.g. *errs.PermissionError, *errs.APIError,
-//     *errs.SecurityPolicyError, *errs.AuthenticationError): render via the
-//     typed envelope writer, which lifts extension fields (missing_scopes,
-//     console_url, challenge_url, ...) to the top level. Routed by
-//     errs.CategoryOf via ExitCodeOf.
-//  3. Legacy *output.ExitError: asExitError adapts it to the legacy
-//     envelope, written via WriteErrorEnvelope.
-//  4. Cobra errors (required flags, unknown commands, etc.): plain text.
+//  1. Typed errors from errs/ (e.g. *errs.PermissionError, *errs.APIError,
+//     *errs.SecurityPolicyError, *errs.AuthenticationError, *errs.ConfigError):
+//     render via the typed envelope writer, which lifts extension fields
+//     (missing_scopes, console_url, challenge_url, ...) to the top level.
+//     Routed by errs.CategoryOf via ExitCodeOf. Auth and config errors are
+//     constructed typed at their origin (internal/auth, internal/core), so the
+//     dispatcher no longer promotes any legacy shape here.
+//  2. PartialFailure / BareError signals: the result envelope is already on
+//     stdout; honor the exit code and write nothing to stderr.
+//  3. Residual cobra usage errors (missing required flag, unknown command,
+//     argument validation): typed as an invalid_argument envelope (exit 2),
+//     matching the explicit flag/subcommand guards. Flag parse errors are
+//     already typed upstream by the root FlagErrorFunc.
 func handleRootError(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) int {
 	errOut := f.IOStreams.ErrOut
 
-	// Promote legacy error shapes into typed errs/ before envelope marshal.
-	// NeedAuthorizationError check is first because it is the more specific
-	// shape; *core.ConfigError check follows. errors.As preserves the original
-	// in the Cause chain, so external errors.As(&core.ConfigError{}) consumers
-	// (cmd/auth/list.go, cmd/doctor/doctor.go, ...) still match.
-	//
-	// Outer-typed short-circuit: if err is already a typed *errs.* error,
-	// skip PromoteXxxError so the producer's Subtype / Hint / extension
-	// fields are not overwritten by a coarser promoted shape derived from a
-	// legacy error buried in its Cause chain. Promotion is only for legacy
-	// untyped entry points.
-	if !isOuterTypedError(err) {
-		var needAuthErr *internalauth.NeedAuthorizationError
-		if errors.As(err, &needAuthErr) {
-			err = errcompat.PromoteAuthError(needAuthErr)
-		} else {
-			var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
-			if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-				err = errcompat.PromoteConfigError(cfgErr)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	// When the typed error is a need_user_authorization signal, fold in the
 	// current command's declared scopes as a Hint so the user/AI sees the
 	// concrete scope(s) to re-auth with. The hint is computed on the fly from
 	// local shortcut/service metadata — it never depends on server state.
-	applyNeedAuthorizationHint(f, err)
+	if !errs.IsRaw(err) {
+		applyNeedAuthorizationHint(f, err)
+	}
 
 	// Staged dispatch: capture the typed exit code BEFORE attempting the
 	// envelope write. WriteTypedErrorEnvelope is best-effort on the wire
 	// (partial-write still returns true) so the exit code we read here is
 	// preserved even if stderr is torn — torn stderr must not downgrade
-	// typed exits 3/4/6/10 to the legacy "Error:" path with exit 1.
+	// typed exits 3/4/6/10 to the plain "Error:" path with exit 1.
 	// WriteTypedErrorEnvelope still returns false when err carries no
-	// Problem; in that case we fall through to the legacy bridge below.
+	// Problem; in that case we fall through to the signal / plain-text paths.
 	typedExit := output.ExitCodeOf(err)
 	if output.WriteTypedErrorEnvelope(errOut, err, string(f.ResolvedIdentity)) {
 		return typedExit
@@ -248,45 +255,63 @@ func handleRootError(f *cmdutil.Factory, err error) int {
 		return pfErr.Code
 	}
 
-	if exitErr := asExitError(err); exitErr != nil {
-		if !exitErr.Raw {
-			// Raw errors (e.g. from `api` command via output.MarkRaw)
-			// preserve the original API error detail; skip enrichment
-			// which would clear it.
-			enrichMissingScopeError(f, exitErr)
-			enrichPermissionError(f, exitErr)
+	// Silent-exit signal (e.g. `auth check` predicate, or `update --json`):
+	// stdout already carries the result; honor the requested exit code and
+	// write nothing to stderr.
+	var bareErr *output.BareError
+	if errors.As(err, &bareErr) {
+		return bareErr.Code
+	}
+
+	// Errors reaching here are untyped: every RunE returns a typed errs.* error
+	// and flag-parse errors are typed by the root FlagErrorFunc. The remainder
+	// is either a cobra usage mistake (missing required flag, unknown command,
+	// wrong arg count), which cobra surfaces as a plain error identified by its
+	// stable text — the same external contract unknownFlagName relies on — or an
+	// untyped error that leaked past the typed boundary. Classify the former as
+	// invalid_argument (exit 2, like the explicit guards); treat the latter as an
+	// internal fault (exit 5) rather than blaming the user's input. The message
+	// is preserved either way, and the typed envelope still carries any pending
+	// deprecation notice.
+	var fallback error
+	if isCobraUsageError(err) {
+		fallback = errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err.Error())
+	} else {
+		fallback = errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "%s", err.Error()).WithCause(err)
+	}
+	output.WriteTypedErrorEnvelope(errOut, fallback, string(f.ResolvedIdentity))
+	return output.ExitCodeOf(fallback)
+}
+
+// cobraUsageErrorMarkers are the stable error-text fragments cobra / pflag
+// (pinned at v1.10.2) emit for usage mistakes — missing required flag, unknown
+// command / flag, wrong argument count. Cobra surfaces these as plain errors,
+// not a typed value we can match on, so the dispatcher recognizes them by text;
+// this is the same external contract unknownFlagName already depends on. A
+// residual error matching none of these has leaked the typed boundary and is
+// treated as an internal fault, not a user error.
+var cobraUsageErrorMarkers = []string{
+	"unknown command ",
+	"unknown flag: ",
+	"unknown shorthand",
+	"required flag(s) ",
+	"flag needs an argument",
+	"bad flag syntax:",
+	"no such flag ",
+	"invalid argument ",
+	"arg(s), ", // accepts / requires N arg(s), received / only received M
+}
+
+// isCobraUsageError reports whether err is a cobra / pflag usage mistake,
+// identified by the stable error text of the pinned cobra version.
+func isCobraUsageError(err error) bool {
+	msg := err.Error()
+	for _, m := range cobraUsageErrorMarkers {
+		if strings.Contains(msg, m) {
+			return true
 		}
-		output.WriteErrorEnvelope(errOut, exitErr, string(f.ResolvedIdentity))
-		return exitErr.Code
 	}
-
-	fmt.Fprintln(errOut, "Error:", err)
-	return 1
-}
-
-// isOuterTypedError returns true if err is a typed *errs.* error AT THE
-// TOP OF THE CHAIN (not buried inside Unwrap). Used by handleRootError
-// to gate PromoteXxxError so a producer's outer typed envelope is never
-// overwritten by a coarser shape derived from its legacy Cause.
-func isOuterTypedError(err error) bool {
-	_, ok := err.(errs.TypedError)
-	return ok
-}
-
-// asExitError converts known structured error types to *output.ExitError.
-// Returns nil for unrecognized errors (e.g. cobra flag errors).
-//
-// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError bridge.
-func asExitError(err error) *output.ExitError {
-	var cfgErr *core.ConfigError
-	if errors.As(err, &cfgErr) {
-		return output.ErrWithHint(cfgErr.Code, cfgErr.Type, cfgErr.Message, cfgErr.Hint)
-	}
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		return exitErr
-	}
-	return nil
+	return false
 }
 
 // installUnknownSubcommandGuard replaces cobra's silent help fallback on
@@ -301,6 +326,12 @@ func asExitError(err error) *output.ExitError {
 func installUnknownSubcommandGuard(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	if cmd.HasSubCommands() && cmd.Run == nil && cmd.RunE == nil {
 		cmd.RunE = unknownSubcommandRunE
+		// Route an unknown subcommand to unknownSubcommandRunE even when flags
+		// are also present (e.g. `sheets +cells-find --url ...`). A pure group
+		// consumes no flags itself, so unknown flags belong to the (missing)
+		// subcommand; whitelisting them here prevents cobra from erroring on the
+		// flag first and printing usage instead of our structured suggestion.
+		cmd.FParseErrWhitelist.UnknownFlags = true
 		if cmd.Annotations == nil {
 			cmd.Annotations = map[string]string{}
 		}
@@ -311,41 +342,174 @@ func installUnknownSubcommandGuard(cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Deprecated: unknownSubcommandRunE produces a legacy *output.ExitError that
-// predates the typed error contract introduced by errs/. New code MUST NOT
-// add producers of this shape — unknown-subcommand signals should move to
-// a typed *errs.ValidationError (or a dedicated typed error) carrying the
-// agent-protocol metadata as typed extension fields. This helper is retained
-// only while existing dispatch sites are migrated; it will be removed once
-// they have moved to the typed surface.
+// unknownSubcommandRunE replaces cobra's silent help fallback on group commands
+// with a typed *errs.ValidationError: a flag that belongs to a missing
+// subcommand, a misplaced subcommand-only flag, or an unknown subcommand name
+// each fail structured (exit 2) instead of degrading to help + exit 0.
 func unknownSubcommandRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	if len(args) == 0 {
-		return cmd.Help()
+		// A bare group (e.g. `sheets`), or one carrying only group-valid flags
+		// like the global --profile, legitimately prints help. But a flag that
+		// belongs to a (missing) subcommand is a user error: the guard's
+		// FParseErrWhitelist swallows such flags and leaves args empty, so without
+		// the checks below they would silently fall through to help + exit 0 —
+		// letting an agent mistake a malformed call (`im --format json`,
+		// `sheets --badflag`) for success. Recover the swallowed tokens from the
+		// raw invocation and fail structured instead.
+		flags := flagTokensInArgs(rawInvocationArgs)
+		if len(flags) == 0 {
+			return cmd.Help()
+		}
+		if unknown := unknownFlagTokens(cmd, rawInvocationArgs); len(unknown) > 0 {
+			verr := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				"unknown flag %s before a subcommand for %q", strings.Join(unknown, ", "), cmd.CommandPath()).
+				WithHint("flags belong to a subcommand; run `%s --help` to list subcommands and their flags", cmd.CommandPath())
+			for _, flag := range unknown {
+				verr.WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: flag, Reason: "unknown flag before a subcommand"})
+			}
+			return verr
+		}
+		// The remaining flags are all defined somewhere in the tree. Those valid
+		// on the group itself or inherited (e.g. the global --profile) do not
+		// require a subcommand, so a bare group carrying only those still prints
+		// help. Anything left belongs to a subcommand that was omitted
+		// (e.g. `im --format json`): distinct from unknown_flag — the flags are
+		// real, the subcommand is what's missing.
+		misplaced := subcommandOnlyFlagTokens(cmd, rawInvocationArgs)
+		if len(misplaced) == 0 {
+			return cmd.Help()
+		}
+		verr := errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"missing subcommand for %q; flag %s belongs to a subcommand, not the group", cmd.CommandPath(), strings.Join(misplaced, ", ")).
+			WithHint("run `%s --help` to list subcommands and their flags", cmd.CommandPath())
+		for _, flag := range misplaced {
+			verr.WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: flag, Reason: "flag belongs to a subcommand, not the group"})
+		}
+		return verr
 	}
 	unknown := args[0]
-	available := availableSubcommandNames(cmd)
+	available, deprecated := availableSubcommandNames(cmd)
+	// Rank suggestions across both current and deprecated names so a mistyped
+	// legacy command (e.g. +raed → +read) still resolves; the alias stays
+	// runnable and self-flags via the _notice on execution.
+	suggestions := suggest.Closest(unknown, append(append([]string{}, available...), deprecated...), 6)
 	msg := fmt.Sprintf("unknown subcommand %q for %q", unknown, cmd.CommandPath())
 	hint := fmt.Sprintf("run `%s --help` to see available subcommands", cmd.CommandPath())
-	if len(available) > 0 {
-		hint = fmt.Sprintf("available subcommands: %s", strings.Join(available, ", "))
-	}
-	return &output.ExitError{
-		Code: output.ExitValidation,
-		Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "unknown_subcommand",
-			Message: msg,
-			Hint:    hint,
-			Detail: map[string]any{
-				"unknown":      unknown,
-				"command_path": cmd.CommandPath(),
-				"available":    available,
-			},
-		},
+	if len(suggestions) > 0 {
+		hint = fmt.Sprintf("did you mean one of: %s? (run `%s --help` for the full list)",
+			strings.Join(suggestions, ", "), cmd.CommandPath())
 	}
+	// Record the offending subcommand and its ranked candidates as a param with
+	// machine-readable Suggestions so an agent can retry without parsing the
+	// hint; the hint carries the same candidates as prose.
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", msg).
+		WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: unknown, Reason: "unknown subcommand", Suggestions: suggestions}).
+		WithHint("%s", hint)
 }
 
-func availableSubcommandNames(cmd *cobra.Command) []string {
-	subs := make([]string, 0, len(cmd.Commands()))
+// flagTokensInArgs returns the flag-like tokens (-x, --foo, --foo=bar) in
+// rawArgs, stopping at the "--" positional terminator. Whether a flag is
+// defined is not considered (see unknownFlagTokens for that). A pure group
+// with any flag token but no subcommand is a user error — a pure group
+// consumes no flags of its own, so the flag must belong to a subcommand — so
+// the caller fails structured instead of falling through to help.
+func flagTokensInArgs(rawArgs []string) []string {
+	var toks []string
+	for _, a := range rawArgs {
+		if a == "--" {
+			break // everything after -- is positional
+		}
+		if len(a) < 2 || a[0] != '-' {
+			continue
+		}
+		toks = append(toks, a)
+	}
+	return toks
+}
+
+// unknownFlagTokens returns the flag tokens in rawArgs that cmd does not define
+// (on itself, inherited, or any direct subcommand). installUnknownSubcommandGuard
+// whitelists unknown flags on pure groups so a mistyped subcommand still reaches
+// the suggestion path; the side effect is that flags before a subcommand are
+// swallowed. This recovers the genuinely-unknown ones so the caller can name
+// them in a "did you mean" envelope.
+func unknownFlagTokens(cmd *cobra.Command, rawArgs []string) []string {
+	var unknown []string
+	for _, a := range flagTokensInArgs(rawArgs) {
+		name := strings.SplitN(strings.TrimLeft(a, "-"), "=", 2)[0]
+		if name != "" && !flagDefinedInTree(cmd, name) {
+			unknown = append(unknown, a)
+		}
+	}
+	return unknown
+}
+
+// flagKnownOnGroup reports whether name is a flag defined on cmd itself or
+// inherited (a global persistent flag like --profile) — i.e. valid on the bare
+// group and therefore not requiring a subcommand.
+func flagKnownOnGroup(cmd *cobra.Command, name string) bool {
+	short := len(name) == 1
+	lookup := func(fs *pflag.FlagSet) bool {
+		if short {
+			return fs.ShorthandLookup(name) != nil
+		}
+		return fs.Lookup(name) != nil
+	}
+	return lookup(cmd.Flags()) || lookup(cmd.InheritedFlags())
+}
+
+// subcommandOnlyFlagTokens returns the flag tokens in rawArgs that are valid on
+// a subcommand of cmd but not on cmd itself/inherited — flags supplied while
+// omitting the subcommand they belong to (`im --format json`). Global flags
+// valid on the bare group (e.g. --profile) are excluded so
+// `lark-cli --profile p im` still prints help rather than erroring.
+func subcommandOnlyFlagTokens(cmd *cobra.Command, rawArgs []string) []string {
+	var misplaced []string
+	for _, a := range flagTokensInArgs(rawArgs) {
+		name := strings.SplitN(strings.TrimLeft(a, "-"), "=", 2)[0]
+		if name == "" || flagKnownOnGroup(cmd, name) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if flagDefinedInTree(cmd, name) {
+			misplaced = append(misplaced, a)
+		}
+	}
+	return misplaced
+}
+
+// flagDefinedInTree reports whether name is defined on cmd, its inherited
+// (persistent) flags, or any direct subcommand. The subcommand case covers a
+// user who merely omitted the subcommand — e.g. `sheets --format json`, where
+// --format is injected on every leaf shortcut, not on the group — so only a
+// genuinely unknown flag like `sheets --badflag` is reported.
+func flagDefinedInTree(cmd *cobra.Command, name string) bool {
+	short := len(name) == 1
+	known := func(c *cobra.Command, inherited bool) bool {
+		fs := c.Flags()
+		if inherited {
+			fs = c.InheritedFlags()
+		}
+		if short {
+			return fs.ShorthandLookup(name) != nil
+		}
+		return fs.Lookup(name) != nil
+	}
+	if known(cmd, false) || known(cmd, true) {
+		return true
+	}
+	for _, c := range cmd.Commands() {
+		if known(c, false) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// availableSubcommandNames returns the invokable subcommand names of cmd, split
+// into current commands and backward-compatibility aliases (those tagged into
+// the deprecated cobra group via cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID). Both slices are
+// sorted; hidden commands plus help/completion are omitted.
+func availableSubcommandNames(cmd *cobra.Command) (available, deprecated []string) {
 	for _, c := range cmd.Commands() {
 		if c.Hidden || !c.IsAvailableCommand() {
 			continue
@@ -354,10 +518,82 @@ func availableSubcommandNames(cmd *cobra.Command) []string {
 		if name == "help" || name == "completion" {
 			continue
 		}
-		subs = append(subs, name)
+		if cmdutil.IsDeprecatedCommand(c) {
+			deprecated = append(deprecated, name)
+		} else {
+			available = append(available, name)
+		}
 	}
-	sort.Strings(subs)
-	return subs
+	sort.Strings(available)
+	sort.Strings(deprecated)
+	return available, deprecated
+}
+
+// flagDidYouMean is the root FlagErrorFunc (inherited by all subcommands). It
+// converts cobra's flag-parse errors into a typed validation envelope: an
+// unknown flag gets a focused "did you mean" hint (so agents recover even when
+// the typo is semantic, e.g. --query vs --find, where edit distance alone finds
+// nothing) and the offending flag in `params`. Other flag errors stay typed
+// but generic.
+func flagDidYouMean(c *cobra.Command, ferr error) error {
+	name, isUnknown := unknownFlagName(ferr)
+	if !isUnknown {
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", ferr.Error()).
+			WithHint("run `%s --help` for valid flags", c.CommandPath())
+	}
+	valid := visibleFlagNames(c)
+	suggestions := suggest.Closest(name, valid, 3)
+	for i := range suggestions {
+		suggestions[i] = "--" + suggestions[i]
+	}
+	hint := fmt.Sprintf("run `%s --help` to see valid flags", c.CommandPath())
+	if len(suggestions) > 0 {
+		hint = fmt.Sprintf("did you mean %s? (run `%s --help` for all flags)",
+			strings.Join(suggestions, ", "), c.CommandPath())
+	}
+	// The ranked candidates ride on the param as machine-readable Suggestions so
+	// an agent can retry without parsing the hint; the hint carries the same
+	// candidates as prose. The full valid-flag list stays recoverable via --help.
+	return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+		"unknown flag %q for %q", "--"+name, c.CommandPath()).
+		WithParams(errs.InvalidParam{Name: "--" + name, Reason: "unknown flag", Suggestions: suggestions}).
+		WithHint("%s", hint)
+}
+
+// unknownFlagName extracts the offending long-flag name from cobra's flag-parse
+// error text ("unknown flag: --query" → "query"). Returns ok=false for anything
+// else (missing argument, invalid value, unknown shorthand) so the caller keeps
+// those structured but generic — hallucinated flags are essentially always long.
+//
+// CONTRACT: this matches cobra's English wording "unknown flag: --" (go.mod
+// pins github.com/spf13/cobra). If cobra rewords this or gains i18n the match
+// silently fails and unknown flags degrade to a generic flag_error — re-verify
+// this prefix when bumping cobra.
+func unknownFlagName(err error) (string, bool) {
+	const p = "unknown flag: --"
+	msg := err.Error()
+	i := strings.Index(msg, p)
+	if i < 0 {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	rest := msg[i+len(p):]
+	if j := strings.IndexAny(rest, " \t"); j >= 0 {
+		rest = rest[:j]
+	}
+	return rest, true
+}
+
+// visibleFlagNames lists the non-hidden flag names of c (for suggestions and
+// the valid_flags detail).
+func visibleFlagNames(c *cobra.Command) []string {
+	var names []string
+	c.Flags().VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
+		if !f.Hidden {
+			names = append(names, f.Name)
+		}
+	})
+	sort.Strings(names)
+	return names
 }
 
 // installTipsHelpFunc wraps the default help function to append a TIPS section
@@ -391,56 +627,3 @@ func installTipsHelpFunc(root *cobra.Command) {
 		}
 	})
 }
-
-// enrichPermissionError rewrites the legacy *output.ExitError envelope so its
-// Message + Hint match the per-subtype canonical text produced by the typed
-// dispatcher path (errclass.CanonicalPermissionMessage / errclass.PermissionHint).
-// This guarantees a caller observing the wire envelope cannot tell whether
-// the error reached the dispatcher via the legacy *ExitError bridge or via
-// the typed *errs.PermissionError fast path.
-//
-// Deprecated: legacy *output.ExitError enrichment; typed PermissionError
-// values produced by errclass.BuildAPIError already carry MissingScopes +
-// ConsoleURL directly.
-func enrichPermissionError(f *cmdutil.Factory, exitErr *output.ExitError) {
-	if exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	// Only the legacy permission-class envelope types route here. "app_status"
-	// covers 99991662 (app_disabled) / 99991673 (app_unavailable); "permission"
-	// covers the four scope-class codes (99991672 / 99991676 / 99991679 / 230027).
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "permission" && exitErr.Detail.Type != "app_status" {
-		return
-	}
-
-	larkCode := exitErr.Detail.Code
-	meta, ok := errclass.LookupCodeMeta(larkCode)
-	if !ok || meta.Category != errs.CategoryAuthorization {
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Extract required scopes from API error detail (shared helper). May be
-	// empty for app-status codes — canonical message + hint still apply.
-	missing := registry.ExtractRequiredScopes(exitErr.Detail.Detail)
-
-	cfg, err := f.Config()
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Reuse the same console URL builder as the typed path so both wire
-	// envelopes carry identical console_url values for the same input.
-	consoleURL := errclass.ConsoleURL(string(cfg.Brand), cfg.AppID, missing)
-
-	// Clear raw API detail — useful info is now in message/hint/console_url.
-	exitErr.Detail.Detail = nil
-
-	identity := string(f.ResolvedIdentity)
-	if identity == "" {
-		identity = "user"
-	}
-
-	exitErr.Detail.Message = errclass.CanonicalPermissionMessage(meta.Subtype, cfg.AppID, missing, exitErr.Detail.Message)
-	exitErr.Detail.Hint = errclass.PermissionHint(missing, identity, meta.Subtype, consoleURL)
-	exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL = consoleURL
-}

cmd/root_integration_test.go

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"os"
-	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -27,12 +26,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
-// Canonical strict-mode envelope strings shared across fixtures
-// (reflect.DeepEqual pins them; keep in sync with strictModeStubFrom).
+// Canonical strict-mode envelope messages shared across fixtures. The
+// switch-policy hint text is asserted by substring in
+// assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope.
 const (
 	strictModeBotMessage  = `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available`
 	strictModeUserMessage = `strict mode is "user", only user-identity commands are available`
-	strictModeHint        = "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)"
 )
 
 // buildIntegrationRootCmd creates a root command with api, service, and shortcut
@@ -63,37 +62,46 @@ func executeRootIntegration(t *testing.T, f *cmdutil.Factory, rootCmd *cobra.Com
 	return 0
 }
 
-// parseEnvelope parses stderr bytes into an ErrorEnvelope.
-func parseEnvelope(t *testing.T, stderr *bytes.Buffer) output.ErrorEnvelope {
+// typedErrorEnvelope mirrors the typed wire shape produced by
+// WriteTypedErrorEnvelope: the inner error marshals an errs.Problem
+// directly, so "type" is the category, "subtype" is top-level, and there
+// is no nested "detail" object. Recovery info (policy source, reason
+// code, suggestions) is folded into "hint".
+type typedErrorEnvelope struct {
+	OK       bool   `json:"ok"`
+	Identity string `json:"identity,omitempty"`
+	Error    struct {
+		Type    string `json:"type"`
+		Subtype string `json:"subtype"`
+		Message string `json:"message"`
+		Hint    string `json:"hint"`
+		Param   string `json:"param,omitempty"`
+	} `json:"error"`
+}
+
+// parseTypedEnvelope decodes stderr as the typed envelope and fails if the
+// legacy nested "detail" object is present (the migration removed it).
+func parseTypedEnvelope(t *testing.T, stderr *bytes.Buffer) typedErrorEnvelope {
 	t.Helper()
 	if stderr.Len() == 0 {
 		t.Fatal("expected non-empty stderr, got empty")
 	}
-	var env output.ErrorEnvelope
+	var raw map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stderr.Bytes(), &raw); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse stderr as JSON: %v\nstderr: %s", err, stderr.String())
+	}
+	if errObj, ok := raw["error"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		if _, hasDetail := errObj["detail"]; hasDetail {
+			t.Errorf("typed envelope must not carry a nested 'detail' object, got: %s", stderr.String())
+		}
+	}
+	var env typedErrorEnvelope
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(stderr.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to parse stderr as ErrorEnvelope: %v\nstderr: %s", err, stderr.String())
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse stderr as typed envelope: %v\nstderr: %s", err, stderr.String())
 	}
 	return env
 }
 
-// assertEnvelope verifies exit code, stdout is empty, and stderr matches the
-// expected ErrorEnvelope exactly via reflect.DeepEqual.
-func assertEnvelope(t *testing.T, code int, wantCode int, stdout *bytes.Buffer, stderr *bytes.Buffer, want output.ErrorEnvelope) {
-	t.Helper()
-	if code != wantCode {
-		t.Errorf("exit code: got %d, want %d", code, wantCode)
-	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
-	}
-	got := parseEnvelope(t, stderr)
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
-		gotJSON, _ := json.MarshalIndent(got, "", "  ")
-		wantJSON, _ := json.MarshalIndent(want, "", "  ")
-		t.Errorf("stderr envelope mismatch:\ngot:\n%s\nwant:\n%s", gotJSON, wantJSON)
-	}
-}
-
 func buildStrictModeIntegrationRootCmd(t *testing.T, f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
 	t.Helper()
 	rootCmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
@@ -205,23 +213,71 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_DirectAuthLoginReturnsEnvelop
 
 	// auth login is user-only, so it gets pruned in strict-mode-bot and the
 	// stub error fires (not login.go's inline check, which is shadowed by
-	// pruning).
-	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
-		OK: false,
-		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "command_denied",
-			Message: strictModeBotMessage,
-			Hint:    strictModeHint,
-			Detail: map[string]any{
-				"path":          "auth/login",
-				"layer":         "strict_mode",
-				"policy_source": "strict-mode",
-				"rule_name":     "",
-				"reason_code":   "identity_not_supported",
-				"reason":        strictModeBotMessage,
-			},
-		},
-	})
+	// pruning). The typed envelope is a failed_precondition validation
+	// error (exit 2); the strict-mode layer + reason code are folded into
+	// the hint.
+	if code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
+	assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope(t, env, strictModeBotMessage)
+}
+
+// assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope pins the shared strict-mode denial shape:
+// a validation/failed_precondition envelope whose message is the short
+// historical strict-mode line and whose hint still names the strict_mode
+// layer + identity_not_supported reason code (the safety-critical recovery
+// info), plus the historical switch-policy guidance.
+func assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope(t *testing.T, env typedErrorEnvelope, wantMessage string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if env.OK {
+		t.Errorf("envelope ok = true, want false")
+	}
+	if env.Error.Type != "validation" {
+		t.Errorf("error.type = %q, want validation", env.Error.Type)
+	}
+	if env.Error.Subtype != "failed_precondition" {
+		t.Errorf("error.subtype = %q, want failed_precondition", env.Error.Subtype)
+	}
+	if env.Error.Message != wantMessage {
+		t.Errorf("error.message = %q, want %q", env.Error.Message, wantMessage)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(env.Error.Hint, "strict_mode") {
+		t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, want substring strict_mode (policy layer)", env.Error.Hint)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(env.Error.Hint, "identity_not_supported") {
+		t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, want substring identity_not_supported (reason code)", env.Error.Hint)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(env.Error.Hint, "config strict-mode --help") {
+		t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, want historical switch-policy guidance", env.Error.Hint)
+	}
+}
+
+// assertCheckStrictModeEnvelope pins the typed envelope produced by
+// cmdutil.Factory.CheckStrictMode (the identity-guard path for explicit
+// --as on shortcuts / service methods / api): a *errs.ValidationError with
+// subtype invalid_argument, the canonical strict-mode message, and the
+// switch-policy hint.
+func assertCheckStrictModeEnvelope(t *testing.T, env typedErrorEnvelope, wantMessage string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if env.OK {
+		t.Errorf("envelope ok = true, want false")
+	}
+	if env.Error.Type != "validation" {
+		t.Errorf("error.type = %q, want validation", env.Error.Type)
+	}
+	if env.Error.Subtype != "invalid_argument" {
+		t.Errorf("error.subtype = %q, want invalid_argument", env.Error.Subtype)
+	}
+	if env.Error.Message != wantMessage {
+		t.Errorf("error.message = %q, want %q", env.Error.Message, wantMessage)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(env.Error.Hint, "config strict-mode --help") {
+		t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, want switch-policy guidance", env.Error.Hint)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_DirectUserShortcutReturnsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
@@ -232,22 +288,14 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_DirectUserShortcutReturnsEnve
 		"im", "+messages-search", "--chat-id", "oc_xxx", "--query", "hello",
 	})
 
-	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
-		OK: false,
-		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "command_denied",
-			Message: strictModeBotMessage,
-			Hint:    strictModeHint,
-			Detail: map[string]any{
-				"path":          "im/+messages-search",
-				"layer":         "strict_mode",
-				"policy_source": "strict-mode",
-				"rule_name":     "",
-				"reason_code":   "identity_not_supported",
-				"reason":        strictModeBotMessage,
-			},
-		},
-	})
+	if code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
+	assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope(t, env, strictModeBotMessage)
 }
 
 func TestIntegration_StrictModeUser_ProfileOverride_ChatCreateDryRunSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
@@ -277,15 +325,14 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeUser_ProfileOverride_ShortcutExplicitBotReturnsEn
 		"im", "+chat-create", "--name", "probe", "--as", "bot", "--dry-run",
 	})
 
-	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
-		OK:       false,
-		Identity: "bot",
-		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "validation",
-			Message: `strict mode is "user", only user-identity commands are available`,
-			Hint:    "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)",
-		},
-	})
+	if code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
+	assertCheckStrictModeEnvelope(t, env, strictModeUserMessage)
 }
 
 func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_ServiceExplicitUserReturnsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
@@ -296,15 +343,14 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_ServiceExplicitUserReturnsEnv
 		"im", "chats", "get", "--params", `{"chat_id":"oc_test"}`, "--as", "user", "--dry-run",
 	})
 
-	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
-		OK:       false,
-		Identity: "user",
-		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "validation",
-			Message: `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available`,
-			Hint:    "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)",
-		},
-	})
+	if code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
+	assertCheckStrictModeEnvelope(t, env, strictModeBotMessage)
 }
 
 func TestIntegration_StrictModeUser_ProfileOverride_ServiceBotOnlyMethodReturnsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
@@ -315,22 +361,14 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeUser_ProfileOverride_ServiceBotOnlyMethodReturnsE
 		"im", "images", "create", "--data", `{"image_type":"message","image":"x"}`, "--dry-run",
 	})
 
-	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
-		OK: false,
-		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "command_denied",
-			Message: strictModeUserMessage,
-			Hint:    strictModeHint,
-			Detail: map[string]any{
-				"path":          "im/images/create",
-				"layer":         "strict_mode",
-				"policy_source": "strict-mode",
-				"rule_name":     "",
-				"reason_code":   "identity_not_supported",
-				"reason":        strictModeUserMessage,
-			},
-		},
-	})
+	if code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
+	assertStrictModeDenialEnvelope(t, env, strictModeUserMessage)
 }
 
 func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_APIExplicitUserReturnsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
@@ -341,15 +379,14 @@ func TestIntegration_StrictModeBot_ProfileOverride_APIExplicitUserReturnsEnvelop
 		"api", "--as", "user", "GET", "/open-apis/im/v1/chats/oc_test", "--dry-run",
 	})
 
-	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitValidation, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
-		OK:       false,
-		Identity: "user",
-		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "validation",
-			Message: `strict mode is "bot", only bot-identity commands are available`,
-			Hint:    "if the user explicitly wants to switch policy, see `lark-cli config strict-mode --help` (confirm with the user before switching; switching does NOT require re-bind)",
-		},
-	})
+	if code != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitValidation)", code, output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	env := parseTypedEnvelope(t, stderr)
+	assertCheckStrictModeEnvelope(t, env, strictModeBotMessage)
 }
 
 // --- shortcut command ---
@@ -372,16 +409,43 @@ func TestIntegration_Shortcut_BusinessError_OutputsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 		"im", "+messages-send", "--as", "bot", "--chat-id", "oc_xxx", "--text", "test",
 	})
 
-	// shortcut: typed error via DoAPIJSON path
-	assertEnvelope(t, code, output.ExitAPI, stdout, stderr, output.ErrorEnvelope{
-		OK:       false,
-		Identity: "bot",
-		Error: &output.ErrDetail{
-			Type:    "api_error",
-			Code:    230002,
-			Message: "HTTP 400: Bot/User can NOT be out of the chat.",
-		},
-	})
+	// shortcut: typed errs.APIError via the CallAPITyped → BuildAPIError path.
+	if code != output.ExitAPI {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d (ExitAPI)", code, output.ExitAPI)
+	}
+	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected empty stdout, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	if stderr.Len() == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-empty stderr, got empty")
+	}
+	var raw struct {
+		OK       bool   `json:"ok"`
+		Identity string `json:"identity"`
+		Error    struct {
+			Type    string `json:"type"`
+			Code    int    `json:"code"`
+			Message string `json:"message"`
+		} `json:"error"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stderr.Bytes(), &raw); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse typed envelope: %v\nstderr: %s", err, stderr.String())
+	}
+	if raw.OK {
+		t.Errorf("envelope ok = true, want false")
+	}
+	if raw.Identity != "bot" {
+		t.Errorf("identity = %q, want bot", raw.Identity)
+	}
+	if raw.Error.Type != "api" {
+		t.Errorf("error.type = %q, want api", raw.Error.Type)
+	}
+	if raw.Error.Code != 230002 {
+		t.Errorf("error.code = %d, want 230002", raw.Error.Code)
+	}
+	if raw.Error.Message != "Bot/User can NOT be out of the chat." {
+		t.Errorf("error.message = %q, want %q", raw.Error.Message, "Bot/User can NOT be out of the chat.")
+	}
 }
 
 // TestSetupNotices_ColdStart_NoNotice verifies that missing state

cmd/root_test.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	internalauth "github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/deprecation"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 )
@@ -136,9 +137,6 @@ func TestIsCompletionCommand(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestPromoteConfigError_* lives with the implementation in
-// internal/errcompat/promote_test.go.
-
 // TestHandleRootError_SecurityPolicyCanonicalEnvelope verifies that
 // *errs.SecurityPolicyError flows through the canonical typed envelope
 // (output.WriteTypedErrorEnvelope) — type=policy, numeric code, subtype,
@@ -268,6 +266,173 @@ func (f *failingWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	return len(p), nil
 }
 
+// TestHandleRootError_DeprecatedAliasMissingFlagStructured pins that a
+// backward-compat alias failing on a cobra-level required flag (which
+// short-circuits before RunE) routes through the structured envelope, so the
+// deprecation notice OnInvoke records in PreRunE is carried on the wire instead
+// of being dropped on a plain "Error:" line.
+func TestHandleRootError_DeprecatedAliasMissingFlagStructured(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
+
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
+
+	deprecation.SetPending(&deprecation.Notice{
+		Command: "+write", Replacement: "+cells-set", Skill: "lark-sheets",
+	})
+	// The bare error shape cobra's ValidateRequiredFlags produces: not a typed
+	// errs.* error, so it reaches the deprecation fallback.
+	exit := handleRootError(f, fmt.Errorf(`required flag(s) %q not set`, "values"))
+
+	out := errOut.String()
+	if strings.HasPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(out), "Error:") {
+		t.Fatalf("deprecation pending: want a structured envelope, got a plain Error: line:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, `"message"`) || !strings.Contains(out, "values") {
+		t.Errorf("expected a JSON error envelope carrying the failure message; got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	// The envelope is typed validation, so the exit code must derive from that
+	// category (2) — the wire type and the exit code must not disagree.
+	if exit != int(output.ExitValidation) {
+		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (validation envelope → category-derived exit)", exit, int(output.ExitValidation))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleRootError_AuthConfigWireGolden is the wire-consistency regression
+// baseline for auth/config errors: it pins the typed envelope and exit code the
+// dispatcher produces for the two source-of-truth shapes, which are constructed
+// typed at their origin in internal/auth and internal/core.
+func TestHandleRootError_AuthConfigWireGolden(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	t.Run("token missing exits 3 with token_missing authentication envelope", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
+		f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
+
+		exit := handleRootError(f, internalauth.NewNeedUserAuthorizationError("u_golden"))
+		if exit != int(output.ExitAuth) {
+			t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (ExitAuth)", exit, int(output.ExitAuth))
+		}
+
+		errObj := decodeErrorEnvelope(t, errOut.Bytes())
+		if got := errObj["type"]; got != "authentication" {
+			t.Errorf("error.type = %v, want %q", got, "authentication")
+		}
+		if got := errObj["subtype"]; got != "token_missing" {
+			t.Errorf("error.subtype = %v, want %q", got, "token_missing")
+		}
+		if got, _ := errObj["message"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "need_user_authorization") {
+			t.Errorf("error.message = %q, must keep the need_user_authorization marker", got)
+		}
+		if got, _ := errObj["message"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "u_golden") {
+			t.Errorf("error.message = %q, must carry the user open id", got)
+		}
+		if got, _ := errObj["hint"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "auth login") {
+			t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, must point at auth login", got)
+		}
+		if got := errObj["user_open_id"]; got != "u_golden" {
+			t.Errorf("error.user_open_id = %v, want %q", got, "u_golden")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("not configured exits 3 with not_configured config envelope", func(t *testing.T) {
+		f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
+		f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
+
+		exit := handleRootError(f, core.NotConfiguredError())
+		if exit != int(output.ExitAuth) {
+			t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (config shares ExitAuth)", exit, int(output.ExitAuth))
+		}
+
+		errObj := decodeErrorEnvelope(t, errOut.Bytes())
+		if got := errObj["type"]; got != "config" {
+			t.Errorf("error.type = %v, want %q", got, "config")
+		}
+		if got := errObj["subtype"]; got != "not_configured" {
+			t.Errorf("error.subtype = %v, want %q", got, "not_configured")
+		}
+		if got, _ := errObj["message"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "not configured") {
+			t.Errorf("error.message = %q, want the not-configured message", got)
+		}
+		if got, _ := errObj["hint"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "config init") {
+			t.Errorf("error.hint = %q, must point at config init", got)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// decodeErrorEnvelope unmarshals a typed error envelope and returns its
+// top-level "error" object, failing the test if the shape is unexpected.
+func decodeErrorEnvelope(t *testing.T, raw []byte) map[string]any {
+	t.Helper()
+	var env map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &env); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("envelope is not valid JSON: %v\n%s", err, raw)
+	}
+	errObj, ok := env["error"].(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("envelope missing top-level error object: %s", raw)
+	}
+	return errObj
+}
+
+// TestHandleRootError_NoDeprecationTypesUsageError pins that a residual cobra
+// usage error (missing required flag) is typed as invalid_argument with exit 2
+// even with no deprecation pending — never cobra's plain "Error:" line.
+func TestHandleRootError_NoDeprecationTypesUsageError(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
+	deprecation.SetPending(nil)
+
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
+
+	exit := handleRootError(f, fmt.Errorf(`required flag(s) %q not set`, "values"))
+
+	out := errOut.String()
+	if strings.HasPrefix(strings.TrimSpace(out), "Error:") {
+		t.Fatalf("want a structured envelope, got a plain Error: line:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	errObj := decodeErrorEnvelope(t, errOut.Bytes())
+	if got := errObj["type"]; got != "validation" {
+		t.Errorf("error.type = %v, want %q", got, "validation")
+	}
+	if got, _ := errObj["message"].(string); !strings.Contains(got, "values") {
+		t.Errorf("error.message = %q, must carry the failing flag name", got)
+	}
+	if exit != int(output.ExitValidation) {
+		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (validation envelope → category-derived exit)", exit, int(output.ExitValidation))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleRootError_LeakedUntypedErrorBecomesInternal pins that an untyped
+// error that does NOT match a cobra usage shape (i.e. one that leaked past the
+// typed boundary from a helper) is classified as an internal fault (exit 5),
+// not blamed on the user's input as a validation error.
+func TestHandleRootError_LeakedUntypedErrorBecomesInternal(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Cleanup(func() { deprecation.SetPending(nil) })
+	deprecation.SetPending(nil)
+
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
+
+	exit := handleRootError(f, fmt.Errorf("upstream helper exploded: %w", io.ErrUnexpectedEOF))
+
+	errObj := decodeErrorEnvelope(t, errOut.Bytes())
+	if got := errObj["type"]; got != "internal" {
+		t.Errorf("error.type = %v, want %q (leaked untyped error must not be mislabeled validation)", got, "internal")
+	}
+	if exit != int(output.ExitInternal) {
+		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (internal envelope → category-derived exit)", exit, int(output.ExitInternal))
+	}
+}
+
 // TestHandleRootError_PartialWritePreservesExitCode pins that when the
 // stderr write fails mid-envelope, handleRootError still returns the typed
 // exit code (ExitAuth=3 for AuthenticationError), not fall through to the
@@ -288,12 +453,32 @@ func TestHandleRootError_PartialWritePreservesExitCode(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestHandleRootError_TypedOuterShortCircuitsPromote pins that when a typed
-// *errs.AuthenticationError carries a legacy *NeedAuthorizationError in its
-// Cause chain, the dispatcher does NOT run PromoteAuthError — doing so
-// would replace the producer's TokenExpired subtype + custom hint with the
-// promoted shape's TokenMissing.
-func TestHandleRootError_TypedOuterShortCircuitsPromote(t *testing.T) {
+// TestHandleRootError_BareErrorExitCodeNoStderr pins the silent-exit
+// contract: a *output.BareError is honored for its exit code while stderr stays
+// empty (stdout already carries the result, so the dispatcher must not layer a
+// second envelope on top).
+func TestHandleRootError_BareErrorExitCodeNoStderr(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	errOut := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	f.IOStreams.ErrOut = errOut
+
+	exit := handleRootError(f, output.ErrBare(output.ExitAuth))
+	if exit != int(output.ExitAuth) {
+		t.Errorf("exit = %d, want %d (BareError code propagated)", exit, int(output.ExitAuth))
+	}
+	if errOut.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("stderr must stay empty for a bare predicate signal, got:\n%s", errOut.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleRootError_TypedAuthErrorWithLegacyCausePreserved pins that a typed
+// *errs.AuthenticationError carrying a legacy *NeedAuthorizationError in its
+// Cause chain renders the producer's TokenExpired subtype + custom hint
+// verbatim — the legacy sentinel in the Cause chain never coarsens the wire
+// shape.
+func TestHandleRootError_TypedAuthErrorWithLegacyCausePreserved(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
 
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
@@ -445,136 +630,3 @@ func TestApplyNeedAuthorizationHint_AppendsExistingHint(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("expected appended hint %q, got %q", want, authErr.Hint)
 	}
 }
-
-// TestEnrichPermissionError_CanonicalConvergence pins that the legacy
-// *output.ExitError dispatch path produces the same canonical Message + Hint
-// + ConsoleURL as the typed *errs.PermissionError dispatch path. Both paths
-// share errclass.CanonicalPermissionMessage / errclass.PermissionHint /
-// errclass.ConsoleURL — so a wire consumer cannot tell which path produced
-// the envelope.
-func TestEnrichPermissionError_CanonicalConvergence(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name            string
-		larkCode        int
-		legacyErrType   string
-		wantMsgSubstrs  []string
-		wantHintSubstrs []string
-		wantConsoleURL  bool
-		wantNoAuthLogin bool // hint must not suggest `auth login`
-	}{
-		{
-			name:            "99991672 app_scope_not_applied",
-			larkCode:        99991672,
-			legacyErrType:   "permission",
-			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"access denied", "app cli_test", "drive:drive:read"},
-			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"developer console", "open.feishu.cn"},
-			wantConsoleURL:  true,
-			wantNoAuthLogin: true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:            "99991679 missing_scope",
-			larkCode:        99991679,
-			legacyErrType:   "permission",
-			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"unauthorized", "user authorization"},
-			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"lark-cli auth login"},
-		},
-		{
-			name:            "99991673 app_unavailable",
-			larkCode:        99991673,
-			legacyErrType:   "app_status",
-			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"unauthorized app", "app cli_test", "not properly installed"},
-			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"tenant admin", "install status"},
-		},
-		{
-			name:            "99991662 app_disabled",
-			larkCode:        99991662,
-			legacyErrType:   "app_status",
-			wantMsgSubstrs:  []string{"app cli_test", "not in use", "currently disabled"},
-			wantHintSubstrs: []string{"tenant admin", "re-enable"},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-				AppID: "cli_test", AppSecret: "s", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-			})
-			f.ResolvedIdentity = core.AsUser
-
-			// Mimic the wire shape ErrAPI produces: legacy *ExitError with
-			// Detail.Type populated by ClassifyLarkError, Detail.Detail
-			// carrying the permission_violations block so ExtractRequiredScopes
-			// can recover the missing scope.
-			scopeForDetail := "drive:drive:read"
-			exitErr := &output.ExitError{
-				Code: output.ExitAPI,
-				Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-					Type:    tc.legacyErrType,
-					Code:    tc.larkCode,
-					Message: "upstream raw message — must be replaced",
-					Detail: map[string]interface{}{
-						"permission_violations": []interface{}{
-							map[string]interface{}{"subject": scopeForDetail},
-						},
-					},
-				},
-			}
-			enrichPermissionError(f, exitErr)
-
-			for _, sub := range tc.wantMsgSubstrs {
-				if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, sub) {
-					t.Errorf("Message %q missing substring %q", exitErr.Detail.Message, sub)
-				}
-			}
-			if exitErr.Detail.Message == "upstream raw message — must be replaced" {
-				t.Errorf("Message must be rewritten to canonical text; got upstream verbatim")
-			}
-			for _, sub := range tc.wantHintSubstrs {
-				if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, sub) {
-					t.Errorf("Hint %q missing substring %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint, sub)
-				}
-			}
-			if tc.wantNoAuthLogin && strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "auth login") {
-				t.Errorf("Hint must not suggest `auth login` for this subtype; got %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
-			}
-			if tc.wantConsoleURL && exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL == "" {
-				t.Error("ConsoleURL should be populated when missing scopes are present")
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// TestEnrichPermissionError_SkipsUnrelatedTypes pins that an ExitError whose
-// Detail.Type is neither "permission" nor "app_status" is left untouched —
-// no Message rewrite, no Hint rewrite, no ConsoleURL injection.
-func TestEnrichPermissionError_SkipsUnrelatedTypes(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
-	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
-		AppID: "cli_test", AppSecret: "s", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
-	})
-	f.ResolvedIdentity = core.AsUser
-
-	for _, ty := range []string{"api_error", "validation", "rate_limit", "auth"} {
-		exitErr := &output.ExitError{
-			Code: output.ExitAPI,
-			Detail: &output.ErrDetail{
-				Type:    ty,
-				Code:    99991400,
-				Message: "untouched",
-				Hint:    "original hint",
-			},
-		}
-		enrichPermissionError(f, exitErr)
-		if exitErr.Detail.Message != "untouched" {
-			t.Errorf("type=%q: Message was rewritten unexpectedly: %q", ty, exitErr.Detail.Message)
-		}
-		if exitErr.Detail.Hint != "original hint" {
-			t.Errorf("type=%q: Hint was rewritten unexpectedly: %q", ty, exitErr.Detail.Hint)
-		}
-		if exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL != "" {
-			t.Errorf("type=%q: ConsoleURL should not be injected; got %q", ty, exitErr.Detail.ConsoleURL)
-		}
-	}
-}

cmd/schema/schema.go

@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ package schema
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
+	"errors"
 	"io"
-	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/apicatalog"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/schema"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
@@ -24,336 +24,10 @@ type SchemaOptions struct {
 	Factory *cmdutil.Factory
 	Ctx     context.Context
 
-	// Positional args
-	Path      string   // first positional, when only one is given
-	ExtraArgs []string // 2nd+ positional args (space-separated form)
-
-	// Flags
-	Format string
-}
-
-func printServices(w io.Writer) {
-	services := registry.ListFromMetaProjects()
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sAvailable services:%s\n\n", output.Bold, output.Reset)
-	for _, s := range services {
-		spec := registry.LoadFromMeta(s)
-		title := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "title")
-		if title == "" {
-			title = registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "description")
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s%s%s  %s%s%s\n", output.Cyan, s, output.Reset, output.Dim, title, output.Reset)
-	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n%sUsage: lark-cli schema <service>.<resource>.<method>%s\n", output.Dim, output.Reset)
-}
-
-func printResourceList(w io.Writer, spec map[string]interface{}, mode core.StrictMode) {
-	name := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "name")
-	version := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "version")
-	title := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "title")
-	if title == "" {
-		title = registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "description")
-	}
-	servicePath := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "servicePath")
-
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s%s%s (%s) — %s\n\n", output.Bold, name, output.Reset, version, title)
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sBase path: %s%s\n\n", output.Dim, servicePath, output.Reset)
-
-	resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
-	for _, resName := range sortedKeys(resources) {
-		resMap, _ := resources[resName].(map[string]interface{})
-		methods, _ := resMap["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-		methods = filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
-		if len(methods) == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s%s%s\n", output.Cyan, resName, output.Reset)
-		for _, methodName := range sortedKeys(methods) {
-			m, _ := methods[methodName].(map[string]interface{})
-			httpMethod := registry.GetStrFromMap(m, "httpMethod")
-			desc := registry.GetStrFromMap(m, "description")
-			danger := ""
-			if d, _ := m["danger"].(bool); d {
-				danger = fmt.Sprintf(" %s[danger]%s", output.Red, output.Reset)
-			}
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "    %-7s %s%s%s  %s%s%s%s\n", httpMethod, output.Bold, methodName, output.Reset, output.Dim, desc, output.Reset, danger)
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintln(w)
-	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sUsage: lark-cli schema %s.<resource>.<method>%s\n", output.Dim, name, output.Reset)
-}
-
-// hasFileFields returns true if any requestBody field has type "file".
-func hasFileFields(method map[string]interface{}) (bool, []string) {
-	names := cmdutil.DetectFileFields(method)
-	return len(names) > 0, names
-}
-
-func printMethodDetail(w io.Writer, spec map[string]interface{}, resName, methodName string, method map[string]interface{}) {
-	servicePath := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "servicePath")
-	specName := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "name")
-	methodPath := registry.GetStrFromMap(method, "path")
-	fullPath := servicePath + "/" + methodPath
-	httpMethod := registry.GetStrFromMap(method, "httpMethod")
-	desc := registry.GetStrFromMap(method, "description")
-	isFileUpload, fileFieldNames := hasFileFields(method)
-
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s%s.%s.%s%s\n\n", output.Bold, specName, resName, methodName, output.Reset)
-
-	httpColor := output.Yellow
-	if httpMethod == "GET" {
-		httpColor = output.Green
-	} else if httpMethod == "DELETE" {
-		httpColor = output.Red
-	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s%s%s %s\n", httpColor, httpMethod, output.Reset, fullPath)
-	if desc != "" {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\n", desc)
-	}
-	fmt.Fprintln(w)
-
-	// Parameters
-	params, _ := method["parameters"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if len(params) > 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sParameters:%s\n\n", output.Bold, output.Reset)
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s--params%s  <json>  %soptional%s\n", output.Cyan, output.Reset, output.Dim, output.Reset)
-		for _, paramName := range sortedParamKeys(params) {
-			p, _ := params[paramName].(map[string]interface{})
-			pType := registry.GetStrFromMap(p, "type")
-			if pType == "" {
-				pType = "string"
-			}
-			location := registry.GetStrFromMap(p, "location")
-			required, _ := p["required"].(bool)
-			reqStr := fmt.Sprintf("%soptional%s", output.Dim, output.Reset)
-			if required {
-				reqStr = fmt.Sprintf("%srequired%s", output.Red, output.Reset)
-			}
-			locColor := output.Dim
-			if location == "path" {
-				locColor = output.Yellow
-			}
-			// Options (enum values)
-			optStr := formatOptions(p)
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "      - %s%s%s (%s, %s%s%s, %s)%s\n", output.Cyan, paramName, output.Reset, pType, locColor, location, output.Reset, reqStr, optStr)
-			if pdesc := registry.GetStrFromMap(p, "description"); pdesc != "" {
-				pdesc = util.TruncateStrWithEllipsis(pdesc, 100)
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "        %s%s%s\n", output.Dim, pdesc, output.Reset)
-			}
-			if ex := registry.GetStrFromMap(p, "example"); ex != "" {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "        %se.g. %s%s\n", output.Dim, ex, output.Reset)
-			}
-			if rangeStr := formatRange(p); rangeStr != "" {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "        %srange: %s%s\n", output.Dim, rangeStr, output.Reset)
-			}
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintln(w)
-	}
-
-	// --data for write methods
-	if httpMethod == "POST" || httpMethod == "PUT" || httpMethod == "PATCH" || httpMethod == "DELETE" {
-		if len(params) == 0 {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sParameters:%s\n\n", output.Bold, output.Reset)
-		}
-		fileUploadTag := ""
-		if isFileUpload {
-			fileUploadTag = fmt.Sprintf("  %s[file upload]%s", output.Yellow, output.Reset)
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s--data%s  <json>  %soptional%s%s\n", output.Cyan, output.Reset, output.Dim, output.Reset, fileUploadTag)
-		requestBody, _ := method["requestBody"].(map[string]interface{})
-		if len(requestBody) > 0 {
-			printNestedFields(w, requestBody, "      ", "")
-		}
-
-		if isFileUpload {
-			if len(fileFieldNames) == 1 {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n  %s--file%s  <[field=]path>  %sfile upload%s\n", output.Cyan, output.Reset, output.Dim, output.Reset)
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "      Upload file as multipart/form-data. Default field: %q\n", fileFieldNames[0])
-			} else {
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n  %s--file%s  <field=path>  %sfile upload%s\n", output.Cyan, output.Reset, output.Dim, output.Reset)
-				fmt.Fprintf(w, "      Upload file as multipart/form-data. Fields: %s\n", strings.Join(fileFieldNames, ", "))
-			}
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintln(w)
-	}
-
-	// Response
-	responseBody, _ := method["responseBody"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if len(responseBody) > 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sResponse:%s\n\n", output.Bold, output.Reset)
-		printNestedFields(w, responseBody, "  ", "")
-		fmt.Fprintln(w)
-	}
-
-	// Identity
-	if tokens, ok := method["accessTokens"].([]interface{}); ok && len(tokens) > 0 {
-		var identities []string
-		for _, t := range tokens {
-			if s, ok := t.(string); ok {
-				switch s {
-				case "user":
-					identities = append(identities, "user")
-				case "tenant":
-					identities = append(identities, "bot")
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		if len(identities) > 0 {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sIdentity:%s %s\n", output.Bold, output.Reset, strings.Join(identities, ", "))
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Scopes (all)
-	if scopes, ok := method["scopes"].([]interface{}); ok && len(scopes) > 0 {
-		var scopeStrs []string
-		for _, s := range scopes {
-			if str, ok := s.(string); ok {
-				scopeStrs = append(scopeStrs, str)
-			}
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sScopes:%s   %s\n", output.Bold, output.Reset, strings.Join(scopeStrs, ", "))
-	}
-
-	// CLI example
-	if isFileUpload && len(fileFieldNames) == 1 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sCLI:%s      lark-cli %s %s %s --file <path>\n", output.Bold, output.Reset, specName, resName, methodName)
-	} else if isFileUpload {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sCLI:%s      lark-cli %s %s %s --file <field=path>\n", output.Bold, output.Reset, specName, resName, methodName)
-	} else {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sCLI:%s      lark-cli %s %s %s\n", output.Bold, output.Reset, specName, resName, methodName)
-	}
-
-	// Docs
-	if docUrl := registry.GetStrFromMap(method, "docUrl"); docUrl != "" {
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sDocs:%s     %s\n", output.Bold, output.Reset, docUrl)
-	}
-}
-
-func printNestedFields(w io.Writer, fields map[string]interface{}, indent, prefix string) {
-	for _, fieldName := range sortedFieldKeys(fields) {
-		f, _ := fields[fieldName].(map[string]interface{})
-		fullName := fieldName
-		if prefix != "" {
-			fullName = prefix + "." + fieldName
-		}
-		fType := registry.GetStrFromMap(f, "type")
-		required, _ := f["required"].(bool)
-		reqStr := fmt.Sprintf("%soptional%s", output.Dim, output.Reset)
-		if required {
-			reqStr = fmt.Sprintf("%srequired%s", output.Red, output.Reset)
-		}
-		optStr := formatOptions(f)
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s- %s%s%s (%s, %s)%s\n", indent, output.Cyan, fullName, output.Reset, fType, reqStr, optStr)
-		desc := registry.GetStrFromMap(f, "description")
-		if desc != "" {
-			desc = util.TruncateStrWithEllipsis(desc, 100)
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s  %s%s%s\n", indent, output.Dim, desc, output.Reset)
-		}
-		if ex := registry.GetStrFromMap(f, "example"); ex != "" {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s  %se.g. %s%s\n", indent, output.Dim, ex, output.Reset)
-		}
-		if rangeStr := formatRange(f); rangeStr != "" {
-			fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s  %srange: %s%s\n", indent, output.Dim, rangeStr, output.Reset)
-		}
-		if props, ok := f["properties"].(map[string]interface{}); ok && len(props) > 0 {
-			printNestedFields(w, props, indent+"  ", fullName)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// formatOptions returns " — val1 | val2 | ..." if field has options, else "".
-func formatOptions(f map[string]interface{}) string {
-	opts, ok := f["options"].([]interface{})
-	if !ok || len(opts) == 0 {
-		return ""
-	}
-	var vals []string
-	for _, o := range opts {
-		if om, ok := o.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
-			if v := registry.GetStrFromMap(om, "value"); v != "" {
-				vals = append(vals, v)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if len(vals) == 0 {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf(" %s— %s%s", output.Dim, strings.Join(vals, " | "), output.Reset)
-}
-
-// formatRange returns "min..max" if field has min/max, else "".
-func formatRange(f map[string]interface{}) string {
-	minVal := registry.GetStrFromMap(f, "min")
-	maxVal := registry.GetStrFromMap(f, "max")
-	if minVal == "" && maxVal == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-	if minVal != "" && maxVal != "" {
-		return minVal + ".." + maxVal
-	}
-	if minVal != "" {
-		return ">=" + minVal
-	}
-	return "<=" + maxVal
-}
-
-// sortedKeys returns map keys in alphabetical order.
-func sortedKeys(m map[string]interface{}) []string {
-	keys := make([]string, 0, len(m))
-	for k := range m {
-		keys = append(keys, k)
-	}
-	sort.Strings(keys)
-	return keys
-}
-
-// sortedParamKeys returns parameter keys sorted: required first, then alphabetical.
-func sortedParamKeys(params map[string]interface{}) []string {
-	keys := make([]string, 0, len(params))
-	for k := range params {
-		keys = append(keys, k)
-	}
-	sort.Slice(keys, func(i, j int) bool {
-		pi, _ := params[keys[i]].(map[string]interface{})
-		pj, _ := params[keys[j]].(map[string]interface{})
-		ri, _ := pi["required"].(bool)
-		rj, _ := pj["required"].(bool)
-		if ri != rj {
-			return ri
-		}
-		return keys[i] < keys[j]
-	})
-	return keys
-}
-
-// sortedFieldKeys returns field keys sorted: required first, then alphabetical.
-func sortedFieldKeys(fields map[string]interface{}) []string {
-	keys := make([]string, 0, len(fields))
-	for k := range fields {
-		keys = append(keys, k)
-	}
-	sort.Slice(keys, func(i, j int) bool {
-		fi, _ := fields[keys[i]].(map[string]interface{})
-		fj, _ := fields[keys[j]].(map[string]interface{})
-		ri, _ := fi["required"].(bool)
-		rj, _ := fj["required"].(bool)
-		if ri != rj {
-			return ri
-		}
-		return keys[i] < keys[j]
-	})
-	return keys
-}
-
-func findResourceByPath(resources map[string]interface{}, parts []string) (map[string]interface{}, string, []string) {
-	for i := len(parts); i >= 1; i-- {
-		candidateName := strings.Join(parts[:i], ".")
-		if res, ok := resources[candidateName]; ok {
-			if resMap, ok := res.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
-				return resMap, candidateName, parts[i:]
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return nil, "", nil
+	// Args are the positional path segments, in either the dotted single-arg
+	// form ("im.messages.reply") or the space-separated form ("im messages
+	// reply"); apicatalog.ParsePath normalizes both.
+	Args []string
 }
 
 // NewCmdSchema creates the schema command. If runF is non-nil it is called instead of schemaRun (test hook).
@@ -365,12 +39,7 @@ func NewCmdSchema(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*SchemaOptions) error) *cobra.Co
 		Short: "View API method parameters, types, and scopes",
 		Args:  cobra.MaximumNArgs(8),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			if len(args) > 0 {
-				opts.Path = args[0]
-			}
-			if len(args) > 1 {
-				opts.ExtraArgs = args[1:]
-			}
+			opts.Args = append([]string(nil), args...)
 			opts.Ctx = cmd.Context()
 			if runF != nil {
 				return runF(opts)
@@ -380,433 +49,89 @@ func NewCmdSchema(f *cmdutil.Factory, runF func(*SchemaOptions) error) *cobra.Co
 	}
 	cmdutil.DisableAuthCheck(cmd)
 
+	// Tolerated for agent compatibility; ignored — schema only emits the JSON
+	// envelope, and its output is identity-independent (strict-mode filtering
+	// comes from ResolveStrictMode, never from --as).
+	cmd.Flags().String("format", "json", "")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("json", true, "")
+	cmd.Flags().String("as", "", "")
+	_ = cmd.Flags().MarkHidden("format")
+	_ = cmd.Flags().MarkHidden("json")
+	_ = cmd.Flags().MarkHidden("as")
+
 	cmd.ValidArgsFunction = completeSchemaPath(f)
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Format, "format", "json", "output format: json (default) | pretty")
-	cmdutil.RegisterFlagCompletion(cmd, "format", func(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string, _ string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
-		return []string{"json", "pretty"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-	})
 	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, cmdutil.RiskRead)
 
 	return cmd
 }
 
-// completeSchemaPath provides tab-completion for the schema path argument.
-// It handles both legacy dotted resource names (e.g. app.table.fields) and the
-// newer space-separated form (e.g. `schema im messages reply`).
+// completeSchemaPath is a thin adapter over the embedded catalog's Complete.
+// It uses the embedded source so completion candidates match what `schema`
+// execution can resolve (both overlay-free).
 func completeSchemaPath(f *cmdutil.Factory) func(*cobra.Command, []string, string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
 	return func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
 		mode := f.ResolveStrictMode(cmd.Context())
-
-		// Case 1: legacy "single dotted arg" path — no previous args yet
-		if len(args) == 0 {
-			parts := strings.Split(toComplete, ".")
-			if len(parts) <= 1 {
-				var completions []string
-				for _, s := range registry.ListFromMetaProjects() {
-					if strings.HasPrefix(s, toComplete) {
-						completions = append(completions, s+".")
-					}
-				}
-				return completions, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace
-			}
-			serviceName := parts[0]
-			spec := registry.LoadFromMeta(serviceName)
-			if spec == nil {
-				return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-			}
-			spec = filterSpecByStrictMode(spec, mode)
-			resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
-			if resources == nil {
-				return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-			}
-			afterService := strings.Join(parts[1:], ".")
-			completions := completeSchemaPathForSpec(serviceName, resources, afterService)
-			allTrailingDot := len(completions) > 0
-			for _, c := range completions {
-				if !strings.HasSuffix(c, ".") {
-					allTrailingDot = false
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			directive := cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-			if allTrailingDot {
-				directive |= cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace
-			}
-			return completions, directive
+		completions, noSpace := registry.EmbeddedCatalog().Complete(args, toComplete, registry.FilterForStrictMode(mode))
+		directive := cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
+		if noSpace {
+			directive |= cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace
 		}
-
-		// Case 2: space-form, args already has segments
-		// Walk down service -> resource(s) -> method based on existing args
-		serviceName := args[0]
-		spec := registry.LoadFromMeta(serviceName)
-		if spec == nil {
-			return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-		}
-		spec = filterSpecByStrictMode(spec, mode)
-		resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
-		if resources == nil {
-			return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-		}
-
-		// args[1:] are resource path segments (possibly partial); current
-		// toComplete is the next segment under cursor.
-		consumed := args[1:]
-		resource, _, remaining := findResourceByPath(resources, consumed)
-		if resource == nil {
-			// Suggest top-level resource names that match toComplete
-			var completions []string
-			for resName := range resources {
-				if strings.HasPrefix(resName, toComplete) {
-					completions = append(completions, resName)
-				}
-			}
-			sort.Strings(completions)
-			return completions, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-		}
-		if len(remaining) > 0 {
-			// Already typed past the resource — suggest methods
-			methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-			methods = filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
-			var completions []string
-			for mName := range methods {
-				if strings.HasPrefix(mName, toComplete) {
-					completions = append(completions, mName)
-				}
-			}
-			sort.Strings(completions)
-			return completions, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
-		}
-		// Resource matched exactly, suggest methods
-		methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-		methods = filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
-		var completions []string
-		for mName := range methods {
-			if strings.HasPrefix(mName, toComplete) {
-				completions = append(completions, mName)
-			}
-		}
-		sort.Strings(completions)
-		return completions, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
+		return completions, directive
 	}
 }
 
-func completeSchemaPathForSpec(serviceName string, resources map[string]interface{}, afterService string) []string {
-	var completions []string
-
-	for resName, resVal := range resources {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(resName, afterService) {
-			completions = append(completions, serviceName+"."+resName+".")
-			continue
-		}
-		if !strings.HasPrefix(afterService, resName+".") {
-			continue
-		}
-		methodPrefix := afterService[len(resName)+1:]
-		resMap, _ := resVal.(map[string]interface{})
-		if resMap == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		methods, _ := resMap["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-		for methodName := range methods {
-			if strings.HasPrefix(methodName, methodPrefix) {
-				completions = append(completions, serviceName+"."+resName+"."+methodName)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	sort.Strings(completions)
-	return completions
-}
-
 func schemaRun(opts *SchemaOptions) error {
 	out := opts.Factory.IOStreams.Out
 	mode := opts.Factory.ResolveStrictMode(opts.Ctx)
-
-	// args may have arrived as a single string (legacy single-arg path) or
-	// split into multiple — normalize to a single args slice.
-	var rawArgs []string
-	if opts.Path != "" {
-		rawArgs = []string{opts.Path}
-	}
-	if len(opts.ExtraArgs) > 0 {
-		if opts.Path != "" {
-			rawArgs = append([]string{opts.Path}, opts.ExtraArgs...)
-		} else {
-			rawArgs = append([]string(nil), opts.ExtraArgs...)
-		}
-	}
-	parts := schema.ParsePath(rawArgs)
-
-	if opts.Format == "pretty" {
-		return runPrettyMode(out, parts, mode)
-	}
-	return runJSONMode(out, parts, mode)
+	return runSchema(out, apicatalog.ParsePath(opts.Args), mode)
 }
 
-// runJSONMode dispatches list/single envelope output based on parts.
-// JSON mode uses embedded data only (bypasses remote overlay) so envelope
-// output is deterministic across machines.
-func runJSONMode(out io.Writer, parts []string, mode core.StrictMode) error {
-	filter := strictModeFilter(mode)
-
-	switch len(parts) {
-	case 0:
-		envs := schema.AssembleAll(filter)
-		output.PrintJson(out, envs)
-		return nil
-	case 1:
-		spec := registry.EmbeddedSpec(parts[0])
-		if spec == nil {
-			return errUnknownEmbeddedService(parts[0])
+// runSchema resolves the path through the embedded catalog and renders the
+// matching envelope(s). The catalog owns navigation (Resolve + MethodRefs) and
+// schema owns rendering (Envelope/Envelopes); this adapter only chooses the
+// output shape — a single resolved method renders as one envelope object,
+// anything broader as an array — and maps resolve failures to hints.
+func runSchema(out io.Writer, parts []string, mode core.StrictMode) error {
+	catalog := registry.EmbeddedCatalog()
+	target, err := catalog.Resolve(parts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return resolveError(err)
+	}
+	refs := catalog.MethodRefs(target, registry.FilterForStrictMode(mode))
+	if target.Kind == apicatalog.TargetMethod {
+		if len(refs) == 0 {
+			return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+				"Method %s not available in current identity mode", target.Method.SchemaPath()).
+				WithHint("strict mode hides methods the active account identity cannot call; it is shown for an identity (user or bot) that has the required access token")
 		}
-		envs := schema.AssembleService(parts[0], spec, filter)
-		output.PrintJson(out, envs)
-		return nil
-	default:
-		return runJSONForPath(out, parts, filter)
-	}
-}
-
-// runJSONForPath handles len(parts) >= 2: try resource match first, fallback
-// to single-method match. Uses embedded data only.
-func runJSONForPath(out io.Writer, parts []string, filter schema.MethodFilter) error {
-	serviceName := parts[0]
-	spec := registry.EmbeddedSpec(serviceName)
-	if spec == nil {
-		return errUnknownEmbeddedService(serviceName)
-	}
-	resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
-	resource, resName, remaining := findResourceByPath(resources, parts[1:])
-	if resource == nil {
-		var names []string
-		for k := range resources {
-			names = append(names, k)
-		}
-		sort.Strings(names)
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown resource: %s.%s", serviceName, strings.Join(parts[1:], ".")),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(names, ", ")))
-	}
-	if len(remaining) == 0 {
-		// Resource-scoped envelope array
-		envs := assembleResource(serviceName, resName, resource, filter)
-		output.PrintJson(out, envs)
+		output.PrintJson(out, schema.EnvelopeOf(refs[0]))
 		return nil
 	}
-	methodName := remaining[0]
-	methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-	method, ok := methods[methodName].(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok {
-		var names []string
-		for k := range methods {
-			names = append(names, k)
-		}
-		sort.Strings(names)
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown method: %s.%s.%s", serviceName, resName, methodName),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(names, ", ")))
-	}
-	if len(remaining) > 1 {
-		// Method exists but caller appended extra segments — reject so they
-		// don't silently get this method's schema when they typo'd the path.
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown path: %s.%s.%s",
-				serviceName, resName, strings.Join(remaining, ".")),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Method %q exists but the trailing segments %q do not resolve",
-				methodName, strings.Join(remaining[1:], ".")))
-	}
-	if filter != nil && !filter(method) {
-		// Method exists in spec but filtered out by strict mode
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Method %s.%s.%s not available in current identity mode", serviceName, resName, methodName),
-			"Use --as user / --as bot to switch")
-	}
-	env := schema.AssembleEnvelope(serviceName, []string{resName}, methodName, method)
-	output.PrintJson(out, env)
+	output.PrintJson(out, schema.Envelopes(refs))
 	return nil
 }
 
-func assembleResource(serviceName, resName string, resource map[string]interface{}, filter schema.MethodFilter) []schema.Envelope {
-	methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-	resourcePath := []string{resName}
-	var envs []schema.Envelope
-	for methodName, raw := range methods {
-		method, ok := raw.(map[string]interface{})
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		if filter != nil && !filter(method) {
-			continue
-		}
-		envs = append(envs, schema.AssembleEnvelope(serviceName, resourcePath, methodName, method))
+// resolveError maps a catalog *ResolveError to a typed *errs.ValidationError
+// (CategoryValidation drives the exit code; Hint promotes to the envelope),
+// preserving the historical message + hint text.
+func resolveError(err error) error {
+	var re *apicatalog.ResolveError
+	if !errors.As(err, &re) {
+		return err
 	}
-	sort.Slice(envs, func(i, j int) bool { return envs[i].Name < envs[j].Name })
-	return envs
-}
-
-// runPrettyMode preserves the existing legacy pretty rendering verbatim.
-// All printServices/printResourceList/printMethodDetail calls stay unchanged.
-func runPrettyMode(out io.Writer, parts []string, mode core.StrictMode) error {
-	if len(parts) == 0 {
-		printServices(out)
-		return nil
-	}
-	serviceName := parts[0]
-	spec := registry.LoadFromMeta(serviceName)
-	if spec == nil {
-		return errUnknownService(serviceName)
-	}
-	if len(parts) == 1 {
-		printResourceList(out, spec, mode)
-		return nil
-	}
-	resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
-	resource, resName, remaining := findResourceByPath(resources, parts[1:])
-	if resource == nil {
-		var names []string
-		for k := range resources {
-			names = append(names, k)
-		}
-		sort.Strings(names)
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown resource: %s.%s", serviceName, strings.Join(parts[1:], ".")),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(names, ", ")))
-	}
-	if len(remaining) == 0 {
-		fmt.Fprintf(out, "%s%s.%s%s\n\n", output.Bold, serviceName, resName, output.Reset)
-		methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-		methods = filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
-		for _, mName := range sortedKeys(methods) {
-			m, _ := methods[mName].(map[string]interface{})
-			httpMethod := registry.GetStrFromMap(m, "httpMethod")
-			desc := registry.GetStrFromMap(m, "description")
-			fmt.Fprintf(out, "  %-7s %s%s%s  %s%s%s\n", httpMethod, output.Bold, mName, output.Reset, output.Dim, desc, output.Reset)
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\n%sUsage: lark-cli schema %s.%s.<method>%s\n", output.Dim, serviceName, resName, output.Reset)
-		return nil
-	}
-	methodName := remaining[0]
-	methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-	methods = filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
-	method, ok := methods[methodName].(map[string]interface{})
-	if !ok {
-		var names []string
-		for k := range methods {
-			names = append(names, k)
-		}
-		sort.Strings(names)
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown method: %s.%s.%s", serviceName, resName, methodName),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(names, ", ")))
-	}
-	if len(remaining) > 1 {
-		return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-			fmt.Sprintf("Unknown path: %s.%s.%s",
-				serviceName, resName, strings.Join(remaining, ".")),
-			fmt.Sprintf("Method %q exists but the trailing segments %q do not resolve",
-				methodName, strings.Join(remaining[1:], ".")))
-	}
-	printMethodDetail(out, spec, resName, methodName, method)
-	return nil
-}
-
-// strictModeFilter adapts core.StrictMode into a schema.MethodFilter, or returns
-// nil if strict mode is not active.
-func strictModeFilter(mode core.StrictMode) schema.MethodFilter {
-	if !mode.IsActive() {
-		return nil
-	}
-	token := registry.IdentityToAccessToken(string(mode.ForcedIdentity()))
-	return func(method map[string]interface{}) bool {
-		tokens, _ := method["accessTokens"].([]interface{})
-		if tokens == nil {
-			return true // permissive when meta_data lacks accessTokens
-		}
-		for _, t := range tokens {
-			if s, _ := t.(string); s == token {
-				return true
-			}
-		}
-		return false
-	}
-}
-
-func errUnknownService(name string) error {
-	return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-		fmt.Sprintf("Unknown service: %s", name),
-		fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(registry.ListFromMetaProjects(), ", ")))
-}
-
-// errUnknownEmbeddedService is the JSON-mode variant: it lists only embedded
-// services (no overlay) because JSON mode itself bypasses overlay; suggesting
-// overlay-only services would mislead callers when those services subsequently
-// fail to resolve in envelope output.
-func errUnknownEmbeddedService(name string) error {
-	return output.ErrWithHint(output.ExitValidation, "validation",
-		fmt.Sprintf("Unknown service: %s", name),
-		fmt.Sprintf("Available: %s", strings.Join(registry.EmbeddedServiceNames(), ", ")))
-}
-
-// filterSpecByStrictMode returns a shallow copy of spec with each resource's methods
-// filtered by strict mode. Returns the original spec when strict mode is off.
-func filterSpecByStrictMode(spec map[string]interface{}, mode core.StrictMode) map[string]interface{} {
-	if !mode.IsActive() {
-		return spec
-	}
-	result := make(map[string]interface{}, len(spec))
-	for k, v := range spec {
-		result[k] = v
-	}
-	resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if resources == nil {
-		return result
-	}
-	filteredRes := make(map[string]interface{}, len(resources))
-	for resName, resVal := range resources {
-		resMap, ok := resVal.(map[string]interface{})
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		methods, _ := resMap["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-		filtered := filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods, mode)
-		if len(filtered) == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-		resCopy := make(map[string]interface{}, len(resMap))
-		for k, v := range resMap {
-			resCopy[k] = v
-		}
-		resCopy["methods"] = filtered
-		filteredRes[resName] = resCopy
-	}
-	result["resources"] = filteredRes
-	return result
-}
-
-// filterMethodsByStrictMode removes methods incompatible with the active strict mode.
-// Returns the original map unmodified when strict mode is off.
-func filterMethodsByStrictMode(methods map[string]interface{}, mode core.StrictMode) map[string]interface{} {
-	if !mode.IsActive() || methods == nil {
-		return methods
-	}
-	token := registry.IdentityToAccessToken(string(mode.ForcedIdentity()))
-	filtered := make(map[string]interface{}, len(methods))
-	for name, val := range methods {
-		m, ok := val.(map[string]interface{})
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		tokens, _ := m["accessTokens"].([]interface{})
-		if tokens == nil {
-			filtered[name] = val
-			continue
-		}
-		for _, t := range tokens {
-			if ts, ok := t.(string); ok && ts == token {
-				filtered[name] = val
-				break
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return filtered
+	switch re.Kind {
+	case apicatalog.ErrService:
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "Unknown service: %s", re.Subject).
+			WithHint("Available: %s", strings.Join(re.Candidates, ", "))
+	case apicatalog.ErrResource:
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "Unknown resource: %s", re.Subject).
+			WithHint("Available: %s", strings.Join(re.Candidates, ", "))
+	case apicatalog.ErrMethod:
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "Unknown method: %s", re.Subject).
+			WithHint("Available: %s", strings.Join(re.Candidates, ", "))
+	case apicatalog.ErrPath:
+		return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "Unknown path: %s", re.Subject).
+			WithHint("Method %q exists but the trailing segments %q do not resolve", re.Method, re.Trailing)
+	}
+	return err
 }

cmd/schema/schema_test.go

@@ -4,11 +4,12 @@
 package schema
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 )
@@ -21,29 +22,46 @@ func TestSchemaCmd_FlagParsing(t *testing.T) {
 		gotOpts = opts
 		return nil
 	})
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"calendar.events.list", "--format", "pretty"})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"calendar.events.list"})
 	err := cmd.Execute()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
-	if gotOpts.Path != "calendar.events.list" {
-		t.Errorf("expected path calendar.events.list, got %s", gotOpts.Path)
-	}
-	if gotOpts.Format != "pretty" {
-		t.Errorf("expected Format=pretty, got %s", gotOpts.Format)
+	if len(gotOpts.Args) != 1 || gotOpts.Args[0] != "calendar.events.list" {
+		t.Errorf("expected args [calendar.events.list], got %v", gotOpts.Args)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestSchemaCmd_NoArgs_Pretty(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--format", "pretty"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+func TestSchemaCmd_OutputFlagsAcceptedForCompat(t *testing.T) {
+	// Agents are habituated to --format/--json/--as from api/service commands.
+	// schema must accept them without erroring and always emit the JSON envelope —
+	// its output is structured JSON and identity-independent, so the values have
+	// no effect.
+	argSets := [][]string{
+		{"--format", "json"},
+		{"--format", "pretty"},
+		{"--format", "table"}, // no table rendering for a nested schema -> JSON
+		{"--format", "csv"},
+		{"--json"},
+		{"--json", "--format", "ndjson"},
+		{"--as", "user"},
+		{"--as", "bot"},
+		{"--as", "user", "--json"},
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "Available services") {
-		t.Error("expected service list in pretty mode")
+	for _, extra := range argSets {
+		f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+		cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
+		cmd.SetArgs(append([]string{"im.images.create"}, extra...))
+		if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("args %v should be accepted, got error: %v", extra, err)
+		}
+		var env map[string]interface{}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &env); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("args %v: output is not a JSON envelope: %v\n%s", extra, err, stdout.String())
+		}
+		if env["name"] != "im images create" {
+			t.Errorf("args %v: expected the im images create envelope, got name=%v", extra, env["name"])
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -51,7 +69,7 @@ func TestSchemaCmd_NoArgs_JSON_IsArray(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 
 	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{}) // default --format json
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{})
 	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -76,7 +94,7 @@ func TestSchemaCmd_JSONIsEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
 	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
 
 	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"im.images.create", "--format", "json"})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"im.images.create"})
 	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -179,23 +197,6 @@ func TestSchemaCmd_NoYesForReadRisk(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestSchemaCmd_PrettyUnchanged_KeyTextPresent(t *testing.T) {
-	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
-
-	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"im.images.create", "--format", "pretty"})
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
-	}
-	out := stdout.String()
-	// Existing pretty rendering surfaces these markers — they must still appear
-	for _, want := range []string{"Parameters:", "Response:", "Identity:", "Scopes:", "CLI:"} {
-		if !strings.Contains(out, want) {
-			t.Errorf("pretty output missing marker %q", want)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func TestSchemaCmd_UnknownService(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
 		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
@@ -210,170 +211,47 @@ func TestSchemaCmd_UnknownService(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Unknown service") {
 		t.Errorf("expected 'Unknown service' error, got: %v", err)
 	}
-}
-
-func TestPrintMethodDetail_FileUpload(t *testing.T) {
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
-		"name":        "im",
-		"servicePath": "/open-apis/im/v1",
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
 	}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{
-		"path":        "images",
-		"httpMethod":  "POST",
-		"description": "Upload an image",
-		"requestBody": map[string]interface{}{
-			"image_type": map[string]interface{}{
-				"type":     "string",
-				"required": true,
-			},
-			"image": map[string]interface{}{
-				"type":     "file",
-				"required": true,
-			},
-		},
-		"accessTokens": []interface{}{"user", "tenant"},
+	if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", ve.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
 	}
-
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	printMethodDetail(&buf, spec, "images", "create", method)
-	out := buf.String()
-
-	if !strings.Contains(out, "file upload") {
-		t.Errorf("expected 'file upload' marker in output, got:\n%s", out)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(out, "--file") {
-		t.Errorf("expected '--file' in output, got:\n%s", out)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(out, `"image"`) {
-		t.Errorf("expected default field name 'image' in output, got:\n%s", out)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(out, "--file <path>") {
-		t.Errorf("expected CLI example with --file <path>, got:\n%s", out)
+	if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "Available:") {
+		t.Errorf("expected hint listing available services, got: %q", ve.Hint)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestPrintMethodDetail_NoFileUpload(t *testing.T) {
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
-		"name":        "calendar",
-		"servicePath": "/open-apis/calendar/v4",
-	}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{
-		"path":        "events",
-		"httpMethod":  "POST",
-		"description": "Create an event",
-		"requestBody": map[string]interface{}{
-			"summary": map[string]interface{}{
-				"type":     "string",
-				"required": true,
-			},
-		},
-	}
+// TestSchemaCmd_UnknownMethod_TypedValidation pins the typed envelope for the
+// JSON-mode unknown-method path: *errs.ValidationError with
+// subtype invalid_argument and a hint listing the available methods.
+func TestSchemaCmd_UnknownMethod_TypedValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
 
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	printMethodDetail(&buf, spec, "events", "create", method)
-	out := buf.String()
-
-	if strings.Contains(out, "file upload") {
-		t.Errorf("did not expect 'file upload' marker for non-file method, got:\n%s", out)
+	cmd := NewCmdSchema(f, nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"calendar.events.nonexistent_method"})
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for unknown method")
 	}
-	if strings.Contains(out, "--file") {
-		t.Errorf("did not expect '--file' for non-file method, got:\n%s", out)
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if ve.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Errorf("Subtype = %q, want %q", ve.Subtype, errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Unknown method") {
+		t.Errorf("expected 'Unknown method' error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "Available:") {
+		t.Errorf("expected hint listing available methods, got: %q", ve.Hint)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestHasFileFields(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name       string
-		method     map[string]interface{}
-		wantBool   bool
-		wantFields []string
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "has file field",
-			method: map[string]interface{}{
-				"requestBody": map[string]interface{}{
-					"image": map[string]interface{}{"type": "file"},
-					"name":  map[string]interface{}{"type": "string"},
-				},
-			},
-			wantBool:   true,
-			wantFields: []string{"image"},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "no file field",
-			method: map[string]interface{}{
-				"requestBody": map[string]interface{}{
-					"name": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string"},
-				},
-			},
-			wantBool:   false,
-			wantFields: nil,
-		},
-		{
-			name:       "no requestBody",
-			method:     map[string]interface{}{},
-			wantBool:   false,
-			wantFields: nil,
-		},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got, names := hasFileFields(tt.method)
-			if got != tt.wantBool {
-				t.Errorf("hasFileFields() = %v, want %v", got, tt.wantBool)
-			}
-			if tt.wantFields == nil && names != nil {
-				t.Errorf("expected nil names, got %v", names)
-			}
-			if tt.wantFields != nil && len(names) != len(tt.wantFields) {
-				t.Errorf("expected %d field names, got %d", len(tt.wantFields), len(names))
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestCompleteSchemaPathForSpec(t *testing.T) {
-	resources := map[string]interface{}{
-		"records": map[string]interface{}{
-			"methods": map[string]interface{}{
-				"create": map[string]interface{}{},
-				"list":   map[string]interface{}{},
-			},
-		},
-		"record_permissions": map[string]interface{}{
-			"methods": map[string]interface{}{
-				"get": map[string]interface{}{},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	got := completeSchemaPathForSpec("base", resources, "records.cr")
-	if len(got) != 1 || got[0] != "base.records.create" {
-		t.Fatalf("completions = %v, want [base.records.create]", got)
-	}
-
-	got = completeSchemaPathForSpec("base", resources, "record")
-	if len(got) != 2 || got[0] != "base.record_permissions." || got[1] != "base.records." {
-		t.Fatalf("resource completions = %v", got)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestFilterSpecByStrictMode_RemovesIncompatibleMethodsFromCompletionSource(t *testing.T) {
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
-		"resources": map[string]interface{}{
-			"records": map[string]interface{}{
-				"methods": map[string]interface{}{
-					"list":   map[string]interface{}{"accessTokens": []interface{}{"tenant"}},
-					"create": map[string]interface{}{"accessTokens": []interface{}{"user"}},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	filtered := filterSpecByStrictMode(spec, core.StrictModeBot)
-	resources, _ := filtered["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
-	got := completeSchemaPathForSpec("base", resources, "records.")
-	if len(got) != 1 || got[0] != "base.records.list" {
-		t.Fatalf("filtered completions = %v, want [base.records.list]", got)
-	}
-}
+// Completion candidate generation (dotted + space forms, strict-mode filtering,
+// dotted-resource handling) now lives in internal/apicatalog and is covered by
+// apicatalog's TestComplete. cmd/schema only adapts catalog.Complete to cobra.

cmd/service/affordance.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/meta"
+)
+
+// methodLong composes a method command's long help in one place: the
+// description, the affordance guidance block (when the method has one), the
+// pointer to the full schema, and the params-only addendum (params whose flag
+// name is taken — paramFlagBinder.paramsOnlyHelp, "" when none). Affordance
+// sits near the top so an agent sees when-to-use and few-shot examples before
+// the flag list.
+func methodLong(description, affordance, schemaPath, paramsOnly string) string {
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.WriteString(description)
+	if affordance != "" {
+		b.WriteString("\n\n")
+		b.WriteString(affordance)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(&b, "\n\nView parameter definitions before calling:\n  lark-cli schema %s", schemaPath)
+	b.WriteString(paramsOnly)
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+// renderAffordance renders a method's affordance as a help block — when to use,
+// prerequisites, and (most importantly for agents) few-shot Examples — or "" when
+// the method carries no affordance. It reads the single typed model
+// (meta.Method.ParsedAffordance) so the help and the envelope agree on shape.
+func renderAffordance(m meta.Method) string {
+	a, ok := m.ParsedAffordance()
+	if !ok {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	var b strings.Builder
+	bullets := func(title string, items []string) {
+		var nonEmpty []string
+		for _, it := range items {
+			if strings.TrimSpace(it) != "" {
+				nonEmpty = append(nonEmpty, it)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(nonEmpty) == 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&b, "%s:\n", title)
+		for _, it := range nonEmpty {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&b, "  • %s\n", it)
+		}
+	}
+
+	bullets("When to use", a.UseWhen)
+	bullets("Avoid when", a.DoNotUseWhen)
+	bullets("Prerequisites", a.Prerequisites)
+	if len(a.Examples) > 0 {
+		var lines []string
+		for _, ex := range a.Examples {
+			if ex.Command == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if ex.Description != "" {
+				lines = append(lines, fmt.Sprintf("  • %s\n      %s", ex.Description, ex.Command))
+			} else {
+				lines = append(lines, fmt.Sprintf("  • %s", ex.Command))
+			}
+		}
+		if len(lines) > 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&b, "Examples:\n%s\n", strings.Join(lines, "\n"))
+		}
+	}
+	bullets("Related", a.Related)
+
+	return strings.TrimRight(b.String(), "\n")
+}

cmd/service/affordance_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/meta"
+)
+
+func TestRenderAffordance(t *testing.T) {
+	raw := json.RawMessage(`{
+		"use_when": ["发送文本消息"],
+		"do_not_use_when": ["群已解散"],
+		"prerequisites": ["已获取 chat_id"],
+		"examples": [
+			{"description":"发一条文本","command":"lark-cli im messages create --params '{...}'"},
+			{"command":"lark-cli im messages list"},
+			{"description":"no command, skipped","command":""}
+		],
+		"related": ["im.messages.list"]
+	}`)
+	out := renderAffordance(meta.Method{Affordance: raw})
+	for _, want := range []string{
+		"When to use:", "发送文本消息",
+		"Avoid when:", "群已解散",
+		"Prerequisites:", "已获取 chat_id",
+		"Examples:", "发一条文本", "lark-cli im messages create --params '{...}'",
+		"lark-cli im messages list", // example with no description -> bare command line
+		"Related:", "im.messages.list",
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(out, want) {
+			t.Errorf("renderAffordance missing %q in:\n%s", want, out)
+		}
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, "no command, skipped") {
+		t.Errorf("example with empty command should be skipped:\n%s", out)
+	}
+
+	// Absent or empty affordance renders nothing (so methods without an overlay
+	// add nothing to their help).
+	if renderAffordance(meta.Method{}) != "" || renderAffordance(meta.Method{Affordance: json.RawMessage(`{}`)}) != "" {
+		t.Error("empty affordance should render nothing")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServiceMethod_AffordanceInLong(t *testing.T) {
+	withAff := map[string]interface{}{
+		"path": "messages", "httpMethod": "POST", "description": "发送消息",
+		"affordance": map[string]interface{}{
+			"examples": []interface{}{
+				map[string]interface{}{"description": "发文本", "command": "lark-cli im messages create ..."},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), meta.FromMap(withAff), "create", "messages", nil)
+	if !strings.Contains(cmd.Long, "Examples:") || !strings.Contains(cmd.Long, "lark-cli im messages create ...") {
+		t.Errorf("affordance examples not in command Long:\n%s", cmd.Long)
+	}
+
+	// A method with no affordance adds no guidance block.
+	plain := map[string]interface{}{"path": "x", "httpMethod": "GET", "description": "d"}
+	cmd2 := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), meta.FromMap(plain), "list", "x", nil)
+	if strings.Contains(cmd2.Long, "Examples:") {
+		t.Errorf("no-affordance method should have no Examples in Long:\n%s", cmd2.Long)
+	}
+}

cmd/service/flaggroups.go

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+)
+
+// Flag annotations the grouped service-method help renderer reads.
+const (
+	flagGroupAnnotation = "lark_flag_group" // display group key
+	flagSubAnnotation   = "lark_flag_sub"   // "required" | "optional" within API Parameters
+	flagNoteAnnotation  = "lark_flag_note"  // extra lines shown indented under a flag
+
+	groupParams    = "params"    // typed path/query flags
+	groupBody      = "body"      // --data, --file
+	groupRaw       = "raw"       // --params
+	groupExecution = "execution" // --as/--dry-run/--page-*/--yes
+	groupOutput    = "output"    // --output/--format/--jq
+
+	subRequired = "required"
+	subOptional = "optional"
+)
+
+// serviceFlagGroupOrder is the display order + titles of the flag groups. API
+// Parameters carries only typed path/query flags; raw --params, request body and
+// execution/output controls each get their own group so an agent can tell the
+// distinct input kinds apart.
+var serviceFlagGroupOrder = []struct{ key, title string }{
+	{groupParams, "API Parameters"},
+	{groupBody, "Request Body"},
+	{groupRaw, "Raw Parameter Input"},
+	{groupExecution, "Execution"},
+	{groupOutput, "Output"},
+}
+
+// applyGroupedUsage installs the grouped usage renderer on a service method
+// cmd: local flags via the grouped renderer instead of cobra's flat Flags:
+// list; global (inherited) flags and the Risk/Tips sections appended by the
+// root help func are unaffected. Rendered by hand rather than via
+// cmd.SetUsageTemplate: cobra lazy-links text/template on the first
+// SetUsageTemplate call, whose executor reaches reflect.Value.MethodByName —
+// that disables the linker's method-level dead-code elimination and costs
+// ~19 MB of binary size.
+func applyGroupedUsage(cmd *cobra.Command) {
+	cmd.SetUsageFunc(func(c *cobra.Command) error {
+		w := c.OutOrStderr()
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Usage:\n  %s\n", c.UseLine())
+		if c.HasAvailableLocalFlags() {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "\n%s\n", renderServiceFlagGroups(c))
+		}
+		if c.HasAvailableInheritedFlags() {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nGlobal Flags:\n%s\n", strings.TrimRight(c.InheritedFlags().FlagUsages(), " \t\n"))
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+func annotate(f *pflag.Flag, key string, vals []string) {
+	if f.Annotations == nil {
+		f.Annotations = map[string][]string{}
+	}
+	f.Annotations[key] = vals
+}
+
+// tagFlagGroup records a flag's display group (no-op if the flag is absent).
+func tagFlagGroup(fs *pflag.FlagSet, name, group string) {
+	if f := fs.Lookup(name); f != nil {
+		annotate(f, flagGroupAnnotation, []string{group})
+	}
+}
+
+func annotationOf(f *pflag.Flag, key string) []string {
+	if f.Annotations != nil {
+		return f.Annotations[key]
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func flagGroupOf(f *pflag.Flag) string {
+	if v := annotationOf(f, flagGroupAnnotation); len(v) > 0 {
+		return v[0]
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func flagSubOf(f *pflag.Flag) string {
+	if v := annotationOf(f, flagSubAnnotation); len(v) > 0 {
+		return v[0]
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// renderServiceFlagGroups renders the command's local flags into ordered,
+// titled groups; the API Parameters group is further split into Required /
+// Optional. It is the body of the usage func applyGroupedUsage installs.
+func renderServiceFlagGroups(cmd *cobra.Command) string {
+	var b strings.Builder
+	seen := map[*pflag.Flag]bool{}
+	for _, g := range serviceFlagGroupOrder {
+		flags := groupFlags(cmd, g.key, seen)
+		if len(flags) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&b, "%s:\n", g.title)
+		if g.key == groupParams {
+			writeSection(&b, "  Required:", subFlags(flags, subRequired))
+			writeSection(&b, "  Optional:", subFlags(flags, subOptional))
+		} else {
+			writeSection(&b, "", flags)
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintln(&b)
+	}
+	// Anything untagged (e.g. -h/--help) goes last under "Other".
+	var other []*pflag.Flag
+	cmd.LocalFlags().VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
+		if f.Hidden || seen[f] {
+			return
+		}
+		other = append(other, f)
+	})
+	if len(other) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintln(&b, "Other:")
+		writeSection(&b, "", other)
+	}
+	return strings.TrimRight(b.String(), "\n")
+}
+
+// groupFlags returns the visible local flags tagged with group key, marking them
+// seen so the trailing "Other" bucket only catches genuinely untagged flags.
+func groupFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, key string, seen map[*pflag.Flag]bool) []*pflag.Flag {
+	var flags []*pflag.Flag
+	cmd.LocalFlags().VisitAll(func(f *pflag.Flag) {
+		if f.Hidden || flagGroupOf(f) != key {
+			return
+		}
+		flags = append(flags, f)
+		seen[f] = true
+	})
+	return flags
+}
+
+func subFlags(flags []*pflag.Flag, sub string) []*pflag.Flag {
+	var out []*pflag.Flag
+	for _, f := range flags {
+		s := flagSubOf(f)
+		// Untagged subgroup defaults to Optional so nothing is dropped.
+		if s == sub || (s == "" && sub == subOptional) {
+			out = append(out, f)
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// writeSection prints an optional (sub)header and the flags, aligned in a
+// column, each flag row followed by its note lines indented under the usage.
+func writeSection(b *strings.Builder, header string, flags []*pflag.Flag) {
+	if len(flags) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if header != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(b, "%s\n", header)
+	}
+	specs := make([]string, len(flags))
+	maxSpec := 0
+	for i, f := range flags {
+		specs[i] = flagSpec(f)
+		if len(specs[i]) > maxSpec {
+			maxSpec = len(specs[i])
+		}
+	}
+	for i, f := range flags {
+		_, usage := pflag.UnquoteUsage(f)
+		if showsDefault(f) {
+			usage += fmt.Sprintf(" (default %s)", f.DefValue)
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(b, "%-*s   %s\n", maxSpec, specs[i], strings.TrimSpace(usage))
+		for _, note := range annotationOf(f, flagNoteAnnotation) {
+			fmt.Fprintf(b, "%*s%s\n", maxSpec+3+4, "", note)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// flagSpec is pflag's "      --name type" / "  -x, --name type" left column.
+func flagSpec(f *pflag.Flag) string {
+	typeName, _ := pflag.UnquoteUsage(f)
+	spec := "      --" + f.Name
+	if f.Shorthand != "" && f.ShorthandDeprecated == "" {
+		spec = "  -" + f.Shorthand + ", --" + f.Name
+	}
+	if typeName != "" {
+		spec += " " + typeName
+	}
+	return spec
+}
+
+// showsDefault mirrors pflag's "non-zero default" rule for the flag types these
+// commands use, so the grouped rendering shows the same "(default x)" hints as
+// cobra's flat list.
+func showsDefault(f *pflag.Flag) bool {
+	switch f.DefValue {
+	case "", "0", "false", "[]":
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}

cmd/service/flaggroups_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/meta"
+)
+
+func TestServiceFlagGroups_AgentContract(t *testing.T) {
+	method := map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "chats/:chat_id/members",
+		"httpMethod": "POST",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"chat_id": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string", "location": "path", "required": true},
+			"member_id_type": map[string]interface{}{
+				"type": "string", "location": "query",
+				"options": []interface{}{
+					map[string]interface{}{"value": "open_id", "description": "以 open_id 标识用户"},
+					map[string]interface{}{"value": "user_id", "description": "以 user_id 标识用户"},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		// Documented body field -> --data belongs under Request Body.
+		"requestBody": map[string]interface{}{
+			"id_list": map[string]interface{}{"type": "list", "required": true},
+		},
+	}
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), meta.FromMap(method), "create", "chat.members", nil)
+	out := renderServiceFlagGroups(cmd)
+
+	idx := func(s string) int { return strings.Index(out, s) }
+
+	// Section order: API Parameters → Request Body → Raw Parameter Input → Execution → Output.
+	iParams, iBody, iRaw, iExec, iOut := idx("API Parameters:"), idx("Request Body:"), idx("Raw Parameter Input:"), idx("Execution:"), idx("Output:")
+	for name, i := range map[string]int{"API Parameters": iParams, "Request Body": iBody, "Raw Parameter Input": iRaw, "Execution": iExec, "Output": iOut} {
+		if i < 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("missing section %q in:\n%s", name, out)
+		}
+	}
+	if !(iParams < iBody && iBody < iRaw && iRaw < iExec && iExec < iOut) {
+		t.Errorf("section order wrong:\n%s", out)
+	}
+
+	// Required/Optional subsections under API Parameters.
+	if i := idx("  Required:"); i < iParams || i > iBody {
+		t.Errorf("Required subsection misplaced:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if i := idx("  Optional:"); i < iParams || i > iBody {
+		t.Errorf("Optional subsection misplaced:\n%s", out)
+	}
+
+	// Typed flags are API Parameters; required path flag under Required, enum
+	// flag under Optional with an inline "enum: ..." (not multi-line meanings).
+	if i := idx("--chat-id"); i < iParams || i > iBody {
+		t.Errorf("--chat-id not under API Parameters:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "chat_id, required") {
+		t.Errorf("typed flag help format wrong:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "enum: open_id=以 open_id 标识用户|user_id=以 user_id 标识用户") {
+		t.Errorf("expected compact enum value=meaning inline:\n%s", out)
+	}
+
+	// --data is Request Body; --params is Raw Parameter Input (NOT API Parameters)
+	// and carries the precedence rule.
+	if i := idx("--data"); i < iBody || i > iRaw {
+		t.Errorf("--data not under Request Body:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if i := idx("--params"); i < iRaw || i > iExec {
+		t.Errorf("--params not under Raw Parameter Input:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "typed flags override matching keys in --params") {
+		t.Errorf("missing --params precedence rule:\n%s", out)
+	}
+
+	// Control flags land in Execution/Output.
+	if i := idx("--dry-run"); i < iExec || i > iOut {
+		t.Errorf("--dry-run not under Execution:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if idx("--format") < iOut {
+		t.Errorf("--format not under Output:\n%s", out)
+	}
+
+	// The usage template is wired to the grouped renderer (no flat Flags: list).
+	if u := cmd.UsageString(); !strings.Contains(u, "API Parameters:") || strings.Contains(u, "\nFlags:\n") {
+		t.Errorf("usage template not grouped:\n%s", u)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestServiceFlagGroups_UndocumentedBodyIsRaw: a POST with no documented body
+// fields still offers --data (escape hatch) but must NOT imply a declared body —
+// it goes under Raw Parameter Input, not "Request Body".
+func TestServiceFlagGroups_UndocumentedBodyIsRaw(t *testing.T) {
+	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "things/do", "httpMethod": "POST"} // POST, no requestBody, no params
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), meta.FromMap(method), "do", "things", nil)
+	out := renderServiceFlagGroups(cmd)
+
+	if strings.Contains(out, "Request Body:") {
+		t.Errorf("undocumented body must not render a Request Body section:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	iRaw, iData := strings.Index(out, "Raw Parameter Input:"), strings.Index(out, "--data")
+	if iRaw < 0 || iData < iRaw {
+		t.Errorf("--data not under Raw Parameter Input:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "no documented fields") {
+		t.Errorf("--data should be labeled a raw escape hatch:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}

cmd/service/paramflags.go

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/meta"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+)
+
+type boundParamFlag struct {
+	field meta.Field
+	read  func() interface{}
+}
+
+// paramsOnlyField is a path/query parameter that got no typed flag because its
+// kebab name is already taken by another flag (a standard flag like --format, or
+// a root persistent flag). It stays reachable via --params; the binder keeps it,
+// with the flag that claimed the name, so --help can show the exact --params form
+// and steer the reader off the wrong flag.
+type paramsOnlyField struct {
+	field   meta.Field
+	claimed *pflag.Flag
+}
+
+// paramFlagBinder owns one service method's generated typed param flags: it
+// registers them (kind, help, enum completion, reserved-name skip) and applies
+// the --params overlay, where a changed typed flag overrides its key in the
+// --params JSON. Holding the field<->flag binding here keeps the request builder
+// from re-deriving which flags map to which param keys.
+type paramFlagBinder struct {
+	bound      []boundParamFlag
+	paramsOnly []paramsOnlyField
+}
+
+// newParamFlagBinder registers one typed kebab flag per path/query parameter on
+// cmd and returns a binder for the --params overlay. A name already taken by
+// another flag is skipped — pflag panics on a local duplicate and a generated
+// flag would silently shadow a persistent one — and recorded as paramsOnly so
+// the parameter stays reachable (and discoverable) via --params. The taken set
+// is derived, not hand-listed: local flags (the standard set, registered before
+// this runs) via cmd, the lazily-added --help materialized here, and the root's
+// persistent flags via reserved (nil for direct callers that have no root).
+func newParamFlagBinder(cmd *cobra.Command, params []meta.Field, reserved *pflag.FlagSet) *paramFlagBinder {
+	cmd.InitDefaultHelpFlag() // materialize --help/-h so the local guard below sees it
+	b := &paramFlagBinder{}
+	for _, f := range params {
+		name := f.FlagName()
+		if claimed := flagClaiming(cmd, reserved, name); claimed != nil {
+			b.paramsOnly = append(b.paramsOnly, paramsOnlyField{field: f, claimed: claimed})
+			continue
+		}
+		read := registerTypedFlag(cmd.Flags(), name, f.CanonicalType(), paramFlagUsage(f))
+		if values := enumStrings(f.EnumValues()); len(values) > 0 {
+			cmdutil.RegisterFlagCompletion(cmd, name, func(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string, _ string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
+				return values, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
+			})
+		}
+		// Group as an API parameter and mark required/optional for the
+		// Required/Optional subsections of the grouped --help renderer.
+		if fl := cmd.Flags().Lookup(name); fl != nil {
+			annotate(fl, flagGroupAnnotation, []string{groupParams})
+			sub := subOptional
+			if f.Required {
+				sub = subRequired
+			}
+			annotate(fl, flagSubAnnotation, []string{sub})
+		}
+		b.bound = append(b.bound, boundParamFlag{field: f, read: read})
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+// flagClaiming returns the flag already occupying name (so a typed param flag
+// would collide), or nil when the name is free. It checks the command's own
+// flags (the standard set + the materialized --help) and the root's persistent
+// flags — so the reserved set is whatever is actually registered, never a
+// hand-kept list that drifts when a global flag is added.
+func flagClaiming(cmd *cobra.Command, reserved *pflag.FlagSet, name string) *pflag.Flag {
+	if fl := cmd.Flags().Lookup(name); fl != nil {
+		return fl
+	}
+	if reserved != nil {
+		return reserved.Lookup(name)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// paramsOnlyHelp renders the --help addendum for parameters that have no typed
+// flag, or "" when there are none. Per field: a copy-pasteable --params form,
+// the same fieldFacts a typed flag would show on its usage line, and what the
+// colliding flag actually does — so neither a human nor an agent sets the
+// wrong one (e.g. --format, which is the output format, not the API parameter).
+func (b *paramFlagBinder) paramsOnlyHelp() string {
+	if len(b.paramsOnly) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	sb.WriteString("\nParameters set via --params (no typed flag; the name is taken by another flag):\n")
+	for _, p := range b.paramsOnly {
+		name := p.field.Name
+		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "  %s: --params '{%q: %s}'\n", name, name, paramExample(p.field))
+		for _, fact := range fieldFacts(p.field) {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "      %s\n", fact)
+		}
+		if p.claimed != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "      do not use --%s (%s)\n", p.claimed.Name, p.claimed.Usage)
+		}
+	}
+	return sb.String()
+}
+
+// hasTypedFlag reports whether the binder registered a typed flag for the
+// param named name. False for params-only fields — a flag with the same kebab
+// name may exist (that's the collision), but it is not this param's input.
+// Nil-safe for direct buildServiceRequest callers that have no binder.
+func (b *paramFlagBinder) hasTypedFlag(name string) bool {
+	if b == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, pf := range b.bound {
+		if pf.field.Name == name {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// overlay lets an explicit typed flag override the same key in --params
+// (--params is the base). Only changed flags apply, so the --params-only path is
+// unchanged. A nil binder or cmd is a no-op.
+func (b *paramFlagBinder) overlay(cmd *cobra.Command, params map[string]interface{}) {
+	if b == nil || cmd == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, pf := range b.bound {
+		if cmd.Flags().Changed(pf.field.FlagName()) {
+			params[pf.field.Name] = pf.read()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// registerTypedFlag registers one flag of the given canonical JSON-Schema kind
+// and returns a reader for its parsed value; the kind→pflag-type switch lives
+// only here.
+func registerTypedFlag(fs *pflag.FlagSet, name, kind, usage string) func() interface{} {
+	switch kind {
+	case "integer":
+		return flagReader(fs.Int(name, 0, usage))
+	case "boolean":
+		return flagReader(fs.Bool(name, false, usage))
+	case "array":
+		return flagReader(fs.StringArray(name, nil, usage))
+	default:
+		return flagReader(fs.String(name, "", usage))
+	}
+}
+
+func flagReader[T any](p *T) func() interface{} {
+	return func() interface{} { return *p }
+}

cmd/service/paramflags_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/meta"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+)
+
+// imChatMembersCreate: POST chats/{chat_id}/members with one path param and one
+// optional enum query param — the canonical case from the screenshot feedback.
+func imChatMembersCreate() meta.Method {
+	return meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "chats/{chat_id}/members",
+		"httpMethod": "POST",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"chat_id": map[string]interface{}{
+				"type": "string", "location": "path", "required": true,
+			},
+			"member_id_type": map[string]interface{}{
+				"type": "string", "location": "query", "required": false,
+				"options": []interface{}{
+					map[string]interface{}{"value": "open_id"},
+					map[string]interface{}{"value": "user_id"},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlagRegistered(t *testing.T) {
+	f := &cmdutil.Factory{}
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), imChatMembersCreate(), "create", "chat.members", nil)
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Lookup("chat-id") == nil {
+		t.Error("expected generated --chat-id flag for path param chat_id")
+	}
+	if cmd.Flags().Lookup("member-id-type") == nil {
+		t.Error("expected generated --member-id-type flag for query param member_id_type")
+	}
+}
+
+// A query param literally named "format" kebab-collides with the global
+// --format flag. Generation must skip it (never re-register, never panic) and
+// leave the standard --format flag intact.
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlagReservedCollisionSkipped(t *testing.T) {
+	method := map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "messages",
+		"httpMethod": "GET",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"format": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string", "location": "query"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	var cmd *cobra.Command
+	func() {
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("flag generation panicked on reserved-name collision: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		cmd = NewCmdServiceMethod(&cmdutil.Factory{}, imSpec(), meta.FromMap(method), "list", "messages", nil)
+	}()
+
+	fl := cmd.Flags().Lookup("format")
+	if fl == nil || fl.DefValue != "json" {
+		t.Fatalf("standard --format flag must be preserved, got %+v", fl)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_DrivesPathParam(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), imChatMembersCreate(), "create", "chat.members", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--chat-id", "oc_abc123", "--data", `{"id_list":["ou_x"]}`, "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "chats/oc_abc123/members") {
+		t.Errorf("expected URL with chat_id substituted from --chat-id, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_DrivesQueryParam(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), imChatMembersCreate(), "create", "chat.members", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--chat-id", "oc_abc123", "--member-id-type", "open_id", "--data", `{}`, "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "member_id_type") || !strings.Contains(out, "open_id") {
+		t.Errorf("expected query param member_id_type=open_id from flag, got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_AgreesWithParams(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), imChatMembersCreate(), "create", "chat.members", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--chat-id", "oc_abc123", "--params", `{"chat_id":"oc_abc123"}`, "--data", `{}`, "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("same value via flag and --params should be accepted, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "chats/oc_abc123/members") {
+		t.Errorf("expected URL with chat_id, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// --params is the base; an explicit typed flag overrides the same key.
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_OverridesParams(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), imChatMembersCreate(), "create", "chat.members", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--chat-id", "oc_flag", "--params", `{"chat_id":"oc_params"}`, "--data", `{}`, "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "chats/oc_flag/members") {
+		t.Errorf("expected --chat-id to override --params chat_id, got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, "oc_params") {
+		t.Errorf("--params value should have been overridden by the flag, got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+// Override works for a non-string (integer) param too, exercising the int
+// register/read path end to end.
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_IntegerOverridesParams(t *testing.T) {
+	method := map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "messages",
+		"httpMethod": "GET",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"page_size": map[string]interface{}{"type": "integer", "location": "query"},
+		},
+	}
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), meta.FromMap(method), "list", "messages", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--page-size", "100", "--params", `{"page_size":5}`, "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "page_size") || !strings.Contains(out, "100") {
+		t.Errorf("expected --page-size 100 to override --params page_size=5, got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+// Regression: with no typed flags passed, behavior is byte-identical to today.
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_OnlyParamsStillWorks(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), imChatMembersCreate(), "create", "chat.members", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--params", `{"chat_id":"oc_abc123"}`, "--data", `{}`, "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "chats/oc_abc123/members") {
+		t.Errorf("expected URL with chat_id from --params, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// Regression: --params null is valid JSON that unmarshals to a nil map. A typed
+// flag overlaying onto it must not panic (assignment to a nil map) — null is
+// treated as "no base params", with the flag value applied on top.
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_OverridesNullParams(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), imChatMembersCreate(), "create", "chat.members", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--chat-id", "oc_abc123", "--params", "null", "--data", `{}`, "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("--params null with a typed flag should not error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "chats/oc_abc123/members") {
+		t.Errorf("expected chat_id from --chat-id over null --params, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// Startup smoke test: registering every embedded method must not panic on a
+// generated-flag name collision (pflag panics on duplicate registration, which
+// would crash the whole CLI at startup), and a known path param must surface as
+// a typed flag end to end.
+func TestRegisterServiceCommands_GeneratesFlagsNoPanic(t *testing.T) {
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
+	f := &cmdutil.Factory{}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("registering all service commands panicked: %v", r)
+		}
+	}()
+	RegisterServiceCommands(root, f)
+
+	create, _, err := root.Find([]string{"im", "chat.members", "create"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("im chat.members create not registered: %v", err)
+	}
+	if create.Flags().Lookup("chat-id") == nil {
+		t.Error("expected generated --chat-id flag on im chat.members create")
+	}
+}
+
+// Locks the boolean and array branches of bindParamFlag end to end (string and
+// integer are covered above): a bool flag yields true and a repeatable array
+// flag yields all its elements in the request.
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_BoolAndArrayKinds(t *testing.T) {
+	method := map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "items",
+		"httpMethod": "GET",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"with_deleted": map[string]interface{}{"type": "boolean", "location": "query"},
+			"ids":          map[string]interface{}{"type": "list", "location": "query"},
+		},
+	}
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), meta.FromMap(method), "list", "items", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--with-deleted", "--ids", "a", "--ids", "b", "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	for _, want := range []string{"with_deleted", "true", "ids", "\"a\"", "\"b\""} {
+		if !strings.Contains(out, want) {
+			t.Errorf("expected dry-run output to contain %q, got:\n%s", want, out)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Override (--params base, typed flag wins) is covered for string and integer
+// above; this locks the same semantics for the boolean and array kinds.
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_BoolAndArrayOverrideParams(t *testing.T) {
+	method := map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "items",
+		"httpMethod": "GET",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"with_deleted": map[string]interface{}{"type": "boolean", "location": "query"},
+			"ids":          map[string]interface{}{"type": "list", "location": "query"},
+		},
+	}
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), meta.FromMap(method), "list", "items", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{
+		"--params", `{"with_deleted":false,"ids":["from_params"]}`,
+		"--with-deleted", "--ids", "a", "--ids", "b",
+		"--dry-run",
+	})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	for _, want := range []string{"with_deleted", "true", "\"a\"", "\"b\""} {
+		if !strings.Contains(out, want) {
+			t.Errorf("expected flag to override --params (want %q), got:\n%s", want, out)
+		}
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, "from_params") {
+		t.Errorf("--params array value should have been overridden by --ids, got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+// A param whose kebab name collides with a global flag (here "format" vs the
+// global --format) gets no typed flag, but the collision is no longer silent:
+// non-colliding params still get flags, the global --format is untouched, and
+// --help shows the exact --params form and steers the reader off --format.
+func TestServiceMethod_ParamsOnly_HelpSteersToParams(t *testing.T) {
+	method := map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "things/{thing_id}",
+		"httpMethod": "GET",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"thing_id": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string", "location": "path", "required": true},
+			"format": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string", "location": "query", "min": "1", "max": "64", "description": "返回的消息体格式。", "options": []interface{}{
+				map[string]interface{}{"value": "full"},
+				map[string]interface{}{"value": "metadata"},
+			}},
+		},
+	}
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(&cmdutil.Factory{}, imSpec(), meta.FromMap(method), "get", "things", nil)
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Lookup("thing-id") == nil {
+		t.Error("non-colliding param should still get a typed --thing-id flag")
+	}
+	if fl := cmd.Flags().Lookup("format"); fl == nil || fl.DefValue != "json" {
+		t.Fatalf("global --format must be preserved (not shadowed), got %+v", fl)
+	}
+	for _, want := range []string{`--params '{"format"`, "返回的消息体格式", "full", "metadata", "min: 1, max: 64", "do not use --format"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(cmd.Long, want) {
+			t.Errorf("help should contain %q so the reader uses --params, not --format; got:\n%s", want, cmd.Long)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// The collision guard derives reserved names from the actual flag sets — local
+// flags plus the root's persistent flags passed in — so a future persistent
+// flag is covered with no hand-maintained list. Here a param named "profile"
+// (a root persistent flag) is skipped while a normal param is bound.
+func TestParamFlagBinder_PersistentFlagReserved(t *testing.T) {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: "x"}
+	reserved := pflag.NewFlagSet("root", pflag.ContinueOnError)
+	reserved.String("profile", "", "use a specific profile")
+
+	m := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+		"profile": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string", "location": "query"},
+		"id":      map[string]interface{}{"type": "string", "location": "path"},
+	}})
+	b := newParamFlagBinder(cmd, m.Params(), reserved)
+
+	if cmd.Flags().Lookup("id") == nil {
+		t.Error("non-colliding param should get a typed flag")
+	}
+	if cmd.Flags().Lookup("profile") != nil {
+		t.Error("param colliding with a reserved persistent flag must not be registered")
+	}
+	found := false
+	for _, p := range b.paramsOnly {
+		if p.field.Name == "profile" {
+			found = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !found {
+		t.Error("colliding param should be recorded for the --params help note")
+	}
+}
+
+// boolIntQueryMethod is the fixture for the zero-value semantics tests: one
+// boolean and one integer query param, where false and 0 are meaningful values.
+func boolIntQueryMethod(required bool) meta.Method {
+	return meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "items",
+		"httpMethod": "GET",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"with_deleted": map[string]interface{}{"type": "boolean", "location": "query", "required": required},
+			"page_size":    map[string]interface{}{"type": "integer", "location": "query"},
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+// Presence is intent: a typed flag is only overlaid when explicitly Changed,
+// so --flag=false / --flag 0 are real values and must be sent — not silently
+// dropped as "empty", which would let the API default win over an explicit
+// user choice.
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_ExplicitFalseAndZeroAreSent(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), boolIntQueryMethod(false), "list", "items", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--with-deleted=false", "--page-size", "0", "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	for _, want := range []string{`"with_deleted": false`, `"page_size": 0`} {
+		if !strings.Contains(out, want) {
+			t.Errorf("explicit zero value must be sent (want %s), got:\n%s", want, out)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// An explicitly provided false satisfies a required query parameter — the
+// pre-flight must not report "missing" for a value the user just set.
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_ExplicitFalseSatisfiesRequired(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), boolIntQueryMethod(true), "list", "items", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--with-deleted=false", "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("required param explicitly set to false must pass pre-flight, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"with_deleted": false`) {
+		t.Errorf("explicit false must be sent, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// The same presence-is-intent rule applies to the --params JSON base: a key
+// deliberately written as false/0 is sent. (Zero values used to be silently
+// dropped; this locks the corrected semantics as the contract.)
+func TestServiceMethod_Params_JSONZeroValuesAreSent(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), boolIntQueryMethod(false), "list", "items", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--params", `{"with_deleted":false,"page_size":0}`, "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	for _, want := range []string{`"with_deleted": false`, `"page_size": 0`} {
+		if !strings.Contains(out, want) {
+			t.Errorf("--params zero value must be sent (want %s), got:\n%s", want, out)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// "" stays unusable: a required parameter fed an empty-string placeholder is
+// still caught by the friendly pre-flight error, not sent as an empty value.
+func TestServiceMethod_Params_EmptyStringStillMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "items",
+		"httpMethod": "GET",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"user_id_type": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string", "location": "query", "required": true},
+		},
+	})
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), method, "list", "items", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--params", `{"user_id_type":""}`, "--dry-run"})
+
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "missing required query parameter") {
+		t.Fatalf("empty string for a required param should still pre-flight error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// A declared optional query param fed "" is dropped (unusable value), not sent
+// as an empty query value — the declared-param loop owns the decision and the
+// undeclared passthrough must not resurrect it. Undeclared keys stay the
+// verbatim raw escape hatch.
+func TestServiceMethod_Params_EmptyOptionalDroppedUndeclaredKept(t *testing.T) {
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "items",
+		"httpMethod": "GET",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"user_id_type": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string", "location": "query"},
+		},
+	})
+	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), method, "list", "items", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--params", `{"user_id_type":"","custom_key":"v1"}`, "--dry-run"})
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	if strings.Contains(out, "user_id_type") {
+		t.Errorf("declared optional param with empty value must be dropped, got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, `"custom_key": "v1"`) {
+		t.Errorf("undeclared key must pass through verbatim, got:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+// min/max from the metadata surface on the typed flag's help line, in the same
+// vocabulary as the envelope's minimum/maximum.
+func TestParamFlagUsage_Bounds(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct{ name, min, max, want string }{
+		{"both", "1", "100", "min: 1, max: 100"},
+		{"min only", "1", "", "min: 1"},
+		{"max only", "", "64", "max: 64"},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			fields := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+				"page_size": map[string]interface{}{"type": "integer", "location": "query", "min": tc.min, "max": tc.max},
+			}}).Params()
+			if usage := paramFlagUsage(fields[0]); !strings.Contains(usage, tc.want) {
+				t.Errorf("usage = %q, want contains %q", usage, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+	t.Run("no bounds, no clause", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"page_token": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string", "location": "query"},
+		}}).Params()
+		if usage := paramFlagUsage(fields[0]); strings.Contains(usage, "min:") || strings.Contains(usage, "max:") {
+			t.Errorf("usage without bounds should not mention min/max, got %q", usage)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// The sanitized field description rides the help line — a bare name like
+// user_mailbox_id carries no meaning. The cut is at note separators (;), NOT
+// at sentence ends (。): the later sentence often holds the key affordance.
+func TestParamFlagUsage_Description(t *testing.T) {
+	fields := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+		"user_mailbox_id": map[string]interface{}{
+			"type": "string", "location": "path", "required": true,
+			"description": `用户邮箱地址。当使用用户身份访问时，可以输入"me"代表当前调用接口用户;后续补充说明不该出现`,
+		},
+	}}).Params()
+	usage := paramFlagUsage(fields[0])
+	if !strings.Contains(usage, `可以输入"me"代表当前调用接口用户`) {
+		t.Errorf("description must keep full sentences up to the note separator, got %q", usage)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(usage, "补充说明") {
+		t.Errorf("text after the note separator must be cut, got %q", usage)
+	}
+
+	t.Run("long description truncated", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"x": map[string]interface{}{
+				"type": "string", "location": "query",
+				"description": strings.Repeat("长", 80),
+			},
+		}}).Params()
+		usage := paramFlagUsage(fields[0])
+		if !strings.Contains(usage, "...") {
+			t.Errorf("long description should be truncated with ellipsis, got %q", usage)
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(usage, strings.Repeat("长", 61)) {
+			t.Errorf("description should not exceed the cap, got %q", usage)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("trailing sentence punctuation trimmed", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"x": map[string]interface{}{
+				"type": "string", "location": "query", "description": "返回格式。",
+			},
+		}}).Params()
+		if usage := paramFlagUsage(fields[0]); strings.Contains(usage, "。.") {
+			t.Errorf("clause join must not double the punctuation, got %q", usage)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// Pins the convergence contract: the params-only addendum renders the SAME
+// fieldFacts list the typed flag's usage line joins inline — a fact added to
+// fieldFacts reaches both surfaces, and neither can drift over what a param's
+// help says (the addendum once rendered values-only enums and silently lacked
+// the API default).
+func TestParamHelp_BothSurfacesRenderFieldFacts(t *testing.T) {
+	f := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+		"mode": map[string]interface{}{
+			"type": "string", "location": "query",
+			"description": "模式选择。",
+			"default":     "fast",
+			"min":         "1", "max": "8",
+			"options": []interface{}{
+				map[string]interface{}{"value": "fast", "description": "快速"},
+				map[string]interface{}{"value": "full"},
+			},
+		},
+	}}).Params()[0]
+
+	facts := fieldFacts(f)
+	if len(facts) != 4 { // description, enum, bounds, API default
+		t.Fatalf("fieldFacts = %v, want 4 facts", facts)
+	}
+	usage := paramFlagUsage(f)
+	help := (&paramFlagBinder{paramsOnly: []paramsOnlyField{{field: f}}}).paramsOnlyHelp()
+	for _, fact := range facts {
+		if !strings.Contains(usage, fact) {
+			t.Errorf("usage line missing fact %q: %q", fact, usage)
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(help, fact) {
+			t.Errorf("params-only addendum missing fact %q:\n%s", fact, help)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Bounds reach the registered flag's help end to end.
+func TestServiceMethod_TypedFlag_HelpShowsBounds(t *testing.T) {
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "items",
+		"httpMethod": "GET",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"page_size": map[string]interface{}{"type": "integer", "location": "query", "min": "1", "max": "100", "default": "20"},
+		},
+	})
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(&cmdutil.Factory{}, imSpec(), method, "list", "items", nil)
+	fl := cmd.Flags().Lookup("page-size")
+	if fl == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected generated --page-size flag")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(fl.Usage, "min: 1, max: 100") {
+		t.Errorf("flag usage should carry bounds, got %q", fl.Usage)
+	}
+}
+
+// The missing-required hint must name both recovery paths — the typed flag and
+// the --params fallback — so a reader who only knows one input style can
+// proceed without a round-trip through schema.
+func TestServiceMethod_MissingRequired_HintNamesFlagAndParams(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), imChatMembersCreate(), "create", "chat.members", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--data", `{"id_list":["ou_x"]}`, "--dry-run"})
+
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	for _, want := range []string{"--chat-id", `--params '{"chat_id": "<value>"}'`, "lark-cli schema im.chat.members.create"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, want) {
+			t.Errorf("hint %q should contain %q", ve.Hint, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// A params-only required field (kebab name claimed by the standard --format
+// flag) has no typed flag to offer: the hint must give only the --params form,
+// never steer the reader to the colliding flag.
+func TestServiceMethod_MissingRequired_ParamsOnlyHintSkipsFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":       "messages",
+		"httpMethod": "GET",
+		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
+			"format": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string", "location": "query", "required": true},
+		},
+	})
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), method, "list", "messages", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--dry-run"})
+
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	var ve *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &ve) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ve.Hint, `--params '{"format": "<value>"}'`) {
+		t.Errorf("hint %q should carry the --params form", ve.Hint)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(ve.Hint, "set --format") {
+		t.Errorf("hint %q must not steer to the colliding --format flag", ve.Hint)
+	}
+}

cmd/service/paramhelp.go

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Help rendering for generated param flags. fieldFacts is the single list of
+// agent-relevant facts a param exposes; every help surface (the typed flag's
+// usage line, the params-only --params addendum) renders that one list, so the
+// surfaces cannot drift over which facts exist. Values come from the
+// meta.Field accessors, so nothing here depends on internal/schema.
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/meta"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
+)
+
+// fieldFacts returns a param field's facts in display order, each as a compact
+// one-line clause: the sanitized description, the allowed enum values (with
+// meanings), the min/max constraint, and the API default. This is the ONE
+// place that decides what a param's help says — add a fact here (e.g. a future
+// deprecation marker) and every surface shows it. Unabridged prose and
+// per-option detail stay in `lark-cli schema`.
+func fieldFacts(f meta.Field) []string {
+	var facts []string
+	if d := sanitizeFieldDesc(f.Description); d != "" {
+		facts = append(facts, d)
+	}
+	if opts := f.EnumOptions(); len(opts) > 0 {
+		facts = append(facts, "enum: "+formatEnumInline(opts))
+	}
+	if b := formatBoundsInline(f); b != "" {
+		facts = append(facts, b)
+	}
+	if s := literalStr(f.CoercedDefault()); s != "" {
+		facts = append(facts, "API default: "+s)
+	}
+	return facts
+}
+
+// paramFlagUsage renders the typed param flag's help line:
+//
+//	<param_name>, required|optional[. <fact>]...
+//
+// It leads with the canonical underscore param name (the key this flag
+// overrides in --params) and required/optional, then joins the field's facts
+// inline.
+func paramFlagUsage(f meta.Field) string {
+	req := "optional"
+	if f.Required {
+		req = "required"
+	}
+	parts := append([]string{fmt.Sprintf("%s, %s", f.Name, req)}, fieldFacts(f)...)
+	return strings.Join(parts, ". ") + "."
+}
+
+// paramExample picks a concrete sample for a params-only field's --help snippet:
+// its first allowed enum value, else its example, else a placeholder.
+func paramExample(f meta.Field) string {
+	if vals := enumStrings(f.EnumValues()); len(vals) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%q", vals[0])
+	}
+	if s := literalStr(f.CoercedExample()); s != "" {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%q", s)
+	}
+	return `"<value>"`
+}
+
+var markdownLinkRe = regexp.MustCompile(`\[([^\]]*)\]\([^)]*\)`)
+
+// inlineClause compresses metadata prose into one help clause: markdown links
+// keep their text, the clause cuts at the first rune in stops, whitespace
+// collapses, trailing punctuation goes — sentence enders (the clause join adds
+// its own) and connectors a cut can strand, like a colon introducing a list the
+// newline cut dropped — and the result caps at max runes. The two policies
+// below differ only in where they cut and how much they keep.
+func inlineClause(s, stops string, max int) string {
+	if s == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	s = markdownLinkRe.ReplaceAllString(s, "$1")
+	// Backquotes must go: pflag's UnquoteUsage treats a backquoted word in a
+	// flag's usage string as the flag's metavar, so a description like wiki
+	// space_id's "可替换为`my_library`" would render the flag as
+	// "--space-id my_library" instead of "--space-id string".
+	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, "`", "")
+	if i := strings.IndexAny(s, stops); i >= 0 {
+		s = s[:i]
+	}
+	s = strings.Join(strings.Fields(s), " ")
+	s = strings.TrimRight(s, "。.：:，,、")
+	return util.TruncateStrWithEllipsis(s, max)
+}
+
+// sanitizeOptionDesc is the enum-option policy: many values share one line, so
+// keep only the first clause (cut at 。 too) and stay ultra-compact.
+func sanitizeOptionDesc(s string) string { return inlineClause(s, "。；;\n\r", 40) }
+
+// sanitizeFieldDesc is the field-description policy: one line per field, so
+// keep full sentences and cut only at note separators (meta_data appends
+// bullet notes after ;/；) — the later sentence often carries the key
+// affordance, e.g. user_mailbox_id's `可以输入"me"`.
+func sanitizeFieldDesc(s string) string { return inlineClause(s, "；;\n\r", 60) }
+
+// formatEnumInline renders allowed values for the help line: "v=meaning" when
+// the value carries a (sanitized, truncated) description — so opaque numeric
+// enums like succeed_type read as "0=…|1=…|2=…" — else just "v". Full meanings
+// live in the envelope's enumDescriptions / `lark-cli schema`.
+func formatEnumInline(opts []meta.EnumOption) string {
+	items := make([]string, len(opts))
+	for i, o := range opts {
+		if d := sanitizeOptionDesc(o.Description); d != "" {
+			items[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v=%s", o.Value, d)
+		} else {
+			items[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v", o.Value)
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(items, "|")
+}
+
+// formatBoundsInline renders the field's min/max constraint ("min: 1, max:
+// 100", or the single declared side), or "" when the field declares neither.
+// The vocabulary matches the envelope's minimum/maximum, so help and `lark-cli
+// schema` state the same constraint.
+func formatBoundsInline(f meta.Field) string {
+	min, max := f.MinBound(), f.MaxBound()
+	switch {
+	case min != nil && max != nil:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("min: %s, max: %s", formatBound(*min), formatBound(*max))
+	case min != nil:
+		return "min: " + formatBound(*min)
+	case max != nil:
+		return "max: " + formatBound(*max)
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// formatBound renders a bound without a float artifact (100 not 100.000000).
+func formatBound(v float64) string {
+	return strconv.FormatFloat(v, 'f', -1, 64)
+}
+
+// literalStr renders a coerced literal (default/example) for flag help,
+// returning "" for a nil or empty value so the caller can omit the clause.
+func literalStr(v interface{}) string {
+	if v == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", v)
+}
+
+func enumStrings(enum []interface{}) []string {
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(enum))
+	for _, e := range enum {
+		out = append(out, fmt.Sprintf("%v", e))
+	}
+	return out
+}

cmd/service/sanitize_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package service
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestSanitizeOptionDesc(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := map[string]string{
+		"":                         "",
+		"以 open_id 标识用户":           "以 open_id 标识用户",
+		"中文。English second clause": "中文",         // first clause only (。)
+		"head；tail":                "head",       // first clause (；)
+		"line one\nline two":       "line one",   // first clause (newline)
+		"  spaced   out  ":         "spaced out", // whitespace collapsed
+		"see [飞书后台](https://x/admin) 详情": "see 飞书后台 详情", // markdown link -> text, url dropped
+	}
+	for in, want := range cases {
+		if got := sanitizeOptionDesc(in); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("sanitizeOptionDesc(%q) = %q, want %q", in, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Truncation: a long single clause is cut to 40 runes with an ellipsis,
+	// rune-safe (no split mid-character).
+	long := strings.Repeat("文", 60)
+	got := sanitizeOptionDesc(long)
+	if r := []rune(got); len(r) != 40 || !strings.HasSuffix(got, "...") {
+		t.Errorf("truncation = %q (%d runes), want 40 runes ending in ...", got, len(r))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSanitizeFieldDesc_TrimsDanglingPunctuation(t *testing.T) {
+	// A clause cut can strand a connector (e.g. a colon introducing a list the
+	// newline cut drops, as in im.reactions.list's message_id); the help line
+	// joiner then renders "…获取方式：." — so dangling punctuation must go too.
+	cases := map[string]string{
+		"待查询的消息ID。ID 获取方式：\n- 调用接口获取": "待查询的消息ID。ID 获取方式",
+		"see the list below:\nitem":   "see the list below",
+		"逗号结尾，\n下一行":                  "逗号结尾",
+	}
+	for in, want := range cases {
+		if got := sanitizeFieldDesc(in); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("sanitizeFieldDesc(%q) = %q, want %q", in, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSanitizeFieldDesc_StripsBackquotes(t *testing.T) {
+	// pflag's UnquoteUsage takes a backquoted word in a flag's usage string as
+	// the flag's metavar: wiki space_id's description rendered the flag as
+	// "--space-id my_library" instead of "--space-id string".
+	in := "[知识空间id](https://x/wiki)，如果查询我的文档库可替换为`my_library`"
+	want := "知识空间id，如果查询我的文档库可替换为my_library"
+	if got := sanitizeFieldDesc(in); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("sanitizeFieldDesc(%q) = %q, want %q", in, got, want)
+	}
+}

cmd/service/service.go

@@ -10,18 +10,21 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/apicatalog"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/client"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdmeta"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/credential"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/errclass"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/meta"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/registry"
-	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/util"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/validate"
 	larkcore "github.com/larksuite/oapi-sdk-go/v3/core"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
 
 // RegisterServiceCommands registers all service commands from from_meta specs.
@@ -30,85 +33,79 @@ func RegisterServiceCommands(parent *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
 }
 
 func RegisterServiceCommandsWithContext(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
-	for _, project := range registry.ListFromMetaProjects() {
-		spec := registry.LoadFromMeta(project)
-		if spec == nil {
+	RegisterServiceCommandsFromCatalog(ctx, parent, f, registry.RuntimeCatalog())
+}
+
+func RegisterServiceCommandsFromCatalog(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, f *cmdutil.Factory, catalog apicatalog.Catalog) {
+	// Drive the service list from the same navigation catalog the method walk
+	// uses, so registration is catalog-sourced end to end. Kept as a per-service
+	// loop rather than a flat WalkMethods(nil) drive precisely so a service with
+	// no methods still gets its bare command (WalkMethods yields one ref per
+	// method, so empty services would vanish).
+	for _, svc := range catalog.Services() {
+		if svc.Name == "" || svc.ServicePath == "" {
 			continue
 		}
-		specName := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "name")
-		servicePath := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "servicePath")
-		if specName == "" || servicePath == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		resources, _ := spec["resources"].(map[string]interface{})
-		if resources == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		registerServiceWithContext(ctx, parent, spec, resources, f)
+		registerServiceWithContext(ctx, parent, svc, f)
 	}
 }
 
-func registerService(parent *cobra.Command, spec map[string]interface{}, resources map[string]interface{}, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
-	registerServiceWithContext(context.Background(), parent, spec, resources, f)
+func registerService(parent *cobra.Command, svc meta.Service, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
+	registerServiceWithContext(context.Background(), parent, svc, f)
 }
 
-func registerServiceWithContext(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, spec map[string]interface{}, resources map[string]interface{}, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
-	specName := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "name")
-	specDesc := registry.GetServiceDescription(specName, "en")
-	if specDesc == "" {
-		specDesc = registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "description")
-	}
+func registerServiceWithContext(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, svc meta.Service, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
+	svcCmd := ensureChildCommand(parent, svc.Name, serviceShort(svc))
 
-	// Find existing service command or create one
-	var svc *cobra.Command
+	// Build the service's subtree from the catalog's method walk
+	// (apicatalog.ServiceMethods recurses nested resources), so the command tree
+	// is sourced from the same navigation Module as schema/scope rather than a
+	// hand-rolled resource/method walk. Each ref's ResourcePath becomes the
+	// resource-command chain — one level for a flat dotted resource like
+	// "chat.members", deeper for genuinely nested resources. A service with no
+	// methods keeps its bare command (svcCmd is created above regardless).
+	for _, ref := range apicatalog.ServiceMethods(svc, nil) {
+		resCmd := svcCmd
+		for _, seg := range ref.ResourcePath {
+			resCmd = ensureChildCommand(resCmd, seg, seg+" operations")
+		}
+		resCmd.AddCommand(buildMethodCommand(ctx, f, newMethodCommandSpec(ref), nil, parent.PersistentFlags()))
+	}
+}
+
+// serviceShort is the service command's help summary: the localized description
+// from the registry, falling back to the metadata's own description.
+func serviceShort(svc meta.Service) string {
+	if d := registry.GetServiceDescription(svc.Name, "en"); d != "" {
+		return d
+	}
+	return svc.Description
+}
+
+// ensureChildCommand returns the child of parent named name, creating it (with
+// short) when absent — so re-registration merges into an existing command tree
+// instead of duplicating a level.
+func ensureChildCommand(parent *cobra.Command, name, short string) *cobra.Command {
 	for _, c := range parent.Commands() {
-		if c.Name() == specName {
-			svc = c
-			break
+		if c.Name() == name {
+			cmdmeta.SetSource(c, cmdmeta.SourceService, true)
+			return c
 		}
 	}
-	if svc == nil {
-		svc = &cobra.Command{
-			Use:   specName,
-			Short: specDesc,
-		}
-		parent.AddCommand(svc)
-	}
-
-	for resName, resource := range resources {
-		resMap, _ := resource.(map[string]interface{})
-		if resMap == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		registerResourceWithContext(ctx, svc, spec, resName, resMap, f)
-	}
-}
-
-func registerResourceWithContext(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, spec map[string]interface{}, name string, resource map[string]interface{}, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
-	res := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   name,
-		Short: name + " operations",
-	}
-	parent.AddCommand(res)
-
-	methods, _ := resource["methods"].(map[string]interface{})
-	for methodName, method := range methods {
-		methodMap, _ := method.(map[string]interface{})
-		if methodMap == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		registerMethodWithContext(ctx, res, spec, methodMap, methodName, name, f)
-	}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{Use: name, Short: short}
+	cmdmeta.SetSource(cmd, cmdmeta.SourceService, true)
+	parent.AddCommand(cmd)
+	return cmd
 }
 
 // ServiceMethodOptions holds all inputs for a dynamically registered service method command.
 type ServiceMethodOptions struct {
-	Factory    *cmdutil.Factory
-	Cmd        *cobra.Command
-	Ctx        context.Context
-	Spec       map[string]interface{}
-	Method     map[string]interface{}
-	SchemaPath string
+	Factory     *cmdutil.Factory
+	Cmd         *cobra.Command
+	Ctx         context.Context
+	ServicePath string
+	Method      meta.Method
+	SchemaPath  string
 
 	// Flags
 	Params     string
@@ -123,41 +120,113 @@ type ServiceMethodOptions struct {
 	DryRun     bool
 	File       string   // --file flag value
 	FileFields []string // auto-detected file field names from metadata
+
+	// binder owns the generated typed param flags — registration and the
+	// --params overlay — replacing the raw paramFlags side-channel.
+	binder *paramFlagBinder
 }
 
-// detectFileFields delegates to the shared cmdutil.DetectFileFields helper.
-func detectFileFields(method map[string]interface{}) []string {
-	return cmdutil.DetectFileFields(method)
-}
-
-func registerMethodWithContext(ctx context.Context, parent *cobra.Command, spec map[string]interface{}, method map[string]interface{}, name string, resName string, f *cmdutil.Factory) {
-	parent.AddCommand(NewCmdServiceMethodWithContext(ctx, f, spec, method, name, resName, nil))
+// detectFileFields returns the request-body file-upload field names.
+func detectFileFields(m meta.Method) []string {
+	files := m.Files()
+	if len(files) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	names := make([]string, len(files))
+	for i, f := range files {
+		names[i] = f.Name
+	}
+	return names
 }
 
 // NewCmdServiceMethod creates a command for a dynamically registered service method.
-func NewCmdServiceMethod(f *cmdutil.Factory, spec, method map[string]interface{}, name, resName string, runF func(*ServiceMethodOptions) error) *cobra.Command {
-	return NewCmdServiceMethodWithContext(context.Background(), f, spec, method, name, resName, runF)
+func NewCmdServiceMethod(f *cmdutil.Factory, svc meta.Service, m meta.Method, name, resName string, runF func(*ServiceMethodOptions) error) *cobra.Command {
+	return NewCmdServiceMethodWithContext(context.Background(), f, svc, m, name, resName, runF)
 }
 
-func NewCmdServiceMethodWithContext(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, spec, method map[string]interface{}, name, resName string, runF func(*ServiceMethodOptions) error) *cobra.Command {
-	desc := registry.GetStrFromMap(method, "description")
-	httpMethod := registry.GetStrFromMap(method, "httpMethod")
-	risk := registry.GetStrFromMap(method, "risk")
-	specName := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "name")
-	schemaPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s.%s", specName, resName, name)
+// NewCmdServiceMethodWithContext builds the command for one service method from
+// its (service, resource, method) coordinates, deriving the methodCommandSpec
+// via an apicatalog.MethodRef so direct callers and the catalog-driven
+// registration assemble the command identically.
+func NewCmdServiceMethodWithContext(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, svc meta.Service, m meta.Method, name, resName string, runF func(*ServiceMethodOptions) error) *cobra.Command {
+	m.Name = name
+	ref := apicatalog.MethodRef{Service: svc, ResourcePath: []string{resName}, Method: m}
+	// No root in scope here; persistent-flag collisions don't apply to a
+	// standalone command, and local/standard-flag collisions are still caught.
+	return buildMethodCommand(ctx, f, newMethodCommandSpec(ref), runF, nil)
+}
 
+// methodCommandSpec is the static description of one generated service method
+// command, read off an apicatalog.MethodRef — the single place command
+// construction gets the method's facts (schema path, HTTP base path, risk,
+// identities, params, file fields, request-body support), so the cobra command
+// is assembled from a typed spec rather than recomputing paths/flags inline.
+type methodCommandSpec struct {
+	method      meta.Method
+	schemaPath  string       // "service.resource.method", for the --help hint
+	servicePath string       // service HTTP base path
+	risk        string       // RiskRead | RiskWrite | RiskHighRiskWrite
+	restricts   bool         // method declares accessTokens (identity-restricted)
+	identities  []string     // permitted --as values; empty when unrestricted
+	params      []meta.Field // path/query params -> typed flags
+	fileFields  []string     // request-body file-upload field names
+	// acceptsBody is whether the HTTP method allows a request body at all (so
+	// --data is offered as a raw escape hatch). declaresBody is whether the
+	// metadata documents body fields (data or file). They differ for e.g. a POST
+	// with no documented requestBody: --data still works, but help must not imply
+	// the API declares a body.
+	acceptsBody  bool
+	declaresBody bool
+	affordance   string // rendered hand-authored usage guidance (when-to-use, examples); "" if none
+}
+
+func newMethodCommandSpec(ref apicatalog.MethodRef) methodCommandSpec {
+	m := ref.Method
+	return methodCommandSpec{
+		method:       m,
+		schemaPath:   ref.SchemaPath(),
+		servicePath:  ref.Service.ServicePath,
+		risk:         m.Risk,
+		restricts:    m.RestrictsIdentity(),
+		identities:   m.Identities(),
+		params:       m.Params(),
+		fileFields:   detectFileFields(m),
+		acceptsBody:  methodTakesBody(m.HTTPMethod),
+		declaresBody: len(m.Data()) > 0 || len(m.Files()) > 0,
+		affordance:   renderAffordance(m),
+	}
+}
+
+// methodTakesBody reports whether the HTTP method allows a request body, i.e.
+// whether --data applies (as a raw escape hatch even when no body is declared).
+func methodTakesBody(httpMethod string) bool {
+	switch httpMethod {
+	case "POST", "PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE":
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// buildMethodCommand assembles the cobra command for a service method from its
+// static spec: the standard flags, the conditional --data/--file/--yes flags,
+// the generated typed param flags (via paramFlagBinder), and the risk/identity
+// policy annotations.
+func buildMethodCommand(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, spec methodCommandSpec, runF func(*ServiceMethodOptions) error, reserved *pflag.FlagSet) *cobra.Command {
+	m := spec.method
 	opts := &ServiceMethodOptions{
-		Factory:    f,
-		Spec:       spec,
-		Method:     method,
-		SchemaPath: schemaPath,
+		Factory:     f,
+		ServicePath: spec.servicePath,
+		Method:      m,
+		SchemaPath:  spec.schemaPath,
+		FileFields:  spec.fileFields,
 	}
 	var asStr string
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   name,
-		Short: desc,
-		Long:  fmt.Sprintf("%s\n\nView parameter definitions before calling:\n  lark-cli schema %s", desc, schemaPath),
+		Use:   m.Name,
+		Short: m.Description,
+		// Long is assembled below, once the binder knows which params got no
+		// typed flag.
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			opts.Cmd = cmd
 			opts.Ctx = cmd.Context()
@@ -168,11 +237,17 @@ func NewCmdServiceMethodWithContext(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, spe
 			return serviceMethodRun(opts)
 		},
 	}
+	cmdmeta.SetSource(cmd, cmdmeta.SourceService, true)
 
-	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Params, "params", "", "URL/query parameters JSON (supports - for stdin, @file for file input)")
-	switch httpMethod {
-	case "POST", "PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE":
-		cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Data, "data", "", "request body JSON (supports - for stdin, @file for file input)")
+	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Params, "params", "", "Raw URL/query params JSON. Supports - and @file.")
+	if spec.acceptsBody {
+		dataUsage := "JSON request body. Supports - and @file."
+		if !spec.declaresBody {
+			// POST/etc. with no documented body fields: --data is a raw escape
+			// hatch, not a declared body — say so rather than imply structure.
+			dataUsage = "Raw JSON request body (no documented fields; see schema). Supports - and @file."
+		}
+		cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Data, "data", "", dataUsage)
 	}
 	cmdutil.AddAPIIdentityFlag(ctx, cmd, f, &asStr)
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.Output, "output", "o", "", "output file path for binary responses")
@@ -180,29 +255,64 @@ func NewCmdServiceMethodWithContext(ctx context.Context, f *cmdutil.Factory, spe
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageLimit, "page-limit", 10, "max pages to fetch with --page-all (0 = unlimited)")
 	cmd.Flags().IntVar(&opts.PageDelay, "page-delay", 200, "delay in ms between pages")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.Format, "format", "json", "output format: json|ndjson|table|csv")
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("json", false, "shorthand for --format json")
 	cmd.Flags().StringVarP(&opts.JqExpr, "jq", "q", "", "jq expression to filter JSON output")
 	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&opts.DryRun, "dry-run", false, "print request without executing")
-	if risk == "high-risk-write" {
+	if spec.risk == cmdutil.RiskHighRiskWrite {
 		cmd.Flags().Bool("yes", false, "confirm high-risk operation")
 	}
-
-	// Conditionally register --file for methods with file-type fields.
-	fileFields := detectFileFields(method)
-	opts.FileFields = fileFields
-	if len(fileFields) > 0 {
-		switch httpMethod {
-		case "POST", "PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE":
-			cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.File, "file", "", "file to upload ([field=]path, supports - for stdin)")
-		}
+	// --file only for body methods that actually declare file-type fields.
+	if len(spec.fileFields) > 0 && spec.acceptsBody {
+		cmd.Flags().StringVar(&opts.File, "file", "", "File upload [field=]path. Supports - and stdin.")
 	}
 	cmdutil.RegisterFlagCompletion(cmd, "format", func(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string, _ string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
 		return []string{"json", "ndjson", "table", "csv"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
 	})
 
-	cmdutil.SetTips(cmd, registry.GetStrSliceFromMap(method, "tips"))
-	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, risk)
-	if tokens, ok := method["accessTokens"].([]interface{}); ok && len(tokens) > 0 {
-		cmdutil.SetSupportedIdentities(cmd, cmdutil.AccessTokensToIdentities(tokens))
+	// Registered last so the collision guard sees the standard flags above.
+	opts.binder = newParamFlagBinder(cmd, spec.params, reserved)
+	// Single composition point for Long: description, affordance, schema
+	// pointer, and the binder's params-only addendum (params whose flag name is
+	// taken, reachable via --params only).
+	cmd.Long = methodLong(m.Description, spec.affordance, spec.schemaPath, opts.binder.paramsOnlyHelp())
+
+	// Group flags for the grouped --help renderer (typed param flags are grouped
+	// as API Parameters by the binder). tagFlagGroup is a no-op for flags not
+	// registered above (e.g. --data/--file/--yes only exist for some methods).
+	// --data sits under Request Body only when the metadata documents body
+	// fields; otherwise it's a raw escape hatch, grouped with --params so help
+	// doesn't imply a declared body the API doesn't have.
+	if fl := cmd.Flags().Lookup("data"); fl != nil {
+		if spec.declaresBody {
+			annotate(fl, flagGroupAnnotation, []string{groupBody})
+		} else {
+			annotate(fl, flagGroupAnnotation, []string{groupRaw})
+		}
+	}
+	tagFlagGroup(cmd.Flags(), "file", groupBody)
+	if fl := cmd.Flags().Lookup("params"); fl != nil {
+		annotate(fl, flagGroupAnnotation, []string{groupRaw})
+		// State the precedence rule where the agent reads it: --params is the
+		// base, typed flags override. Only meaningful when typed flags exist.
+		if len(spec.params) > 0 {
+			annotate(fl, flagNoteAnnotation, []string{
+				"Typed API parameter flags above are preferred.",
+				"If both are set, typed flags override matching keys in --params.",
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	for _, name := range []string{"as", "dry-run", "page-all", "page-limit", "page-delay", "yes"} {
+		tagFlagGroup(cmd.Flags(), name, groupExecution)
+	}
+	for _, name := range []string{"output", "format", "jq"} {
+		tagFlagGroup(cmd.Flags(), name, groupOutput)
+	}
+	applyGroupedUsage(cmd)
+
+	cmdutil.SetTips(cmd, m.Tips)
+	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, spec.risk)
+	if spec.restricts {
+		cmdutil.SetSupportedIdentities(cmd, spec.identities)
 	}
 
 	return cmd
@@ -217,8 +327,8 @@ func serviceMethodRun(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	// Check if this API method supports the resolved identity.
-	if tokens, ok := opts.Method["accessTokens"].([]interface{}); ok && len(tokens) > 0 {
-		if err := f.CheckIdentity(opts.As, cmdutil.AccessTokensToIdentities(tokens)); err != nil {
+	if opts.Method.RestrictsIdentity() {
+		if err := f.CheckIdentity(opts.As, opts.Method.Identities()); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -234,12 +344,10 @@ func serviceMethodRun(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// Identity info is now included in the JSON envelope; skip stderr printing.
-	// cmdutil.PrintIdentity(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, opts.As, config, f.IdentityAutoDetected)
+	// Identity is not printed to stderr here: it is part of the JSON envelope.
 
-	scopes, _ := opts.Method["scopes"].([]interface{})
 	if !opts.As.IsBot() {
-		if err := checkServiceScopes(opts.Ctx, f.Credential, opts.As, config, opts.Method, scopes); err != nil {
+		if err := checkServiceScopes(opts.Ctx, f.Credential, opts.As, config, opts.Method); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -256,7 +364,7 @@ func serviceMethodRun(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 		return serviceDryRun(f, request, config, opts.Format)
 	}
 
-	if registry.GetStrFromMap(opts.Method, "risk") == "high-risk-write" {
+	if opts.Method.Risk == cmdutil.RiskHighRiskWrite {
 		if yes, _ := opts.Cmd.Flags().GetBool("yes"); !yes {
 			return cmdutil.RequireConfirmation(opts.SchemaPath)
 		}
@@ -279,7 +387,7 @@ func serviceMethodRun(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 	checkErr := ac.CheckResponse
 
 	if opts.PageAll {
-		return servicePaginate(opts.Ctx, ac, request, format, opts.JqExpr, out, f.IOStreams.ErrOut,
+		return servicePaginate(opts.Ctx, ac, request, format, opts.JqExpr, out, f.IOStreams.ErrOut, opts.Cmd.CommandPath(),
 			client.PaginationOptions{PageLimit: opts.PageLimit, PageDelay: opts.PageDelay}, checkErr)
 	}
 
@@ -301,7 +409,7 @@ func serviceMethodRun(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 }
 
 // checkServiceScopes pre-checks user scopes before making the API call.
-func checkServiceScopes(ctx context.Context, cred *credential.CredentialProvider, identity core.Identity, config *core.CliConfig, method map[string]interface{}, scopes []interface{}) error {
+func checkServiceScopes(ctx context.Context, cred *credential.CredentialProvider, identity core.Identity, config *core.CliConfig, method meta.Method) error {
 	if ctx.Err() != nil {
 		return ctx.Err()
 	}
@@ -310,23 +418,15 @@ func checkServiceScopes(ctx context.Context, cred *credential.CredentialProvider
 		return nil //nolint:nilerr // skip scope check when token resolution fails or has no scopes
 	}
 
-	requiredScopes, hasRequired := method["requiredScopes"].([]interface{})
-
-	if hasRequired && len(requiredScopes) > 0 {
+	if len(method.RequiredScopes) > 0 {
 		// Strict: ALL requiredScopes must be present
-		required := make([]string, 0, len(requiredScopes))
-		for _, s := range requiredScopes {
-			if str, ok := s.(string); ok {
-				required = append(required, str)
-			}
-		}
-		if missing := auth.MissingScopes(result.Scopes, required); len(missing) > 0 {
+		if missing := auth.MissingScopes(result.Scopes, method.RequiredScopes); len(missing) > 0 {
 			return newPreflightMissingScopeError(string(config.Brand), config.AppID, string(identity), missing)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	if len(scopes) == 0 {
+	if len(method.Scopes) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -335,12 +435,12 @@ func checkServiceScopes(ctx context.Context, cred *credential.CredentialProvider
 	for _, s := range strings.Fields(result.Scopes) {
 		grantedSet[s] = true
 	}
-	for _, s := range scopes {
-		if str, ok := s.(string); ok && grantedSet[str] {
+	for _, s := range method.Scopes {
+		if grantedSet[s] {
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
-	recommended := registry.SelectRecommendedScope(scopes, "user")
+	recommended := registry.SelectRecommendedScopeFromStrings(method.Scopes, "user")
 	return newPreflightMissingScopeError(string(config.Brand), config.AppID, string(identity), []string{recommended})
 }
 
@@ -361,14 +461,44 @@ func newPreflightMissingScopeError(brand, appID, identity string, missing []stri
 		WithIdentity(identity)
 }
 
+// unusableParamValue reports whether a provided path/query parameter value
+// cannot form a usable request value: nil or an empty string. A key's presence
+// in params is the intent signal — a typed flag is overlaid only when
+// explicitly Changed, and a --params JSON key is deliberately written — so
+// false and 0 are real values and must not be conflated with "unset"
+// (reflect.IsZero would drop an explicit --with-deleted=false or --foo 0).
+// Only nil/"" stay treated as missing: that keeps the friendly pre-flight
+// error when a required param is fed an empty placeholder, and never emits a
+// declared param as an empty path segment or query value. Undeclared keys are
+// not judged by this rule — they pass through verbatim as the raw escape hatch.
+func unusableParamValue(v interface{}) bool {
+	if v == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	s, ok := v.(string)
+	return ok && s == ""
+}
+
+// missingParamHint is the recovery hint for a missing required parameter. It
+// names both input paths — the typed flag when the binder registered one, and
+// the --params fallback — plus the schema pointer. A params-only field gets
+// only the --params form: a flag with its kebab name exists but belongs to
+// something else (e.g. the output --format), and the hint must not steer
+// there. Asking the binder, not cmd.Flags(), is what tells those apart.
+func missingParamHint(opts *ServiceMethodOptions, f meta.Field) string {
+	paramsForm := fmt.Sprintf("--params '{%q: \"<value>\"}'", f.Name)
+	if opts.binder.hasTypedFlag(f.Name) {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("set --%s <value> (or %s); see: lark-cli schema %s", f.FlagName(), paramsForm, opts.SchemaPath)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("set %s; see: lark-cli schema %s", paramsForm, opts.SchemaPath)
+}
+
 // buildServiceRequest parses flags, builds the URL with path/query params, and returns a RawApiRequest.
 // When dryRun is true and a file is provided, file reading is skipped and
 // FileUploadMeta is returned instead so the caller can render dry-run output.
 func buildServiceRequest(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) (client.RawApiRequest, *cmdutil.FileUploadMeta, error) {
-	spec := opts.Spec
 	method := opts.Method
-	schemaPath := opts.SchemaPath
-	httpMethod := registry.GetStrFromMap(method, "httpMethod")
+	httpMethod := method.HTTPMethod
 
 	// stdin is an io.Reader consumed at most once. Only one of --params/--data
 	// may use "-" (stdin); the conflict check below prevents silent data loss.
@@ -386,53 +516,55 @@ func buildServiceRequest(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) (client.RawApiRequest, *cmd
 	if err != nil {
 		return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, err
 	}
+	opts.binder.overlay(opts.Cmd, params)
 
-	url := registry.GetStrFromMap(spec, "servicePath") + "/" + registry.GetStrFromMap(method, "path")
+	url := opts.ServicePath + "/" + method.Path
 
-	parameters, _ := method["parameters"].(map[string]interface{})
-	for name, param := range parameters {
-		p, _ := param.(map[string]interface{})
-		if registry.GetStrFromMap(p, "location") != "path" {
+	specs := method.Params()
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		if s.Location != "path" {
 			continue
 		}
-		val, ok := params[name]
-		if !ok || util.IsEmptyValue(val) {
+		val, ok := params[s.Name]
+		if !ok || unusableParamValue(val) {
 			return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-				"missing required path parameter: %s", name).
-				WithHint("lark-cli schema %s", schemaPath).
-				WithParam(name)
+				"missing required path parameter: %s", s.Name).
+				WithHint("%s", missingParamHint(opts, s)).
+				WithParam(s.Name)
 		}
 		valStr := fmt.Sprintf("%v", val)
-		if err := validate.ResourceName(valStr, name); err != nil {
-			return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam(name).WithCause(err)
+		if err := validate.ResourceName(valStr, s.Name); err != nil {
+			return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument, "%s", err).WithParam(s.Name).WithCause(err)
 		}
-		url = strings.Replace(url, "{"+name+"}", validate.EncodePathSegment(valStr), 1)
-		delete(params, name)
+		url = strings.Replace(url, "{"+s.Name+"}", validate.EncodePathSegment(valStr), 1)
+		delete(params, s.Name)
 	}
 
 	queryParams := map[string]interface{}{}
-	for name, param := range parameters {
-		p, _ := param.(map[string]interface{})
-		if registry.GetStrFromMap(p, "location") != "query" {
+	for _, s := range specs {
+		if s.Location != "query" {
 			continue
 		}
-		value, exists := params[name]
-		required, _ := p["required"].(bool)
-		isPaginationParam := opts.PageAll && (name == "page_token" || name == "page_size")
-		if required && !isPaginationParam && (!exists || util.IsEmptyValue(value)) {
+		value, exists := params[s.Name]
+		isPaginationParam := opts.PageAll && (s.Name == "page_token" || s.Name == "page_size")
+		if s.Required && !isPaginationParam && (!exists || unusableParamValue(value)) {
 			return client.RawApiRequest{}, nil, errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
-				"missing required query parameter: %s", name).
-				WithHint("lark-cli schema %s", schemaPath).
-				WithParam(name)
+				"missing required query parameter: %s", s.Name).
+				WithHint("%s", missingParamHint(opts, s)).
+				WithParam(s.Name)
 		}
-		if exists && !util.IsEmptyValue(value) {
-			queryParams[name] = value
+		if exists && !unusableParamValue(value) {
+			queryParams[s.Name] = value
 		}
+		// This loop owns declared query params: consume the key so the
+		// passthrough below can't resurrect a value the gate dropped (an
+		// unusable "" would otherwise be sent as an empty query value).
+		delete(params, s.Name)
 	}
+	// Whatever remains is undeclared — the raw escape hatch for params the
+	// metadata doesn't (yet) describe; passed through verbatim, no filtering.
 	for name, value := range params {
-		if _, ok := queryParams[name]; !ok {
-			queryParams[name] = value
-		}
+		queryParams[name] = value
 	}
 
 	request := client.RawApiRequest{
@@ -495,20 +627,45 @@ func serviceDryRun(f *cmdutil.Factory, request client.RawApiRequest, config *cor
 	return cmdutil.PrintDryRun(f.IOStreams.Out, request, config, format)
 }
 
-func servicePaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.RawApiRequest, format output.Format, jqExpr string, out, errOut io.Writer, pagOpts client.PaginationOptions, checkErr func(interface{}, core.Identity) error) error {
+func servicePaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.RawApiRequest, format output.Format, jqExpr string, out, errOut io.Writer, commandPath string, pagOpts client.PaginationOptions, checkErr func(interface{}, core.Identity) error) error {
 	if pagOpts.Identity == "" {
 		pagOpts.Identity = request.As
 	}
 	// When jq is set, always aggregate all pages then filter.
 	if jqExpr != "" {
-		return client.PaginateWithJq(ctx, ac, request, jqExpr, out, pagOpts, checkErr)
+		result, err := ac.PaginateAll(ctx, request, pagOpts)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if apiErr := checkErr(result, pagOpts.Identity); apiErr != nil {
+			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
+			return apiErr
+		}
+		return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
+			CommandPath: commandPath,
+			Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
+			JqExpr:      jqExpr,
+			Out:         out,
+			ErrOut:      errOut,
+		})
 	}
 
 	switch format {
 	case output.FormatNDJSON, output.FormatTable, output.FormatCSV:
 		pf := output.NewPaginatedFormatter(out, format)
-		result, hasItems, err := ac.StreamPages(ctx, request, func(items []interface{}) {
+		result, hasItems, err := ac.StreamPages(ctx, request, func(items []interface{}) error {
+			// Streaming formats intentionally emit each page after that page has
+			// passed safety scanning. A later page may still fail, so callers
+			// must use the exit code to distinguish complete vs partial output.
+			scanResult := output.ScanForSafety(commandPath, items, errOut)
+			if scanResult.Blocked {
+				return scanResult.BlockErr
+			}
+			if scanResult.Alert != nil {
+				output.WriteAlertWarning(errOut, scanResult.Alert)
+			}
 			pf.FormatPage(items)
+			return nil
 		}, pagOpts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -518,7 +675,12 @@ func servicePaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.R
 		}
 		if !hasItems {
 			fmt.Fprintf(errOut, "warning: this API does not return a list, format %q is not supported, falling back to json\n", format)
-			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
+			return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
+				CommandPath: commandPath,
+				Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
+				Out:         out,
+				ErrOut:      errOut,
+			})
 		}
 		return nil
 	default:
@@ -527,9 +689,14 @@ func servicePaginate(ctx context.Context, ac *client.APIClient, request client.R
 			return err
 		}
 		if apiErr := checkErr(result, pagOpts.Identity); apiErr != nil {
+			output.FormatValue(out, result, output.FormatJSON)
 			return apiErr
 		}
-		output.FormatValue(out, result, format)
-		return nil
+		return output.WriteSuccessEnvelope(output.SuccessEnvelopeData(result), output.SuccessEnvelopeOptions{
+			CommandPath: commandPath,
+			Identity:    string(pagOpts.Identity),
+			Out:         out,
+			ErrOut:      errOut,
+		})
 	}
 }

cmd/service/service_risk_test.go

@@ -8,13 +8,14 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/meta"
 )
 
 // highRiskDeleteMethod mirrors a simple DELETE API with a required path
-// parameter and risk metadata. The returned map is what service registration
-// reads; the test exercises --yes registration and the gate behavior.
-func highRiskDeleteMethod() map[string]interface{} {
-	return map[string]interface{}{
+// parameter and risk metadata. The test exercises --yes registration and the
+// gate behavior.
+func highRiskDeleteMethod() meta.Method {
+	return meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"path":       "files/{file_token}",
 		"httpMethod": "DELETE",
 		"risk":       "high-risk-write",
@@ -23,11 +24,11 @@ func highRiskDeleteMethod() map[string]interface{} {
 				"type": "string", "location": "path", "required": true,
 			},
 		},
-	}
+	})
 }
 
-func writeMethodNoRisk() map[string]interface{} {
-	return map[string]interface{}{
+func writeMethodNoRisk() meta.Method {
+	return meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"path":       "files/{file_token}",
 		"httpMethod": "DELETE",
 		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ func writeMethodNoRisk() map[string]interface{} {
 				"type": "string", "location": "path", "required": true,
 			},
 		},
-	}
+	})
 }
 
 func TestServiceMethod_YesFlagRegisteredForHighRisk(t *testing.T) {

cmd/service/service_test.go

@@ -4,13 +4,19 @@
 package service
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	extcs "github.com/larksuite/cli/extension/contentsafety"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/core"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/httpmock"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/meta"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
@@ -20,14 +26,14 @@ var testConfig = &core.CliConfig{
 	AppID: "test-app", AppSecret: "test-secret", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
 }
 
-func driveSpec() map[string]interface{} {
-	return map[string]interface{}{
+func driveSpec() meta.Service {
+	return meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name":        "drive",
 		"servicePath": "/open-apis/drive/v1",
-	}
+	})
 }
 
-func driveMethod(httpMethod string, params map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
+func driveMethod(httpMethod string, params map[string]interface{}) meta.Method {
 	m := map[string]interface{}{
 		"path":       "files/{file_token}/copy",
 		"httpMethod": httpMethod,
@@ -41,7 +47,7 @@ func driveMethod(httpMethod string, params map[string]interface{}) map[string]in
 			},
 		}
 	}
-	return m
+	return meta.FromMap(m)
 }
 
 // ── registerService ──
@@ -49,23 +55,23 @@ func driveMethod(httpMethod string, params map[string]interface{}) map[string]in
 func TestRegisterService(t *testing.T) {
 	parent := &cobra.Command{Use: "root"}
 	f := &cmdutil.Factory{}
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
+	base := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name":        "base",
 		"description": "Base API",
 		"servicePath": "/open-apis/base/v3",
-	}
-	resources := map[string]interface{}{
-		"tables": map[string]interface{}{
-			"methods": map[string]interface{}{
-				"list": map[string]interface{}{
-					"description": "List tables",
-					"httpMethod":  "GET",
+		"resources": map[string]interface{}{
+			"tables": map[string]interface{}{
+				"methods": map[string]interface{}{
+					"list": map[string]interface{}{
+						"description": "List tables",
+						"httpMethod":  "GET",
+					},
 				},
 			},
 		},
-	}
+	})
 
-	registerService(parent, spec, resources, f)
+	registerService(parent, base, f)
 
 	// service command exists
 	svc, _, err := parent.Find([]string{"base"})
@@ -90,18 +96,18 @@ func TestRegisterService_MergesExistingCommand(t *testing.T) {
 	parent.AddCommand(existing)
 
 	f := &cmdutil.Factory{}
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
+	svc := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name": "base", "description": "Base API", "servicePath": "/open-apis/base/v3",
-	}
-	resources := map[string]interface{}{
-		"tables": map[string]interface{}{
-			"methods": map[string]interface{}{
-				"list": map[string]interface{}{"description": "List", "httpMethod": "GET"},
+		"resources": map[string]interface{}{
+			"tables": map[string]interface{}{
+				"methods": map[string]interface{}{
+					"list": map[string]interface{}{"description": "List", "httpMethod": "GET"},
+				},
 			},
 		},
-	}
+	})
 
-	registerService(parent, spec, resources, f)
+	registerService(parent, svc, f)
 
 	// Should reuse existing, not duplicate
 	count := 0
@@ -143,7 +149,7 @@ func TestNewCmdServiceMethod_StrictModeHidesAsFlag(t *testing.T) {
 func TestNewCmdServiceMethod_GETHasNoDataFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	f := &cmdutil.Factory{}
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, driveSpec(),
-		map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "GET"}, "list", "files", nil)
+		meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "GET"}), "list", "files", nil)
 
 	if cmd.Flags().Lookup("data") != nil {
 		t.Error("GET method should not have --data flag")
@@ -159,7 +165,7 @@ func TestNewCmdServiceMethod_GETHasNoDataFlag(t *testing.T) {
 func TestNewCmdServiceMethod_POSTHasDataFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	f := &cmdutil.Factory{}
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, driveSpec(),
-		map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "POST"}, "create", "files", nil)
+		meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "POST"}), "create", "files", nil)
 
 	if cmd.Flags().Lookup("data") == nil {
 		t.Error("POST method should have --data flag")
@@ -171,7 +177,7 @@ func TestNewCmdServiceMethod_RunFCallback(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var captured *ServiceMethodOptions
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, driveSpec(),
-		map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "GET"}, "list", "files",
+		meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "GET"}), "list", "files",
 		func(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 			captured = opts
 			return nil
@@ -268,15 +274,15 @@ func TestServiceMethod_MissingPathParam(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestServiceMethod_MissingRequiredQueryParam(t *testing.T) {
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1",
-	}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{
+	})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET",
 		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
 			"q": map[string]interface{}{"location": "query", "required": true},
 		},
-	}
+	})
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--params", `{}`, "--dry-run"})
@@ -291,15 +297,15 @@ func TestServiceMethod_MissingRequiredQueryParam(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestServiceMethod_PaginationParamSkippedWithPageAll(t *testing.T) {
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1",
-	}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{
+	})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET",
 		"parameters": map[string]interface{}{
 			"page_size": map[string]interface{}{"location": "query", "required": true},
 		},
-	}
+	})
 	f, stdout, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--params", `{}`, "--page-all", "--dry-run"})
@@ -315,10 +321,10 @@ func TestServiceMethod_PaginationParamSkippedWithPageAll(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestServiceMethod_InvalidParamsJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1",
-	}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET"}
+	})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET"})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--params", "{bad", "--dry-run"})
 
@@ -333,10 +339,10 @@ func TestServiceMethod_InvalidParamsJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestServiceMethod_InvalidDataJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1",
-	}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "POST", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}}
+	})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "POST", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "create", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--data", "{bad", "--dry-run"})
 
@@ -351,10 +357,10 @@ func TestServiceMethod_InvalidDataJSON(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestServiceMethod_ParamsAndDataBothStdinConflict(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1",
-	}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "POST", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}}
+	})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "POST", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "create", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--params", "-", "--data", "-", "--dry-run"})
 
@@ -369,10 +375,10 @@ func TestServiceMethod_ParamsAndDataBothStdinConflict(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestServiceMethod_OutputAndPageAllConflict(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1",
-	}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET"}
+	})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET"})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--page-all", "--output", "file.bin", "--as", "bot"})
 
@@ -398,16 +404,27 @@ func TestServiceMethod_BotMode_Success(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}}
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot"})
 
 	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "success") {
-		t.Errorf("expected 'success' in output, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	var got map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	if got["ok"] != true || got["identity"] != "bot" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected envelope: %#v", got)
+	}
+	if _, hasCode := got["code"]; hasCode {
+		t.Fatalf("success envelope leaked outer code: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	data, ok := got["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok || data["result"] != "success" {
+		t.Fatalf("data = %#v, want result=success", got["data"])
 	}
 }
 
@@ -427,16 +444,320 @@ func TestServiceMethod_BotMode_PageAll_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}}
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot", "--page-all"})
 
 	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"id"`) {
-		t.Errorf("expected items in output, got:\n%s", stdout.String())
+	var got map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	data, ok := got["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if got["ok"] != true || got["identity"] != "bot" || !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected envelope: %#v", got)
+	}
+	if _, hasCode := got["code"]; hasCode {
+		t.Fatalf("success envelope leaked outer code: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	items, ok := data["items"].([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(items) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("data.items = %#v, want one item", data["items"])
+	}
+}
+
+type serviceContentSafetyProvider struct {
+	called bool
+	path   string
+	data   interface{}
+	match  string
+}
+
+func (p *serviceContentSafetyProvider) Name() string { return "service-test" }
+
+func (p *serviceContentSafetyProvider) Scan(_ context.Context, req extcs.ScanRequest) (*extcs.Alert, error) {
+	p.called = true
+	p.path = req.Path
+	p.data = req.Data
+	if p.match != "" {
+		b, _ := json.Marshal(req.Data)
+		if !strings.Contains(string(b), p.match) {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return &extcs.Alert{Provider: "service-test", MatchedRules: []string{"pagination"}}, nil
+}
+
+func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_DefaultJSONRunsContentSafety(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "warn")
+	provider := &serviceContentSafetyProvider{}
+	extcs.Register(provider)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-service-safety", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-safety", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "1"}},
+				"has_more": false,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
+	root.AddCommand(NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil))
+	root.SetArgs([]string{"list", "--as", "bot", "--page-all"})
+
+	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !provider.called {
+		t.Fatal("expected content safety provider to scan paginated output")
+	}
+	if provider.path != "list" {
+		t.Fatalf("scan path = %q, want list", provider.path)
+	}
+	data, ok := provider.data.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("scanned data type = %T, want map", provider.data)
+	}
+	if _, hasCode := data["code"]; hasCode {
+		t.Fatalf("scanned data should be business data only, got %#v", data)
+	}
+
+	var got map[string]interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(stdout.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v\n%s", err, stdout.String())
+	}
+	alert, ok := got["_content_safety_alert"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok || alert["provider"] != "service-test" {
+		t.Fatalf("missing content safety alert in envelope: %#v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_StreamFormatRunsContentSafety(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "warn")
+	provider := &serviceContentSafetyProvider{}
+	extcs.Register(provider)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
+
+	f, stdout, stderr, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-service-stream-safety", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-stream-safety", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "1"}},
+				"has_more": false,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
+	root.AddCommand(NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil))
+	root.SetArgs([]string{"list", "--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
+
+	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !provider.called {
+		t.Fatal("expected content safety provider to scan streamed paginated output")
+	}
+	if provider.path != "list" {
+		t.Fatalf("scan path = %q, want list", provider.path)
+	}
+	items, ok := provider.data.([]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(items) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("scanned data = %#v, want one streamed item", provider.data)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "warning: content safety alert from service-test") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected content safety warning on stderr, got: %s", stderr.String())
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"id":"1"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected streamed ndjson output, got: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_StreamFormatBlockSkipsBlockedPage(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONTENT_SAFETY_MODE", "block")
+	provider := &serviceContentSafetyProvider{match: "blocked"}
+	extcs.Register(provider)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { extcs.Register(nil) })
+
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-service-stream-block", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-stream-block", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":      []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "safe-page"}},
+				"has_more":   true,
+				"page_token": "next",
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":    []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "blocked-page"}},
+				"has_more": false,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
+	root.AddCommand(NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil))
+	root.SetArgs([]string{"list", "--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
+
+	err := root.Execute()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected content safety block error")
+	}
+	var safetyErr *errs.ContentSafetyError
+	if !errors.As(err, &safetyErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ContentSafetyError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if safetyErr.Category != errs.CategoryPolicy || safetyErr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeContentSafety {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = %s/%s, want %s/%s", safetyErr.Category, safetyErr.Subtype, errs.CategoryPolicy, errs.SubtypeContentSafety)
+	}
+	if len(safetyErr.Rules) != 1 || safetyErr.Rules[0] != "pagination" {
+		t.Fatalf("rules = %v, want [pagination]", safetyErr.Rules)
+	}
+	out := stdout.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "safe-page") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected earlier safe page to remain streamed, got: %s", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, "blocked-page") {
+		t.Fatalf("blocked page was written before safety block: %s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServiceMethod_BusinessErrorReturnsTypedErrorWithoutSuccessEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-service-err", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-err", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 230027, "msg": "user not authorized",
+		},
+	})
+
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot"})
+
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for non-zero code")
+	}
+	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
+	var permErr *errs.PermissionError
+	if !errors.As(err, &permErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected PermissionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok": true`) || strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok":true`) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected success envelope on error path: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_DefaultBusinessErrorOutputsRawResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-service-pageall-err", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-pageall-err", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 230027, "msg": "user not authorized",
+		},
+	})
+
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot", "--page-all"})
+
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for non-zero code")
+	}
+	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "230027") || !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "user not authorized") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected raw error response on stdout, got: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok": true`) || strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok":true`) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected success envelope on error path: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_StreamBusinessErrorDoesNotDumpJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-service-pageall-stream-err", AppSecret: "test-secret-service-pageall-stream-err", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 0, "msg": "ok",
+			"data": map[string]interface{}{
+				"items":      []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"id": "safe-page"}},
+				"has_more":   true,
+				"page_token": "next",
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 230027,
+			"msg":  "user not authorized",
+		},
+	})
+
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--format", "ndjson"})
+
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for non-zero code")
+	}
+	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
+	out := stdout.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "safe-page") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected earlier successful page to remain streamed, got: %s", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, "230027") || strings.Contains(out, "user not authorized") {
+		t.Fatalf("streaming stdout should not contain raw error JSON, got: %s", out)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(out, "\n  \"code\"") {
+		t.Fatalf("streaming stdout should not contain indented JSON error dump, got: %s", out)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -450,8 +771,8 @@ func TestServiceMethod_UnknownFormat_Warning(t *testing.T) {
 		Body: map[string]interface{}{"code": 0, "msg": "ok", "data": map[string]interface{}{}},
 	})
 
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}}
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot", "--format", "unknown"})
 
@@ -470,7 +791,7 @@ func TestNewCmdServiceMethod_JqFlag(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var captured *ServiceMethodOptions
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, driveSpec(),
-		map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "GET"}, "list", "files",
+		meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "GET"}), "list", "files",
 		func(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 			captured = opts
 			return nil
@@ -492,7 +813,7 @@ func TestNewCmdServiceMethod_JqShortForm(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var captured *ServiceMethodOptions
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, driveSpec(),
-		map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "GET"}, "list", "files",
+		meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "GET"}), "list", "files",
 		func(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
 			captured = opts
 			return nil
@@ -508,10 +829,10 @@ func TestNewCmdServiceMethod_JqShortForm(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestServiceMethod_JqAndOutputConflict(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1",
-	}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET"}
+	})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET"})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--jq", ".data", "--output", "file.bin", "--as", "bot"})
 
@@ -542,8 +863,8 @@ func TestServiceMethod_JqFilter_AppliesExpression(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}}
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot", "--jq", ".data.items[].name"})
 
@@ -561,10 +882,10 @@ func TestServiceMethod_JqFilter_AppliesExpression(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestServiceMethod_JqAndFormatConflict(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1",
-	}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET"}
+	})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET"})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--jq", ".data", "--format", "ndjson", "--as", "bot"})
 
@@ -579,10 +900,10 @@ func TestServiceMethod_JqAndFormatConflict(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestServiceMethod_JqInvalidExpression(t *testing.T) {
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1",
-	}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET"}
+	})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET"})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--jq", "invalid[", "--as", "bot"})
 
@@ -611,8 +932,8 @@ func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_WithJq(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	})
 
-	spec := map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"}
-	method := map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}}
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
 	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
 	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--jq", ".data.items[].id"})
 
@@ -628,10 +949,55 @@ func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_WithJq(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestServiceMethod_PageAll_WithJqBusinessErrorOutputsRawResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	f, stdout, _, reg := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, &core.CliConfig{
+		AppID: "test-app-spjq-err", AppSecret: "test-secret-spjq-err", Brand: core.BrandFeishu,
+	})
+
+	reg.Register(&httpmock.Stub{
+		URL: "/open-apis/svc/v1/items",
+		Body: map[string]interface{}{
+			"code": 230027, "msg": "user not authorized",
+		},
+	})
+
+	spec := meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{"name": "svc", "servicePath": "/open-apis/svc/v1"})
+	method := meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"path": "items", "httpMethod": "GET", "parameters": map[string]interface{}{}})
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, spec, method, "list", "items", nil)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--as", "bot", "--page-all", "--jq", ".data.items[].id"})
+
+	err := cmd.Execute()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for non-zero code")
+	}
+	requireProblem(t, err, errs.CategoryAuthorization, errs.SubtypeUserUnauthorized, 230027)
+	var permErr *errs.PermissionError
+	if !errors.As(err, &permErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected PermissionError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "230027") || !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "user not authorized") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected raw error response on stdout, got: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok": true`) || strings.Contains(stdout.String(), `"ok":true`) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected success envelope on error path: %s", stdout.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func requireProblem(t *testing.T, err error, category errs.Category, subtype errs.Subtype, code int) {
+	t.Helper()
+	p, ok := errs.ProblemOf(err)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected typed error, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if p.Category != category || p.Subtype != subtype || p.Code != code {
+		t.Fatalf("problem = %s/%s/%d, want %s/%s/%d", p.Category, p.Subtype, p.Code, category, subtype, code)
+	}
+}
+
 // ── file upload ──
 
-func imImageMethod() map[string]interface{} {
-	return map[string]interface{}{
+func imImageMethod() meta.Method {
+	return meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"path":       "images",
 		"httpMethod": "POST",
 		"requestBody": map[string]interface{}{
@@ -645,14 +1011,14 @@ func imImageMethod() map[string]interface{} {
 			},
 		},
 		"accessTokens": []interface{}{"user", "tenant"},
-	}
+	})
 }
 
-func imSpec() map[string]interface{} {
-	return map[string]interface{}{
+func imSpec() meta.Service {
+	return meta.ServiceFromMap(map[string]interface{}{
 		"name":        "im",
 		"servicePath": "/open-apis/im/v1",
-	}
+	})
 }
 
 func TestServiceMethod_FileFlagRegistered(t *testing.T) {
@@ -684,7 +1050,7 @@ func TestServiceMethod_FileFlagNotRegisteredForGET(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
-	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), getMethod, "get", "images", nil)
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, imSpec(), meta.FromMap(getMethod), "get", "images", nil)
 	flag := cmd.Flags().Lookup("file")
 	if flag != nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected --file flag NOT to be registered for GET method")
@@ -752,7 +1118,7 @@ func TestDetectFileFields(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := detectFileFields(tt.method)
+			got := detectFileFields(meta.FromMap(tt.method))
 			if len(got) != len(tt.want) {
 				t.Errorf("detectFileFields() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
 				return
@@ -765,3 +1131,22 @@ func TestDetectFileFields(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestServiceMethod_JsonFlag_Accepted(t *testing.T) {
+	f, _, _, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, testConfig)
+
+	var captured *ServiceMethodOptions
+	cmd := NewCmdServiceMethod(f, driveSpec(),
+		meta.FromMap(map[string]interface{}{"description": "desc", "httpMethod": "GET"}), "list", "files",
+		func(opts *ServiceMethodOptions) error {
+			captured = opts
+			return nil
+		})
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--json"})
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("--json should be accepted without error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if captured == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected runF to be called")
+	}
+}

cmd/skill/skill.go

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+// Package skill implements the `lark-cli skills` command group, which serves
+// binary-embedded skill content to AI agents. The package is "skill"; the
+// user-facing verb is "skills".
+package skill
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/skillcontent"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+func newReader(f *cmdutil.Factory) (*skillcontent.Reader, error) {
+	if f.SkillContent == nil {
+		return nil, errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO,
+			"skill content not embedded in this build")
+	}
+	return skillcontent.New(f.SkillContent), nil
+}
+
+type readEnvelope struct {
+	Skill    string `json:"skill"`
+	Path     string `json:"path"`
+	Content  string `json:"content"`
+	Guidance string `json:"guidance,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type listEnvelope struct {
+	OK     bool                     `json:"ok"`
+	Skills []skillcontent.SkillInfo `json:"skills"`
+	Count  int                      `json:"count"`
+}
+
+type listPathEnvelope struct {
+	OK      bool                    `json:"ok"`
+	Path    string                  `json:"path"`
+	Entries []skillcontent.DirEntry `json:"entries"`
+	Count   int                     `json:"count"`
+}
+
+func NewCmdSkill(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "skills",
+		Short: "Read embedded skill content (list / read)",
+		Long: "Read agent-readable skill content (SKILL.md and reference files) embedded in " +
+			"the CLI binary at build time, so it stays in sync with the CLI version. " +
+			"Machine resources such as assets/ and scripts/ are not embedded.",
+	}
+	// Risk is set on each leaf (GetRisk does not walk parents); the group has none.
+	cmdutil.DisableAuthCheck(cmd)
+	cmd.AddCommand(newListCmd(f), newReadCmd(f))
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func newListCmd(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "list [name[/path]]",
+		Short: "List skills, or list one layer under a skill path (like ls)",
+		Example: `  lark-cli skills list                      # all skills: name, description, version
+  lark-cli skills list lark-doc             # one layer under a skill (like ls)
+  lark-cli skills list lark-doc/references  # one layer under a subdirectory`,
+		Args: cobra.ArbitraryArgs,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			if len(args) > 1 {
+				return errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+					"list takes at most 1 argument: [name[/path]]").
+					WithHint("run 'lark-cli skills list --help'")
+			}
+			r, err := newReader(f)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if len(args) == 0 {
+				skills, err := r.List()
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, listEnvelope{OK: true, Skills: skills, Count: len(skills)})
+				return nil
+			}
+			entries, listed, err := r.ListPath(args[0])
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, listPathEnvelope{OK: true, Path: listed, Entries: entries, Count: len(entries)})
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+	// --json is a no-op (list is always JSON), accepted only to stay symmetric with read.
+	cmd.Flags().Bool("json", false, "no-op (list output is always JSON)")
+	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
+	cmdutil.DisableAuthCheck(cmd)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func newReadCmd(f *cmdutil.Factory) *cobra.Command {
+	var asJSON bool
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "read <name>[/<path>] [path]",
+		Short: "Print a skill's SKILL.md, or a file under the skill (raw markdown by default)",
+		Example: `  lark-cli skills read lark-doc                             # the skill's SKILL.md
+  lark-cli skills read lark-doc references/lark-doc-fetch.md  # a file under the skill
+  lark-cli skills read lark-doc/references/lark-doc-fetch.md  # same, slash form
+  lark-cli skills read lark-doc --json                      # JSON envelope`,
+		Args: cobra.ArbitraryArgs,
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			name, relpath, err := parseReadTarget(args)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			r, err := newReader(f)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			var content []byte
+			var pathOut string
+			if relpath == "" {
+				content, err = r.ReadSkill(name)
+				pathOut = "SKILL.md"
+			} else {
+				content, pathOut, err = r.ReadReference(name, relpath)
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			isMain := pathOut == "SKILL.md"
+			if asJSON {
+				env := readEnvelope{Skill: name, Path: pathOut, Content: string(content)}
+				if isMain {
+					env.Guidance = readGuidance(name)
+				}
+				output.PrintJson(f.IOStreams.Out, env)
+				return nil
+			}
+			// Raw stdout stays byte-identical to the file; guidance goes to stderr.
+			if _, err := f.IOStreams.Out.Write(content); err != nil {
+				return errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeFileIO, "failed to write output: %v", err)
+			}
+			if isMain {
+				fmt.Fprintln(f.IOStreams.ErrOut, readGuidance(name))
+			}
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&asJSON, "json", false, "output as a JSON envelope instead of raw markdown")
+	cmdutil.SetRisk(cmd, "read")
+	cmdutil.DisableAuthCheck(cmd)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// parseReadTarget maps 1-or-2 positional args to (name, relpath); a lone
+// "<a>/<b>" splits on the first '/', and relpath "" reads the main SKILL.md.
+func parseReadTarget(args []string) (name, relpath string, err error) {
+	switch len(args) {
+	case 1:
+		name, relpath = skillcontent.SplitArg(args[0])
+		return name, relpath, nil
+	case 2:
+		return args[0], args[1], nil
+	default:
+		return "", "", errs.NewValidationError(errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument,
+			"read requires 1 or 2 arguments: <name>[/<path>] [path]").
+			WithHint("run 'lark-cli skills read --help'")
+	}
+}
+
+// readGuidance routes cross-skill "../lark-foo/..." references back through
+// `skills read lark-foo/...`: the path guard rejects a literal "../", so the
+// relative form must be rewritten.
+func readGuidance(name string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("> Tip: read this skill's own files (e.g. `references/...`) with "+
+		"`lark-cli skills read %s <relative-path>` to keep them in sync with this CLI version. "+
+		"A reference to another skill (`../lark-foo/...`) uses the same command with the "+
+		"leading `../` removed: `lark-cli skills read lark-foo/...`.", name)
+}

cmd/skill/skill_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Lark Technologies Pte. Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package skill
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/fstest"
+
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
+)
+
+// calFS is the default single-skill content tree for these tests. The embedded
+// FS is now injected through the Factory (no package global), so tests pass it
+// explicitly to run() — nothing is shared, so they are safe under -parallel.
+func calFS() fstest.MapFS {
+	return fstest.MapFS{
+		"lark-calendar/SKILL.md":             {Data: []byte("---\nname: lark-calendar\nversion: 1.0.0\ndescription: \"Cal\"\nmetadata:\n  cliHelp: \"lark-cli calendar --help\"\n---\nbody")},
+		"lark-calendar/references/agenda.md": {Data: []byte("# Agenda")},
+	}
+}
+
+// run executes the skills command tree against the given content FS (may be nil
+// to exercise the not-embedded path) and returns stdout/stderr/err.
+func run(t *testing.T, fsys fs.FS, args ...string) (stdout, stderr string, err error) {
+	t.Helper()
+	// Isolate CLI config state so tests never read/write the real config dir
+	// (repo convention).
+	t.Setenv("LARKSUITE_CLI_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	f, out, errOut, _ := cmdutil.TestFactory(t, nil)
+	f.SkillContent = fsys
+	cmd := NewCmdSkill(f)
+	cmd.SetOut(io.Discard)
+	cmd.SetErr(io.Discard)
+	cmd.SetArgs(args)
+	err = cmd.Execute()
+	return out.String(), errOut.String(), err
+}
+
+func TestSkillList(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		OK     bool             `json:"ok"`
+		Skills []map[string]any `json:"skills"`
+		Count  int              `json:"count"`
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v\n%s", e, stdout)
+	}
+	// "ok" is an explicit success marker (the list envelope is a typed struct;
+	// no automatic _notice attaches).
+	if !got.OK {
+		t.Error("expected ok=true in list envelope")
+	}
+	if got.Count != 1 || len(got.Skills) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("count: got %d", got.Count)
+	}
+	if got.Skills[0]["name"] != "lark-calendar" {
+		t.Errorf("name: got %v", got.Skills[0]["name"])
+	}
+	// Top-level list carries version + metadata, not a references list.
+	if _, ok := got.Skills[0]["references"]; ok {
+		t.Error("top-level list must not include references")
+	}
+	if got.Skills[0]["version"] != "1.0.0" {
+		t.Errorf("version: got %v, want 1.0.0", got.Skills[0]["version"])
+	}
+	if _, ok := got.Skills[0]["metadata"]; !ok {
+		t.Error("expected metadata in list entry")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillListJSONFlagAccepted(t *testing.T) {
+	// `list --json` must be accepted (no-op), not rejected as an unknown flag,
+	// so it stays symmetric with read --json.
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list", "--json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list --json error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		OK    bool `json:"ok"`
+		Count int  `json:"count"`
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v\n%s", e, stdout)
+	}
+	if !got.OK || got.Count != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("envelope: %+v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillListPath(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list", "lark-calendar")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list <name> error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		OK      bool   `json:"ok"`
+		Path    string `json:"path"`
+		Entries []struct {
+			Path  string `json:"path"`
+			IsDir bool   `json:"is_dir"`
+		} `json:"entries"`
+		Count int `json:"count"`
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v\n%s", e, stdout)
+	}
+	if !got.OK || got.Path != "lark-calendar" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope: %+v", got)
+	}
+	// One layer under the skill root: SKILL.md (file) + references (dir).
+	if got.Count != 2 || len(got.Entries) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("entries: got %+v", got.Entries)
+	}
+	if got.Entries[0].Path != "lark-calendar/SKILL.md" || got.Entries[0].IsDir {
+		t.Errorf("entry[0]: got %+v", got.Entries[0])
+	}
+	if got.Entries[1].Path != "lark-calendar/references" || !got.Entries[1].IsDir {
+		t.Errorf("entry[1]: got %+v", got.Entries[1])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillListPathUnknown(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list", "no-such-skill")
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unknown skill") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 'unknown skill' error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillListPathTraversal(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list", "lark-calendar/../../etc")
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid path") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 'invalid path' error, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if stdout != "" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout must be empty on rejection, got %q", stdout)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillListTooManyArgs(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "list", "a", "b")
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "at most 1 argument") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 'at most 1 argument' error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSkillListSkipsDirWithoutSKILLmd proves a top-level dir lacking SKILL.md is
+// omitted from the catalog (no blank entry).
+func TestSkillListSkipsDirWithoutSKILLmd(t *testing.T) {
+	fsys := fstest.MapFS{
+		"lark-calendar/SKILL.md": {Data: []byte("---\nname: lark-calendar\ndescription: \"Cal\"\n---\nb")},
+		"not-a-skill/readme.txt": {Data: []byte("junk")}, // dir without SKILL.md
+	}
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, fsys, "list")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("list error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		Skills []map[string]any `json:"skills"`
+		Count  int              `json:"count"`
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v\n%s", e, stdout)
+	}
+	if got.Count != 1 || got.Skills[0]["name"] != "lark-calendar" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected only lark-calendar, got %+v", got.Skills)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadRaw(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, stderr, err := run(t, calFS(), "read", "lark-calendar")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(stdout, "---\nname: lark-calendar") {
+		t.Errorf("raw output: got %q", stdout)
+	}
+	// Raw stdout is byte-pure SKILL.md — the guidance tip must NOT be appended.
+	if strings.Contains(stdout, "Tip:") {
+		t.Errorf("raw stdout must not carry the guidance tip: got %q", stdout)
+	}
+	// Guidance goes to stderr: own files via `skills read <name> ...`, and
+	// cross-skill refs routed to `skills read <other-skill> ...` (version-
+	// consistent), not "read directly".
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr, "lark-cli skills read lark-calendar <relative-path>") {
+		t.Errorf("expected own-files guidance on stderr: got %q", stderr)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stderr, "lark-cli skills read lark-foo/...") {
+		t.Errorf("expected cross-skill refs routed to skills read: got %q", stderr)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(stderr, "instead of opening them directly") ||
+		strings.Contains(stderr, "read those directly") {
+		t.Errorf("guidance must not steer cross-skill refs to direct reads: got %q", stderr)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "read", "lark-calendar", "--json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read --json error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		Skill, Path, Content, Guidance string
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v", e)
+	}
+	if got.Skill != "lark-calendar" || got.Path != "SKILL.md" || got.Content == "" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope: %+v", got)
+	}
+	// Guidance is a separate field, not merged into content.
+	if got.Guidance == "" {
+		t.Error("expected guidance field for main SKILL.md")
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(got.Content, "Tip:") {
+		t.Error("guidance must not be merged into content")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadFile(t *testing.T) {
+	// Both the 2-arg and slash forms read the same file, with no guidance tip.
+	for _, args := range [][]string{
+		{"read", "lark-calendar", "references/agenda.md"},
+		{"read", "lark-calendar/references/agenda.md"},
+	} {
+		stdout, stderr, err := run(t, calFS(), args...)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("read %v error: %v", args, err)
+		}
+		if stdout != "# Agenda" {
+			t.Errorf("read %v output: got %q", args, stdout)
+		}
+		// Reference reads carry no guidance on either stream.
+		if strings.Contains(stderr, "Tip:") {
+			t.Errorf("read %v must not emit guidance on stderr: got %q", args, stderr)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadFileJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "read", "lark-calendar", "references/agenda.md", "--json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read file --json error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var got struct {
+		Skill, Path, Content, Guidance string
+	}
+	if e := json.Unmarshal([]byte(stdout), &got); e != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON: %v\n%s", e, stdout)
+	}
+	if got.Skill != "lark-calendar" || got.Path != "references/agenda.md" || got.Content != "# Agenda" {
+		t.Errorf("envelope: %+v", got)
+	}
+	// Reference reads do not carry the guidance tip.
+	if got.Guidance != "" {
+		t.Errorf("reference read must not include guidance, got %q", got.Guidance)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadUnknown(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "read", "no-such")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unknown skill") {
+		t.Errorf("err: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadMissingArg(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "read")
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "requires 1 or 2 arguments") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected arg error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillReadTraversal(t *testing.T) {
+	stdout, _, err := run(t, calFS(), "read", "lark-calendar", "../../etc/passwd")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected rejection")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid path") {
+		t.Errorf("err: %v", err)
+	}
+	if stdout != "" {
+		t.Errorf("stdout must be empty on rejection, got %q", stdout)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSkillNilContentFS(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := run(t, nil, "list")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error when SkillContent is nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not embedded") {
+		t.Errorf("err: %v", err)
+	}
+}

cmd/unknown_subcommand_test.go

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
 )
 
@@ -72,6 +74,136 @@ func TestInstallUnknownSubcommandGuard_PreservesExistingRunE(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestUnknownFlagTokens(t *testing.T) {
+	_, drive, _ := newGroupTree()
+	// Give a subcommand a flag so a misplaced-but-known flag (the user omitted
+	// the subcommand) is distinguished from a genuinely unknown one.
+	for _, c := range drive.Commands() {
+		if c.Name() == "+search" {
+			c.Flags().String("query", "", "")
+		}
+	}
+	cases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		rawArgs []string
+		want    []string
+	}{
+		{"genuinely unknown long flag", []string{"drive", "--badflag"}, []string{"--badflag"}},
+		{"flag known on a subcommand (misplaced)", []string{"drive", "--query", "x"}, nil},
+		{"no flags at all", []string{"drive"}, nil},
+		{"tokens after -- are positional", []string{"drive", "--", "--badflag"}, nil},
+		{"unknown shorthand", []string{"drive", "-Z"}, []string{"-Z"}},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := unknownFlagTokens(drive, tc.rawArgs)
+			if len(got) != len(tc.want) {
+				t.Fatalf("unknownFlagTokens(%v) = %v, want %v", tc.rawArgs, got, tc.want)
+			}
+			for i := range got {
+				if got[i] != tc.want[i] {
+					t.Errorf("token[%d] = %q, want %q", i, got[i], tc.want[i])
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_FlagBeforeSubcommandIsStructured(t *testing.T) {
+	_, drive, _ := newGroupTree()
+	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(drive.Root())
+
+	// Simulate `lark-cli drive --badflag`: the UnknownFlags whitelist swallows
+	// --badflag, so RunE sees no args; the guard must recover it from
+	// rawInvocationArgs and fail structured rather than print help + exit 0.
+	rawInvocationArgs = []string{"drive", "--badflag"}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { rawInvocationArgs = nil })
+
+	err := drive.RunE(drive, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected a structured unknown_flag error, got nil (help fallthrough)")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unknown flag") {
+		t.Errorf("error = %q, want it to mention an unknown flag", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	// Typed surface: a validation error (exit 2) whose Params carries the
+	// offending flag so an agent can recover the token without parsing prose.
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if verr.Subtype != errs.SubtypeInvalidArgument {
+		t.Errorf("subtype = %q, want invalid_argument", verr.Subtype)
+	}
+	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if len(verr.Params) != 1 || verr.Params[0].Name != "--badflag" {
+		t.Errorf("params = %v, want one entry named --badflag", verr.Params)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_ValidFlagWithoutSubcommandIsStructured(t *testing.T) {
+	_, drive, _ := newGroupTree()
+	// --query is defined on the +search subcommand, so it is a *valid* flag that
+	// was placed before the (omitted) subcommand. Unlike an unknown flag, this
+	// must still fail structured (missing_subcommand) rather than fall through to
+	// help + exit 0 — `drive --query x` is a malformed call, not a help request.
+	for _, c := range drive.Commands() {
+		if c.Name() == "+search" {
+			c.Flags().String("query", "", "")
+		}
+	}
+	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(drive.Root())
+
+	rawInvocationArgs = []string{"drive", "--query", "x"}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { rawInvocationArgs = nil })
+
+	err := drive.RunE(drive, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected a structured missing_subcommand error, got nil (help fallthrough)")
+	}
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("exit code = %d, want %d", output.ExitCodeOf(err), output.ExitValidation)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "missing subcommand") {
+		t.Errorf("message = %q, want it to mention a missing subcommand", verr.Message)
+	}
+	if len(verr.Params) != 1 || verr.Params[0].Name != "--query" {
+		t.Errorf("params = %v, want one entry named --query", verr.Params)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "lark-cli drive") {
+		t.Errorf("message = %q, want it to name the group path", verr.Message)
+	}
+}
+
+// A bare group carrying only a group-valid global flag (e.g. the inherited
+// --profile) is not missing a subcommand — those flags do not belong to a
+// subcommand — so it must print help, not fail with missing_subcommand.
+func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_GroupValidGlobalFlagShowsHelp(t *testing.T) {
+	_, drive, _ := newGroupTree()
+	drive.Root().PersistentFlags().String("profile", "", "") // global, inherited by drive
+	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(drive.Root())
+
+	rawInvocationArgs = []string{"--profile", "p", "drive"}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { rawInvocationArgs = nil })
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	drive.SetOut(&buf)
+	drive.SetErr(&buf)
+	if err := drive.RunE(drive, nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("bare group with only a global flag should print help, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), "drive ops") {
+		t.Errorf("expected help output, got:\n%s", buf.String())
+	}
+}
+
 func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_NoArgsShowsHelp(t *testing.T) {
 	_, drive, _ := newGroupTree()
 	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(drive.Root())
@@ -97,45 +229,23 @@ func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_UnknownReturnsStructuredError(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error for unknown subcommand")
 	}
 
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError, got %T", err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Code != output.ExitValidation {
-		t.Errorf("expected exit code %d, got %d", output.ExitValidation, exitErr.Code)
+	if output.ExitCodeOf(err) != output.ExitValidation {
+		t.Errorf("expected exit code %d, got %d", output.ExitValidation, output.ExitCodeOf(err))
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected ExitError to carry Detail")
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, `"+bogus"`) {
+		t.Errorf("message should echo the unknown token, got %q", verr.Message)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Type != "unknown_subcommand" {
-		t.Errorf("expected Detail.Type=unknown_subcommand, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Type)
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "lark-cli drive") {
+		t.Errorf("message should name the group path, got %q", verr.Message)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Message, `"+bogus"`) {
-		t.Errorf("message should echo the unknown token, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Message)
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "+search") || !strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "+upload") {
-		t.Errorf("hint should list available shortcuts, got %q", exitErr.Detail.Hint)
-	}
-	if strings.Contains(exitErr.Detail.Hint, "+secret") {
-		t.Error("hidden commands must not appear in the hint")
-	}
-
-	detail, ok := exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("expected Detail.Detail to be map[string]any, got %T", exitErr.Detail.Detail)
-	}
-	if detail["unknown"] != "+bogus" {
-		t.Errorf("detail.unknown should be +bogus, got %v", detail["unknown"])
-	}
-	if detail["command_path"] != "lark-cli drive" {
-		t.Errorf("detail.command_path should be %q, got %v", "lark-cli drive", detail["command_path"])
-	}
-	available, ok := detail["available"].([]string)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("detail.available should be []string, got %T", detail["available"])
-	}
-	if len(available) != 3 {
-		t.Errorf("expected 3 available entries (hidden excluded), got %d: %v", len(available), available)
+	// "+bogus" has no close neighbor among drive's subcommands, so the hint falls
+	// back to pointing at --help (suggestions, when present, are folded into hint).
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "--help") {
+		t.Errorf("hint should guide to --help when there is no suggestion, got %q", verr.Hint)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -144,13 +254,12 @@ func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_NestedResourceGroup(t *testing.T) {
 	installUnknownSubcommandGuard(root)
 
 	err := files.RunE(files, []string{"bogus"})
-	var exitErr *output.ExitError
-	if !errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		t.Fatalf("expected *output.ExitError on nested group, got %T", err)
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError on nested group, got %T", err)
 	}
-	if exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)["command_path"] != "lark-cli drive files" {
-		t.Errorf("command_path should reflect the nested resource, got %v",
-			exitErr.Detail.Detail.(map[string]any)["command_path"])
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Message, "lark-cli drive files") {
+		t.Errorf("message should reflect the nested resource path, got %q", verr.Message)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -164,7 +273,7 @@ func TestAvailableSubcommandNames_FiltersHelpAndCompletion(t *testing.T) {
 		&cobra.Command{Use: "gamma", RunE: func(*cobra.Command, []string) error { return nil }},
 	)
 
-	got := availableSubcommandNames(root)
+	got, _ := availableSubcommandNames(root)
 	want := []string{"alpha", "gamma"}
 	if len(got) != len(want) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected %v, got %v", want, got)
@@ -175,3 +284,56 @@ func TestAvailableSubcommandNames_FiltersHelpAndCompletion(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAvailableSubcommandNames_SplitsDeprecatedGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	root := &cobra.Command{Use: "lark-cli"}
+	root.AddGroup(&cobra.Group{ID: cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID, Title: "Deprecated"})
+	root.AddCommand(
+		&cobra.Command{Use: "+new-cmd", RunE: func(*cobra.Command, []string) error { return nil }},
+		&cobra.Command{Use: "+old-cmd", GroupID: cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID, RunE: func(*cobra.Command, []string) error { return nil }},
+	)
+
+	available, deprecated := availableSubcommandNames(root)
+	if len(available) != 1 || available[0] != "+new-cmd" {
+		t.Errorf("available = %v, want [+new-cmd]", available)
+	}
+	if len(deprecated) != 1 || deprecated[0] != "+old-cmd" {
+		t.Errorf("deprecated = %v, want [+old-cmd]", deprecated)
+	}
+}
+
+// unknownSubcommandRunE ranks suggestions across both current and deprecated
+// subcommands so a mistyped legacy alias resolves; the closest match is folded
+// into the hint.
+func TestUnknownSubcommandRunE_SuggestsAcrossDeprecatedBucket(t *testing.T) {
+	svc := &cobra.Command{Use: "sheets"}
+	svc.AddGroup(&cobra.Group{ID: cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID, Title: "Deprecated"})
+	svc.AddCommand(
+		&cobra.Command{Use: "+cells-get", RunE: func(*cobra.Command, []string) error { return nil }},
+		&cobra.Command{Use: "+read", GroupID: cmdutil.DeprecatedGroupID, RunE: func(*cobra.Command, []string) error { return nil }},
+	)
+
+	err := unknownSubcommandRunE(svc, []string{"+reat"})
+	var verr *errs.ValidationError
+	if !errors.As(err, &verr) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected *errs.ValidationError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	// "+reat" is closest to the deprecated +read: the candidate must surface
+	// both as a machine-readable param suggestion (for agent retry) and in the
+	// hint, proving ranking spans the deprecated bucket.
+	if len(verr.Params) != 1 || verr.Params[0].Name != "+reat" {
+		t.Fatalf("params = %v, want one entry named +reat (the offending subcommand)", verr.Params)
+	}
+	foundSuggestion := false
+	for _, s := range verr.Params[0].Suggestions {
+		if s == "+read" {
+			foundSuggestion = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !foundSuggestion {
+		t.Errorf("Params[0].Suggestions should include +read, got %v", verr.Params[0].Suggestions)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(verr.Hint, "+read") {
+		t.Errorf("hint %q should suggest +read (typo target across deprecated bucket)", verr.Hint)
+	}
+}

cmd/update/update.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/larksuite/cli/errs"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/build"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/larksuite/cli/internal/output"
@@ -132,12 +133,14 @@ func updateRun(opts *UpdateOptions) error {
 	// 1. Fetch latest version
 	latest, err := fetchLatest()
 	if err != nil {
-		return reportError(opts, io, output.ExitNetwork, "network", "failed to check latest version: %s", err)
+		return reportError(opts, io, "network",
+			errs.NewNetworkError(errs.SubtypeNetworkTransport, "failed to check latest version: %s", err).WithCause(err))
 	}
 
 	// 2. Validate version format
 	if update.ParseVersion(latest) == nil {
-		return reportError(opts, io, output.ExitInternal, "update_error", "invalid version from registry: %s", latest)
+		return reportError(opts, io, "update_error",
+			errs.NewInternalError(errs.SubtypeInvalidResponse, "invalid version from registry: %s", latest))
 	}
 
 	// 3. Compare versions
@@ -166,15 +169,18 @@ func updateRun(opts *UpdateOptions) error {
 
 // --- Output helpers ---
 
-func reportError(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, exitCode int, errType, format string, args ...interface{}) error {
-	msg := fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
+// reportError emits the failure on the requested surface: JSON mode prints the
+// {ok:false, error:{type, message}} envelope to stdout and signals the typed
+// error's exit code bare; human mode returns the typed error for the
+// dispatcher to render.
+func reportError(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, errType string, typedErr errs.TypedError) error {
 	if opts.JSON {
 		output.PrintJson(io.Out, map[string]interface{}{
-			"ok": false, "error": map[string]interface{}{"type": errType, "message": msg},
+			"ok": false, "error": map[string]interface{}{"type": errType, "message": typedErr.ProblemDetail().Message},
 		})
-		return output.ErrBare(exitCode)
+		return output.ErrBare(output.ExitCodeOf(typedErr))
 	}
-	return output.Errorf(exitCode, errType, "%s", msg)
+	return typedErr
 }
 
 func reportCheckResult(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest string, canAutoUpdate bool) error {
@@ -228,7 +234,8 @@ func doManualUpdate(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest stri
 func doNpmUpdate(opts *UpdateOptions, io *cmdutil.IOStreams, cur, latest string, updater *selfupdate.Updater) error {
 	restore, err := updater.PrepareSelfReplace()
 	if err != nil {
-		return reportError(opts, io, output.ExitAPI, "update_error", "failed to prepare update: %s", err)
+		return reportError(opts, io, "update_error",
+			errs.NewAPIError(errs.SubtypeUnknown, "failed to prepare update: %s", err).WithCause(err))
 	}
 
 	if !opts.JSON {